7th grade ch3 by Jennifer Erickson

Chapter 3

Name: __________________________ Period: _________

Section 1: Chemical Compounds in Cells, Pages 74 -78 Terms to Know -Atom

-Compound

-proton, neutron, electron

-Periodic Table of Elements

-Element

Atom  Known as the ________________________________  Made up of subatomic particles: o __________________ (+)  means: _________ charge o __________________ (Ø)  means: _________ charge o __________________ (-) means: _________ charge  ________________ and ________________ have the same __________ and they make up the ________________ of the atom.  Electrons (e- is the abbreviation) are much ______________ than __________ and __________.  e-’ s are in constant __________ around the __________.  There are __________ numbers of __________ and __________ in an atom. o This means that all atoms are __________. How though? ____________ ________________________________________________________________

Element  Definition: ________ _______________ that consists entirely of _______ type of _____________  There are about _______________________________________  They are found on the _________________________________________  Three states that elements exist in: o ________________________ (Ne) o ________________________ (Hg) o ________________________ (Ag)

Compound  Definition: Substance formed by the ____________________________________ __________________________ elements.  Written as a chemical formula: o Water- _____________________ o Carbon dioxide- ______________________ o Salt- ______________________

Water  Made up of _______________________________________________ (______________)  It makes up about 2/3’ s of your body

Organic vs. Inorganic Compounds  Organic Compound = _________________________________________  Inorganic Compound = ________________________________________ 2

Organic Compounds Carbohydrates, Lipids, Nucleic Acids, and Proteins  List at least 5 examples of carbohydrates o ________________________

o ________________________

Carbohydrates  What are carbohydrates made of? o simple sugars (________________________________________) o Glucose  Chemical/Molecular Formula: _______________________  Draw glucose:  Complex carbohydratess (polysaccharide) o 3 + simple sugars Examples include:  ____________________ (plants and animals)  ____________________ (plant cells- cell wall)  ____________________ (humans- liver)  What are the functions of carbohydrates???? o __________________________________________ o __________________________________________

Lipids  Includes: ___________________________________  Made up of _________________________________ 3

 Gram for gram, ________________ yield more _______________ than carbs Saturated Fats  All of the carbon-carbon bonds are ________________ bonds  Also known as the ___________ _______________  Leads to the build-up of ________________ in the __________, which we call  _______________________ Unsaturated Fats  One or more pairs of ________________ atoms in the chain are bonded with _______________________ bonds  Also known as the _________ _______________ Why are lipids important?  _______________________________________________  _______________________________________________  _______________________________________________  _______________________________________________

Nucleic Acids  Found in the _____________________ of the cell  Makes up __________________ (and RNA)  The ________________________ material  Controls the ____________________ and _______________________ of the cell  ____________________ structure (two strands twisted together, side by side)

Proteins  Only organic compound that contains ____________________  Made up of _____________ ________________ (aa’ s) o Only __________ natural aa’ s o ______________ can only _____________ about _______ of these  Why are proteins important??? o __________________- membranes, hair, nails, etc… o __________________- blood, skin, and eyes o __________________- chemical messengers o Helps build _______________________ o __________________- protect body against foreign ________________ o __________________- biological catalysts

 Amino Acids o _______________________________________ of proteins

 Enzymes o __________________ __________________________  Make the ______________ reactions required for life to _______________ ________________  What is it exactly? A _________________ that affects a reaction ___________________________________________ o _________________ is extremely important to an enzyme  It’ s function is __________________________________________ o Enzyme-substrate complex (______________________ Model)  An _______________ combines with a ______________, the reaction takes place and then the __________________ breaks 5

___________ (_________________ being changed) from the ______________ (_________________________ broken down) Enzyme-Substrate Complex (Lock and Key Model) Drawing ****Think of Pac-Man****

 What is denaturation???? o Denaturation is when a ____________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________  If it _________________ its shape it can ____________________ ________________________________________________________  High fevers (106º +) can cause this to happen!

Section 2, Cell in Its Environment, Pages 80 - 85 Cell Membrane  Selectively permeable –____________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________  Acts like a __________________________ to an ancient castle  It decides who can ______________________________________ 6

Methods of movement  Substances can move into and out of the cell by:  _________________________________  _________________________________  _________________________________

Diffusion  The process by which molecules tend to move from ______________________ _____________________________________________________________________s o The concentration of a substance is the amount of the ______________ in a given ___________________________  Example of diffusion If I sprayed an air freshener in a room, the area where the air freshener was sprayed had many molecules of freshener. The molecules gradually moved from this area of higher concentration to the other parts of the room where there were few molecules of freshener and thus had a lower concentration. *Remember that: Diffusion = Move from High to Low Concentration Can you think of another example? __________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________

Diffusion in Cells  ____________________ move by diffusion from an area of ______________ concentration to an area of ______________ concentration.  When there is a higher concentration of molecules ______________ of the cell than ______________ , the molecules diffuse ______________ the cell. *Take a look at the diffusion model* Draw examples from board here: 7

 Eventually there is an equal concentration of molecules inside and outside the cell.

Osmosis  The diffusion of _______________ molecules through a ___________________ _______________ membrane  Osmosis is important to cells because cells can’ t _________________________ _____________________________________________________________________

Osmosis vs. Diffusion  How are they related? o In osmosis, water molecules move by __________________ from an area of ________ concentration through a cell membrane to an area of _______ concentration. o Basically, osmosis is the diffusion of water!

Active Transport  The movement of materials through a cell membrane ___________________. This process goes ____________________ the concentration gradient.  Therefore, molecules go from _______ concentration to _____ high concentration

Transport Proteins  Transport proteins ___________ molecules ______________________________ _______________________  This process uses _____________ and thus is a method of ________ transport

Transport by Engulfing  A form of active transport  The _______________ surrounds or _________________ (swallows) a particle.

 Once the particle is _________________, the cell membrane _______________ _______ and forms a _______________________ within the cell.

Section 3, Photosynthesis, Pages 86 - 90 Photosynthesis  When a cell captures ______________ in ______________ and ______________ ____________________________  **Almost all living things get energy from the _____ directly and indirectly

Making Food  Autotrophs = organisms that ________________________________________ by photosynthesis (_____________________)  Heterotrophs = organisms that _____________________________________ (__________________________) o Heterotrophs obtain their food by ________________________________

Two Stages of Photosynthesis  Stage 1: Capturing the Sun’ s Energy o Occurs in the ______________________________ o ____________________ are filled with ____________________ which is the ____________________ that ____________________ light  Stage 2: Photosynthesis o Where plants use ____________________ to make food o Need __________________________________ in the __________________ o In the chloroplasts a series of chemical ____________________ occur o End products of photosynthesis are _______________________________

Photosynthesis Equation

• Sun + Carbon Dioxide + Water  Sugar +

Oxygen

_________ + _________ + __________

_____________ + _______

Section 4, What is respiration? Pages 91 –94 Respiration  Respiration = the process by which cells obtain energy from ____________ o Cells ______________________ simple food molecules (sugar) and release the ______________________ they contain

Two Stages of Respiration  1st Stage: In the _____________________, __________________ is broken down into ________________ molecules. This releases a small amount of _____________________  2nd Stage: In the ________________, the smaller molecules ________________ with ________________ to produce _____________________ ______________. This reaction releases a large amount of ________________

Respiration Equation Sugar + Oxygen  Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy _________ + __________

_____________ + ___________ + _________

Photosynthesis vs. Respiration  During photosynthesis, plants use ___________________ and release _______  During Respiration, organisms use ________ and release _________________  They are virtually _________________ 10

Fermentation  It is an energy-_______________ process that ______ ______ require _______  It provides energy for cells ______________ using ________________

Two types of fermentation  _______________________ Fermentation  _______________________ Fermentation

Alcoholic Fermentation  When ____________ and other ___________ celled organisms break down sugars and produce ______________, ____________________ and _____________ as the end results  Used for _____________________ and ____________________

Lactic Acid Fermentation  Occurs when your body uses ______________ ______________ than it can be ______________ … therefore your cells ______________ oxygen  The fermentation that happens supplies your cells with ______________ and produces _____________________________  Feel ___________ and burning in your ______________when this happens

Section 5, Cell Division, Pages 95 - 102 What is the cell cycle?  Cell cycle = the regular sequence of ____________________________________ that cells undergo o The cell cycle has three stages:  1: ___________________________  2: ___________________________  3: ___________________________

Stage 1: Interphase  Interphase is the period ________________ cell ______________ occurs  The cell grows to its _______________ size, makes a _____________________, and prepares to __________________ into __________ cells  Growth = the cell _________________ in size and produces all the _________________ needed to carry out its __________________ o Example: the cell enlarges its endoplasmic reticulum, makes new ribosomes, and produces enzymes  Both _________________ and _________________ make copies of themselves during the growth stage  The cell matures to its ___________________________________________  After the cell has grown to its mature size –____________________________  DNA Replication = The cell makes a copy of the _______________________ o (DNA is a nucleic acid found in the chromatin in a cell’ s nucleus and it holds all the information that the cell needs to carry out its functions)—we’ ll learn more later on about this  At the end of DNA replication, the cell contains _________________________ 12

 ___________ set will be given to ________________________________________  Preparation for division o Once the cell’ s DNA has replicated, the cell ________________________ o At the end of interphase, the cell is _______________________________

Stage 2: Mitosis  Mitosis = the stage during which the cell’ s _____________ _____________ into __________________________________________________________  During mitosis, ______________________________ is distributed into __________ of the _____________________________________________  Mitosis occurs in four phases:

• 1 –_________________________________ • 2 –_________________________________ • 3 –_________________________________ • 4 - _________________________________ ent

PROPHASE  Prophase –The ____________________ in the nucleus ___________________ to form __________________________ o Chromosome = each ____________________ rod of condensed _______________________________ o Chromatid = Each ____________________ rod of the chromosome  Structures called _________________________________ form a _____________ between the ______________________ of the cell  The nuclear ____________________________ breaks down

METAPHASE  Metaphase = the chromosomes _______ up across the __________________ of the cell  Each chromosome attaches to a spindle fiber at its _____________________, (Think, Center)) which is still holding the ______________________ together

ANAPHASE  Anaphase = o The _________________________________ split o 2. The two __________________ ________________________ o 3. One chromatid moves along the _______________ to ______________ of the cell. The other ____________________ moves to the _____________________ o 4. The cell becomes ____________________ out as the ________________ ends __________________________

TELOPHASE  Telophase = The _________________ begin to stretch out and ____________ their __________________________ _____________________________ o This occurs in the two regions at the _____________________________ o A _______ nuclear membrane forms around each ________________ of ___________________________

Stage 3: Cytokinesis  Cytokinesis = The cell membrane _______________ in around the ____________ of the cell  Eventually the cell pinches in _______________  Each _________________ cell ends up with the same ____________ of _______________________ chromosomes and about _________ the _____________________ and ________________ as the _________________ cell  In animals: the cell membrane squeezes together around the ____________________ of the cell. The cytoplasm pinches into _____________ cells with about __________ of the ___________________ in each ______________________ cell  In plants: The rigid ____________________ cannot squeeze together so instead a ________________________ forms across the ___________________ of the cell. The cell plate ____________________________ into new cell ________________________ between two _________________________ cells. New ___________________ then form around the cell _____________________.  Cytokinesis marks the ___________________________________. __________ ____________________ have formed. Each daughter cell has the same number of __________________________ as the ________________ parent cell

DNA Replication  Cells make __________ of their _________________________________________  DNA replication ensures that _________ daughter cell will have __________ of the _________________________________ it needs to carry out its __________________________ 15

DNA Structure  In a “ _________________________________”  Made up of four kinds of __________________________ bases: o 1. _______________________ (A) o 2. _______________________ (T) o 3. _______________________ (G) o 4. _______________________ (C)  __________________ and __________________ attach together  __________________ and __________________ attach together ALWAYS! They will never attach a different way!  The ___________ molecule “ ___________________”between its _____________ _________________. New bases will pair with the _____________ on each __________________. As a result, two ______________________ DNA molecules ______________.