Chapter 8
Name: _____________________________ Period: ______
What is a plant???
• They are: –Eukaryotes- __________________________________________________________ –Autotrophs- __________________________________________________________ Plant Cells
• They have: –Chloroplasts = _______________________________________________________ –Cell Walls _______________________________________________________ –Large vacuoles that __________ many substances including __________ ________________________ Obtaining Water and Nutrients
• Plants that live
in _____________ are surrounded by _______________
–algae
• Plants that l ive on
___________ need ______________________ for obtaining
______________________________________________ from the soil Retaining Water
• Plants need adaptations to ________________________ –One common adaptation is a ____________________________ called the ____________ that covers the _________________ of most plants
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Transporting Materials
• Plants need to transport __________________________________________________ from one part of its body to another
• Water and minerals are taken _____ by the __________ and __________ is made in the _______________ of the plant Vascular Tissue
• Plants have transporting tissue called _________________________ • Vascular Tissue = a system of tube-like structures inside a plant which ___________________________________________________________________________
–it’ s called the ____________ and ______________ Draw the xylem/phloem pathaways
Support
• Plants on land must _________________________________________________ • _________________________ and _________________________________ strengthen and __________________ the large bodies of plants 2
Reproduction
• All plants undergo _________________________ that involves __________________ • Fertilization = __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________
• The fertileized _________ is called a _________________ Plant Classification
• Scientists group plants into two major groups –1. ______________________ –2. ______________________ Nonvascular Plants
• They are plants that ______________________________________________________ for transporting ________________________
• _____________ and ___________ for absorbing _________________ from their surroundings
• Examples: mosses, hornworts and liverworts Nonvascular Plants
• They have ____________ which are ____________________________ that absorb water and nutrients from the ______________________ Vascular Plants
-Better suited to live in __________________________ -Are able to transport materials by ____________________________ throughout the plant’ s body
-Vascular tissue also provides ______________________________________________ -they can grow really tall!! 3
Origin of Plants
• Oldest plant ________ are approx. __________________________ • Scientists believe that ancient ______________________________
are the
ancestors of today’ s land plants
• Example: Rock fossils dating about 300 million years old look extremely ______________________ to today’ s ________________________________ Complex Life Cycles
• Plants have complex _______________________ that include two different stages: –1. ______________________ –2. ______________________ Sporophyte Stage (1st)
• In this stage, the plant produces ________________
which are tiny cells that
grow into _______________________________________
• A spore _____________ into the plant’ s other stage called the _________________ Gametophyte Stage (2nd)
• In this stage, the plant produces two kinds of sex cells (______________): –1. __________________ –2. __________________ • 1. A ________________ cell and an ______________ cell join to form a ___________ • 2. The _______________ then develops into a _______________ and the sporophyte produces _____________________ which develop into the _____________________________
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• 3. Then the gametophyte produces ___________________________ cells
thus,
__________________________________________!! Nonvascular Plants
• Review:
What do you remember about nonvascular plants?? (look at previous
notes to fill in): ____________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ Three major groups of nonvascular plants:
• 1. ________________ • 2. ________________ • 3. ________________ Nonvascular: Mosses
• Structure:
–Gametophyte generation is:
__________________________ with ____________
that help ______________ the moss and ______________________________________
–Sporophyte generation: grows out of the fuzzy gametophyte and is a ______________________________ with a capsule at the end that _________________________ Importance of Mosses
• Examples:
–Peat moss is used in __________________________ –__________- contain a moss that makes the water so acidic that
any
decomposers ________________________… thus dead plants accumulate because there is ________________ in the water to ______________________________
–__________- is a form of moss that can be used to ____________________________ 5
Nonvascular: Liverworts and Hornworts!!!
• They are named for their _______________ • ________ is an old English word for __________ • Both are ___________________and live in __________________________ Seedless Vascular Plants Ferns, Club Mosses and Horsetails
• Have ___________________________________ • Do not produce _____________________ but instead reproduce by _______________________ Spores for Reproduction
• Need to grow in ______________ surroundings because the plants release ____________________ into their surroundings, where they grow into ______________________
• When the _________________________ produce __________________ cells, there must be enough water available for the sperm to swim ____________________ Ferns
• Have _______________________________________ • The fern’ s leaves or ____________ are divided into _______________________ • Developing leaves are ______________________________________ but as they mature the ________________________________ Fern Reproduction
• On the ______________________ of the fronds, ___________________ develop into _______________________________
–These look like __________________________ on the back of the leaves 6
Vascular Seed Plants What is a seed plant?
• Have _________________________________ • Use __________________________ to reproduce • Have _______________________________ Seeds
• They are structures that contain a ___________________________________ inside a ______________________________________________
–Seed plants DO NOT NEED________________ in their environment to reproduce because the ________________ are delivered directly to the regions near the ____________ Seed Structure
• Have three main parts: –1. Embryo = ____________________________________________________ –2. Stored food = _________________________________________________ –3. Seed coat = __________________________________________________ Seed Dispersal
• 1. Dispersal by ______________________ –____________________________ (Dodo tree) –______________________ (barbs) 2. Dispersal by ______________________ - Ex. Coconut palm seed 3. Dispersal by ______________________ -Ex. Dandelion Seed
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Germination
• Definition: the early growth stage of the __________________ that begins when the ______________ absorbs ____________________ from the environment Roots
• Their purpose is to _________________________________________ and absorb _______________ and _____________________ from the soil
• There are two types: –1. ____________________________ (most trees) –2. ____________________________ (turnip and dandelions) Root Structure
• 1. Root cap = the _________________ of the root that _______________________ the root from _____________________
• 2. Root hairs = increase the ______________________ of the root that touches the ___________________
• 3. Xylem and Phloem = __________________________________ • 4. Cambium = a layer of cells that divide to produce new __________________ and __________________ Stems
• Function is to carry _______________ between the plant’ s _______________ and ________________________
• Another function is to provide _________________ for the plant and _______________ the leaves so they are exposed to the __________________
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Stem Structure
• Can either be: –1. Herbaceous = _____________________________________ –theses are usually found on _____________________ plants –2. Woody = ___________________________________________ • These are usually found on trees surrounded by a ___________________________ Leaves
• Function is to capture the _______ _________________ and carry out the foodmaking process of __________________________
• Structure: –Contain: Stomata _______ ( which let CO2 in and H2O and O2 out) Gymnosperms
• They are seed plants that produces “ ________________”seeds (they are not _______________ by a protective structures as they develop)
• Examples: –______________________ –______________________(cone bearing) –______________________ –______________________ Angiosperms
• These are ____________________________________________ –They do two things: • 1. Produce __________________________ • 2. Produce ______________ that are enclosed in ______________ 9
Flower Structure
• Made up of –1. Flower = _____________________________________________ –2. Sepals = protect ____________________________________ –3. Petals = the colorful part of the flower that attracts the ___________________________________________________
–4. Stamens = the ______________ reproductive part –5. Pistil = the __________________ reproductive part • Contains the ____________________, _________________________, ________________ and __________________ Draw your flower with labels below
Reproduction in Angiosperms
• 1. The pollen _____________ on a flower’ s _________________ • 2. The sperm and egg cell ____________ together in the flower’ s _______________ • 3. The __________ develops into the _______________ part of the _____________ • 4. As the seed develops after _________, the ovary changes into a ______________ 10
Types of Angiosperms
• 1. Monocots = angiosperms that only have ___________ seed leaf –Have: •one _______________________, parallel _________________, _______________ of vascular tissue throughout, and _______________ parts in threes
• Example: grass
• 2. Dicots = angiosperms that produce ____________with ____________ seed leaves
–Have: • Two ____________________________, ________ veins, bundles of vascular tissue in a___________________, flower parts in ______________
• Example: maple leaf
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PLANT RESPONSES AND GROWTH Tropisms
• Definition: A plant’ s growth response __________________ or __________________ a ________________________
• Three important plant stimuli: –1. ___________________________________ –2. ___________________________________ –3. ___________________________________ Touch Tropism
• Known as ___________________________________ –“_______________”comes from a Greek word that means “______________” –Examples: Bladderwort, _________________, and ____________________________ (as their vines grow they coil around any object that they touch) Light Tropism
• Known as ___________________________________ • Example: the _____________________________________________ grow TOWARD the light Gravity tropism
• Known as ___________________________________ • Examples: __________ demonstrate gravitropism as they grow ________________ towards the pull of gravity. Hormones and Tropisms
• A hormone produced by a plant is a ________________ that affects how the plant grows and ________________________ 12
Winter Dormancy
• Dormancy = a period when an organisms growth or activity ______________ –Dormancy helps plants survive ___________________ and the lack of liquid __________________ Life Spans of Angiosperms
• Angiosperms are classified as _____________________ ________________________ or ____________________based on the length of their _______________
• Annuals = flowering plants that complete a life cycle within ______________________________________________________
• Biennials = flowering plants that complete a life cycle within ______________________________________________________
• Perennials = flowering plants that ___________________________ PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND LIGHT Background
• In 1883, ________________________________, a German biologist, discovered how light is involved with photosynthesis
• What do you already know about photosynthesis? ___________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ The Nature of Light
• ___________________ is the source of energy on Earth • The light you see is called _________________________ • When white light passes through a _________________ you can see that it is made up of the ________________________________ 13
• The ________________________________ is made up of the colors ________________ When light strikes an object
• 1. Transmission: when some objects such as glass allow light to _____________ ____________________________
• 2. Reflection: when light hits a shiny surface such as a mirror and the light ___________________________________ back
• 3. Absorption: When dark objects such as street pavement, _________________ ___________________________________________
What you see…
• Most objects, ________________ some colors of the visible spectrum while they ____________________________________________
• Example: _____________ • When white like strikes the lemon, the lemon _________________ most of the lights ___________. However, the lemon ___________________ the yellow light. The lemon looks __________________because your eyes see the _________________ _________________
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Plants and Light
• When light strikes the green leaves of a plant, most of the green part of the spectrum is _____________________________________. Most of the colors of light are ________________________ Plant Pigments
• Light is absorbed by the _______________ found in the ___________________________ of the leaf’ s cells
• ____________________ is the most abundant pigment in leaves and it _______ most of the _________________________________
• Green light is ____________________ that is why the leaves typically appear __________________ Other pigments
• ____________ pigments absorb _________________________________________ of light than chlorophyll.
• However, most accessory pigments are NOT __________ in plants because they are ______________ by the ____________________________ PHOTOSYNTHESIS!
• 1. Sunlight strikes the plant’ s leaves and is absorbed by the _________________________ in the chloroplasts of the cells
• 2. ________________________________ enters the plant through the _____________________________________________ on the undersides of leaves
• 3. ________________ is absorbed from the soil by the ________________________
• 4. The high-energy ___________ _______________________ produced are used to carry out the plant’ s functions
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• 5. _______________________ passes out of the plant and is ____________________ into the _________________________ Photosynthesis Equation
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