Border Spectrum Micro planning the exchange between Farragut Housing and the Brooklyn Navy Yard
author
Jeroen Vandervelden
promotors
Tom Thys Ward Verbakel
Readers
Joachim Declerck Goedele Desmet Justin Moore
1
© Copyright by K.U.Leuven Without written permission of the promotors and the authors it is forbidden to reproduce or adapt in any form or by any means any part of this publication. Requests for obtaining the right to reproduce or utilize parts of this publication should be addressed to K.U.Leuven, Faculty of Engineering – Kasteelpark Arenberg 1, B-3001 Heverlee (België). Telefoon +32-1632 13 50 & Fax. +32-16-32 19 88. A written permission of the promotor is also required to use the methods, products, schematics and programs described in this work for industrial or commercial use, and for submitting this publication in scientific contests. All images in this booklet are, unless credits are given, made or drawn by the author.
2
Studio Brooklyn at work, volume 4
Studio Brooklyn Border Spectrum Studio Brooklyn sixth chapter on a productive Borough
Micro plannin the exchange between Farragut Housing
sixth chapter on a productive Borough
and the Brooklyn Navy Yard
Bram D’hoedt Jeroen vandervelden Jeroen Kessels Bram D’hoedt Jérôme Kockerols Jeroen Kessels Tara Op de Beeck Jérôme Kockerols Margot Proesmans Tara Op de Beeck Michaël Sarens Margot ReinaartProesmans Vandersloten Michaël Sarens Jeroen Vandervelden Reinaart Vandersloten Jeroen Vandervelden
Thesis voorgedragen tot het behalen van de graad Master of Science Thesis voorgedragen tot Architectuur het behalen in de ingenieurswetenschappen: van de graad Master of Science in de ingenieurswetenschappen: Architectuur Promotoren: Tom Thys Promotoren: Ward Verbakel Tom Thys Ward Verbakel
Academiejaar 2012 – 2013 Academiejaar 2012 – 2013 Master of Science in de ingenieurswetenschappen: Architectuur Master of Science in de ingenieurswetenschappen: Architectuur 3
Abstract
4
Border spectrum sets an example in materializing Brooklyn’s rapid changing economy on a site specific scale, by revaluing and safeguarding the role of manufacturing and its employed population. The decline in manufacturing and the uprise of newer industries that rely on interdependence within the area question the perseverance of zoning as a productive means, and call for a more implemented strategy. This thesis pinpoints the area of Farragut social housing, the disadvantaged geographical centre in between the so called Tech Triangle (spearheading territories in education, culture, and production). The tower-in-the-park relict from the 50’s, characterized by low education and high unemployment rates, is alienated from the surrounding social, economic and physical infrastructure. While the Brooklyn Navy Yard, successfully balances isolation and cooperation, the Farragut Housing is isolated by its socio-demographics not by choice. With the developmet plans for the south-west corner of the BNY, an opportunity for exchange and connection arises, relieving both parties from their exclusionary state. Rooted in the idea that employment and education are the best way out of poverty, Border spectrum proposes a series of education and training facilities by defining a more incremental functional transition, producing mutual benefits through an influx of employment and an outflow out of poverty.
5
Acknowledgement
6
I deliberately chose the ‘Studio Brooklyn at Work’ graduation thesis based on two factors. Firstly, the results of last year’s studio where overwhelming. Secondly, rumors of how the students were pushed to their limits appealed to me, as I was eager to discover my own limits in order to achieve a holistic result in both research and design. Another rumor also went round, namely the students’ complete lack of social life. I can now confirm this rumor. Looking back however, the long hours were worth it, and luckily I was not alone in achieving the end result. First of all, I am grateful for Tom Thys’ and Ward Verbakels’ guidance throughout the year. In my opinion, they were always very demanding, yet reasonable. They encouraged me to discover many different paths, and guided me to choose one just in time. Their ability to align their train of thoughts with mine made for enjoyable and productive sessions. The interventions of external thoughts were also very welcome. In this respect, I would like to thank Studio Brooklyn 2011-2012 for their insightful critical review, as well as their encouraging talks afterwards. I also like to thank Kris Scheerlinck as guest critic and Goedele Desmet, for a helpful last minute session. I am grateful and honored to have Joachim Declerck, Justin Moore, and Goedele Desmet as readers for my thesis, and hope their experience and knowledge will provide for critical and correct remarks, which will contribute to the overall perception of the work presented. Of course there are people outside of the architecture discipline whose support was indispensible. First and foremost I am very grateful to my parents who not only made this thesis bearable, but also provided unconditional support throughout the years. Everything I have ever achieved, up until this moment, was made possible by their support and counsel. Furthermore, I am lucky to have had sporadic, but valuable distractions provided by my closest friends. After all, my last year of studies has to be one to be remembered, not only for the work I’ve done, but especially for the good times I’ve had. Lastly, I would like to thank Charlotte Hermans, for standing by me through thick and thin, and providing much appreciated love and support, as always. It is my hope that you enjoy reading this graduation thesis. Sincerely, Jeroen Vandervelden
7
Methodology “Border Spectrum. Micro planning the exchange between Farragut Housing and the Brooklyn Navy Yard”, is an individual fourth and final volume in addition to a series of three booklets made by the graduation thesis group Studio Brooklyn at Work. This was an investigation carried out during the academic year 2012-2013 by eight graduation students of the KU Leuven Master of Architecture, after completing a month-long field trip to Brooklyn, filled with urban experiments and interesting seminars and debates. Brooklyn 102, the first of three studio books is a sequel on last year’s Brooklyn 101 and explores Brooklyn as a productive city. The second studio book, an elaborate site analysis, is limited to a single enclave in the borough, the Brooklyn Navy Yard. The former shipyard, now industrial park, in many ways represents the spatial-economic tendencies present in the borough. The third and last studio book is a collection of 8 case studies. Throughout the collective research, personal design proposals have arisen and led to the student’s individual graduation design theses, of which mine is presented here. To provide more information on the thought process behind the design, references to “Brooklyn 102, sixth chapter on a productive borough” (PB), and “Brooklyn Navy Yard, industrious enclave” (IE), are made in the prologue.
8
BROOKLYN 102: sixth chapter on a productive borough
brooklyn made brooklyn changed creative impulse transport in need greener choices
BROOKLYN NAVY YARD: industrious enclave
the evolution of brooklyn navy yard brooklyn navy yard today surrounding tissue bny and the sixth borough
CASE STUDIES 8 case studies
INDIVIDUAL DESIGN PROJECTS: BORDER SPECTRUM
9
10
Prologue
11
12
As different themes and interests arose from collectively exploring ‘a productive borough (PB)’ and an ‘industrious enclave (IE)’ with the Studio Brooklyn at work design group, my graduation project: Border Spectrum: micro planning the exchange between Farragut Housing and the Brooklyn Navy Yard, took form. Productivity within the post-crisis city is one of many challenges up next for the ever-adapting morphological fabric that Brooklyn has proven to be (PB 68). New modes of productivity and their impact on the work-live relationship, economic structures and the use of the infrastructure present provide an assignment for design. The project therefore proposes a multi-scale vision on the border condition, encouraged by an observation of a gap in between changing territories on both a spatial as a socio-economical level. In order to strike a balance between protecting and encouraging production in the yard and unlocking the potential in opening up to neighboring tissues, embodying virtual relations, the proposed overlap is explored at both the scale of the neighborhood and that of a specific building.
The fall and rise of entrepreneurship in Brooklyn has manifested itself in a scale shift (PB 68) from larger operators to small industrial an industrious businesses. Large companies fled, and keep fleeing the city (PB 58) due to lack of space, the cost of producing in the city, and the uncertainty of land use policy. The revival is introduced by a large amount of startups that not only show the reinvestment in Brooklyn’s economy after the recession, but also contributes to the parcelization and especially specialization of industries operating in the city. This makes for a more resilient economy as a whole, and a denser network of physical and virtual collaborations in between different sectors or between different businesses within the same sector. A major contributor in this movement is the rise of the creative class (PB 98). Characterized by a reduced business size and by the nature to exchange and explore, a more dispersed pattern of the work environment, and an increasing overlap between work and live, appears throughout Brooklyn (PB 104, 106). These scale and occupation shifts are also evident in the Brooklyn Navy Yard (IE 76). New high tech and creative industries are at times in need of small-scale manufacturing. The industry of custom designed products is also on the rise in a new economic climate of glocalization. The availability of old infrastructure is much more appealing to these new industries as ever. Here they have the room to design, manufacture and grow their business. Being affluent tenants, creative class tend to have the advantage over manufacturing businesses. With only 14 percent of its employment still active in pure manufacturing, the harbor environment has definitely changed and attracted all kind of uses. The site offers after all a successful alternative to problematic conditions mentioned above by safeguarding its tenants via a strong physical isolation, economical incentives and protective land use policies (IE 62, 74). It operates as en enclave within the ever-changing dynamics of its neighbors, playing by a different set of rules. Yet, things start to change and the Navy Yard is no longer immune due to its popularity and success. Different pressures, both from in- and outside this industrious park, are put on its boundaries (BNY-constituencies). Physical outings can already be seen in the
13
D A F 2300
TURBO
TURBO
2300 D A F
D A F 2300
TURBO
TURBO
2300 D A F
D A F 2300
TURBO
TURBO
2300 D A F
Peterbuil
t
Peterbuil eterbu
t
Peterbuil
t
Peterbuil
t
Ownership at the boundaries (IE p 71)
Unemployment (PB 72)
14
% high scholl diploma attained
development speculation on unused or landbanked land, and the fragmentation and ownership condition of land near the Yard’s edges. The interest in industrial heritage and the absence of nuisance even result in the yard opening its doors to the public on guided tours and luxurious waterfront events, breaching the 200 year old physical boundary in between the Yard and it’s surroundings. Keeping the border as it is may not be vital or even beneficial for the operation of all uses of the yard, but crumbling it down marks a point of no return as it negates the unitary state of a productive enclave, which is key in keeping manufacturing jobs, which recently started to rise again (PB 56), viable within. The rise of the creative class led to a changing mindset away from a paper economy, promoting a new thinker/maker economy. This is expressed in a more stabile work live environment due to higher average wages and individual development opportunities, yet its economical impact remains in the margin (PB 112). Not everyone can become creative, because these are mainly high skilled or knowledge based jobs. Manufacturing jobs can prove to be an alternative, as they only require skill training and also provide higher wages then current minimum wage service jobs, for which no higher education is required. It is a sector that can grow again on a local scale in echoing the needs of creative businesses, but also help raise capital independently and keep production within the city. Furthermore it could spark higher employment numbers then creative class jobs. However, as manufacturing is a high value-added activity (PB 114), there is little money left over for paying for land. That is why the unique status of the Brooklyn Navy yard as controlled, subsidized enclave is so important.
When we take a look at how prospective employees are prepared to take place on the job market, we undeniably see the long-standing correlation between unemployment and education. High school dropouts now have an 87% chance to live in poverty. And even when a high school diploma is obtained, it does not guarantee anything but entry-level minimum wage jobs, as skills obtained in high school are not specialized enough for specific, higher earning jobs. The educational system has fallen behind in this respect, and leaves no chances for people who have no money for higher education. The current rate of dropouts costs the American economy about 320 Billion dollars in lost wages, taxable income and welfare and incarceration costs, per year. Students who have dropped out high school in 2011 miss out on an additional lifetime earning of 154 Billion dollars combined. Other options on a high school level have to be explored in order to regain a well-stocked, diversified and sustainable job market, starting at a young age. The two themes of a faltering education and a newly emerging connected thinker/ maker economy coalesce in the graduation project presented. The concept of the Brooklyn Tech Triangle hereby provides a framework to work in, as the planned intertwinement of these spearheading territories offers an opportunity to think about the physical representation of an adapting fabric. The Tech triangle envisions a common advantage in developing culture and creative industries in DUMBO,
15
Leisure Transport Retail Health Food
Transport Safety Employment
RELIGION
WORK
Meeting space
CULTURE
Owned Rented
Galleries Dumbo arts
HOUSING >$3600 3600 people
7000
Public space Co-working Lunch Galleries
$450-$1000
NYCHA Projects Bedford Gardens
50 000
Tech Creative services
HOUSING Multi-family Row houses
Events
FARRAGUT 2-3 people
WORK
EDUCATION
70
30
Food Health Retail
Leisure
Rent
Tax incentives
IBZ
BID BAM District
Owned
Meeting space Lunch Public space
Food Fulton Mall Education Leisure
HOUSING
EDUCATION
$60 000 - $90 000
Services
Retail Education
Rent
Food Retail Health Transport Leisure
incubator
WORK
Work advantages
Film School
PRATT INCUBATOR
Coop
Revitalizing Streetscapes Safety
BID
WORK
HOUSING $1500-$2000 17 000 people Rented Owned
$45 000 - 55 000
Food Retail
Rent
16
EDUCATION
Innovation Development
Food Health Transport Leisure
Constituencies around the Yard (IE 166)
WORK
Industry Sevices Manufacturing Storage
12 uni’s & colleges 60 000 students
Rent
TECH TRIANGLE
Innovation Safety Employment Sanitiation
empire zone
Small Business Services
Innovation Transport Streetscapes Safety
HOUSING 24 000 people Rented
$20 000
Retail Manufacturing Schools
Lobby
Advocacy Marketing Safety Streetscapes Innovation
$2000-$3000
WORK Food Health Retail Transport
Rent
BID
CULTURE
Welfare Foodstamps
Retail Food
Rent
Food Health Transport Leisure
Retail (97% local)
Education Manufacturing
EDUCATION Neighbourhood studies & planning
EDUCATION Low education Seperated
higher education and professional offices in Downtown and manufacturing in the Navy yard. With their development, the opportunity also arises to reintegrate the forgotten and despised urban and social fabric of Farragut social housing, as geographical epicenter of the envisioned the Triangle. The tower-in-the-park projects are exemplary for their high poverty, unemployment and high school drop out rates, and their physical isolation as NYCHA managed property, causes them unable to partake in the surrounding development process. Two scales will be attended to with the same mindset in order to explore the idea of integration and exchange. The integration of Farragut houses is complemented with the proposition of an institution ready for an adaptive learning process, which combines employers and future employees, as it focuses on entry-level vocational jobs and career education. The place of operation as part of the Tech triangle and on and around the Yards edge inherently addresses the main ambitions, namely the escape out of poverty through adapted education combined with the rejuvenation of manufacturing in the city.
17
18
Index
Prologue
11
A restless context
21
morphological exodus
25
a tale of two territories
27
Border Spectrum
31
Border Spectrum: Macro scale
35
interpretation of the urban tissue
37
framing and integrating
43
connected tissue
51
Border Spectrum: Micro scale
55
designing at the crossroads
57
an adapted educational model
59
a perfect M.A.T.C.H.
67
a hybrid typology
71
a spectrum of programs
73
new practices put to use
75
duality depicted
85
making it work
88
Epilogue
103
19
Amateur photographers peeking into the Yard’s dilapidated Admiral Row, archiving its history before it will be partly demolished.
20
a restless context
21
22
23
New indsutries, development
2013 - Planning the lost connection
Fragmentation and abandonment
1996 - Exodus
ranc Clea Slum
Slum Clearance
Slum Clearance 24
1924 - Seperate grids strucutures
War effort - RetroďŹ t barracks
1951 - Great public works
Laborers
e
BQE and unused parcels
Trolley network Disappears
New development
Tech Triangle
A territory isolated both physically and socially
MorphoLoGIcaL eXoDus The contemplated area is situated in the oldest parts of Brooklyn, with urbanization and manufacturing arriving around 1820. It grew out to be a very mixed residential and industrial workers quarter in between the Yard and the Brooklyn waterfront activities. By the 1920, two independent grid structures were fully occupied and bustling with activity. Due tot he vicinity to a naval base, the direct surroundings were characterized by tattoo parlors, red light districts and everything what would be described as a slum. Hence the drastic Slum Clearance projects of the 40’s till the 60’s. Moses cleaned up the workers quarters to install Brooklyn’s own civic center and large tracts of social housing. WWII made the Yard expand out of its own borders, marines had to make place for machinery and were put into the new social housing together with the Yards booming labor force. Within the yard, the tradition of ad hoc solutions began as every inch of available space was optimized for production by merging buildings and filling up nooks. The introduction of private transport was finalized by the construction of the BQE, which introduced a second border surrounding the Farragut houses. The emptiness of access and exit ramps contributed to the crumbling of a once strong grid structure. On the other side of the fence, the economic downturn and the departure of the Navy led to the demolition of several temporary structures in the yard near its boundary, leaving behind a fragmented and derelict territory with seemingly random locations of remaining buildings, and a fill in with utility functions like a wastewater treatment plant and a towing compound. Today, three different morphological tissues remain and each one has adapted to a specific functionality: the productive waterfront yard, creative warehouse DUMBO and the professional downtown civic center. The so called Tech Triangle is now looking to physically overcome the disruptions made in the past that defined their current presence, as collaborations and flows between the different areas are encouraged in today’s economy. The disadvantaged social housing lies in the epicentre of the proposed triangle 25
3
4
7
6
8 2
5
Fragmentation, physical and virtual pressures.
Incoming 1. Gentrifying bufferzone 2. Improper use of manufacturing space 3. Waterfront speculation 4. Nuisance complaints
26
Outgoing 100 % occupancy 5. Admiral Row spin-off 6. Tech Triangle joint forces 7. Transparency by inviting the public 8.
1
Admiral’s Row planned development
Navy Yard Bike Tour
a taLe of tWo terrItorIes* Navy Yard industrious enclave Both from the in- and outside, different pressures are exerted on the enclosure. The Yard has to deal with all current tendencies near or in industrial zones, like gentrifying surrounding neighborhoods. Residential Wallabout is slowly transforming into a live/play area, and the ever-expanding motion of hip Williamsburg now stands at the Yards fence in the north. These movements are partly driven by industrial appeal and waterfront accessibility. The physical boundary however, proves to be very succesful in averting these external pressures. The same cannot be said the other way around. The yard is gradually opening up to visitors, with bike and factory tours every two weeks, a rooftop market and occasional waterfront events. Uses that not necessarily need manufacturing space, jeopardize exploitation by manufacturers. And the Tech Triangle outreach could have the same effect, as thinkers could replace makers in the Yard, but also the other way around, as making would be more accessible and integrated in the creative process, sparking production further on. In a more direct way, the boundaries of the yard are being transformed by planned development. Vacant fenced of lots near the edges, now partly filled in with independent tenants, are still a remnant of the post WWII downturn. BNYDC has already worked on a supermarket and retail spin-off on the historic admiral’s row site, and a media campus for Steiner studios at the hospital site. Both non-manufacturing uses, allowed by current zoning, would become open tot the public. *A tale of two cities - Charles Dickens - 1859.
27
15.300
Farragut Houses
Whitman - Ingersoll Houses
Wallabout
Brooklyn Heights
Downtown Brooklyn
DUMBO
Vinegar Hill
250.000 2%
15%
Income
17%
98%
Unemployment
Non-whites
Farragut houses and their neighbors
46%
4%
income unemployed, less hs, bach up, ethnicity
Did not ďŹ nish high school
Bachelor degree or higher
6%
59%
income unemployed, less hs, bach up, ethnicity
March against violence, april 2012, in reaction of 2 murders
Farragut houses social enclave Directly adjacent to the Navy Yard in the west are the Farragut Houses, a tract of land not only bound by physical but by social walls. The Farragut houses historically had one of the highest crime and unemployment rates. As gentrification and wealth surrounded the projects, shootings and violence went down, but robberies became a major problem, and still are. The harsh contrast between living conditions, as the census data show, keeps outsiders out of the publicly accesible walkways in between the towers. These people are isolated not by choice. The many are disadvantagd by the image created by the few. Those who are able to get jobs work minimum wage, maintaining larger households, often as a single parent. With more then 85 procent of children living under the poverty level however, many don’t finish high school, remain unemployed and continue to live in intergenerational poverty.
...Our beef is my fiance, about to marry it Illegal transactions in Farragut with Arabics Why not, they fit twelve up in the bedroom Imagine what they stash is like, make you a classic like... Christopher Wallace (The Notorious B.I.G.) ‘Last Day’ lyrics - Life After Death (1997) 29
View from Farragut houses to the Brooklyn Navy Yard
30
border spectrum
31
Prof. Richard Sennet - Sociology (NYU) - ‘Quant’
32
Borders are the zones in a habitat where organisms become more interactive. The boundary is a limit; a territory beyond a particular species does not stray, as established by prides of lions or packs of wolves […] It is the difference between a cell wall and membrane, the cell wall’s function being that of a container holding things in, the membrane being at once porous and resistant, but selectively, so that the cell can retain what it needs for nourishment. […] This combination defines the condition of openness in human systems. Urban design can provide examples of how porosity and resistance can combine […] and seek to locate new resources at the edges between communities in order, as it were, to open the gates between different racial and economic communities. Porosity and resistance means communities decide what they can’t share with others as well as what they can.
Border Spectrum
In order to create a border instead of a boundary, a spectrum of interconnecting functions is installed. The border spectrum is a curated mixed-use zone where every function can connect with the next one, providing the transition from a residential to an industrial territory without having hindering contrasts. It transforms the 200-year-old fence into a interactive exchange program, facilitating the goals of the Tech Triangle ideals. The border spectrum is explored at two different scales. The proposed method of micro planning entails looking at just a couple of blocks. This is the macro level of this thesis. It means designing within the constraints of stricter city planning zoning regulations in order to maximize their intended potential, and avoid an ad hoc capitalist short term development scenario. The actual micro scale consists of a design of more then one program, and addresses the exchange on the scale of a building placed on the Yard’s edge. 33
34
border spectrum: macro scale
35
NAvY St
Admiral’s Row heritage site
NYPD Brooklyn Towing compound
Elementary P.S 287
Elementary P.S 307
3
Madison Square Boys and Girls Club (After school program for children in poverty)
BQe
gold St
105
136. 4
140
36
Church of the Open Door
140. 4
137. 7
Dr White Catholic Community Centre
8
135
132. 3
131. 3
140
132. 9
1
104
2
7
5 105
9
6
4 10
125
Front ST
Yo r k S T
S an d s S t (Greenway)
N A S S A U s t / F l us h i n g Av e
Interpretation of the current situation Traces of the past are clearly recognizable in today’s urban layout, as three different tissues exist next to each other. A hard to overcome scale disruption appears around the houses, as both streetscapes, open space and buildings are scaled up significantly in comparison to the original Vinegar Hill tissue. The BQE separates this northern part of Brooklyn of other neighborhoods. The Yard’s fence divides the two dispersed parts of the yard and the houses not only through presence of a wall, but also because of the height drops created by leveling the Yard at dock level. Sands Street gate remains as a singular attraction point on the existing boundary, where trucks and Greenway bicyclists cross. Yet the elements present can be interpreted in other ways. Via basic urban tools, focusing on flow of goods and people, other uses of the open space and an improved representation of the border spectrum’s functions can be achieved 37
1. Community drawing on dividing wall.
2. Sands Street with Greenway in the middle
38
3. BQE acces ramp in front of Farragut Houses
4. Farragut Houses overview, looking north
39
5. Fenced of lawns in between the towers
6. NYCHA on-site parking lot
40
7. Lawns, with Sands Street BNY entrance in the background
8. Commandant’s House (1805)
9. Overgrown Admiral’s Row in front of the houses and Downtown Brooklyn
10. Flushing Ave.and Navy St. crossing, looking at Admiral’s Row
41
Dispersed trucking routes
42
Designated trucking routes
FrAming And integrAting Removing two of the yard’s entrances and introducing a new one at York Street deals with the dispersion of trucking routes around the yard. By eliminating Sands St and Cumberland St entrance, the residential fabrics of Wallabout and Farragut are framed and relieved from heavy traffic, while the wall is strengthened. The new York St entrance takes on the orientation of BNY buildings as soon as it enters its territory. It connects directly onto a central axis of the yard, clarifying distribution within the Yard. The flow of goods is thus directed through the Yard and/or manufacturing Wallabout, rather then completely around it, creating a connection between two of the BQE’s access and exit ramps. Although not necessary for truck use alone, York street is widened towards the projects to accommodate all possible traffic. 43
Existing Situation
44
acade van de
y beslist
es ented on twork of the
Proposed alteration
45
velopment, d stgnation al estate, vs he yard velopment, d stgnation he yard
Existing ownership vs accesibility
Current ownership situations make for a bizarre separation of green areas (NYCHA) and the Greenway bicycle route (DOT). The green area’s consist of inaccessible lawns, with the exception of dispersed, hardened playgrounds, which are quite successful on a sunny day. The current greenway on the other hand is linked to the existing trucking route surrounded by concrete, walls and heavy traffic. It has gained in popularity however, as the network becomes more and more connected. 46
JKE BORDER leg hierbij!!! begrenzen nJKE deBORDER rand eleg in het hierbij!!! entatie van nropie) de rand egramma in het zones aan. entatie van acade van de ropie) gramma y beslist zones aan. acade van de
y beslist
es ented on twork of the
es ented on twork of the
Interconnected open space
Separate the greenway from vehicular traffic and use this regional network to link up with activities on a local scale, such as ball fields, community gardens and a local bistro. Constant activity is hereby provided while at the same time the greenway experience is enhanced, simply by allowing it to be truly green. Install an accessible park that is orientated towards supporting the ow of people. The park can reconvert the tower-in-the-park typology to a park in between the towers, as it houses several places designed for exible use yet at the same time invites specific activities. It spreads out over two out of three blocks of the project, overlapping the eliminated oversized truck route in between. A new pocket park in the north indicates access to the Commandant’s house, provides for a counterpart for the larger park, and gives rise to a rhythm of densified and open areas. 47
Recent residential and commercial investments
NYPD tow compound
Admiral Row ruins development
al estate, vs velopment, al estate, vs d stgnation velopment, he yard d stgnation
he yard
Different actions on different sites
As a result of expanding DUMBO and gentrifying Vinegar Hill, a unilateral development at York Street has occurred as new investments have been made on both commercial and residential developments on individual parcels on the northern side. These look out on the wrought iron fences around the lawns of the houses, and hereby strengthen their border condition. At the Yard, fragmented plots of land receive different attention, as the city-owned towing compound continues normal operation while Admiral’s Row is being planned for commercial development.
48
iefiek comeiefiek museum comntre e museum ntre
begrenzen JKE BORDER begrenzen leg BORDER hierbij!!! JKE leg hierbij!!! n de rand e in n dehet rand entatie e in het van ropie) van entatie gramma ropie) zones aan. gramma acade zones van aan.de acade van de y beslist y beslist
es ented on twork of on the es ented twork of the
small (York St) & big scale (Navy St) development zones
Reintegrate the farragut site into the fabric. NYCHA recently started exploring development on their property in order to compensate for a downfall in federal funds. This helps in orientating the exchange between street life and park life and redeeming the isotropic character of a tower in park typology. A balanced, low rise development acts as a continuation of the growing connection between Dumbo, Vinegar Hill, and eventually the Yard, realised opening the Commandant’s house to the public as museum or visitor center, but mainly as a viewing platform overlooking the Yard. Frame the transition from residential to industrial on the other hand by creating an interactional facade that allows transparancy into the yard. The inbetween zone continues to be managed by the BNYDC, curating suitable uses, selected for their ability to adress both territories. The buildings in between are oriented towards both areas, and partly take on the function of the fence.
49
Commandant’s house Visitor Centre and garden
Career and Technical Education
Proposed Supermarket and light industrial startups
BNY tenants’ showroom including workshops Parking building (serves both NYPD compound and other uses) Creative / tech offices with non hindering production Relocated office use from inside the Yard
connected tiSSue Shown on the right is a possible scenario for a Border Spectrum, with a range of possible programmations which fill in the gaps over time. The infill on NYCHA property consists of a residential, a commercial, a recreational and an institutional facility. The example shows a cluster of two buildings that have direct acces tot the Yard from the back, and a cluster in the south without that acces. The BNYDC strategy of planning without a masterplan holds different possibilites for the future, responding to the demand at that time. The abillity to use the fence to your choosing, whilst still safegaurding your activities is to be seen as a virtue of flexibility for industrial zones in the city. Each of the implemented zones in their turn represent a micro spectrum as a design challenge. Infill in between the towers, the park at the Commandant’s House, retail and manufacturing combinations all propose a transition and exchange of some sort. One site in particular however will be exemplary for our goal to adress manufacturing in the city. 50
51
Daycare + playground
Amphitheatre
Cafe / exhibition
Farmer’s Market
Community gardens
Ball ďŹ elds
Further mixed use developement
Community centre
Elderly housing - commercial base
52
53
54
border Spectrum: micro scale
55
56
deSign At tHe croSSroAdS As explained briefly before, the macro scale proposition entails different sites on which the exercise of a border spectrum can be examined on a micro scale. It is in our interest to think of a possible site that can sustain a function that benefits manufacturing development especially, but also is exemplary for community empowerment. The chosen site seems appropriate as it deals with multiple transitions. It is positioned right next to the new Yard’s entrance, and also acts as an endpoint of the developing local axis coming from DUMBO. It has to fit into the large-scale development strip, which creates a new façade for the Navy Yard, and has to maintain the former fence’s function. Furthermore, there is a contextual opportunity to connect to the proposed institutional Commandant’s house, placed on top of the actual hill at the edge of Vinegar Hill. This topography presents a final design complexity. The public realm is separated from the flattened Navy Yard by a 21,5 ft. (6m50) drop (at York St.). 57
Postdoctoral and research Ph.D.
Grade
Master’s Degree Master Studies
Professional School (Law, Medicine)
Bachelor’s Degree
High School Diploma and Associate’s Degree of (Applied) Science
Associate’s Degree
14
Junior / Community College 1-2
Vocational / Technical 1-2
13
Undergraduate Programs 1-4
Age
Doctoral Studies
21 20 19 18
High School Diploma 17
12 11
Senior High 10-12
High 9-12
10
Junior - Senior Combined 7-12
9 8 7 6
16
Junior High 6-9
Middle 5-8
15 14 13 12 11 10
5
9
4 3
Elementary 1-8
8
2
7
1
6
Kindergarten Nursery
5 4 3
“At schools like P-Tech in Brooklyn, [...] students will graduate with a high school diploma and an associate degree in computers or engineering [...] Tonight, I’m announcing a new challenge to redesign America’s high schools so they better equip graduates for the demands of a high-tech economy. We’ll reward schools that develop new partnerships with colleges and employers, and create classes that focus on science, technology, engineering, and math – the skills today’s employers are looking for to fill jobs right now and in the future.” President Barack Obama - State of the Union 2013
58
An adapated educational model The current inaptitude of a high school diploma calls for an adapted educational model, yet there already are high school programs that are specific enough in training students for middle class jobs without higher education, known as Career and Technical Education high schools (CTE, formerly called vocational education). Current CTE schools focus on sectors like health, arts, construction and IT, mainly increasingly sophisticated jobs in the service sector. These are on the way back from having a bad image, as Mayor Bloomberg took CTE into his school reform. New investments have been made since 2008, uplifting CTE-dedicated schools from 18 tot 46. Students have significantly higher grades, lower drop-out rates, more earning potential and better changes in succeeding higher education. Graduates hold great value for the city’s economy, as the industries for which students are trained are in desperate need of employees. Four years has not proven enough time however. Many with four-year degrees are facing a transforming economy where jobs require still less generalized types of education and more of the skills that many college graduates lack, in science, technology, engineering or math (STEM). This is especially the case for technology entry-level jobs. NYC pioneered therefore a new 6-year program that combines a high school diploma with an early college program. As it is prolonged over the new grades 13 and 14, students graduate with both a high school diploma as an associate’s degree, tuition-free. As of April 2013, 4 such schools are in operation or planned to be next year in NYC, while 28 states will take on the model in the near future. The first institution was opened in Brooklyn, as a public school aimed at disadvantaged and poor youth in Crown Heights. 59
n lin
e em
ploym
ent
gram e Pro
Ad
vic
e
Early C
FUNDING
st i
FUNDING
p l oMy m E NeT nOt R
risis
Fir
e em
Feedback
Skill C
R
n lin
risis
private
NTO
st i
Pathways in Technology Pathways in Technology
Early School College High School FeedbackEarly College High
Skill C
Fir
ME
e
olleg
e Pro
Early C
olleg
Colle ge C redi Assoc ts iate’ s De gree
Colle ge C redi Assoc ts iate’ s De gree
STUDENTS Feedback
vic
FUNDING
Unscreened AdmissionUnscreened Admission
STUDENTS not-for-profit public not-for-profit public
Ad
FUNDING
gram
Not-for-profit public Not-for-profit public
Ad
vic
e
TEACHERS Feedback
Ad
vic
TEACHERS
e
private
“I never wore a tie to school until now. If I’m going to take these classes, and be part of I.B.M., I feel like I want to dress well” Amare Lewis, 15, P-Tech student
60
Pathways in Technology Early College High school (P-TECH) is a pilot program designed by the DOE, City University New York and IBM, in the wake of the 2008 recession, when IBM faced a serious skill crisis. The program of this school is mapped back directly from industry needs in Information Technology, and based in European apprenticeship programs. The so-called “next generation of CTE� consists of an emphasis on both college and career readiness skills and competencies through closer alignment with the IBM industry and higher technological education as well as focused pathways that bring students to a solid career. The partnerships make sure the matter taught at P-TECH is relevant, and placed within context. This is the key issue in keeping kids in school. As they keep a clear goal in sight, motivation remains. The roadmap set out for an individual pathway that brings out the potential in each student. This means every single student gets an employee at IBM as mentor, who guides the student through the six years of early college, and first-in-line advantage for a job at IBM. Students receive college level classes from the 9th grade onward, based on project-based learning. Next to this, they receive workplace learning and are granted internships with IBM, starting in the 12th grade. The school is currently placed within a outdated building housing another high school. Students move around the borough to explore manufacturing facilities and receive college lectures. 61
Not-for-profit local Not-for-profit local development development Not-for-profit public Not-for-profit public
Colle ge C redi Assoc ts iate’ s De gree
Colle ge C redi Assoc ts iate’ s De gree
rnship
ment
*
FUNDING
INDEPENDENTINDEPENDENTTENANTS Big
62
SPACE / MACHINERY LEASE
TRAINING
RENT / MACHINERY LEASE SPACE
ent
OR
ment
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT RENT
RENT
TRAINING
loym MENT
OR
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
emp
ent
MENT
*
EMPLOYEES EMPLOYEES
Ad
vic
e
TENANTS
Small Big
le
ntact
Inte
iang
rnship
y Co
e-,
TEACHERS
Small
Feedback
Ad
vic
e
h Tr
str
tic
le
du
en
SELECTION
Inte
pr
ice
ntact
Feedback
SELECTION RENT
e-,
employ First in line
loym
Private
tic
In
y Co
line First in
emp
employ First in line
Private
str
Ap
Ap line First in
not-for-profit private not-for-profit private
du
en
Feedback
v
iang
In
h Tr
ice
STUDENTS Feedback
pr
Ad
v
STEERING COMITTEE STEERING COMITTEE
Unscreened AdmissionUnscreened Admission
STUDENTS not-for-profit public not-for-profit public
Te c
Te c
FUNDING
Ad
TEACHERS
A new proposed entry-level institution is added in the vicinity of its respective industry, and aims at bringing all actors involved in the education of future employees, together. By bringing education, production and R&D in direct contact within the same building, the step from education to work is further reduced, and students can work on and with state of the art technology, following and contributing to trends in the manufacturing sector. Apprenticeships can be completed within the building. Different proffesional actors can profit in the amenities provided by the project, yet all are selected by the school’s committee and the BNYDC, based on the needs of the school, the area of expertise and innovation, and their educational value. A bigger multinational llike IBM (the example proposes ARUP) can provide mentors and future employment, but the key factor is aiming the facililty at smaller manufacturers representing Brooklyn’s rising thinker/maker industry. Laboratories and controlled environments, manufactruing machinery and production space are all for lease for start-ups as well as established manufacturers. Revenue from leases, manufacturer’s input as well as public funding provide enough resources to keep the school up and running. The location of this educational innovation center on the Yard’s edge embodies the border spectrum on an architectural scale. As an institutional facility connected to City College of Technology it also embodies yet another virtual link in the Tech Triangle network, as students and lecturers will commute from one to another. 63
9th
10th
11th
12th
13th
14th
Basic education
Science & Math
Technology & Engineering
Workspace learning
Mentor
Retraining
Space & Macinery lease
& Research & Development Basic Education CTE Workspace learning
64
Science & Math
Lease of state of the art machinery (on which students also practice)and space tot ttest own machinery (in the hall or cleanroonm)
Transferable credits for College Associate’s Degree
Intensity Duration
Technological Vocational
The installed curriculum proposes a gradual transition from basic education (English, economics, history, PE) towards a career education. Science and math start from day one in full intensity, and workplace learning and technology and engineering ramp up throughout as exchange with the professional world is added incrementally. In their 3rd year, students have the option to fulfill their training with a specialized focus on a vocational program or a technical program, The variety in time span of professional activity is intended to keep activities innovating an allow students to explore different aspects of the industry throughout their six years in this school. After graduation, they are ready for a high skilled job, or they can transfer their earned college credits to complete another 2 complementing years at college. 65
66
A perFect m.A.t.c.H. Manufacturing And Technology College High proposes an exemplary function: fueling a reviving manufacturing economy, aiming at the skill potential of disadvantaged youth. The site location provides for a perfect match between these two. The building itself is tailored to be a symbiosis of the different programs, their representative typologies, placed coherently within its specific context.
67
68
Bed-Stuy
Williamsburg
Caroll Gardens
Bushwick
Farragut Houses
Crown Heights
Williamsburg
Red Hook
Gowanus
Navy Yard
Greenpoint
Newtown Creek
69
+
=
70
A Hybrid typology The basic typologies representing school and production use are present throughout Brooklyn. Efficient wide slabs with a central corridor and classes on both sides take up multiple lots, but are often forced to bend around within the constraints of a city block. Larger programs such as cafeterias and lecture halls sometimes take up the courtyard space in between. Manufacturing halls are found on waterfront parcels, mostly not constraint by a strict grid structure. They take up all the space they need, using only one level, and often neglect parts of the surrounding area and their roof. When merged together, advantages from both typologies are combined. The slab typology can be stretched out, fit larger programs at the lowest levels and use the generous roof of the hall typology. The manufacturing hall can still operate as before, even as part of its surrounding area is destined for a public use. 71
Border Spectrum
Border Spectrum
72
A Spectrum oF progrAmS A spectrum of uses can exist throughout both typologies. The same logic as suggested on a macro level applies: every function can connect with the next one, providing the transition from an institutional to an industrial facility without having hindering contrasts. An open sequence is the objective. Flexibility in accessing, partitioning and clustering different areas become a key aspect of the design. 73
Top levels (+12m)
Level Farragut (+7m)
Level BNY (0m)
74
neW prActiceS put to uSe The resulting design expresses itself by portraying three identities, experienced differently depending from which territory the observer approaches. The lower levels connect to the bustling activity of the Yard’s tissue, the hall’s roof serves as an extension of the public realm, and a simple but pure slab volume hovers above the Yard, indicating and orientating the institutional facility. The following pages will give an overview of the building. This is followed by a more in-depth look at certain design elements. 75
Clean room
Production lines
Building systems
Metal workshop
Machinery development
Wood workshop
Machine operation
Storage
Rapid prototyping
Construction Methods
Energy lab
(Electro)mechanics
Peterbuil
Peterbuil
t
t
School delivery
Plastics
Building systems
76
Peterbuil
Peterbuil
t
t
The ground floor plans already show the distinction in workspace and slab typology. The workshops, used for workspace learning or professional leasing, make use both of overhead and northern daylight, and could benefit small direct deliveries or outside actions at the courtyard. The workshops are separated from the slab by the production hall, spanning a width of 28m. The slabs ground floors handles all utility functions and connects to the docking bays and subsequently the yard, used by both the school and its neighbor. In the longitudinal direction, flexibility is considered by clustering each control room and access stair to an overhead walkway, from which division screens can come down. Programs could fit the exemplary spectrum of a consecutive generous sports hall, basic student machine operation, machine testing and leasing, and a leased startup high tech production line. Each workshop also has its own access stair and a room which functions support the program at that time in the workshop, be it storage, climate control or a small lab. Workspaces and sports hall both are treated in the same way in terms of materials and structure Furthermore, the ground floor offers two formal access points to the building. Diagonally placed, they address both territories and contribute to an image of multiple in- or interdependent uses, operating simultaneously. 0
0
10
20
10
20
30 M
30 M
77
Energy
Electronics
Moddeling & Drafting
Peterbuil
t
Materials
Peterbuil
t
Dance
Library
Peterbuil
t
Peterbuil
t
78
The mezzanine oor offers the most intense overlap between students and professionals. Both spatially and functionally it is a heavily used transitional space. It is conceived as a stretched agora, with a constant overview of all productive facilities, where student projects can be developed, internships can be guided and demo’s can be held. It is a gathering place for all users and therefore symbolizes the heart of the building. It also organizes circulation, as it connects the higher slab levels with the different overhead walkways. The agora is backed up by classes equipped for technology and manufacturing education, which are placed as distinct independent volumes. A service strip, containing storages, a small rapid prototyping center or small cubicles, divides the agora and classes. Sliding walls can further separate or cluster different areas. The library has the same logic, and as it is community oriented, is placed to look out on the sports hall.
0
10
20
30 M
79
6m50
geen speelpl zij ook erlangs ineens toegang langs niet)
4m25
2m00
7m10
Conference
Lavatories
Kitchen
Front Desk
bushalte
80
t
Peterbuil
The 3rd floor connects to the public realm at the level of Farragut Houses, and the playground on top of the production hall. Via several voids and a large staircase/theatre, the cafeteria is connected with the agora below, as seen in the longitudinal section. Service areas are placed within the same independent volumes as below. The open space meanders freely in between void and volume, negotiating inand outside and regulating views and light to the lower levels. Generous skylights organize the playground and allow for ample lighting of the halls beneath, and they also fulfill a role of their own as some have incorporated functions. Two access points lead straight down to the overhead walkways. A sanitary unit and a small stage make that the playground itself can be used independently for community or Navy Yard events, with east river views, without actively disrupting activities in the Yard itself. The building has a different feel from this level onwards, as the bulky production hall has no faรงade towards the public realm, and the only elements visible are the floating slab and the hinting skylight boxes.
0
10
20
30 M
81
Innovation center administration
Teacher Lounge
School administration
82
Student Counseling
The width of the programs beneath allow for an efficient double row of classes on floors 4,5 and 6. The asymmetric column grid suggests for 2 sizes of classes, catering different needs for different classes. Daylight is brought to the core of the building by using profile glass walls, providing both privacy and translucency. At both ends of the hallway, voids connect the different levels of the upper part of the slab. The rhythm of classes is regularly interrupted by open areas, which are used for informal learning or extra curricular student clubs and activities. Again there is a duality in program. A series of laboratories form the transition, as professional demand for these types of facilities can shift the division between the two programs through time. The top floor houses some special programs such as administration, teachers lounge and student counseling.
0
10
20
30 M
83
84 Northern facade
Southern facade
DUaLitY DEPiCtED The building’s facades portray the duality of the hybrid typology. Different scales are therefore used to characterize the upper and lower part. The industrial character is represented by large retractable partitions and checkered windows, responding to the scale of trucks and machinery. The upper part of the façade however hints towards a variety of uses as the window width fluctuates at a more human scale. The glass level in between then negotiates between both entities. The absence of mass creates an image of two opposing poles repelling each other, while simultaneously allowing insights into the buildings most dynamic spaces. As these levels form the transition, they also receive more attention by accentuating details. On the southern façade the rhythm of open floor area’s and boxed volumes is clarified by alternating sunshades and matt glass (+3) or checkered windows (+2). At the north side, the generous height of the skylights is echoed in the window sections and access points. 85
86
t
liubreteP
t
liubreteP
t
Peterbuil
t
Peterbuil
Eastern facade
Western facade
87
Making it work The building’s structure is divided between the two typologies. An asymmetric column grid with bays 9m wide supports the slab, while steel trusses bridge the hall’s largest span of 28m, every 4,5m. Both systems allow for an open floor plan and partitions are thus made by fill walls. This way, a variety of functional spaces can be installed throughout the building. Small-scale classes are found at the top, an open floor plan in between, and finally the production hall, which measures 28x120m, is situated at grade level. 88
Structure
Scale
89
In anticipating complex use patterns, ample circulation possibilities are provided. The slab offers a classic corridor in between two shafts, serving all classrooms and regularly taking in some light at the façade. Further down, circulation starts to overlap with functional space, as the atmosphere becomes more informal. Through time, professional use, indicated in the lower scheme, shall fluctuate within the building. Every area that can be separated has it’s own access point. This is achieved by lifting circulation above the production floor, and allowing multiple paths, both horizontally as vertically. Area’s used for community use can be closed of during after school use, and visitors are thus limited to the sport and library facilities. 90
0
+2
Circulation
InďŹ ltration of use
0
91
View in sports hall, looking towards library mezzanine. A partition wall with the production hall behind it, is seen on the left, coupled with an overhead walkway that doubles as extra viewing platform during events. The use of materials emphasizes the intertwinement.
92
93
9th
10th
11th
12th
13th
14th
9th
10th
11th
12th
13th
14th 9th 9th
9th
1 1
10th
& Basic Education CTE 9th
Basic Education
Science & Math
Lease of state of the art machinery (on which students also practice)and space tot ttest own machinery (in the hall or cleanroonm)
Basic Education
Lease of state of the art machinery (on which students also practice)and space tot ttest possible infiown ll ofmachinery al different scale (in the hall orof spaces is shown on the right. Science &AMath A multitude of very cleanroonm) small classes is proposed on the upper levels.
A surface area of 41 m2 corresponds to classes for up to 15 people. Smaller groups boast learning potential, and this size also allows for meetings or classes in the innovation center. These classes are always paired however, so that a larger classroom can be formed by folding a partitioning wall back, providing a slightly larger than average class size. The larger spaces always incorporate small volumes within, so their independent use is guaranteed if necessary (workshops + production hall), or to structure an open plan (agora). 94
Workspace Transferable learning credits for College
Science & Math
Lease machine also pract1 own ma
Associate’s Degree
Transferable& credits for & College Associate’s CTE Degree CTE Workspace Workspace learning learning
Basic Education Basic Education
a Science & Math Science & Math
& Basic Education
2 x 41 m2
75 m2
200-350m2
850m2
2800m2
95
96
View along the corridor on the upper levels, depicting the column structure and proďŹ led glass wall. Intermezzo’s reach out for light
97
Void
Void
Void Void
Access Access Access
Stage Stage
Stage
Stage
Utility Utility Utility Void Utility Volume
The levels separating slab and hall perform an important role in making the typological hybrid function properly. They provide the connection between upper and lower levels. Since various modes of use are pursued, both the in- and outside elements can operate independently and they fulfill their functions in a similar way. The use of glass and voids naturally allows light to flow into the core of the building, while maintaining visual relations. Furthermore, both glass architectures provide access tot the walkways below. Their independent use is facilitated by separated utilities. All these enclosed rooms are placed as an independent box in the open space provided. Outside, a central skylight even houses a stage, so events can be held on top, without anyone having to enter the building, hereby completely linking this industrial building to the public realm without disturbing its economic valuable activities. 98
Accesspoint Access
Stage
Class
Utility
Stages and voids
Stages and voids
Stages and voids
Void-Stage-Access
99
View on the agora. The large staircase/theatre is seen in the back, walkways accessing production and workspaces are on the left, and technology education on the right.
100
101
102
Epilogue In this graduation thesis, I have presented you with a vision that resembles the photograph on the left. Both research and design have been heavily influenced by a strong focus on the Navy Yard. And even though I, as an architect and a complete outsider, knew nothing about the underlying forces organizing the industrious enclave, spatial and design opportunities surfaced by looking at the Yard through these metaphorical industrial windows. More than half of this picture is pitch black, as there are things I have not observed, questions unasked and unanswered. The old glass even distorts the only visible part of the Yard. But this narrowed and somewhat skewed vision from a particular spot on the outside helped in pinpointing both a site and a program. Looking through these windows, the end result seems to be a logical outcome for the questions I asked myself. If I would have wanted to know everything, as my original intentions were to devise a system applicable to the yard’s entire fence, I probably couldn’t have fixed anything. The proposed design thus may be a bit biased, and others may have some second thoughts and ask the questions I did not ask. But by showing how it can work, the design is able to help discuss and suggest a future of how manufacturing can be integrated, supported and promoted within the city. The method of zooming in fast within a basic structure on a bigger scale, e.g. the existing zoning regulations, helped in achieving a level of detail without losing sight of the bigger idea.
103
104
105
References
106
List of images All Images, drawings and schemes are made by the author, unless mentioned below
p 18.
Microsoft Corporation, “Bing Maps aerial view”, Digital rendering. 2013, Bing Maps, Accessed July 4th, 2013. http://be.bing.com/maps/?v=2&cp=40.701544~-73.982948&lvl=16&dir=0&sty=h&form=LMLTCC
p 22. Gottscho-Schleisner, Inc, “Farragut houses, Brooklyn. Exterior III”, Photograph. 1952, Library of Congress prints and photographs division, Accessed July 4th, 2013. http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/gsc1994003188/PP/ p 23.
Anon, “Extension to dry dock 4 general view”, Photograph. 1936, Brooklyn Navy Yard Archive, Accessed July 4th, 2013. http://www.flickr.com/photos/brooklynnavyyard/2441375210/in/photolist-4HJFN3-5wcgL6-5wgBfy/
p 24.
Adapted from: City of New York, “NYCityMap”, Digital application. 2013, DoITT City-wide GIS, Accessed July 4th, 2013. http://maps.nyc.gov/doitt/nycitymap/?z=6&p=991201,192667&c=GIS1924
p 27. php
Blumenfeld Development Group, “[Admiral Row shopping center]”, Digital Rendering. 2012, Curbed NY, Accessed July 4th, 2013. http://ny.curbed.com/archives/2012/12/19/admirals_row_set_to_become_a_suburban_shopping_center. BLDG92 BNY center, “[Bike tour in the Brooklyn Navy Yard]”, Photograph. 2012, bldg92.org, Accessed July 4th, 2013. http://bldg92.org/media/uploads/.thumbnails/p9263163-500x333.jpg
p 29 Horan, E., “15-year-old Aquaneiga Summerville Passes out flyers during thedemonstration”, Photograph. 2012, Fort Greene Local News, Accessed July 4th, 2013. http://fort-greene.thelocal.nytimes.com/2012/04/02/hundreds-march-through-fort-greene-to-stop-the- violence/
Claiborne, Barron, “Notorious B.I.G.”, Photograph. 199?. Accessed July 4th, 2013. http://reelfoto.blogspot.be/2011/06/barron-claiborne-saints-beauties-and.html
p 32
Ars Electronica, “Richard Sennet at the Linz lectures”, Photograph. 2010, Wikipedia.org Accessed July 4th, 2013. http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bestand:Richard_Sennett_2010.jpg
p 38
(2) Google, “Google streetview, Sands St, Brooklyn”, Digital application. 2013, Maps.google.com, Accessed July 4th, 2013. http://goo.gl/maps/eOq6I
p 39
(4) Burling, Ari, “New York City [depicting aerial view of Farragut Houses]”, Photograph. 2011, Ariburling.com Accessed July 4th, 2013. http://ariburling.com/portfolio/2011-my-year-in-images-architectural-photography/
p 40
(5) Stroobants, T, “[Walkway in between Farragut Houses]”, Photograph, 2013, Field Trip Winter 2013
(8) NYCscout, “Commandant’s House 06”, Photograph. 2010, Flickr.com Accessed July 4th, 2013. http://www.flickr.com/photos/scoutingny/4381352906/
(9) ‘Jake’, “Inside the Brooklyn Navy Yard”, Photograph essay. 2008, Bluejake.com Accessed 4th July, 2013. http://www.bluejake.com/2008/10/inside-the-brooklyn-navy-yard.html
p 56
Adapted from: Microsoft Corporation, “Bing Maps Bird’s eye view”, Digital rendering. 2013, Bing Maps, Accessed July 4th, 2013. http://be.bing.com/maps/?v=2&cp=qsh53w8v1g38&lvl=18.33&dir=269.33&sty=o&form=LMLTCC
p 58
Adapted From: Loeb, Saul “[President Obama SOTU Pool photo]”, Photograph. 200?. NYtimes.com Accessed July 4th, 2013. http://mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/01/25/a-decline-in-viewers-for-state-of-the-union-address/
p 60
Adapted From: Maisel, T. “Gulshan Mangra, 15, of East New York, Brooklyn, tells what he would like to do with his education from P-TECH”, Photograph. 2013, NYDailyNews, Accessed July 4th, 2013. http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/education/stem/p-tech- duplicated-bronx-queens-article-1.1279470
p 61
Anon, “[P-Tech F.I.R.S.T. robotics team]”, Photograph. 201?, ptechnyc.org Accessed July 4th, 2013. http://www.ptechnyc.org/domain/36
P 68 - 69 Adapted From: Google Earth, “[Various Google Earth Terrametrics 3D screenshots]”, Digital Application. 2013, Google Earth Application.
107
PROLOGUE Alliance for Excellent Education, “The High Cost of High School Dropouts: whta the nation pays for inadequate high schools”, Issue Brief November 2011.Accessed July 4th, 2013. http://www.all4ed.org/files/HighCost.pdf D’Hoedt, Vandervelden e.a. Brooklyn 102: sixth chapter on a productive borough. Leuven: KULeuven master thesis, 2013 D’Hoedt, Vandervelden e.a. Brooklyn Navy Yard: industrious enclave. Leuven: KULeuven master thesis, 2013 Levin & Rouse, “The true cost of high school dropouts” The New York Times, January 25, 2012. Accessed July 4th, 2013. http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/26/opinion/the-true-cost-of-high-school-dropouts.html
A RESTLESS CONTEXT Anon.,”Vinegar Hill and surroundings census data”, Web application. 2013, city-data.com Accessed July 4th, 2013. http://www.city-data.com/neighborhood/Vinegar-Hill-Brooklyn-NY.html BLDG 92 Center. “BNY Public tours”, Accessed July 4th, 2013. http://bldg92.org/visit/public-tours/ Dolkart, Andrew. “Wallabout Cultural Resource Survey, Report prepared for the Myrtle Avenue Revitalization Project LDC.“ Myrtle Avenue BID, 2005. Accessed April 9, 2013. http://www.myrtleavenue.org/WallaboutCulturalResourceSurvey.pdf Gill, John “Where History Meets Industry“, The New York Times, January 20, 2012. Accessed April 9, 2013. http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/22/realestate/wallabout-brooklyn-living-in-at-the-intersection-of-history-andindustry.html Polsky, S. “Old Brooklyn cemetery reveils look for its next life”, Accessed July 4th, 2013. http://ny.curbed.com/archives/2012/01/31/old_brooklyn_cemetery_reveals_look_for_its_next_life.php Satow, J. “From Weeds and bricks to media hub in Brooklyn”, Accessed July 4th, 2013. http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/17/nyregion/brooklyn-navy-yard-is-site-of-proposed-media-campus.html Schwartz, Joel. The New York approach: Robert Moses, urban liberals, and redevelopment of the inner city. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1993. United States Census Bureau, “Google earth Pro Unites States census plugin”, Application, 2013. Accessed Jun 2nd, 2013. Various authors. “Admiral Row Coverage”, Accessed July 4th, 2013. http://ny.curbed.com/tags/admirals-row Wallace, C (The Notorious B.I.G.), “Last Day”, rap song. 1997, rapgenius.com Accessed July 4th, 2013. http://rapgenius.com/The-notorious-big-last-day-lyrics Weichselbaum, S. “Life of poverty and fear in Brooklyn housing project for those in the shadow of wealth” New York Daily News, February 27th, 2011. Accessed July 4th, 2013. http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/life-poverty-fear-brooklyn-housing-projectshadow-wealth-article-1.136773
BORDER SPECTRUM Sennet, R., ESSAY: ”Quant, the public Realm”, Last accessed March 13th 2013.http://www.richardsennett.com/site/SENN/Templates/General2.aspx?pageid=16, 2008, Watson, Sophie (ed.), Marcuse, Peter, “Postmodern cities and spaces: Not Chaos, But Walls”, in Post-Modernism and the Partitioned City, John Wiley & Sons, 1995
BORDER SPECTRUM: MACRO SCALE Anon., “Property listings along York St”, Web Application. 2013, Propertyshark.com Accessed July 4th, 2013. http://www.propertyshark.com/mason/UI/results.html?rid=75006487&app=homepage. Department of Transportation, “2011 NYC truck route map”, Digital Map. 2011, nyc.gov. Accessed July 4th, 2013. http://www.nyc.gov/html/dot/downloads/pdf/2011_truck_route_map.pdf\ Hopkins, M., “Oral conversation with author concerning BNYDC master planning”, October 2012
108
Smith, G., “NYCHA set to lease playgrounds, community centers for luxury high-rises”, NY Daily News, February 5th, 2013. Accessed July 4th, 2013. http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/short-article-1.1256450 Ungar-Sargon, B., “Details emerge about plan for private buildings on NYCHA land” City Limits, March 4, 2013. Accessed July 4th, 2013. http://www.citylimits.org/news/articles/4751/details-emerge-about-plan-for-private-buildings-on-nycha-land#. UdakhT5Oo2c
BORDER SPECTRUM, MICRO SCALE Baker. A., “At technology High school, goal isn’t to finish in 4 years”, The New York Times, October 21, 2012. Accessed July 4th, 2013. http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/22/nyregion/pathways-in-technology-early-college-high-school-takes-anew-approach-to-vocational-education.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 Bishop, T., “STEM careers offer bright futures“ Chapman, B., “The successful model of P-TECH, a star in modern technology education, will be duplicated in at least two new city schools coming this fall”, NY Daily news, March 4, 2013. Accessed July 4th, 2013. Departmen of Education, “Mayor Bloomberg and school counselor Walcott announce 78 new schools”, April 2nd, 2013. Nyc.gov Accessed July 4th, 2013. http://schools.nyc.gov/Offices/mediarelations/NewsandSpeeches/2012-2013/040213_ administrationincityhistory.htm Fischer, D.J., “Schools that work”, Report. May 2008, Center for an Urban future, Accessed July 4th, 2013. http://nycfuture.org/pdf/Schools_That_Work.pdf IBM, “STEM Pathways to college and career schools: A development guide” Report. February 2012. CitizenIBM.com Accessed July 4th, 2013. http://citizenibm.com/wp-content/uploads/STEM-Pathways-Playbook_Feb-2012.pdf (Note: this reports is the result of P-TECH’s development, and now serves as a base for all schools that follow) Obama, B., “State of the union 2013”, Speech. February 12, 2013. Accessed July 4th, 2013. http://www.forbes.com/sites/beltway/2013/02/12/full-text-president-obamas-2013-state-of-the-union-address/
109
110