Studio Brooklyn at work. Brooklyn Navy Yard - Industrious Enclave. by Jeroen Vandervelden

Brooklyn Navy Yard industrious enclave

authors

Bram D’hoedt Jeroen Kessels Jérôme Kockerols Tara Op de Beeck Margot Proesmans Michaël Sarens Reinaart Vandersloten Jeroen Vandervelden

promotors

Tom Thys Ward Verbakel

Studio Brooklyn at work, volume 2

Studio Brooklyn Brooklyn navy Studio Brooklyn sixth chapter onYard a productive Borough industrious enclave

sixth chapter on a productive Borough

Bram D’hoedt Jeroen Kessels Bram D’hoedt Jérôme Kockerols Jeroen Kessels Tara Op de Beeck Jérôme Kockerols Margot Proesmans Tara Op de Beeck Michaël Sarens Margot Proesmans Reinaart Vandersloten Michaël Sarens Jeroen Vandervelden Reinaart Vandersloten Jeroen Vandervelden

Thesis voorgedragen tot het behalen van de graad Master of Science Thesis voorgedragen tot Architectuur het behalen in de ingenieurswetenschappen: van de graad Master of Science in de ingenieurswetenschappen: Architectuur Promotoren: Tom Thys Promotoren: Ward Verbakel Tom Thys Ward Verbakel

Academiejaar 2012 – 2013 Academiejaar 2012 – 2013 Master of Science in de ingenieurswetenschappen: Architectuur Master of Science in de ingenieurswetenschappen: Architectuur

ÂŠ Copyright by k.u.leuven without written permission of the promotors and the authors it is forbidden to reproduce or adapt in any form or by any means any part of this publication. requests for obtaining the right to reproduce or utilize parts of this publication should be addressed to k.u.leuven, Faculty of engineering â&#x20AC;&#x201C; kasteelpark arenberg 1, B-3001 Heverlee (BelgiĂŤ). telefoon +3216-32 13 50 & Fax. +32-16-32 19 88. a written permission of the promotor is also required to use the methods, products, schematics and programs described in this work for industrial or commercial use, and for submitting this publication in scientific contests. all images in this booklet are, unless credits are given, made or drawn by the authors (Studio Brooklyn).

Brooklyn Navy Yard industrious enclave

Presentation of Studio

12 10 20 Students return to Belgium

Brooklyn: varieties on city life and other master projects,

12 10 24 Pin-up 4: quick start and case study proposal

aSro, leuven

launch of Studio Brooklyn

12 11 07

First meeting Studio Brooklyn, aSro, leuven

application deadline Studio

Pin-up 5: Site analysis + experiment

2011-2012 blog

12 11 29

Pin-up 6: individual session design proposal

12 12 19 Pin-up 7: “does your project

Brooklyn and other master

make sense?” + brief contract +

project studio’s

extrapolation borough

decision by PoC council of

13 01 09 Pin-up 8: Group discussion

aSro concerning all master

‘Case Study’ + Group

project applications

discussion ‘102’ + Group discussion ‘Bny’ + Group

aSro informs the 8 applicants

discussion project design

they are approved to join Studio Brooklyn

13 01 25 Pin-up 9: individual worksession project design

12 09 05 Pin-up 1: presentation individual literature study and substantive interest

12 09 16 arrival students in Brooklyn, nyC

12 09 30 arrival tom thys and ward verbakel in Brooklyn, nyC

12 10 01 Pin-up 2: research presentation

13 01 29 review 2 at kul studio de molen

13 02 13 Pin-up 10: individual worksession project design

27 02 13 Pin-up 11: individual worksession project design

13 03 13 Pin-up 12: individual worksession project design

12 10 02 meeting with Justin moore, city planner for the City of new york

with lars Ficher and kris Scheerlinck

department of City Planning, at the Brooklyn Planning Office Construction site visit leeser

27 03 13 Pin-up 13: feedback and divided worksessions

architecture 17 04 13 Pin-up 14: individual 12 10 03 Seminar Site Documentation

worksession project design and

talk by andrea kahn at GSaPP

postersession with Brooklyn

room 114

101 students

lecture by dense Scott Brown at GSaPP wood auditorium

26 04 13 Pin-up 15: individual worksession project design

12 10 07 Pin-up 3: workshop 08 05 13 Pin-up 16: individual 12 10 08 Site visit Brooklyn navy yard

12 10 09 Brooklyn 101 exhibition at mex

worksession project design

15 05 13 Pin-up 17: individual worksession project design

12 10 13 Faculty return to Belgium 28 06 13 Final presentation

acknowledgement

on behalf of all students of Studio Brooklyn 2012-2013, we would like to express our sincere gratitude to all people who made our graduation project possible. we would like to thank our two promotors, tom thys and ward verbakel, for their unexhaustible effort to inspire us from start to finish and for their knowledge they have shared with us. we would like to thank the students of Studio Brooklyn 2011-2012 for their indispensable work that served as a strong foundation. we want to express our gratitude to Justin moore (GSaPP), mojdeh Baratloo (GSaPP) and Giovanni Santamaria (nyit), for sharing their knowledge, and to david Graham Shane (GSaPP), dongsei kim (GSaPP) and maarten van acker (Parsons) for guiding us in our research. we also would like to thank Joseph Haberl (leeser), Peter Coombe and michaela metcalfe (Sage and Coombe) for helping us discover Brooklyn, and matthew Hopkins and emilie evans (BldG92) for guiding us around the Brooklyn navy yard. lastly, we are grateful to aSro, nyit, Columbia university, and GSaPP, for making Studio Brooklyn possible. Studio Brooklyn

brooklyn 102: sixth chapter on a productive borough

brooklyn made brooklyn changed creative impulse transport in need greener choices

brooklyn navy yard: industrious enclave

the evolution of bny brooklyn navy yard today surrounding tissue bny and the sixth borough

case studies 8 case studies

individual design proJects channel vision east river exchange

what about wallabout big and small

birdâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s nest

border spectrum

on top

e.a.t.

methodology

this volume on the Brooklyn navy yard is the second volume in the studio’s series, which presents results of the ku leuven master of architecture graduation thesis “Studio Brooklyn at work, a guide to the post-crisis city”. the investigation was carried out during the academic year 2012-2013 by eight graduation students. Brooklyn 102, the first of three studio books is a sequel on last year’s Brooklyn 101 and explores Brooklyn as a productive city. this second studio book, an elaborate site analysis, is limited to the Brooklyn navy yard, a single enclave in the borough. the former shipyard, now industrial park, represents in many ways the tendencies going on in the borough. the third and last studio book is a collection of 8 case studies. throughout the collective research, personal design proposals have arisen and led to the student’s individual graduation design theses.

Chapter index

Introduction

The evolution of BNY a waterfront machine 24 26 30 34 38 40 44

Brooklyn Navy Yard Today an industrial sanctuary at the heart of the city 60 62 64 66 68 70 74 76 78 82 84 102 104 106 108 110

organizational structure double hull Guarded entrance reaching the yard travel times Shifting boundaries Spatial economics Creative and small made in the navy yard reusing infrastructures Buildings: typologies water infrastructure rails under the road Green vision Sandy: vulnerability unveiled organized chaos

Surrounding Tissue Synergy and disruption 124 126 130 132 142 144 164

naval shipyards, government owned installations an idyllic navy yard an industrial navy yard navy yard: bigger then ever Closure; CliCk takes over a commercial yard; Seatrain a summary of evolutions

From farmland to grid Completing the grid the BQe the BQe: cityshaper a sampling of building blocks Socio-economic constituencies impact on the grid

BNY and the sixth borough an ambiguous coexistence 178 180 182 184 186 188

east river: not a river east river: an estuarine habitat east river: a dynamic balance rising sea-levels Socio-spatial relationship anatomy of the waterfront

Outro

references

introduction

Greenpoint

williamsburg Brooklyn navy yard downtown Brooklyn dumBo Brooklyn Heights Clinton Hill Fort Greene Cobble Hill

Caroll Gardens

red Hook

Gowanus

Sunset Park

Brooklyn Queens expressway

INTRODUCTION | Context

INTRODUCTION

Industrious Enclave the Brooklyn navy yard is both a unique spatial entity within the borough of Brooklyn as well as a pars pro toto for different spatial-economic tendencies. Phenomena like the manifestation of an upcoming creative class, spatial fragmentation and the exploration of new organizational strategies and networks are all present within the yardâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s territory. its exclusionary state makes for a welldefined case study, offering a clear approach to various themes touched upon earlier in the first volume: Brooklyn 102. this volume offers a thorough observation of how the navy yard works within its own fabric of industrial heritage and new development. yet it also demonstrates how its position as an enclave within its surroundings is influenced by receding activity at the waterfront and a changing attitude towards its neighbors.

Brooklyn Navy Yard

The evolution of BNY A waterfront machine Situated along the East River waterfront, in the corner of Wallabout Bay, the 300 acres of the Brooklyn Navy Yard (BNY) have made up an intricate part of Brooklyn’s history, manufacturing some of the best known wartime naval vessels right in the heart of New York City. At its peak, during World War II, the Yard employed over 65.000 people, making it Brooklyn’s largest employer. Today, as ‘making things’ has contributed to Brooklyn’s revival, the historic Yard has once again become a centre for manufacturing, housing over 250 different tenants. Within the old structures, which have been refurbished to suit needs of today’s tenants, an array of niche products are being produced by the over 5000 employees working at the Yard. The history of the Brooklyn Navy Yard remains ever present, which is why the first part of the Yard’s narrative will focus on how it became the industrial park that it is today.

Naval shipyards, government-owned installations Since the founding of the Nation, the US has always operated their own

Naval

Shipyards.

The

Government and its citizens felt that in order to defend their country they needed a navy, to be designed and built within a US-owned installation to protect the fleet from possible espionage

and

established,

corruption.

navy

yards

Once

became

powerful economic institutions within their localities, often becoming a large employer to the area. Brooklyn Navy Yard, along with five other naval shipyards across the country (Norfolk, Portsmouth, Puget Sound, Boston and Washington), was among the first yards to be established. Regardless of their location, they all abided to the policies dictated by the US Federal Government. Because of this the Brooklyn Navy Yard has grown as an enclave indifferent to its surroundings, quite literally so, as the Yard has throughout itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s history always been fenced off. In the overview of the Yardâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s history, we will discuss five eras (An Idyllic Navy Yard, An Industrious Navy Yard, Navy Yard Bigger than Ever, Closure; CLICK Takes Over and A Commercial Yard;

Seatrain)

characterising

portraying

elements

the each

period. Only the Yard and not its surroundings

will

considered.

However, these surroundings and the impact the Brooklyn Navy Yard had on them will be extensively examined within their own chapter.

evolution of bny | Naval shipyards, government-owned installations

Wallabout bay Brooklyn Navy Yard is located at the former Wallabout Bay along the East River in Brooklyn, in close proximity to Manhattan, quite central within New York City. How does a once industrial giant come to be located on what would today be classified as

prime

real

estate

location?

Historically, bays have always been prime locations to harbor ships, as these inlets have protected them from heavy winds and storms. In the case of Wallabout Bay, an inlet provided safety from the strong tidal 1

flows of the East River, which caused some areas of the bay to become bare during low tide. That feature was used as an opportunity to do repairs to the moored ships and led to the choice of locating the Brooklyn Navy Yard here. Initially it was John Jackson who started a commercial shipyard here in 1781, this yard was then purchased by the US Government in 1801 and the Brooklyn Navy Yard was established.

1766 Map of Wallabout Bay

Map of bedding bare during low tide marshland bare at low tide bare at very low tide

Wallabout bay

An idyllic Navy Yard 1801 - 1866

Although the Brooklyn Navy Yard was acquired in 1801, there was little activity there until 1805 when construction began on the first six buildings.

would

take

another

year until the Yard would receive its first Commandant, for whom the Commandantâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s House on Vinegar Hill was built in the same year 4 . Despite the slow start, the Yard quickly became a place developing cuttingedge technology in its time, such as the introduction of steam as a means

of propulsion. To further develop this knowledge, one of the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s first military think tanks was created with the establishment of the Naval Lyceum in 1833

. Another institute

to be established was the Naval Hospital, of which the first building was built in 1838

1 5,

accounting for

quite a few discoveries within the medical field. The Navy Yard can be described as

idyllic during this period as Navy Yard work was relatively light, consisting of an eight-hour workday in comparison to

the

usual

twelve

expected

elsewhere, furthermore punctuated with a certain labouring-class civility. Another factor contributing to this romantic

image,

are

the

many

ceremonies that would be held at the Yard, on Independence Day or

other national holidays. On these occasions

Brooklynites

belonging

to the better social circles would

1833 Naval hospital

be invited to join in the festivities

1838 Naval lyceum

arranged by the Naval Officers.

1855 Aerial of Brooklyn Navy Yard

1845, Commandants House indicated

1866, Naval Hospital indicated

evolution of BNY | An idyllic navy yard

Maps

Historic maps

Technical aspects During that first period, before the advent of steam propulsion, wood was the main building material of the first ships to be built at the yard. To prepare the logs for construction, they would be left to soak within the mill pond

, softening the wood to

make it easier to work with. At first, ships would be constructed in the open air. Only later two ship sheds were built

to house the shipâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s

construction. Once completed the ship could then be slid along greased rails into the water. Around 1837, steam power was introduced

the

Navy

Yard,

first with the construction of the warship Fulton II, second with the construction of Dry Dock 1 (18411851)

3 4,

the foundations of which

were constructed with the use of a steam powered pile driver. Dry Docks are used for ship repair; working with a gate and pump system. When a ship comes in, the gate closes and water is pumped out so workers can access the shipâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s hull. Once the ship is repaired, water is pumped back into the docks, the gate opens and the ship can sail away. As for the Yard itself, as mentioned, development but grew

started

out

slowly

quite quickly, especially

around 1860

DRY DOCK

as the Yard began

to prepare for the Civil War (1861-

1865). By this time wood was rapidly

being replaced by a material far more

1845 Ship construction house

superior, iron, heralding the Yard into

1845 Inside ship construction house

a new industrial period.

1851 Construction of dry dock 1

Dry dock 1 85x12m

Evolution of BNY | An idyllic navy yard

Maps

1845 Built up area

1866 Built up area

1845 Building functions

1866 Building functions

1845

2013

work shops

1866

mill pond

energy production

naval quarters

Explanatory maps

An industrial Navy Yard 1866 - 1940

After the Civil War (1861-1865), which temporarily resulted in a peak in employment at the Yard, peace returned and employment was scaled down. The pace at the yard slowed down for a while, even though the face of the Yard continued to change as new buildings were being erected; such as Admirals Row along Flushing Avenue

1 4

and many new steel day-

light structures within the yard

. In

1877 part of the Yard which had not been put to use as yet, was sold off to Wallabout Market 5 , which became New York City’s biggest fresh food market. It wasn’t until Presidents Benjamin Harrison

and

Grover

Cleveland

came to power in 1889 and 1893, that the importance of a modern navy was recognised, which was then confirmed during the SpanishAmerican

war

(1898). After

this

episode the Yard again died down, until

World

War

(1914-1918).

Although this war never had a significant impact on the United States, it did temporarily cause the workforce at the Yard to expand from 6.000 to 18.000. Following WWI, President Warren G. Harding initiated the Washington Naval Conference, which

restricted

the

ships

the

could

fleet

number

possess.

Subsequently the 1920’s and 30’s saw little new construction.

Evolution of BNY | An industrial navy yard

1877 Admirals row

1904 Taken along Morris Avenue

1924 Aerial of Brooklyn Navy Yard

1900, Admirals Row indicated

1924, Wallabout Market indicated

Maps

Historic maps

Technical advancement During that time the face of the Yard was changed mainly as a result of technical advancements. The Yard was entering the 20th century,

leaving

behind

wood,

sails and even iron and welcoming new developments such as screw propellers, armour plate, and gun turrets.

The

Yardâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s

landscape

became more industrious as Cob

Dock Island was finally connected to the main land

were constructed dry docks

four new piers

and three new each accompanied

by steel cranes on tracks elements

were

linked

constructed rail tracks

. These

newly

,making the

connection between manufacturing shops, ship construction shed and dry docks a lot easier. The Navy

Yardâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s landscape had gone from the idyllic park to an efficient battleship producing machine, as image 10_

DRY DOCK

depicts the flow of raw steel to its end product. 5

evolution of bny | An industrial navy yard

1904 Connecting cob dock to the yard

1924 Crane located at dry dock 1

1924 Rail lines being laid along pier d

Dry dock 2 137x21m

Dry dock 3 186x21m

Dry dock 4 211x29m

Maps

1900 Built up area

1924 Built up area

1900 Building functions

1924 Building functions and flows

1900

work shops

naval quarters

flow of metals

1924

infrastructure

exchange

flow of energy

2013

energy production

entrance

railtracks

naval quarters

Explanatory maps

Navy Yard, bigger than ever 1940 - 1950

By the end of the 1930’s, with rumours of war flooding the country, productivity finally returned to the Yard in a big way. Long before the attack on Pearl Harbour which officially

plunged

the

into

the global war, military planners anticipated

this

war

over

two

oceanic fronts and started to prepare and

expand

Brooklyn

the

Navy

country’s

Yard

navy.

needed

expand, resulting in the reclaiming and

destruction

Wallabout

Market for war-effort purposes. The extra

shoreline

was

completely

transformed to suit the needs of battleship production as large as aircraft carriers. The most impressive aspect of the Navy Yard’s expansion was the speed at which it all took place, made possible by the over 70.000 people employed there at the time. As at many other naval

shipyards around the country, women were amongst those employed

not only to perform light tasks such as flag sewing, but to perform the heavier work tasks, such as welding as well. Additionally African Americans

were

also

admitted

to be employed at the Yard, and continued to work at the Yard up until its closure. Their female colleagues however,

were

dismissed

when

peace had returned. While

only

around

thirteen

new

vessels were constructed, the Yard’s primary responsibility was the repair of ships, over 5000 of which steamed into Wallabout Bay for repair. The Yard’s high efficiency acquired it the nickname the ‘Can-do Yard’. 34

evolution of bny | Navy Yard, bigger than ever

3 1

1942 First female shop workers

1942 African American shop workers

1944 Aerial of Brooklyn Navy Yard

1945

1945 Aerial of the Navy Yard

Maps

Historic map

Expansion The newly acquired land, previously belonging to the Wallabout Market, was set straight to work, changing the

shoreline

quite

dramatically.

Two new gigantic Dry Docks were constructed

at an astonishing

speed thanks to the new ‘tremie’ method.

Furthermore,

the

pier

structure of the former Cob Dock was

drastically

reconfigured,

new stronger piers were added. Another quite amazing structure built for WWII, was the Hammerhead Crane

. A cantilever-style crane

that was capable of lifting over 350 tons from its horizontal jib, the crane was used primarily to lift armour plates and to install completed turrets. Furthermore, the Yard’s rail tracks were improved to maximise

connectivity

within

the

Yard, connecting the new building

structures and Dry Docks 5 and 6 to form an efficient whole. Image

illustrates how raw metals arrive by barge in the Yard’s top corner, and

DRY DOCK

after having completed the half circle, end up as part of one of the Yard’s warships. During WWII the Yard

peaked as a machinic landscape, however after WWII the 300 acres making up the Brooklyn Navy Yard would never form a whole again.

Evolution of bny | Navy Yard, bigger than ever

1941 Birdseye of Dry Dock 5 and 6

1941 Hammerhead Crane

Dry Dock 5 579x45m

Dry Dock 6 579x45m

1943 Built Up Area

1943 Building Functions and Flows

Maps

1943

work shops

naval quarters

flow of metals

2013

energy production

exchange

flow of energy

railtracks

infrastructure

entrance

Explanatory map

Closure; CLICK takes over 1966

In November 1964 it was announced that the Yard would close in 1966, despite much protest from a workforce of just under 10,000 people. The Brooklyn Navy had been a source of well-paid, skilled-trade and professional positions, good jobs that had contributed to Brooklyn’s image as much as any other Brooklyn icon. The closure brought about a jolt to the City’s economic base and was part of the industrial flight taking place along the East River and in the rest of Brooklyn. The main reason for the closure was budget cuts at a federal level by the Kennedy and Johnson administrations, to enable them to further finance the ongoing Vietnam War. Other related reasons were the fact that the Navy Yard had never constructed submarines or worked with nuclear ships and modern ships were becoming so large that many could no longer fit under the Brooklyn and Manhattan Bridge to get to the Yard. In 1967 the City purchases 260 acres of the Yard (the other 40 acres remaining property of the federal government) and made

Evolution of Bny | Closure; CLICK takes over

plans to reuse the Yard as an industrial park. A local non-profit development corporation, named “Commerce Labor and Industry in the County of Kings” or CLICK, was set up to run the Yard for the City. It reopened the yard in 1971 as a private commercial industrial park.

image

1966 Closure of the Yard

A commercial yard; Seatrain 1967 - 1979

CLICK’s economic strategy for the Yard was to find a tenant large enough to fill the infrastructures of

the

abandoned

same

year

Yard.

(1967)

Within Seatrain

Shipbuilding signed a lease with CLICK for the use of the two largest Dry Docks, surrounding piers and a number of manufacturing buildings. So even though the Yard had found a tenant not all its infrastructures were being put to work. Their time at the

Yard was rather short, mainly due to the economic climate of New York during the 1970’s as in 1979 Seatrain closed its gates, ending a long history of shipbuilding at the Brooklyn Navy Yard. Despite Seatrain’s short lease, the company was still employing a workforce of over 6000 at peak moments. After Seatrain’s departure CLICK was to be replaced by another nonprofit Yard

corporation;

Brooklyn

Development

Navy

Corporation

(BNYDC) who took over the Yard in 1981. Up until today the Yard is being successfully run by BNYDC. At first it seemed they wouldn’t find a shipbuilding or ship-repair company to lease the dry docks either, meaning the end of the Yard’s relationship with ships. Eventually GMD Ship-repair came along, now leasing dry docks 1, 5 and 6 and

maintaining the Yard’s historic legacy. 1

Evolution of BNY | A commercial yard; Seatrain

1972 Workers on a Lunchbreak

1975 Worker posing near a Crane

1970

Map

Historic map

The system of a commercial yard Seatrain

was

originally

operator,

not

builder,

a so

ship once

construction was underway at the Yard the company’s goal was to develop a very efficient and costeffective

shipyard.

Studies

were

done to determine the most practical material flow methods and production procedures used by both European and Japanese shipbuilders. They created a system

that would

effectively use their most important resources;

two

the

US’s

largest Dry Docks and three large manufacturing buildings, combining them so that space and labor would not go to waste. The system was designed as a smooth continuous flow, achieved through automated transportation and

modular

components.

and

production,

production Within

this

ship

system

Seatrain built four Very Large Crude Carriers (VLCC’s)

, eight barges

and one ice-breaker barge.

evolution of BNY | A commercial yard; Seatrain

1970 VLCC repair to deck

VLCC out at sea

1970 Built up area

1970 Building functions and flows

Maps

1970

work shops

exchange

flow of metals

2013

energy production

entrance

flow of energy

infrastructure

Explanatory map

A summary of evolutions Starting out as no more than six buildings in 1801, one of which was

the

Commandants

House

and another the Naval Hospital, the

yard

grew

become

industrial giant by the start of World War II; counting over one hundred buildings, six dry docks, five piers and an extensive rail system. built

Today

during

many

WWII

buildings

have

been

demolished and replaced by more modern infrastructure, but the more resilient infrastructures have been refurbished and are being reused by tenants today. As the face of the Yard has been altered dramatically over the years, so has the waterline. Where once the Yardâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s waterline was no more than a soft line of marshland,

over

200

years

extensive filling and dredging have changed the waterline to a hard line, intersected by dry docks. On

the

following

page

BNYâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s

evolution has been summarised in a timeline. The timeline illustrates how both on a National (USA) level as on the level of the Borough (Brooklyn), BNYâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s history (BNY) has been determined. Furthermore, the timeline illustrates the number of people employed at the yard (employment)

and

how

much

procent of the national GDP is spent on defense, as expected these two graphs peak during periods of war.

evolution of bny | A summary of evolutions

Map

1845

1938

1866

1943

1900

1966

1924

2013

A summary of evolutions

USA INH.

Establishment of Navy Department

8 303

Prevailing-wages law

20 535

138 822 First migration wave

419 921

838 547 Second migration wave

BROOKLYN

Steam ferry to Brooklyn Heights Finishing of Erie Canal

City of Brooklyn

Brooklyn leading manufacturer in

10-hour day with no loss of pay

8-hour day

Classiﬁcation system for white collar jobs into 4 classes

Classiﬁcation of white collar jobs in 10 classes

BNY hires before nat ﬁred afterw

13% 1820

1830

1840

1850

Dry dock 1

Favoritism

8000 1810

1860 1870 Civil War 1861-1865

1880

1890

BUILT AT BNY

1800

Corruption scandal at the Brooklyn Navy Yard Rumors of closing

ESTABLISHMENT BNY

EMPLOYMENT % OF GDP SPENT ON DEFENSE 2%

PHENOMENA

BNY

NAVY DEPARTMENT

evolution of bny | A summary of evolutions

Dry dock 2 and 3

1900

timeline

EfďŹ ciency rating system Washington-London disarmament treaties National Industrial Recovery Act Japan refuses to sign accord on disarmament conference. 1 634 351 Great migration

2 560 401

2 738 175

2 602 012

2 300 664

40% of Brooklyn works in manufacturing business 10% of U.S. manufacturing products are NY made

n U.S.

Brooklyn Burns

Stock market crash 43%

Manufacturing shrinks to half in 40 years SEA TRAIN Blue-collar jobs paid-sick leave

Saturday-half holiday in summer

Back to 40-hour, 5-day work week

70000

White-collar jobs incorporated in civil service 15 days leave with pay Blue collar workers part of civil service

CLICK

World War I regulation 5-day week as work spreading regulation Upsurge in warship production due to international tensions

s 1000 workers tional elections, wards

Photo-IDâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s

BNY remains open on Independence Day

1920

Dry dock 4

1930 1940 1950 1960 Great WW II Korean War Depression 1941-1945 1950-1953

1970

6000

9000

CLOSING OF BNY

5000

12000

15000

24%

22%

First restaurant for workers

WW I 1917-1918

BNYDC

World War II regulations.

m in hiring

1910

2 504 700

1980

1990 Gulf War 1990-1991

2000 2010 War On Terror 2001- present

Dry dock 5 and 6

Brooklyn navy yard today An industrial sanctuary at the heart of the city After almost two decades of obsolescence, a new wave of industrialization is taking place at the Brooklyn Navy Yard. Managed by a not-for-profit corporation, the Yard attracts a great amount of small and medium sized businesses. Not only charmed by the historic structures, the tenants also find an industrial park that offers economic and spatial advantages, a safe haven for their businesses.

Organizational structure The Brooklyn Navy Yard has a long history as public property, first as a naval base and ship building facility since the early 19th century, and later as city property after the 1967 purchase. With the city as its owner, the yard is now under the management of the Brooklyn Navy Yard

Development

Corporation

(BNYDC), a not-for-profit corporation that is under contract with the city of New York for the development of the yard. The corporation’s board of directors is comprised of leaders of Brooklyn’s business community and their appointment is a political

decision. BNYDC is charged with the leasing of spaces in the Navy Yard, and also plays a proactive role in the development of underutilized areas and the modernization of the Yard’s

infrastructures.

BNYDC

not a public institution, but since the yard is a city-owned property, it has to use public request for proposal procedures

for

development

maintenance

contracts.

and

These

projects are often leveraged using public funds, but the majority of investments in the Yard comes from private investors. When

selecting

tenants

BNYDC

looks for businesses that fit the Yard’s vision of becoming a green industrial park with a diverse tenancy. The main factors in the selection process are the amount of jobs that a company creates,

and

whether

these

are

manufacturing jobs or not. With an occupancy of 98% and waiting list of

NAVY YARD TODAY | Organizational structure

over a hundred companies looking to get into the Yard, BNYDC has plenty of leverage to choose the companies that fit the sought after profiles. This also means that not all its tenants are equal. Smaller manufacturers or creative businesses only lease spaces in one of the Yardâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s buildings, but larger employers such as Steiner Studios or Duggal Visual Solutions get to weigh on policy decisions and play an active role in the

development of the site. These large space-users manifest themselves as enclaves within the perimeter of the Navy Yard, sometimes with their own fence and security personnel. This means that the Navy Yard, perceived from the outside as one big entity, is in fact a sort of archipelago of smaller business enclaves. The relation between tenants to the

Development

Corporation

ultimately flexible. Inside the territory of

the

shipyard,

the

managing

corporation applies its own set of rules. Tenants are allowed to take their pet to work, and can take their bikes inside their offices for instance. On a larger scale, this flexibility manifests itself in the development strategy of the entire Yard. Acting without a general masterplan, the

Navy Yard is developed gradually, providing partial and ad-hoc solutions where necessary. 1

Builders of the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s mightiest warships

2 decades of obscolescence have taken its toll

Nowadays the Navy Yard is an industrial park

Inside Capsys Corp, one of the new tenants

Double hull The long waiting list of businesses applying to get into the Navy Yard confirms the strong attraction it exerts as an industrial park. Beside the easygoing politics of the managing corporation, the Yard can also offer favorable conditions to its tenants due to two specific spatial demarcations. The first one is a virtual boundary. The Brooklyn Navy Yard has been designated as an Industrial Business Zone (IBZ) since early 2006. Just like the other IBZâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s in Brooklyn, this designation implies there will be no deviation on the M3-zoning in the appointed area. the

development

As a result

corporation

can

guarantee this territory will not be rezoned to residential use. It also means the Navy Yard has lower realestate development and maintenance costs. Additionally, businesses in the Yard are favored with tax incentives. The second demarcation is a physical boundary. A fence around the Navy Yard limits access for unauthorized visitors and protects the industrial activities inside. The fence demarcates an extremely controlled and safe area, almost completely oblivious to the harsh economic climate of the city outside its perimeter. Unlike the purely formal IBZ, that can equally be found elsewhere in Brooklyn, the fence is a unique presence, inducing an extra shield of protection.

NAVY YARD TODAY | Double hull

COLLAGE

Private territory

Guarded entrance The

protection

offered

the

presence of the fence allows tenants to safely use the open space for 24 hours, seven days a week, without being hindered or having to fear for leaving things unattended. In total, eight different guarded entrances allow passage to trucks, vans, goods and people, all at different times of the day, allowing a smooth operation of the Yard. Steiner Studios has its

own gates at Washington Avenue and Clymer Street, as the NYPD Towing Pound at Navy Street.

navy yard today | Guarded entrance

Sand Street entrance

Cumberland Street entrance

Vanderbilt Ave - pedestrians only

Scheme

00.00

02.00

04.00

06.00

08.00

10.00

12.00

14.00

16.00

18.00

20.00

22.00

Clinton Ave. Cumberland St. Sands St. Washington Ave. Vanderbilt Ave. Clymer St. Building 92 NYPD towing

00.00

02.00

04.00

02.00

04.00

06.00

08.00

10.00

12.00

14.00

16.00

18.00

20.00

22.00

Clinton Ave. Cumberland St.

00.00

06.00

08.00

10.00

12.00

14.00

16.00

Clinton Ave.St. Sands Cumberland WashingtonSt. Ave. Vanderbilt Ave. Sands St. Clymer St.

Washington Ave.

Building 92

Vanderbilt Ave.

NYPD towing

Clymer St. Building 92 NYPD towing

goods people

Entrance hours

18.00

20.00

Reaching the Yard In

observing

the

infrastructures

around the Navy Yard, both the solitary

and

aspects

become

difference

production-oriented noticeable.

between

freight-

The and

public access is clarified in the layout of fixed infrastructures. The piers and the highway system enclose the Yard, while the subway network keeps its distance. Whereas laborers used to live in the

Yard`s direct vicinity when it was still a Naval operation,

the current mix

of employment provides for a more complicated situation of some people commuting

from

far

and

others

rejuvenating the surrounding districts. Flexible systems like the bus network and bycicle Greenway should be able to adapt to these changes.

navy yard today | Reaching the yard

Cumberlandstreet entrance

map

BNY Fence Entrances

Entrances of the Navy Yard

Travel times Cyclists can take the shortest route

0’

60’

and are not obstructed by road 50’

50’

40’

30’ congestion. The greenway, which

30’ 20’

50’ 40’

40’ 30’

30’ 20’

20’

usually follows the coastline, bends

10’

20’ 10’

10’

around the Yard since this site is fenced off. Bycicle road Greenway 1

Auto

Ferry

Fiets

When travelling by car, it depends 60’ on the highway’s proximity how long 50’

60’

Openbaar verveoer algemeen 60’

60’ 50’

it will take to reach the Yard. The 30’

50’

50’ 40’

40’

40’ 30’

30’

30’ 20’

20’

expressway runs along the edge of 10’

20’

20’ 10’

10’

the borough, which privileges certain neighborhoods

connectivity.

general, car use is supported in the east of the borough because of bad

BQE

public transport connections. 2

Metro

Auto

Ferry

Subway stops are dispersed in a radial way around the Navy Yard, mean-

60’

ing a strong disconnection to the most

50’ 40’

40’

40’ 30’

30’

30’ 20’

20’

used mode of public transportation.

60’ 50’

50’

10’

20’ 10’

10’

Subway

Metro

navy yard today | Travel times

Auto

Ferry

schemes

The is

60’ 50’

sixth

borough

underused,50’ since

neighborhoods

40’ 30’ 20’ 10’

the

(the

60’

borough

water)

only

in30’ the

40’

20’

make 10’ use

three

north of

60’

50’

40’

30’

20’

this

10’

transportation system. Surprisingly, lots of districts along the coastline don’t have a ferry stop. A missed opportunity, since it is a very fast means of travel.

Metro

Ferry 4

Auto

Ferry

Using public transportation in general to get to 60’ the Navy Yard, means long 50’

’ 50’

60’ 50’

40’ travel times for 30’ some disadvantaged

40’ 30’

20’

20’ 10’

Fiets

20’

regions in the East10’of Brooklyn.

10’

Bus

Ferry

Fiets

Openbaar verveoer algemeen

Bicycle

Vehicles

Subway

Ferry

Subway + Bus

Travel times

Shifting boundaries Since the loss of the Yardâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s unitary state, the direct relation with its neighbors

has

become

differentiated. The final perimeter of the outer fence remains, but the clear distinction between the in- and outside of the Navy Yard is slowly fading away. The changed status of the fence creates new and

challenging

embodying

both

opportunities

for

situations,

often

threats

and

the

surrounding

neighborhoods. In

many

cases

contradiction

the

remains,

direct

manifesting

itself through a sequence of an industrial

zone

followed

bufferzone or a residential zone.

a 3

However, at some places ground is privatised on both sides of the fence, almost completely blurring the onceexplicit boundary.

Demolition of obsolete structures after

World

War

II,

resulted

vacant and undefined territories. These

in 1

large vacant sites can now

be discussed for new developments.

Plans proposing different public uses like a media campus and a largesurface retail zone have already been proposed for two vacant historic sites in the southern corners of the Yard. Starting

this

outreach,

the

Yard 1

opened up its gates for the public,

allowing them guided tours in the 3

Yardâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s operation. Formal spaces like the BLDG 92 front yard are designed to emphasize this movement.

navy yard today | Shifting boundaries

D A F 2300

TURBO

2300 D A F

D A F 2300

TURBO

2300 D A F

Sections

D A F 2300

BNY

TURBO

2300 D A F

PRIVATE COMPANY

Peterbuil eterbu

Peterbuil

BNY

PUBLIC PLAZA

Peterbuil

BNY 7

BNY

PRIVATE

Vacant Brownfield Site

section 1

BLDG 92 - public acces/guided tours

section 2

In between industrial and residential

section 3

sections through the fence

section 4

Ownerships at the border

Spatial economics As a consequence of the safeguarded environment inside its borders, the Brooklyn Navy Yard Development Corporation can excercise a locationspecific

economic

strategy

and

offer alluring conditions that attract large numbers of creative start-up businesses. In most cases in Brooklyn, a starting enterprise rents a small place for doing business. This space fulfills the needs of the starting company, but offers no room for expansion. Consequently, once growth occurs, the business needs

move

elsewhere. This

happens every time the business grows

larger

than

the

space

occupies. Furthermore the business experiences a constant threat of being displaced due to rezoning policy. In

the end the owner of the enterprise may want to move the business outside the city, where large spaces are more affordable and can be found more easily. The Brooklyn Navy Yard offers an alternative scenario for a starting business. Large spaces can be rent inexpensively, typically between four and twenty dollars per square foot, priced well below neighboring districtsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; averages such as DUMBO (27$/sqft) and Downtown Brooklyn (27$-31$/ sqft). The small business has a safe environment in which it can grow at its own pace without the threat of being displaced. Moreover, the Navy Yard Development Corporation allows

subletting a part of the rented space. Therefore unused space does not automatically imply unwanted losses.

NAVY YARD TODAY | Spatial economics

Classic scenario

BNY scenario

TIMELINE

SUBLET AREA

Two timelines showing different scenarios for starting businesses

Fenced off territories Fenced territories Fenced off territories

Creative and small

Arts Fenced off territories Arts FencedManufacturing off territories Arts Manufacturing Services Arts Manufacturing Services Technology Manufacturing Services Technology Storage Services Technology Storage Other Technology Storage

Arts

Manufacturing Services

Artisanal / Niche manufacturing 40,4 %

The development corporation defines the Navy Yard as a modern industrial park in a historic setting. In the

Retail trade 2,5 % Information 2,9 %

past, this government-owned ship

Pro, Sci, Tech 4,0 %

manufacturer employed over 70000 people. Nowadays, a various array of

Wholesale trade 14,2 % Transport and warehousing 9,4 %

tenants reside at the Brooklyn Navy Yard. However, only 14% of a total of

Construction 12,5 %

Manufacturing 14,1 %

manufacturing jobs.

number of employees

nearly 6000 jobs are categorized as 1

Large companies like Steiner Studios (the largest film studio on the American East Coast) and GMD shipyard find a home inside the Navy Yard. They gratefully use the space and existing infrastructure. These loyal tenants, who settled a long time ago, can get leases up to 99 years, which almost equals ownership of the site. They are allowed to fence off their property, which results in a few superprivate territories inside the Navy Yard. enterprises on the navy yard

However, within the Yard, the greatest

2 6

part of the enterprises employ less than 6 people.

These small enterprises

could be largely defined as arts and crafts business. Small-scale creative businesses engender an industrial sprawl inside the Yard that consumes large

surfaces.

Typically

flexible

historical buildings get parcelized into many small spaces in order to house small businesses.

Fenced off territories Fenced territories Fenced off territories Arts Fenced off territories Arts Fenced off territories Manufacturing Arts Manufacturing Services Arts Manufacturing Services Technology Manufacturing Services Technology Storage Services Technology Storage Other Technology Storage Other Storage Other Other

Arts

Manufacturing Services

Fenced off territories Fenced off territories Arts Fenced off territories Arts Manufacturing Arts Manufacturing Services Manufacturing Services Technology Services Technology Storage Technology Storage Other Storage Other Other

Sector distribution

Technology

Storage

Business size

Other

Spatial organization in building

NAVY YARD TODAY | Big and small

Fenced off territories Arts Fenced off territories Arts Manufacturing Arts Manufacturing Services Manufacturing Services Technology Services Technology Storage Technology Storage Other Storage Other Other

Technology Storage Other

MAP

BLDG 131

BLDG 3

Bailey Humbert Heck Erik Sun Architect PLLC Fabulux, Inc Hip Hop Closet Inc Joseph Sport & Uniforms L&M Impex Madison Man Ltd Modular Design and Fabrication Precision Plumbing & Services SDC Assets Inc Susan Woods Studio Swift Contracting & Maint Corp The Gemini Company Vachette Inc

Art-In Construction Artistic Wood Crafts, Inc BNY Construction, Inc Bower Publishing Company Chase Office Supplies, Ltd. E&C Decorators Corp Evan Hughes Furniture Everyday Group LLC Far East Empire LTD Green Mt. Construction and Design IV Design Inc John Randall D/B/A Bien Hecho Justin Paul Inc Marc Ganzglass Mercedes Distribution Center, Inc Noah Storage Group Inc S&G Fine Chair Collection Inc Schwimmer & Meisles Corp Smalls Electrical Construction Stitch Co Surround Art Management LLC Tom Edmonds Triple J Bedding LLC

Lehigh Cement

Sand & Stone

125

GMD

Steiner Studios

GMD

Brinks

NYPD Tow Compound

Dep. of Justice Storage

BLDG 280

BLDG 120

AIS Furniture Refinishing Annandale Contracting, Inc Anne Collier Inc Artopia Atair Aerospace, Inc BPL R&D, LLC Barnett Spice of NY Inc Daddy-O Productions Darcy Brennan Poor/Erica Greenwald Ecological Solutions, Inc Engraved Sign Studio, Inc F&R Installers Fabio Woodworking & framing Fervent Electrical Corporation Integrity Electronics, Inc Israel Cohen & Sons Metal Fabrication. Michelle Greene NYS Ass. Of Minority Contractors Paladin Construction Ressler Importers Robert Clark Photography LLC Robert Martin Design Inc Ryba Merchandising, Inc Scott Jordan Furniture

Akiva Supplies Inc Boland Studio Man Power Trucking Co Orient V Restoration Corporation Sublime Studios Urban Homecraft World Links Trading Inc Rose Solomon Co.

BLDG 5 Ares Equities C.A.C.C.I DFORM DeVore Fidelity Durable Machinery Corp LLC Evan Eisman Co Joseph Peller Poster Fix Corp Robert Kalka Custom Woodworking Schematic LLc T&S Supplies VOM Carpentry WilsonBuilt Inc

Businesses allocated in 5 buildings

Made in the Navy Yard As the Navy Yard evolved from a well-oiled whole to a scattering of independent enterprises, so did the outcome of its products. The diversity in produced goods is immense. The Yardâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s small businesses manufacture mostly high-end niche products, which find a big market not only in Brooklyn,

but sometimes even in the rest of the nation. The merchandise, mainly sold online, ranges from garments, over furniture design, to aerospace vehicles. The

focus

very

specific

market equally applies to the larger employers. Noteworthy tenants are Steiner Studios,

the largest tenant

at the Yard and the largest film studio on the American East Coast; Capsys Corp, a construction company building modular homes; Icestone, who turns recycled glass into building materials; Duggal Visual Solutions and Brinks Secure Logistics. 3

Dargelos accessories and garments

Aswoon Susan Woods Susan

Atair Aerospace Vehicles

Locally produced bike racks 4

NAVY YARD TODAY | Made in the Navy Yard

MAP

Artist Paul Campbell keeps track of his clients and visitors

Reusing infrastructures Two centuries of manufacturing at the Navy Yard resulted in large amounts of infrastructure. As a part of the U.S. Navy Department, times of war effort were the hay days of the Navy Yard. Most of the Yard was developed and expanded before and during wars, often regardless of the surrounding neighborhoods and their interests. Buildings were built, railroad tracks were set up and drydocks were dug, all with the purpose of fueling a manufacturing machine. 32 000

However,

28 000

1979, 20 years of disinterest left the

after

Seatrain

left

24 000

remaining infrastructures in ruins.

20 000

Today a major task at the Yard

16 000

consists of redeveloping or adapting

12 000

these relics from the past in order to

8 000

rejuvenate them and make them apt

4 000

for contemporary use. After stabilizing

the infrastructure with city investment, the

tenants

are

encouraged

invest in development. With over 40 buildings in 2011, which equals almost 200 000 square meters of adaptively re-used space and new construction, the Brooklyn Navy Yard is in the midst of its largest expansion since World War II. Taking into account the existing infrastructures, a distinction can be made between the buildings on the shipyard, the infrastructures at the waterfront and the roads and tracks connecting them. Prewar preparations Prewar preparations Prewar Prewar preparations preparations Prewar preparations War War War War War Services Services Services Services Services Built ships Built Built ships Built ships ships Built ships Employees Employees Employees Employees Employees % defense % GDP GDP spent spent on on defense % GDP spent on defense %GDP on defense % GDP spent spent on defense 82

NAVY YARD TODAY | Reusing infrastructures

Civil War

1810

1820

1830

1840

1850

1860 BRICK SHEDS

1870

TIMELINE

24 21 18 15 12 9 6 3 0

World War I

1880

1890

1900

STEEL ASSEMBLY LINES

1910

1920

World War II Korean War

1930

MULTI-STORY WAREHOUSES

1940

1950

1960

1970

CORRUGATED STEEL SHEDS

1980

1990

2000

2010

REDEVELOPMENT AND REUSE

Correlation expansion to war effort

Buildings: typologies Architecturally, the Brooklyn Navy Yard offers an interesting retrospective on the evolution of industrial buildings in Brooklyn. The different typologies that can be found at the Yard are often the result of changing technologies and politics. Today redevelopment of these buildings for a new purpose is the main focus. The popular wave of adaptive reuse that is taking place everywhere in Brooklyn today, has become one of the main strategies to redevelop the Yard into a successful industrial park. An analysis of the buildings inside the Navy Yard shows some

typologies

that

reappear,

such as different types of sheds and warehouses. Other types, like the power plant and the sewage treatment plant are unique inside the Navy Yard.

5 4

1 5

2 3

NAVY YARD TODAY | Typologies

OBSERVATION

Brick Shed

Warehouse

Power plant

Machine Shop

Corrugated steel shed

Sewage treatment plant

Atlas of typologies

Brick shed The brick sheds are the oldest constructions on the Brooklyn Navy Yard. Most of the sheds were laid out on a grid that was initially planned for the Navy Yard. This explains the similar dimensions of these types of buildings. The oldest brick sheds date back to before the civil war. Characterizing

are

inclined

roof

92,5 m

structures and the brick walls. All kinds of ship equipment was manufactured

26,2 m

in the sheds. Today, each of these constructions

is divided amongst a

large number of tenants who occupy one or multiple spaces inside.

one structure

NAVY YARD TODAY | Typologies

Image

Brick shed

Machine shop The machine shop, which has large windows in the walls and roof that guarantees the necessary light for precision work at the assembly line, was originally constructed around the 1890â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s. Structurally similar to the dismantled ship launch ways, the

162,9 m

building expanded gradually in length. Equipped with a crane that could move along the full length of the building, the massive steel framework housed the workshops that constructed the shipâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s engines. Today, the structure is in development to be adaptively reused as a green manufacturing center.

NAVY YARD TODAY | Typologies

40,5 m

image

machine shop

Warehouse Due to the colossal warehouses erected along its waterfront, Brooklyn received the nickname â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;the walled cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;.

These typical buildings of

Brooklyn can also be found inside the Navy Yard. The 7 remaining warehouses at the Brooklyn Navy Yard were mainly used as storage units in the past. An array of railroad tracks connected the storehouses to the drydocks and other parts of the

110,5 m

Navy Yard. Loading platforms eased the transition of goods between the vehicles and the buildings. Vertical transportation

goods

between

different levels happened with freight elevators. The multi-story warehouses were made of a reinforced concrete or a steel grid structure, which implies an open and flexible plan. The brick facades enclose immense spaces, the magnitude of which is demonstrated by office boys racing down the building on roller skates. Warehouses prove to be very adaptive buildings, as today some of them house over 50 enterprises.

NAVY YARD TODAY | Typologies

55,9 m

image

Warehouse

Corrugated steel shed The war effort during the years of World War II are characterized by a fast and uncontrolled expansion of the Navy Yard, which also resulted in the dispossession of the Wallabout Market by the US Navy Department. During the effort in this period, a great number of buildings had to be erected fast and

77,1 m

cheaply. This resulted in sheds made of corrugated steel plates and varry in scale from small to extremely large. Although many of these constructions were only provisional, today this type of building can still be found in large numbers at the Yard. However, the value and durability of these buildings is considered far less than warehouses or

brick

constructions.

Being

unappealing to small businesses and artists, the corrugated steel sheds mainly house larger companies that need large open floor plans.

NAVY YARD TODAY | Typologies

27,4 m

image

Corrugated steel shed

Power plant The Brooklyn Navy Yard Cogeneration Plant is situated at the heart of the Navy Yard. Unlike the rest of the Navy Yard, this building is not managed by the Brooklyn Navy Yard Development Corporation. This natural gas-fired plant produces 286 Mega-Watt of power and supplies the electric needs of the city of New York. The plant also provides 10 MW of power for the Navy Yard. However, this will be a problem in the near future, as the Yard estimates a demand for 30 MW of power. Investment in renewable energy sources such as wind turbines and solar energy attempts to counter the problem. However the future energy demand remains one of the great challenges for the future of the Yard.

Sewage treatment plant Another unique building is the Red Hook Water Pollution Control Plant. The municipal building was hard-tosite due to a ‘Not In My Backyard’ mindset and was finally located in the Navy Yard. The complex was built on the site of the former ship launch ways during the 1990s and is run by the NYC Department of Environmental Protection.

The

plant

treats

the

wastewater of the area of Red Hook and as a byproduct of the anaerobic digestion of the sewage, the plant produces methane gas. This gas is transformed into heat and electric power by the Yard’s power plant.

NAVY YARD TODAY | Typologies

image

Power plant

100

101

Water infrastructure Maybe the most significant remainder of the Brooklyn Navy Yardâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s rich history is its water infrastructure. Consisting of six drydocks, five piers and a series of cranes, the waterfront bears witness to the productive past of the shipyard. However, currently only three drydocks and two piers are still in use. Only three among 300 tenants run a water-related business: GMD Ship Repairs occupies three drydocks to repair ships; Lehigh Cement and New York Sand & Stone Co. Each use their own pier. Hence the unused infrastructure is decomposing rapidly, leaving huge open spaces, where nature seems to redeem its power over human

achievement.

Nonetheless

the decaying port is valued in other domains, for instance as popular setting for cinematic productions and photoshoots.

Unused piers Used piers Unused drydocks Used drydocks 102

NAVY YARD TODAY | Water infrastructure

5 4

image

Crane infrastructure

View on abandoned pier

Drydock 1 used as filmset

Used and unused water infrastructure

103

Rails under the road In

the

former

activities

the

Brooklyn Navy Yard, railroad tracks were an indispensable part of the infrastructure. The tracks, used by trains and cranes, achieved a proper connection between the drydocks, piers and buildings on the yard. The shift from one organized industry to a hodgepodge of independent entrepreneurs manifested itself in the disappearance of these trains in favor of the use of cars and trucks. Today most of the tracks have been

covered under the roadâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s surface, with exception of the craneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s rails used by GMD Ship Repairs. The configuration of buildings, train tracks and drydocks was a well-coordinated system with specific flows. The disconnection due to the disappearing railroad tracks presents

organizational

problems

for the current activity at the Navy Yard. Delivering goods in narrow spaces between the buildings can be problematic. Many tenants and their employees

come to work by car, since the Navy Yard is bypassed by most of the public transportation networks. Consequently parking lots consume a large part of the unbuilt and open spaces at the Yard.

104

NAVY YARD TODAY | Rails and trucks

image

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Original crane tracks

Remaining crane tracks and trucking areas

Parking space

View on parked trucks

Manoevring truck

Parking spaces inside the yard Crane tracks Railroad tracks Trucking areas Unused drydocks Parking space

Evolution rails to truck

105

Green vision In line with New York City’s PLANYC 2030

and

the

environmental

awareness of the creative class in

Brooklyn,

the

Navy

Yard’s

Development Corporation endeavours to profile the Yard as a green industrial park. The active involvement in a debate about pertinent issues such as climate change and the city’s ecology ,puts the shipyard in a forefront position and increases its popularity

even more. The green vision of the Development Corporation consists of numerous initiatives. The Yard has already installed trash compactors, solar and wind powered-lightning poles and a number of bike racks. Moreover, all new developments at the Navy Yard are imposed to meet LEED standards, a certificate for sustainable buildings. Further, the recent establishment of an urban farm on the rooftop of one of the Yard’s most

prominent buildings, relates to the creative Brooklynite’s infatuation for locally produced organic food. Another initiative

concerning

Brooklyn’s

inhabitants is a future participation on

the

Brooklyn

Greenway,

planned bike lane along Brooklyn’s waterfront. A part of the fenced off Navy Yard would be made accessible and transformed into a public park. Nonetheless, taking into account the development corporation’s eagerness to realise its green directory, it is highly questionable whether these different initiatives express a marketing strategy (the ambition of being a attractive and modern industrial epitome), or a real ecological concern.

106

NAVY YARD TODAY | Green vision

image

Trash compactors

Wind turbines

Solar powered lighting

Bike racks

The Brooklyn Grange

107

Sandy, vulnerability unveiled The choice for the initial placement of the shipyard at the Wallabout Bay originated in the natural tidal flows, which caused dry land at low tide and flooding at high tide. For more than 150 years the very existence of the Yard depended on the proximity of water. Nowadays water may have become the Yardâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s most important menace. Due to climate changes water is likely to rise to higher levels

during superstorms, which will only occur

often.

Such

natural

phenomena cause floodings that are devastating to the buildings on the Navy Yard. In the night of 29th to 30th of October 2012, hurricane Sandy reached the East Coast of the United States, causing particularly severe damage. The water rose to more than 1,5 meters above sea level, flooding a large number of buildings at the Yard, leaving hardly any of them untouched.

In a total of more than 275 enterprises, at least 40 of them suffered an estimated total of $50 million in losses due to Sandy. Despite the adversity, most tenants are optimistic about the future of their businesses. Besides the help and assistance by other tenants, some of the hard-hit enterprises such as

IceStone

used

crowdsourcing

(the practice of obtaining needed services by soliciting contribution from a large group of people) to raise funds

for

recovery.

Nevertheless

Sandy unveiled the Yardâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s foremost vulnerability:

regardless

the

protection offered by a fence or an

108

economic construction, the yard is still

View on BNY during the storm

at the mercy of the elements.

Damage inside Icestone

NAvy yard TODAY | Vulnerability unveiled

Map

2ft 4ft 6ft 8ft 0ft 2ft 4ft 6ft 4ft 2ft 0ft

8ft

6ft 4ft 2ft 0ft 8ft 4ft

6ft

8ft

10ft

12ft

14ft 16ft 18ft 20ft 22ft 24ft

26ft

30ft

28ft

26ft

Flooded by Sandy Buildings emersed by flooding

Sandyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s floodline

109

Organized chaos One of the reasons why the Navy Yard is a large success in Brooklyn is because it is not attached to rigid rules or strict regulations within its borders. Consequently the Yard allows a certain degree of freedom that is not at hand in other parts of the city. For instance tenants can park their cars or store their goods more or less wherever they want. The laissez-faire authority of the Brooklyn Navy Yard’s Developments Corporation achieves

an odd balance between a structured whole and a chaotic aggregate. Furthermore, the Yard’s board of direction does not apply a long-term development plan for the industrial park,

but

progresses

gradually,

providing appropriate measurements where needed. Not only does such a strategy allow the Development Corporation to quickly adjust its vision for the future, the Yard’s inherent flexibility also hoards a broad diversity

among its tenants. Public functions such as the city’s tow compound and the salt reserve are located within the Navy Yard, along with a power plant and a sewage treatment plant. Some tenants employing hundreds of

workmen

manufacture

their

products next to artists who work solitary. However, as the Navy Yard expands quickly due to its success, it will become increasingly difficult to sustain the present policies.

110

Capsys Corp storing modules in front of the Navy Hospital

Organized chaos

Do not put trash in this hopper

NAvy yard TODAY | Organized chaos

MAP

Intended parking space Unused space, often used as parking space

Ad rem solutions and laissez-faire policy

111

Surroundings

Surrounding Tissue Synergy and disruption The Brooklyn Navy Yard is and always has been a peculiar entity in the surrounding urban tissue. Its independent growth regardless to the adjacent neighborhoods has resulted in a strong, however indifferent enclave at the heart of the city Although the Yardâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s physical and virtual isolation benefits its operation, it now begins to act as a novice within the urban tissue, with the revival in productivity and the change in ideology of the Yardâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s management. The surrounding tissue, formed by historic choices, an array of building typologies and an amalgam of actors forms an interesting mix quite unique within Brooklyn.

From farmland to grid 1636 - 1836

Early Brooklyn settlements (1636), like

Breukelen,

Bushwick

and

Bedford were village centers along the

Lenape

Indian

trails,

with

farmlands organized around them, their layout hinting towards today’s grid structures. The wetlands of Waalbocht (Wallabout Bay) served as a natural tidal harbor which would later attract the Navy Yard. With the emergence of industries, shorelines become piers and are landfilled,

grids

out

from

the

and

built

are

being

waterfront

form

follows

laid

inwards in

their

path. Williamsburgh, as a smaller settlement rapidly

Bushwick

overtakes

magnitude.

Ferries

the

territory latter

indicate

in the

influx into the main two villages. The pioneering Navy Yard is established in no-man’s land in between the two villages, bordering only Vinegar Hill with the commodore’s and other notables’ formal houses. Vinegar Hill served as the yard’s first workers quarters. The oldest City Park, later renamed Commodore Barry Park, also borders the yard, contributing the Yard’s formal status.

124

Surroundings

| Formation

1851 Birds Eye of Wallabout Bay

1770 Wallabout Bay

1820 Wallabout Bay

Maps

Marshland

Farmland

Forest

Indian trail

Ferry Grid

Piers

Settlement

Urbanized

Grid evolution

125

Completing the Grid 1836 - 1938

Growth

spreads

south

along

developable waterfronts towards the Red Hook basins, with the Brooklyn and Williamsburgh waterfronts fully exploited. The Navy Yard claims an extra site far from urbanization for its hospital campus in 1830. A decade later, the grid connecting both towns was laid neatly around the Yard, facilitating the unification of both villages into the Town of Brooklyn in 1854. The first occupation of the Wallabout area comes into existence,

nourishing rapid further residential and

later

industrial

development

in this area, as a consequence of the proximity to the Yard. The grid structures are implemented between old Indian trails. The completion of the Long Island Rail Road induces a second line of growth.

126

Surroundings

| Formation

1861 Birds Eye of the Surrounding

ca. 1855 Wallabout Bay

Map

Marshland

Ferry

Navy Hospital

New Grid

Piers

Urbanized

Grid evolution

127

While the Brooklyn Bridge over the East River was being constructed (1870-1883), the grid was completed around the Yard. The Wallabout Market,

which

claimed

part

of the Yardâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s territory in 1880 in between the Naval Hospital and production

site,

operation

manufacturing

encouraged warehouses

east

the and

Wallabout

and around the Wallabout Creek. This spurred the development of the area south of the Naval Hospital,

which had been left untouched. This part of the grid would become home to industrial factories and warehouses. This facilitated the bifold development south of the Yard, with Wallabout being the fourth largest manufacturing centre in the country. As with large parts of the industrial waterfront,

the

neighborhoods

that lie beyond are a mixture of ancillary

workshops

and

housing

quarters for laborers. Around the Yard, a notorious fusion of sailorsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; dark taverns and red light districts, southeast and southwest of the Yard, emerges.

128

Surroundings

| Formation

1933 Sands Street

1938 Clinton Street

1938 Wallabout Market

1930 Wallabout bay

Map

Manufacturing Bridges

New grid

Piers

Urbanized

Grid evolution

129

The BQE 1938 - today

The

last

drastic

surrounding

change

morphology

the

came

about with the implementation of the Highway System, already planned in 1936 and re-imagined in 1940 by Robert Moses. Moses played various roles in city and state government, being City Parks Comissioner and chairman of Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority. These titles say little about his real power, reigning nearly 40 years over all public works, of which the most notoriously were the

Title 1 Slum Clearance Plans. Under the housing Act of 1949, those plans displaced

entire

neighborhoods

throughout NYC. In planning the Brooklyn-Queens Expressway (BQE), Moses’ power was challenged by different actors. For example: the wealthy Brooklyn Heights residents were influential enough to propose the iconic three decked More

‘Citizen Alternative importantly,

(pre-)war

the

situation

Plan’.

precarious

led

alteration of the highway trajectory, abandoning

the proposed Brooklyn

Shoreline path, which would cut the Navy Yard short.

Instead, the

last part completed of the BQE (in 1960) now bends around the Yard, contributing to the many design flaws with its short turns and ramps, that were inherent to this pre-Interstate Highway design.

130

Surroundings

| Formation

BQE Trench near Carrol Gardens

2009 ‘The BQE’ by Sufjan Srevens

1960 Wallabout Bay

Map

BQE Proposed

Grid

BQE Built

Urbanized

Grid evolution

131

The BQE - Cityshaper The implementation of the BQE has had an overwhelming influence on its surroundings. These various effects shall be discussed for each of the various situations located between the barriers of the Navy Yard and the BQE. Physically, the BQE scars the urban tissue in different manners. When

raised, the talud provides a drastic separation

between

two

parts,

cutting off both passage and views. A very wide plot of land is needed. the highway itself however remains invisible between its embankements. When trenched, views are preserved and the grid can continue, passing over by means of bridges and decks. When elevated, a continuous passage

possible

underneath,

while views higher up are hindered

by the structure. Nuisance, such as noise, smell and particle pollution, gains importance due to building proximity.

132

Surroundings

| BQE: cityshaper

Talud - Near Navy Hill

Trenched - South Williamsburg

Raised - Spanning 100m Between Buildings

Sections

69503 9393

69503 28987

9393

28987

9064 9064

69503 9393

69503 28987

9064

9393

28987

9064

69503 9393

28987

9064

69503 9393

28987

9064

51418

11664 11664

11145

51418 22110

11145

22110 51418

11664 11664

11145

51418 22110

11145

22110

51418 11664

11145

22110 51418

11664

11145

22110

50m

Talud - Near Williamsburg

Trenched - spanning 70m Between Buildings

Raised - spanning 50m Between Buildings

69503 9393

28987

9064

Direct spatial impact

133

The BQE - Cityshaper Slum Clearance 1940 - 1955

expropriating

the

construction

building of

blocks,

the

BQE

simultaneously became a benefactor for slum clearance. 23 blocks in the Yards direct vicinity that didn’t directly were

interfere demolished

construction, making

room

for social housing, but also for redevelopment. On one hand, this relieved housing demands for the enormous

employment

boom

the Yard during WO II, but on the other hand, it erased lively historic districts, like the Sands Street Red Light District. But also parts of Fort Greene

and

Downtown

Brooklyn

were torn down, mainly consisting of manufacturing and retail zones, leaving tens of thousands without a job. This was an extra blow on top of the already faltering economy. Yet, the appearance and contemporary

functions of Downtown Brookyln as a civic centre, including offices and education is a direct result from this operation. “Redevelopment decisions obliterated the industrial legacy on both sides of the east river. They not only brought the largest elimination of blue collar jobs in the city’s history, they preempted future space for manufacturing and warehousing.” - Joel Schwartz

134

Surroundings

| BQE: cityshaper

Slum Clearance plan Downtown Brooklyn

BQE and the social housing

Map

Fence BNY

Blocks cleared

BQE

Social Housing

Slum clearance

135

The BQE - Cityshaper Rezoning 1961 - today

The planning and completion of the BQE coincided with the planning and completion of the 1961 zoning resolution. The drastic change from the 1916 zoning that demarcated strictly residential areas and areaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s where every use was permitted, to a very strict set of rules in 1961, implied an exclusionary choice to be made. The mixed use area of northern Wallabout was declared M1, operating as a commonly used buffer in between heavy industries (M3) and

residential zones, derived from the BQE as separator of manufacturing and residential uses. The

mechanism

buffer

industry

protect

brought

and

northern

Wallabout into a frozen state, with large manufacturers like Mergenthaler Linotype

leaving,

and

new

development to fill in the gaps. The region became known for its scattered small historic residences

and enormous vacant warehouses, merged

together

active storage

with

remaining

facilities and small

manufacturers. Despite its intention as a buffer, the

revival process

proves to be too strong for exclusive zoning to handle. The

landbanked

gradually

opening

tissue up

now

new

investment with the popularization of

the Yard and the historic aesthetic of select parts of Wallabout. Following

136

legal loft conversions, bigger real

Residual Tenements

estate operations now force rezoning

Manufacturing/Vacant

and even displace thriving new small

Pre Civil War House

businesses.

Impact BQE on Wallabout

Surroundings

| BQE: cityshaper

Map

Fence BNY

M1-zoned buffer

BQE

Non-manufacturing Land use

Planned impact

137

The BQE - Cityshaper Creation of Enclosed Areas 1961 - today

After the war, resettlement of Jewish inhabitants through the influx of Hungarian

Hasidim,

combined

with a Puerto Rican immigration in Williamsburg, exerted tensions on the existing housing stock in South

Williamsburg,

bordering

the Yard. The creation of several community

organisations

the

United Jewish Organisation (UJO) and the Southside United Housing Development

Fund

Cooperation,

aided in development. And because

of space freed up by departing manufacturing, completely other

large

already

experienced

parts

reconstructed, a

residential more

were while areaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s

incremental

transformation. The strong involvement in housing development,

strengthened

physical cultural outings, was outed inside the specific area closed off by the BQE and the Williamsburg

Bridge, which now contrasts areas outside

the

physical

borders

seen in the typology of the tissue. Buildings range from semi detached houses to housing slabs and towers, mixed within fragments of the older tissue. As the community keeps growing, the active role of the UJO in development remains.

138

Surroundings

| BQE: cityshaper

3 1

Semi-detached, multi-family housing

Religious annex during holidays

Slab and tower social housing

BQE and the Hasidic community

Map

East River bridges Fence BNY

Remaining buildings

BQE

Built after BQE

Unplanned impact

139

A sampling of building blocks architecturally,

the

navy

yardâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s

direct surroundings offer a look into a very diverse history of building practice of Brooklyn. Both relicts of the industrial era and new waterfront condominiums are seen from the east

river.

succeeding

Both slum

social

tenements

and

new semi-detached building blocks

location of the sampling blocks

house all kinds of people. and

residential zone

both warehouses and office towers

residential zone

provide this part of Brooklyn with

manufacturing zone

working spaces. a quick sampling of

manufacturing zone

building blocks across is shown on

mixed use district

the right.

Special waterfront zone

142

housing

Surroundings

Bny Fence

| typologies

typology examples

Axonometry

a sampling of building blocks

143

Socio-economic constituencies the

area

around

characterized

Bny

number

economic and social stakeholders. none of those however, have the same mindset as the navy yard, it

being

zone.

the

industrial nearby

protected

stakeholders

tend to gather in different Business improvement make

their

Zones,

trying

neighborhood

economically

to more

attractive

and

competitive. the brand new concept of the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Brooklyn tech triangleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; tries to find a common ground for the diverse constituencies involved and aims at a local cooperation. on a city scale the most important territory

downtown

Partnership,

which

Brooklyn

embodies

the

third biggest central business district of nyC. other groups contribute to the diverse tissue of northern Brooklyn.

dumBo

expanding

entity

rapidly

with

strong

support for the arts and culture. a third economic development is myrtle avenue Brooklyn Partnership, focusing on a commercial avenue life. Socially, define

the very

local distinct

communities areas

both

geographically and physically. the most noticeable in the vicinity is the

Hasidic

Jewish

Community.

Hasidism is a branch of orthodox Judaism that promotes a pious life following the guidelines of the torah. another social structure is the social housing

program,

which

creates

small isolated entities within the neighborhood.

144

Surroundings

| Constituencies

Map

BID

nyCHa Bid

IBZ - EZ

iBZ

Hasidim

BID IBZ - EZ

hasidics

Situating the constituencies

Projects hasidics

145

Brooklyn Navy Yard the navy yard is an interesting economic entity. First of all it is an iBZ and eZ therefore protected by the city and receiving benefits from the state. Protected by a fence it could stay a industrial district for over two centuries. Furthermore it is managed by the not-for-profit BnydC to

further

enhance

industrial

its

potential

zone.

BnydC

promotes cooperations, firms working together and sharing information,

and operates incubators creating a secured environment for starting business giving them time to grow. on the yard there is a possibility of education by the construction of a media campus for Steiner Studios giving the Bny an even more diverse character. every constituency is described in certain aspects, ranging from culture and housing to work and education. this

schematic

representation

the constituencies gives a basic idea

their

overall

mindset.

also, a synthesized vision of the microeconomic structure present, is added to the scheme with distinction in

expenditures

either

inside

outside the virtual boundary.

146

Surroundings

| Constituencies

arial view of the navy yard

Scheme

Small Business Services

IBZ empire zone

Innovation Safety Employment Sanitiation

CULTURE

HOUSING

Food Retail Health Transport Leisure

Work advantages

Rent

WORK

EDUCATION

Industry Sevices Manufacturing Storage

Film School

Coop

Brooklyn navy yard

147

Downtown Brooklyn Partnership Historically, downtown Brooklyn has known great development because of its close proximity to manhattan. nowadays

downtown

Brooklyn Metrotech BID

incorporates the third biggest central business district (CBd) of nyC, providing cheaper office rents than

Court-LivingstonSchermerhorn BID

downtown manhattan. this is the greatest

asset

downtown

Fulton Mall Improvement Association

for

the city, giving nyC a competitive alternative for the cheaper office space in new Jersey, hence keeping

the businesses, and therefore the tax incomes, in nyC. on a more local scale, downtown is organized to some degree by the downtown (dBP),

Brooklyn a

development

Partnership

not-for-profit corporation

local founded

in 2006. the objective of dBP is to enhance the areaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s position as a mixed-use commercial, cultural, academic and residential center.

in addition, the dBP manages three Business improvement districts, the Fulton mall improvement association, the metrotech Bid and the Courtlivingston-Schermerhorn

Bid,

providing supplementary sanitation, security and promotional services to local businesses, residents and property owners. the downtown region also includes the Brooklyn academy of music (Bam)

and

supervised

its by

cultural the

district,

Partnership.

another asset is the housing of multiple higher education institutes,

148

giving it a steady stream of new high-

skilled workforce and the undertaking

the three Bidâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s composing the dBP

of cutting-edge research.

work environment downtown Brooklyn

Brooklyn academy of music

Surroundings

| Constituencies

Scheme

Tax incentives

Small Business Services

Innovation Transport Streetscapes Safety

BID CULTURE BAM District

HOUSING $2000-$3000

Rented Owned

24 000 people

Meeting space Lunch Public space

Food Fulton Mall Education Leisure

incubator

WORK $60 000 - $90 000

Services Retail Education

EDUCATION 12 uniâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s & colleges 60 000 students

Rent Food Health Transport Leisure

downtown Brooklyn Partnership

149

DUMBO in 1978 the artists who lived between the

manhattan

Bridge

and

the

Brooklyn Bridge came up with a strange acronym for their region in an attempt to keep investors away. â&#x20AC;&#x153;dumBoâ&#x20AC;? was born (down under the manhattan Bridge overpass). in 1981 however, david walentas bought

most

the

abandoned

warehouses in the dumBo region

with a new development in mind. this investment really started to pay off in 1998 with the rezoning from manufacturing to mixed-use. this

rezoning

legalized

the

conversion of the big warehouses into

loft

and

artist

spaces.

2006 the artists and developers created a Bid, called the dumBo improvement district, which aims to promote dumBo as a creative haven for artists. the Bid oversees

the arts Cluster, a council of arts and cultural organizations working together to support and foster the local cultural community. in 2012 dumBo is famous for its art, culture and high-tech companies located in warehouses built at the beginning of the 20th Century.

150

Surroundings

| Constituencies

dumBo creative storefront

work environment dumBo

Scheme

Small Business Services

Innovation Streetscapes Safety Marketing Advocacy

BID

CULTURE

Dumbo arts Galleries Events

HOUSING >$3600

3600 people

Rented Owned

Meeting space Galleries Lunch Co-working Public space

WORK Creative services Tech

Rent Food Retail Food Health Retail Transport Leisure

dumBo

151

Myrtle Avenue Brooklyn Partnership myrtle

avenue

thoroughfare,

east/west

running

from

downtown Brooklyn to Queens. it used to be the home to an elevated railroad line, used from 1888 to 1969. the growth of myrtle avenue in the Fort Greene and Clinton Hill neighborhoods was stimulated by its proximity to the navy yard. despite many advantages, myrtle avenue began to lose some of

its vitality in the early 1970’s. the decommissioning of the Bny and the

demolition

the

elevated

subway line were key elements that contributed to the decline of the commercial

strip.

myrtle

avenue

became notorious under the name of murder avenue. today

the

community

merchants are

working

and

the

together

to revitalize myrtle avenue under

myrtle avenue Brooklyn Partnership. the Partnership is comprised of three entities, the myrtle avenue revitalization

Project

(marP),

the myrtle avenue Brooklyn Bid (2004)

and

the

myrtle

avenue

merchants association. they assist the

small

businesses

located

along the avenue, and improve the quality of life of the surrounding

neighborhoods. a big influence in the development of myrtle avenue is Pratt institute, near myrtle avenue. they contribute by performing studies to improve the overall quality of the region and

152

assist the Partnership with ideas and

opportunities.

“murder avenue”

myrtle Hall, Pratt institute

Surroundings

| Constituencies

ca. 1920 elevated railroad line

Scheme

Innovation Development

Small Business Services

Revitalizing Streetscapes Safety

BID CULTURE

WORK EDUCATION

HOUSING $1500-$2000 17 000 people Rented Owned

$45 000 - 55 000

Food Retail

Retail (97% local) Education Manufacturing

Neighbourhood studies & planning

Rent Food Health Transport Leisure

myrtle avenue Brooklyn Partnership

153

New York City Housing Authority new york City Housing authority (nyCHa) is responsible for providing affordable housing for the lowâ&#x20AC;&#x201C; to moderate-income

population

new york City. their objective in real-estate

maintenance,

preservation,

modernization

and

expansion of its housing stock. until 2009, nyCHa also handled the regularization of Section 8 leased Houses, which stated that inhabitants could get grants for financial relief on renting a house outside nyCHa projects. nyCHa started during the great depression,

and

was

the

first

organization that was responsible

for the creation of a housing market accessible

for

everyone,

with

decent comfort level. unfortunately

the

social

high-

rise towers became a city within a city, isolated from surrounding communities, giving nyCHa housing a

negative

connotation.

People

would only live there as a last resort. this

perception

the

nyCHa

housing doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t relate to the real

notion, namely that they are vibrant communities. taking this bad image into account, nyCHa took measures. in their latest plan, which stated nyCHaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s roadmap for the following years, an emphasis on a stronger integration of buildings and its tenants into the existing neighborhoods was pursued.

154

Surroundings

| Constituencies

ingersoll housing

Farragut housing

Scheme

HOUSING 2-3 people

WORK 70%

Leisure

EDUCATION

30%

Food Health Retail

Rent

Projects

155

Hasidic jewish community immigration

ultra-orthodox

Hasidism,

Jewish

following

the

increased

significantly

movement

torah

verbatim, after

the

holocaust. in the 80â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s, 100.000 of the

remaining

250.000

Hasidim

lived in Brooklyn. For achieving a righteous and pure life they live within a sanctified community. this community

kept

growing,

leaving

a strong mark on contemporary

Brooklyn. Hasidim seem like a closed-off, homogeneous

community,

but

fact it isnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t true. there are different subcultures, named after the place they originated, and each incorporate great individual variety. in Brooklyn this shows in mainly three Hasidic neighborhoods or courts: the Satmar Hasidism located in williamsburg, the Bobover Hasidism in Borough Park

and the lubavitch Hasidism in Crown Heights. in

preserving

religious

their

beliefs,

secluded

culture

Hasidics

communities,

geographically

and

and form both

socially,

demarcated with a cleansing wire (eyruv) strung around their territory. externally

visible

aspects

speaking yiddish and strict clothing regulations blending.

discourage the

Satmar

cultural are

the

most resistant to american culture, prohibiting all activities and contacts that would lead to an adaptation of this culture.

156

Surroundings

| Constituencies

Hasidic community

eyruv, border between pure and impure

Scheme

Transport Safety Employment

HOUSING

Welfare Foodstamps

RELIGION

Multi-family Row houses

WORK

EDUCATION

$20 000

Food Health Retail Transport

Retail Manufacturing Schools

Low education Seperated

Rent Lobby

7000

NYCHA Projects Bedford Gardens

50 000

$450-$1000

Hasidics

157

their wish to promote their religion is

reflected

system.

their

Hasidic

educational

Jews

operate

separated private schools, barely reaching the nationwide standard, with an emphasis on Hasidism. it doesn’t encourage higher education, meaning

Hasidic

Jews

have

defined space on the labor market. Hasidic Jews don’t pursue careers, but

organize

their

livelihood

that it does not interfere with their religious obligations. Concentrated in small-scale operations (retail, in – or export, manufacturing) preferably close-by or family-owned, this doesn’t mean they won’t work outside their community, a fair amount of them do. as a direct result more than 50% of the Hasidic population in williamsburg lives under the poverty line, making them applicable for all kinds of grants ranging from the

Ceta (Comprehensive employment training act), section 8 housing assistance, school meal funds, … the main reason for their survival in this place in spite of their bad economic position is redeemed by strong social cohesion based on Hasidic teachings promoting to be a better person and help each other out.

158

Surroundings

| Constituencies

Hasidic educational system

labour work in the vicinity

Image

Hasidics

159

Situation and study Tech Triangle the

Brooklyn

tech

triangle

Situation and study

a recent concept, first launched

in 2011, by downtown Brooklyn Partnership. it originated from the

DUMBO

idea of the exploitation of dumBo’s and

navy

yard’s

success.

Navy Yard

the DUMBO

tech triangle is situated between

Navy Yard

the dumBo improvement district, BnydC and downtown Brooklyn Partnership. mostly

study,

this

Downtown Brooklyn

conducted

region,

Downtown Brooklyn

suggests

an expansion both in area and employment of tech functions. this

conclusion is supported by the fact that most tech firms want to work in this region. there are many

2012

2015

sq. ft

challenges and opportunities to foster the continuing growth of this vital sector in the years to come. this idea of a strong and diverse entity, its economic impact on the

1.7 million sq. ft

3.1 million sq. ft

creative and tech sectors and the growth is

widely

downtown

Brooklyn

supported.

Some

governmental institutions involved in its realization are the empire State development Corporation, SBS of nyC and the Council of Brooklyn

9 628 employees

17 960 employees

and community foundation. on a more direct scale the 3 Bids are participating as well as some strong individual companies and institutions like Steiner Studios, etsy, and Pratt institute.

160

Surroundings

| Constituencies

location tech triangle

Study tech triangle

objectives tech triangle

occup ± 10

y y

Tech Triangle Tech Triangle

First of all, while tech functions have

1. more area to develop

cropped up in these three distinct areas, they remain disconnected by uninviting streetscapes, underused open spaces, low quality pedestrian amenities and a lack of public transit. By linking these places, the tech sector will have more options for expanding its footprint and creating 2. overflow occupance redirecting to downtown occupation ± 100% occupation ± 100%

occupation ± 100% occupation ± 100%

new jobs. Secondly, Brooklyn

though has

downtown

made

tremendous

efforts over the past few years, it continues to have a high office vacancy rate of 10%, while dumBo

occupation ± 90% occupation ± 90%

and the navy yard are literally running out of space. By connecting these

areas,

they

believe

that

the spill over effect to downtown 3. unemployed people social housing as entry-level tech job workforce

Brooklyn will be significant. thirdly, has

housing

downtown number

Brooklyn major

developments

that

public have

historically had some of the highest unemployment rates in the City. By

fostering

better

connections

between the community and this growing

sector,

there

are

many

opportunities to create training and 4. education downtown delivers skilled workforce

placement programs for new types of

manufacturing

and

entry-level

technology jobs. lastly, despite the 57,000 college students and numerous high schools in

the

area,

many

technology

companies are reporting a shortage of qualified employees to fill the demands of this sector. By linking these

educational

institutions

this vital sector, they aim to create 3

pipeline

for

new

high-skilled

161

workforce towards those tech jobs. as said before, the triangle idea was only recently aired. the goals to be achieved are still very theoretical and in planning phase. the tech triangle Commission want to connect the three distinct regions by means of improving streetscape and public space. this connectivity will be a difficult problem due to the nyCHa housing localized in the centre of the area. the intention of using the unemployed people of this social

housing as entry-level jobs is also problematic. with the gradual filling up of the area with tech companies, mostly small scale, the amount of people of the projects getting courses to start here are presumably low, and their chances for skill-based manufacturing jobs also decline. the tech triangle is still in its first stage from being a vision to a successful plan. to take this idea of one uniform tech region to the next level, the tech triangle commission

created a design competition in the summer of 2012. the winner of this competition

was

wXy architects

in association with urban design, who will now develop a masterplan, anticipated for spring 2013.

162

Surroundings

| Constituencies

dumbo, warehouses

Brooklyn navy yard, dry dock 1

Central business district downtown

IMAge

dumBo - navy yard - downtown Brooklyn

163

Impact on the grid the combined result of all these

ave, but also to les represented

constituencies is that the region

areas such as wallabout, shown

between the Brooklyn Bridge and the

in an on-going study concerning

williamsburg Bridge is a constantly

an innovation corridor between the

shifting active area. all groups strive

yardâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s new coming media campus

to achieve their goals, meaning they

and Pratt itself.

urge to expand, or influence others in

the Satmar Hasidic Jews are an

positive, or negative way.

ever-growing residential community

a first factor is a direct result of

in williamsburg, having the highest

dumBo

maximum

birth rates of nyC. this results in

occupancy. dumBo is expanding

a constant search for new terrain.

into vinegar Hill, putting the historic

in viewing america as impure, the

fabric under pressure. this was one

urge to expand within a purified

of the reasons for the creation of the

area

tech triangle. that expansion gives

conflicts, laying a strong emphasis

dumBo, and to some degree Bny,

on their borders. Conflicts range

common ground to enlarge their

from the large scale, forbidding the

region of influence.

Green way to run through their

the tech triangle wants to boost

neighborhood, to the local scale, in

its commercial and service aspects,

constant conflicts with other social

claiming the area in between as its

groups.

own, putting that region under a lot of

Furthermore

pressure. the new york City Housing

authority

social

williamsburg, a steady pressure is

housing in this district, and in theory

been set on the Hasidic community

they decide what happens on their

converting

territory. However, the ingersoll social

strong

housing residents still have some

southwards toward the wallabout

leverage because of their inclusion in

Corridor.

the myrtle ave Bid.

Between all these influences and

myrtle avenue in itself is a strong

expansion of economic and social

commercial strip, which makes it the

systems, only the navy yard stands

place to be for shopping, acting as

untouched,

the local little brother of Fulton Street

with the idea of the tech triangle

mall. this Bid is yet again supported

Bny is currently reaching out of

by Pratt institute, a university with

its fence to participate in an area

a lot of intellectual influence on

already changing under pressure of

its nearby region. they undertake

a multitude of strong constituencies.

research and studies about certain

other

districts,

slowly vanish and be absorbed by the

reaching

its

manages

creating

the

interesting

and

innovating ideas to further improve overall quality, not only for myrtle

164

Surroundings

| Constituencies

results

the

due

gentrified

less

multitude

enlargement waterfront

lofts,

resulting

Hasidim

thanks

cohesive

larger constitutions.

movement

its

fence.

groups

will

Map

nyCHa

economical

Gentrification wave

Brooklyn tech triangle

Social

Pratt innovation Corridor (Study)

impact on the grid and each other

165

Leisure Transport Retail Health Food

Retail Food

Rent Tech Creative services

Public space Co-working Lunch Galleries

Meeting space

WORK

CULTURE

Owned Rented

Galleries Dumbo arts

HOUSING >$3600 3600 people

Events

BID Advocacy Marketing Safety Streetscapes Innovation

FARRAGUT 2-3 people

Food Health Retail

Leisure

Rent Small Business

Tax incentives Services

Innovation Transport Streetscapes Safety

BID CULTURE BAM District

HOUSING 24 000 people Rented

$2000-$3000

Owned

Meeting space Lunch Public space

Food Fulton Mall Education Leisure

incubator

WORK

EDUCATION

Services

12 uniâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s & colleges 60 000 students

$60 000 - $90 000

Retail Education

Rent Food Health Transport Leisure

Transport Safety Employment

HOUSING

Welfare Foodstamps

RELIGION 7000

NYCHA Projects Bedford Gardens

50 000

$450-$1000

Multi-family Row houses

WORK Food Health Retail Transport

Manufacturing Schools

Lobby

Rent

WORK 70

EDUCATION Innovation Safety Employment Sanitiation

empire zone

IBZ

Work advantages HOUSING

Rent

Food Retail Health Transport Leisure

WORK Industry Sevices Manufacturing Storage

EDUCATION Film School

PRATT INCUBATOR

Coop

Innovation Development

Revitalizing Streetscapes Safety

BID

WORK EDUCATION

HOUSING $1500-$2000 17 000 people Rented Owned NYCHA

$45 000 - 55 000

Food Retail

Rent Food Health Transport Leisure

Retail (97% local)

Education Manufacturing

EDUCATION

$20 000

Retail

Neighbourhood studies & planning

Low education Seperated

BNY and the Sixth Borough an ambiguous coexistence The Brooklyn Navy Yard has always had a strong relationship with its waterfront. Where historically, the very existence of the Yard depended on the East Riverâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s vast waterbody, nowadays that dependency is less clear. The Yardâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s naval infrastructure however, remains a silent witness of a once flourishing past. The fragile balance between nature and industry reveals interesting threats and opportunities.

East River: not a river The East River, contrary to what its name suggests, is not a river. Instead, it is a tidal strait connecting the New York-New Jersey Bay with the Long Island Sound. Typical for this type of “river” is that it falls under the influence of the daily rise and fall of the sea levels. In combination with the Hudson River which brings in its wake fresh water into the saline environment, this results in a complex dynamic system. Twice a day, during high tide, the saline water of the ocean pushes the fresh water of creeks and rivers inwards, back towards the land. The tidal pulse of the ocean can be felt all the way up to Troy, 150 miles upstream the Hudson River.

That is why, in precolonial times, the natives called the Hudson river “Mahicantuk” which can roughly be translated as “great rivers in constant motion”.

178

Sixth Borough

| East River

Flood current

Ebb current

r le

Riv er

Map

dso

ive

Long Island Sound

to w

Cr ee

Gowanus Canal NY-NJ Upper Bay Jamaica Bay

Lower Bay Atlantic Ocean

Raritan Bay

Waterbodies of New York

179

East River: an estuarine habitat The system where salt water is mixed with fresh water, at the mound of a large river, forms an ideal breeding ground for fish, shellfish and plants. These,

so-called

estuaries,

are

some of the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s most productive ecosystems. A wide variety of wildlife can be found in the area. The Atlantic Sturgeon, logo of the Hudson River, is the biggest fish that can be found in the East River. Of critical importance in the estuarine ecosystem is the intertidal zone, a

Birds

constantly alternating system where a wide variety of organisms thrive. However, in a typical section of the East River, the intertidal zone is

Herring Gull

Cormorant

Marsh plants

absent, as is the case in the Brooklyn

Eelgrass

Bladderwrack

Navy Yard. This results in a crippled ecosystem.

Molluks and invertibrates Moon jelly fish Eastern Oyster

Lady crab

Fish

Blackfish

Atlantic Sturgeon

Brooklyn Navy Yard Extreme high spring / storm tide

Mean high tide

Mean low tide

supra littoral zone

180

Sixth Borough

| East River

Scheme

Black Crowned Night Heron

Herring Gull

Cormorant

Snowy Egret repipdnaS dettopS

Canada Goose Black Duck

Eelgrass

Bladderwrack Common Glasswort

Common Reed Purple Loosestrife Smooth Cordgrass

Sand Shrimp Moon jelly fish Eastern Oyster

Blue Mussels

Eastern Mud Snail

Ghost crab

Lady crab Bluecrab Alewife Blue-green Algae

Atlantic Sturgeon

Blackfish American Shad

sublitoral zone

Porgy

Atlantic Herring

Whiting

intertidal littoral zone

Estuarine habitat East River

181

East River: a dynamic balance Twice a day the ebb and flood currents push the water level towards a mean difference of 2’8”.

12 hours

Twice a month spring tides occur where the maximum water level reaches a height of up to only 2’ from the surface of the Navy Yard. In an annual tidal period, the highest peaks can be found during spring and autumn. During these months the surface becomes more vulnerable to floods as was painfully exemplified by Hurricane Sandy. The

tension

constructed

between land

the

body

and

fixed, the

dynamically oscillating East River is apparent.

3 Storm Sur Cat. ge 27ft.

Taken into account the projected

year flood 500-

sea level rise as a consequence of climate change over a period of 100 years and the increased frequency of severe storm surges, it becomes clear that this tension is a prelude for

17ft.

15ft.

ear flood 100-y Hurricane Sand y

14ft.

disaster. Brooklyn Navy Yard Level 7ft. 5

3,6

3 2

0,9

1 0 -1

182

Sixth Borough

| East River

7 days

12 hours

9 hours

6 hours

3 hours

-2

Graph rising currents

2100

2080

2060

2040

2020

December -1,2

September

June

March

28 days

21 days

14 days

5,9

100 years

1 year

1 month

graph

183

Rising sea-levels With Hurricane Sandy still fresh in mind, the delicate relationship with the water is currently a hot topic in New York City. The storm was widely covered in both social media and published media. On Thursday the 28th of November 2012

NYCâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s

Bloomberg

Mayor

declared

Michael mandatory

evacuation of all civilians in the first coastal storm impact zone. All citizens living or working in zone 2 were

strongly advised to leave so as well. On the 29th of November 2012, so-called Frankenstorm Sandy, a 1100-mile wide tropical cyclone, made landfall over the New York City territory with

devastating

consequences.

NYC typical buzzing city life came to a sudden halt with the shut down of Manhattans Financial District. A huge power outfall left a part of Brooklyn and Lower Manhattan in the pitch-

dark for up to four days and miles of subway tunnels submerged. Next to thousands of damaged cars, buildings and infrastructure, the storm brought in its wake a huge amount of garbage and polluted silt onto the streets. The flood was a brutal wake-up call Cat.1(74-95mph) and reminder to New Yorkers of its

Cat.1(74-95mph) relationship with the vast waterbody it Cat.2(96-110mph) is embraced by. Cat.1(74-95mph) 3 Cat.2(96-110mph) Cat.3(111-130mph) Cat.1(74-95mph) Cat.1 (74-95 Cat.2(96-110mph) mph) Cat.3(111-130mph) Cat.2 (96-110 mph) Cat.4(131-94mph) Cat.3 (111-130 mph) Cat.4 (131+ mph)Cat.2(96-110mph) Cat.3(111-130mph) Cat.4(131-94mph) 184

Sixth Borough

| Rising sea-levels

Cat.3(111-130mph) Cat.4(131-94mph)

Coastal Storm Impact Zones

DUMBO Distrct in te wake of Sandy

East River bursting its banks in DUMBO

As for the Navy Yard, which is almost entirely situated into the first coastal storm impact zone, Hurricane Sandy struck hard. According to testimonies the water level reached up to 9 feet at some locations. The Yard experienced an estimated $50 million dollar of damage, according to Lee Siberstein, spokesman of the Brooklyn Navy Yard Development Corporation. Among the great losses in the 4

industrial park is the commercial Brooklyn Grangeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Apiary where a colony of a million bees has been wiped away. Low-laying storage spaces aswell flooded during the storm, the contents of which were partially destroyed. Despite the ravage Sandy left in her wake, the floodwaters of the storm didn t even reach the 100-year flood elevation. The Yard is as well home to a wide

variety of enterprises where, next to industrial property, some works of art in low-lying storage spaces have been permanently destroyed.

Waterline at building 20 in the BNY

Destroyed apiary

Accumulation of debris at the BNY 185

Socio-spatial relationship The

dominating

land-water

edge

consists of a hard surfaced border, a

silent witness of an essentially

maritime past. This narrow zone of historical manufacturing and industry formes a physical border between the Brooklynite and the East River, making it inaccessible to the great public. The

morphology

the

land-

water frontier however, is far from homogeneous. Recent developments have allowed citizens to rediscover, experience and enjoy the water.

For example, the reconversion of piers and harbor infrastructure of a 1.3 mile post-industrial waterfront site into the Brooklyn Bridge Park is as of 2009 open to the public. The Brooklyn Waterfront Greenway is a bottom-up risen initiative, the main

objective of which is to connect the waterfront, green areas and parks by a safe off-street pedestrian-friendly route.

Simultaneously, in the wake of VISION 2020, New York Cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s comprehensive waterfront plan, the East River Ferry pilot program has been set up in 2011. Over 1 million passengers have used this alternative mode of transport to get from North to South in its first year A

tremendous

pressure

the

waterfront is exerted by brokers in a land value race as well as communal driven

pressure

lobbying

for

recreational area. But where will the industry go? high bulkhead high bulkhead high bulkhead soft highedge bulkhead soft edge high bulkhead soft edge bulkedge soft soft edge bulk bulk bulk bulk gas drydock drydock gas dry dock drydock gas drydock gas 186

Sixth Borough

| Socio-spatial relationship

Land-water edge

Annaccesible waterfront

Industrial barrier

Map

inaccessible waterfront

inaccessible waterfront inaccessible waterfront inaccessible waterfront accesible waterfront accesible waterfront accesible waterfront accesible waterfront

Publicly accessible waterfront

inaccessible waterfront

inaccessible waterfront Publicly inaccessible waterfront waterfront blockage waterfront blockage waterfront blockage

waterfront blockage Waterfront blockage views views views waterfront blockage Views

accesible waterfront accesible waterfront views

ferrywaterfront blockage views

ferryferryferry ferry views ferry stops

East River Ferry

ferry stops

ferryferryferry stopsstops ferry stops

ferry stops

Ferry stops

Waterfront accessibility

187

Anatomy of the waterfront At first sight land and water are

Remains of deteriorating piers and

perceived as two separated surfaces

ruins under the water surface are an

divided by a clean edge. However

intrinsic part of the industrial legacy of

bathymetry and topography are in

the Navy Yard.

fact one continuous surface and more

Section by section the significant and

than 200 years of industrial and naval

characteristic areas are explored in

activity left its traces both above and

the following pages.

below the waterline. Invisible to the eye, but not less present, a cable ditch shortcuts the 5.7 miles of waterfront of the Navy Yard, connecting northeast shore with the southwest shore, South-Williamsburg with Dumbo. The same can be said for the shore to shore connection over the East River. The â&#x20AC;&#x153;Megaâ&#x20AC;? projects of first the Brooklyn Bridge, followed by the Williamsburg Bridge and the Manhattan Bridge, leave a great physical and visual impact on the surrounding urban tissue. Under the East River stream a parallel motion takes place as an invisible ditch of cables and pipes connects Manhattan with Brooklyn. It is the hardware of what is often perceived as virtual that stands as an at least as important connection too.

188

Hurricane Irene, Belt Parkway

Closed Subway Station for Irene

Sixth Borough

| Waterfront anatomy

Bathymetry and topography

Plan of section

Map

+24ft +24ft

+24ft +24ft +24ft +24ft +24ft +24ft +24ft +24ft +24ft +24ft +24ft+24ft +24ft +24ft +24ft +24ft +24ft +24ft +24ft +24ft +24ft +24ft

-32ft -32ft -34ft -34ft -36ft -36ft -38ft -38ft -40ft -40ft -42ft -42ft -44ft -44ft -46ft -46ft -44ft -44ft -42ft -42ft -40ft -40ft

+24ft +24ft +24ft +24ft +24ft +24ft +24ft +24ft +24ft +24ft

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+24ft +24ft +24ft +24ft +24ft +24ft

+6ft +6ft

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+8ft +8ft

+24ft +24ft +24ft +24ft

+10ft +10ft

+24ft +24ft +24ft +24ft

+12ft +12ft +14ft +14ft +16ft +16ft +18ft +18ft +20ft +20ft +22ft +22ft +24ft +24ft

+24ft +24ft

+26ft +26ft +24ft +24ft

+28ft +28ft +30ft +30ft

+24ft +24ft

+28ft +28ft +24ft +24ft +26ft +26ft

+24ft +24ft +24ft +24ft +24ft 2 +24ft

+24ft +24ft +24ft+24ft +24ft+24ft +24ft +24ft

+24ft +24ft

cable didge cable didge cable didge pier deteriorating deteriorating deteriorating pier pier section section section ruins ruins ruins +24ft +24ft

+24ft +24ft

cable didge deteriorating Cable ditch pier

+24ft +24ft

Deteriorating pier section Section Ruins ruins

Waterfront section

189

Section 1: Wallabout Channel

tier 1 cso

tier 2 cso

tier 3 cso

Major CSOâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s in Brooklyn Tier 1 CSO (50%) Tier 2 CSO (20%) Tier 3 CSO (15%) Concrete Landfill Sediment Bedrock

190

Sixth Borough

| Waterfront anatomy

section

The first section cuts through the

a deserted wasteland, but in the

Wallabout

1930’s it consisted of heavy industry

the Wallabout Creek, named after

such as the Williamsburg Branch

the

Power Station and the coal powered

Channel,

original

Walloon

terminus

inhabitants

(Wallabout=Waalse Bocht).

Brooklyn Union Gas Co. They are

The environmental conditions in this

long gone, but their presence is

part of the yard are dramatic. One of

felt in the form of soil contaminated

the three Tier 1 Combined Sewage

with metals, solvents, petroleum,

Outfalls (CSO’s) in Brooklyn has its

PCB’s and VOC’s. The site presents

output in the Wallabout Channel.

a current or potentially significant

These three CSO’s are responsible

threat to the public health and/

for nearly 50% of spilled raw sewage

or environment, was declared a

into Brooklyn’s waterbody.

Hazardous Waste Superfund Site

Specifically, this means that each

and

time it rains, raw, untreated sewage

Remediation Project in March 2009.

is dumped into the Channel making

Its unique location and its inactive

it into one of Brooklyn’s most polluted

status provides it, however, with

creeks.

the potential as a public waterfront

Nowadays, the adjacent land is

access site.

became

Environmental

Waterfront section

191

Section 2: dry dock 6, dry dock 1

Concrete Landfill Sediment Bedrock

192

Sixth Borough

| Waterfront anatomy

section

maritime

Corporation. With its stunning 580m

developments resulted in changed

by 46m it could fit a floating Freedom

techniques

With

Tower. Erected 90 years later than its

time, boats got bigger and the docks

predecessor, dry dock 1, construction

for constructing and repairing them

changed

developed in a similar way.

widespread emergence of reinforced

This shows very clearly in the

concrete resulted in the use of this

comparison of dry dock 1 with dry

material. An enormous amount of

dock 6.

concrete was poured into the basin.

In 1851, dry dock 1 with dimensions

Hundreds

of 85m by 12m was the first dry

prevent the dock from floating. The

dock

The

evolution of

construction.

spectacularly.

steel

The

anchorages

Yard.

massive eight meters thick base

Heavy granite blocks were used in

ensures the firmness of the dry dock

this construction to compensate the

but makes it an everlasting part of the

water pressure.

Navy Yard.

constructed

the

Dry dock 6, constructed in 1941, is the largest dry dock on the Yard and is still in use by GMD Shipping

Waterfront section

193

Section 3: pier c and pier d

gribbles

teredo worms

Deteriorating piers

Concrete Landfill Sediment Bedrock

194

Sixth Borough

| Waterfront anatomy

section

Since the 1930â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s industrial waterfront

Teredo

activity

Inversely

equivalent of termites, devouring

proportional to this tendency, the

wooden pilings of structures. Even

water quality in the East River has

more alarming are gribbles which

improved. Slowly marine life returned

feed on concrete, making the piers

to the river and its creeks today,

deteriorate even faster.

diminishes.

worms

are

the

naval

making it, according to NYCDEP, suitable

for

secondary

contact

recreation.

Pier c and especially pier d, are both severely damaged despite the present industrial activity on their

Together

with

environmental

this recovery,

striking

surface.

smaller

organisms too are lurking in the water. Teredo worms and gribbles pose a real threat to the Navy Yardâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s piers and bulkheads.

Waterfront section

195

Section 4: East River

BNY

New Jersey - BNY relationship

Concrete Landfill Sediment Bedrock

196

Sixth Borough

| Waterfront anatomy

section

The evolution from converted cargo

The Port Newark Container Terminal

vessels and tankers with a length of

in New Jersey is nowadays the prime

656 ft in the 1970â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s to container ship

container harbor.

Panamax class - post Panamax class

A strong relation however remains

and post Panamax Plus class with

between the New Jersey Harbor and

lengths up to 1100 ft resulted in the

Brooklyn Navy Yard. The shipyard

East River waterfront area being no

facilities are in fact used by vessels

longer operable as prime container

in need of repair or dry-docking. To

ship harbor for the largest ships in the

remain competitive and economically

world. The clearance of the bridges

vital, an interstate fund was founded.

sets the restrictive condition with the

The

Brooklyn Bridge and Williamsburg

Fund will be used to dredge dry

Bridge being the lowest with their 135

docks 5 and 6 and their navigational

ft of underpass.

approach.

so-called

Bi-State

Dredging

Waterfront section

197

Channel Vision East River Exchange

Big & Small

Border Spectrum Birdâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Nest

What about Wallabout

On Top

E.A.T.

references

tHe evolution oF Bny BookS p 26

Berner, thomas F., The Brooklyn Navy Yard, San Fransico: arcadia Publishing, 1999

p 32

Berner, thomas F., The Brooklyn Navy Yard, San Fransico: arcadia Publishing, 1999

p 36

Berner, thomas F., The Brooklyn Navy Yard, San Fransico: arcadia Publishing, 1999

JournalS, articles & PuBliCationS p 26

“the Brooklyn navy yard,” Harper’s new monthly magazine, december 1870.

p 28

Brown, raymond J. “Floating derrick launches vessel.” Popular Science, march 1937.

p 36

mclendon, Charles. “underwater Construction Speeds naval dry docks.” Popular Science, may 1943.

imaGeS p 25

lutz, nancy e., “Part of nassau island”, map. 1766. Brooklyn Genealogy Information. accessed october 7, 2012. http://www.bklyn-genealogy-info.com/map/maps.main.html.

p 26 - 27

anon, “[u.S. navy yard Hospital, on wallabout Bay]”, lithograph. 1857. Walt Whitman’s Brooklyn. accessed november 12, 2012. http://www.whitmans-brooklyn.org/2010/06/navy-yard-hospital/ anon, “[naval lyceum]”, lithograph. 1845. The Brooklyn Navy Yard, San Francisco: arcadia Publishing, 19 anon, “[Birds eye of Brooklyn navy yard]”, lithograph. 1845. The Brooklyn Historical Society Blog accessed november 10, 2012. http://brooklynhistory.org/blog/2011/11/29/more-brooklyn-navy-yard/ anon, “[map 1845]”, map. 1845. The Brooklyn Historical Society Blog accessed november 10, 2012. http://brooklynhistory.org/blog/2011/11/29/more-brooklyn-navy-yard/ anon, “[map 1866]”, map. 1866. The Brooklyn Historical Society Blog accessed november 10, 2012. http://brooklynhistory.org/blog/2011/11/29/more-brooklyn-navy-yard/

p 28

anon, “[Cannonball garden].” lithograph. 1851. Walt Whitman’s Brooklyn accessed november 9, 2012. http://www.whitmans-brooklyn.org/2008/07/cannonball-gardens/ anon, “[inside a navy yard ship shed].” lithograph. 1870. Walt Whitman’s Brooklyn, accessed november 9, 2012. http://www.whitmans-brooklyn.org/2008/06/navy-yard-water-view/ anon, “lincoln photo” Photograph. 1846. Turnstile Tours Blog accessed october 28, 2012. http://turnstiletours.com/the-brooklyn-navy-yards-lincoln-photo/#.uwemGl85r-0

p 30 - 31

nara, ”[admirals row]”, Photograph. 1877. National Archives & Records Administration. Accessed November 9, 2013. http://s1.ibtimes.com/sites/www.ibtimes.com/files/styles/picture_this/public/2011/11/10/188683-5brook lyn-navy-yard.jpg nara, ”[morris avenue]”, Photograph. 1904. National Archives & Records Administration. Accessed November 19, 2013. http://s1.ibtimes.com/sites/www.ibtimes.com/files/styles/picture_this/pub lic/2011/11/10/188683-5brooklyn-navy-yard.jpg nara, ”[Birds eye of Brooklyn navy yard]”, Photograph. 1924. National Archives & Records Administration. Accessed November 19, 2013. http://s1.ibtimes.com/sites/www.ibtimes.com/files/styles/picture_this/pub lic/2011/11/10/188683-5brooklyn-navy-yard.jpg anon. “map 1900.” map. 1900. The Brooklyn Historical Society Blog. accessed november 9, 2012 http://brooklynhistory.org/blog/2011/11/29/more-brooklyn-navy-yard/ nyC Gov, “map 1924” aerial Photograph. 1924. accessed november 21, 2012. http://maps.nyc.gov/doitt/nycitymap/

p 32

202

nara, ”[Connecting Cob dock to the yard]”, Photograph. 1904. National Archives & Records Administration. Accessed November 2, 2013. http://s1.ibtimes.com/sites/www.ibtimes.com/files/styles/picture_this/pub

references

|the evolution of Bny

References

lic/2011/11/10/188683-5brooklyn-navy-yard.jpg anon, “[Crane located at dry dock 1]” Photograph, ca. 1924, Brooklyn Navy Yard Center at BLDG 92 Accessed November 28, 2012 http://www.flickr.com/photos/brooklynnavyyard/page7/ anon, “[rail lines at pier d].” Photograph, ca. 1924, Brooklyn Navy Yard Center at BLDG 92, Accessed November 28, 2012 http://www.flickr.com/photos/brooklynnavyyard/page4/ p 34 - 35

anon, “[women workers head home from the navy yard at quitting time].” Photograph, 1942. accessed november 5, 2012. new york, http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2012/07/davidson-on-preserving-the-brooklyn-na vy-yard.html Strock, George. “Patriotic workers.” Photograph, 1942. life archives, accessed november 24, 2012. http://images.google.com/hosted/life/64e557db5eff4372.html anon, “[Birds eye].” Photograph, 1944, Brooklyn Navy Yard Center at BLDG 92, Accessed November 28, 2012 http://www.flickr.com/photos/brooklynnavyyard/page6/ anon, “[map 1945]” aerial Photograph. 1945. accessed november 21, 2012 http://maps.nyc.gov/doitt/nycitymap/

p 36

nara, ”[dry dock 5 & 6]”, Photograph. 1941. National Archives & Records Administration. Accessed November 25, 2012. http://s1.ibtimes.com/sites/www.ibtimes.com/files/styles/picture_this/pub lic/2011/11/10/188683-5brooklyn-navy-yard.jpg anon, “[350-ton hammerhead crane]” Photograph. 1941. BLDG92 Brooklyn Navy Yard Center (blog). accessed 25 november, 2012 http://bldg92.org/blog/yard-guardian-the-350-ton-hammerhead-crane/

p 39

Fratini, Charles. “Carmela Nof answers a phone in an empty office of the Brooklyn Navy Yard.” Photograph, 1966. Daily News accessed november 23, 2012. http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/admiral-row-back-gallery-1.1013156?pmSlide=1

p 40 - 41

trezza, Frank J. “Seatrain workers on a Break at the Brooklyn navy yard.” Photograph. 1977. Brooklyn Historical Society accessed november 13, 2012. http://brooklynhistory.org/blog/2012/02/01/brooklyn-history-photo-of-the-week-seatrain-workers-atthe-brooklyn-navy-yard/ trezza, Frank J. “Seatrain worker.” Photograph. 1975. Brooklyn Historical Society accessed november 13, 2012. http://brooklynhistory.org/blog/2012/02/01/brooklyn-history-photo-of-the-week-seatrain-workers-atthe-brooklyn-navy-yard/ trezza, Frank J. “Seatrain worker.” Photograph. 1975. Brooklyn Historical Society accessed november 13, 2012. http://brooklynhistory.org/blog/2012/02/01/brooklyn-history-photo-of-the-week-seatrain-workers-atthe-brooklyn-navy-yard/ anon. “map 1961” map. 1961. Military Railroads of the New York Metropolitan Area. accessed november 15, 2012. http://members.trainweb.com/bedt/milrr/Bnymap.html

p 42

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Contributors

Tom Thys is an engineer-architect and the owner of the practice tom thys architecten. He is a design assistant at the k.u.leuven department of architecture, urban design and regional Planning since 1997.

Ward Verbakel is an engineer-architect and co-founder of plusoffice architects. He taught urban design studio at GSaPP Columbia university and is currently an adjunct professor at k.u.leuven department of architecture, urban design and regional planning. From 2006 to 2010 ward verbakel worked as adjunct professor for the post graduate urban design studio for the european master of urbanism. He has lectured at schools from leuven to nyC to Bangladesh and is a regular guest design critic for architecture schools

Mojdeh Baratloo is an architect and an associate professor of architecture at Columbia university Graduate School architecture Planning and Preservation, leading the design studios in architecture and urban design. For her professional practice she has received numerous awards and recognition for different projects. She is a recipient of several research grants and support by internationally recognized organizations such as national endowment for the arts, australian research Council and new york State Council on the arts. She also founded the urban research Group in 2004 and helped establish the Store Front for art and architecture in 1981. Heidi Bullinga is an architect and urban designer. She graduated from GSaPP and rice university and has her own practice in Brooklyn, ny. Joachim Declerck is an architect and urban designer. He is the co-founder and program director of architecture workroom Brussels. He graduated from the university of Gent and the Berlage institute. He has curated several exhibitions at the international architecture Biennale, BoZar, and the Berlage institute. From 2007 till 2010, he was the director of the Centre for architectural research and development at the Berlage institute, where he also served as an assistant professor beforehand. Erik De Deyn is an engineer-architect, urban planner and researcher at the k.u.leuven. His study focusses on regional infrastructure in Flanders. He studied engineer-architect at the k.u.leuven and landscape design at the universitat Politecnica de Catalunya.

Goedele Desmet Goedele desmet is an engineer-architect and an assistant professor at the department of architecture, urban design and regional Planning at the k.u.leuven since 2006. She co-founded BoB361 architectes. She is also the president of the editing council of the magazine a+ Belgian review of architecture. Francis Dewolf is an engineer-architect and urban planner and graduated from the k.u.leuven He has worked with Stefano Boeri and Gruppo a12 in milan and now works as an urban planner at Brut. Founded in 2005 Susanne Eliason is an architect and urban planner. She graduated from l’ecole nationale Superieure d’architecture de versailles and the uiC Chicago school of architecture. She is a partner at Grau, founded in 2010, a lecturer at l’ecole d’architecture de Paris-Belleville and was a master tutor at the Brussels international masterclass Lars Fischer is an architect. He is a founding member of the office Common Room and also operates an individual design practice. He is a teacher at the new york institute of technology. lars Fischer previously worked in the berlin office of Daniel Liebeskind and in the New York offices of Marble Fairbanks and leslie Gill. Christophe Grafe is trained as an architect and architectural historian at the tehcnical university of delft and the architecture association School in london. He is founder and director of Heritage consultants architects. in 2011 he was appointed director of the Flemish architecture institute in and in 2013 he received the call for the Chair of architectural History and theory at Berg university of wuppertal. He also is an editor of oase Journal for architecture and the Journal of architecture

Joseph Haberl Joseph Haberl is an architect and urban designer, trained at Columbia university and the university of milwaukee-wisconsin. He has been working with leeser architecture since 2002.

Dongsei Kim an architect an urban designer. He has studied architecture and urban design at Columbia university and design studies at Harvard. He curently is adjunct assistant professor at Columbia university and teaches urbanism studios at Carleton university, ottowa. He has taught at kyunghee university in korea and victoria university in wellington, nZ. He is a regular design critic at several universities.

Kaja Kuhl kaja kuhl is an architect and urban planner. She is the founder of youarethecity, a research and design practice in Brooklyn. Before founding youarethecity, she was an urban designer at the new york City department of City Planning. kaja kuhl is an adjunct professor of architecture at the new york institute of technology and has taught and lectured in new york and internationally. at Columbia university, kaja teaches studios and seminars in urban design and urban Planning. Andre Loeckx is doctor engineer-architect. He is a professor emeritus at the department of architecture, urban design and regional Planning at the k.u.leuven and was responsible for all the architecture theory, Housing and urban development, architectural aspects of Planning and Cultural Antropology classes at this department. He is a member of the editorial office of the Architectural yearbook from Flanders and of the task Force urban Policy of the ministry of the Flemish Community. Jan Mannaerts is an engineer-architect trained at the k.u.leuven. He is one of the three founders of 360 architecten bvba, since 2004. His office is in search for design assignments which need a research-oriented design approach. He regurlary visits the k.u.leuven as a mentor for several master theses. Justin Moore Justin G. moore is an urban designer and city planner for the City of new york department of City Planning. His remit includes involvement in the redevelopment of the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s waterfront and high-density areas and this for a number of programs containing affordable housing, cultural and commercial centers, mixed-use industrial areas, and parks and open space. He also works as an adjunct assistant Professor of architecture at Columbia university in the graduate urban design and urban Planning programs. Justin moore is a leed accredited Professional, but also an active member of the new york urban league, the SuPeFront advisory Board, and the Brooklyn Greenway initiativeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s technical advisory Committee. He has been awarded with the department of City Planningâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Barney rabinow Service award and the michael weil urban design award.

Benoit Moritz is an architect and urban planner. He was trained at iSaCF la Cambre and uPC Barcelona. He currently works as an associate at MS-A, office for urbanism and architecture.

Christiaan Nolf Christian nolf is a Phd researcher at the research Group urbanity & architecture (oSa) and teaching assistant at the department of architecture, urban design and regional Planning at the k.u.leuven since 2008 Nina Rappaport nina rappaport is an architectural critic, curator, and educator. She is publications editor at yale School of architecture. Her current research and projects focus on the intersection of urban design and infrastructure, innovative engineering, and factory spaces. She recently published ‘Support and resist: Structural engineers and design innovation’, ‘Connecting the arts’, exploring long island City’s vibrant arts-and-industrial community. Her exhibitions include “the Swiss Section” at the van alen institute, 2003, and “Saving Corporate modernism,” yale School of architecture, 2001, among others. She also is a chair member of docomomo new york.

Michael Ryckewaert michael ryckewaert is an engineer-architect and urban designer. He is a researcher in the department of architecture, urbanism and Planning, k.u.leuven, since 1998, where he also teaches design studio and seminars on housing. He is a researcher at the research Group urbanity & architecture (oSa) since 2007, also at kuleuven. He has done research on housing, social exclusion, and the position of these phenomena in the urban landscape. in 2008, he was awarded with the three-yearly prize of Science and technology of the academic Foundation leuven.

Giovanni Santamaria Giovanni Santamaria is an architect and urban designer, trained at the i.u.a.v of venice. He earned a Ph.d at the Polytecnic university of milan. He is an adjunct professor of architecture at the new york institute of technology. Prior to this, he was a contract professor and researcher at the Politecnico de milano from 2004 until 2008.

Kris Scheerlinck is an architect and urban designer living and working in antwerp, Barcelona and new york City. He studied architecture at the Sint lucas School of architecture Gent and urban Planning in the university of Gent. He obtained the title of master in the universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (uPC, etSaB) in Barcelona, and his doctoral degree at the universitat ramon llull, la Salle architecture School, under Prof. manuel de Solà-morales.

Kelly Shannon is an doctor professor at the k.u.leuven. She was trained at the k.u.leuven, the Berlage institute and Carnegie mellon university. She teaches landscape architecture, and her research topics focus on water urbanism. She has published ‘landscape of contemporary infrastructure, next to several other publications.

David Graham Shane is adjunct professor of architecture, Planing and Preservation at GSaPP, Columbia university. He was trained at architecture association and earned his master and Ph.d. at Cornell univeristy. He has taught design at the architectural association, rice university, Cornell university and Columbia university, Cooper union and City College ny, and has given lectures all over the united States, europe and asia. He has been pubilshed widely in architectural journals and is the author of ‘recombinant urbanism: Conceptual modeling in architecture, urban design and City theory’ and ‘urban design since 1945’ Maarten Van Acker is an engineer-architect and urban planner. Since 2005, he is a lectureron the urban design theory course, part of the master’s program on urbanism and Spatial Planning run by the antwerp university association at the artesis Hogeschool antwerpen. He is conducting a post-doctoral research at Parsons, the new School For design, on urban (infra) structures. He has been a Phd researcher at the research Group urbanity & architecture (oSa) , k.u.leuven from 2007 until 2011. He also worked from 2004 until 2007 for the Planning department of the City of antwerp. He contributed as an author or (co-) editor to several books and publishes regularly in professional journals. Kiki Verbeeck is an architect. She co-founded the office URA in 2002. URA consciously works on basis of spheres and programmation. it never starts a project on an aesthetic basis, but creates architectural puzzles out of a deep-going study. She was a teacher at Sint-lucas Hogeschool in 2006.

Joke Vermeulen Joke vermeulen is an architect and a design assistant at the department of architecture, urbanism and Planning, K.U.Leuven. Together with Francis Catteeuw, she founded the office Compagnie o in 2008. it is a multidisciplinary design studio for architecture, urbanism and landscape design.