INVENTUM Your Source For Science Intelligence Issue
Exclusive Images fro m Space pg.7
April 2016
Our interview with
CHRIS HADFIELD
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE & their emotions pg.8
Scientist Discover
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We Talk Atoms Exsistence
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INVENTUM
PRODUCTION DIRECTOR Jessica Croft
Editor In Chief Ashlea Spitz
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COVER IMAGE Courtesy of NASA
PHOTOGRAPHY Inside Cover Full Spread Image Courtesy of NASA Pages 4-5 Full Spread Image Courtesy of Vadim Gromov Pages 8-9 Full Spread Image Courtesy of Sebastian Unrau Page 10 Top Left Image Courtesy of Sai Kiran Anagani Page 11 Bottom Right Image Courtesy of Mark A M Kramer Page 12 Bottom Half Image Courtesy of James Garcia Page 14 Full Page Image Courtesy of Teddy Kelley Page 15 Full Page Image Courtesy of Jake Campbell Back Cover Full Page Image Courtesy of Tim Gouw
INVENTUM magazine is published monthly by Inventum Electric Corporation. Inventum Magazine is your fix for everything science. It’s time to learn, grown and experience with INVENTUM.
CONTENTS Chemistry: Things that Matter: Does The Atom Really Exist?
Pages 4-6
Humanity & Technology: Can Artificial Intelligence Feel Empathy?
Pages 8-11
Humanity & Technology: Pages Humor: Artificial Intelligence’s Greatest Obstacle 12-14
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8
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Chemistry: Things That Matter
Does The Atom Really Exist? By: Kevin Luckerson Image By: Vadim Gromov
So the question is ... what is the mass of an atom? Well, if you take the time to investigate ... you’ll find that scientists designate the terms atomic weight and atomic mass to designate the mass of atoms.
S
o the question is ... what is the
and classrooms are no substitute
mass of an atom? Well, if you
for the critical thinking process.
take the time to investigate ...
you’ll find that scientists designate the
Found out that the mass of an atom is
terms atomic weight and atomic mass
not an actual mass ... but a theoretical
to designate the mass of atoms.
mass. The reason why is that we cannot directly observe or directly measure
You’ll also find that atoms can exist as
individual atoms. From what I have
solid metals, noble gases, radioactive
read...light (essentially photons) interact
materials, or any of a number of
with atoms introducing a subjective
different forms or atomic configurations.
element to the measurement (which
These different atomic configurations
of course needs to be objective). This
are designated in the Periodic Table
subjective element is essentially a wave
Of Elements. The Periodic Table lists
interaction that changes the structural
atomic numbers and atomic weights
integrity of the atom and in many cases
for all of the matter in the universe.
also changes the velocity and position of the atom and/or subatomic particles.
OK so...this makes sense. But how did scientists come up with the mass of atoms? Good questions. Well, I actually didn’t know myself ... so I had to investigate. I found out that modern science is not so modern after all...and that teachers, textbooks,
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Chemistry: Things That Matter This subjective element is
the mass and acceleration
the ratio of e to m yields
addressed in the Heisenberg
ideas. These ideas give us a
the charge to mass ratio.
Uncertainty Principle
relationship that we know
which states that there
of as the mathematical
Also...Thompson is
is a fundamental limit to
equation F=ma. This force
treating electric field as
the precision with which
idea and it’s relationship
mathematically analogous to
certain pairs of physical
to the mass idea and
the gravitational field ... the
properties of a particle,
acceleration idea are part of
magnetic field seems to have
known as complementary
Sir Isaac Newton’s 2nd Law
a mathematical derivation
variables, such as position x
of Motion. These ideas were
based on frequency. Taking
and momentum p, can be
developed in the late 1600’s.
a step back ... you will also
known simultaneously. These
see that the Electric Field
subjective influences make
The idea that force is
Force and the Magnetic Field
it virtually impossible to get
equivalent to multiples of
Force are treated as Force
an objective and accurate
mass helped JJ Thompson
ideas that are ... of course
measurement of a true atom.
calculate the mass of
... related to the Mass Idea
an electron back in the
and the Acceleration Idea
So right ... if we want to figure
1800s. This calculation
(Remember that F=ma is the
out the mass of physical
helped scientists come
idea that force is equivalent
objects in the universe ... we
up with atomic mass
to multiples of mass.) Using
just use a scale in order to
and atomic weights.
these ideasFree Web Content,
measure its weight/mass. So
Thompson came up with the
then we just put an atom
You will see that he uses
charge to mass ratio. This is
on a scale and measure its
the projectile motion
the most accurate measure
weight. Of course, we can’t
equations in order to solve
of theoretical atomic mass
do this because atoms are
for mass using known
that scientist actually have.
very small ... so we can’t
quantities of 1.Magnetic
The actual mass of an atom
pick them up with our
Field as Frequency (1/s) ...
is unknown and therefore the
hands. The other problem
physically generated by an
actual existence of the atom
is in uncertainty introduced
Electromagnet and 2. Electric
is unknown. We only know of
by scientific measurement
Field as Acceleration (m/
its mathematical existence
and subjective influences.
s2) physically generated
or theoretical existence.//
This gets you to the double
by Electric Field Plates...
slit experiment and particle wave theory ... If I get a
It is very confusing ... but there
chance I’ll address this later ...
seem to be two different expressions for the mass of
So if we can’t measure the
the electron (e and m). The
mass of an atom or see it
mass (m) seems to emerge
... then how do scientists
from a Force Idea based
come up with atomic mass
on a projectile, projectile
and atomic weight. I found
motion, a gravitational
out that atomic mass is a
field, and F=ma. While the
theoretical mass and not an
mass (e) seems to emerge
actual mass. This theoretical
from a Force Idea based
mass is calculated using
on an electron, an electric
the force idea along with
field, and F=Ee. Solving for
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Humanity & Technology: Artificial Intelligence
CAN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE FEEL EMPATHY? By: Barbara Young // Image By: Bastian Unrau
For centuries, humans have given a lot of thought to what separates them from the animals. Though there are a lot of differences between us and animals, many argue that it is our superior reasoning abilities that truly sets us apart.
Humanity & Technology: Artificial Intelligence
The Backbones of Technology // Image by: Sai Kiran Anagani
IN
a short amount of time, artificial intelligence science has advanced so quickly that computers now seem more
human than ever. The greatest obstacle in creating artificial intelligence is not creating something intelligent. The challenge is creating something that seems human. Throughout the short history of artificial intelligence science, a number of tests have been proposed that will differentiate between true artificial intelligence and a wannabe.
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THE TURING TEST Alan Turing, a British code breaker who inspired the movie The Imitation Game, was one of the pioneers of artificial intelligence science. He proposed a test he called the imitation game, later renamed the Turing Test, that would distinguish whether a machine could be said to be artificially intelligent. The test is
“...human emotions that set us apart from machines.” used to distinguish man from machine. For the Lovelace Test, a human judge asks an artificial-
simple in concept but extremely difficult to actually
ly intelligence machine to create some piece of
pass. The test works by having a machine carry on a conversation with a human acting as judge. If the human cannot distinguish a machine from a human through conversation alone (the human doesn’t get to see the machine so it doesn’t have to look hu-
art, either a poem, story, or picture. Next the human judge gives a criterion, for example, write a poem about a cat. If a machine can follow this direction, it’s said to be sufficiently human. If a machine could feel empathy, humans won’t
man) then it is said to have passed the Turing Test.
need to fear artificial intelligence as we tend to do. //
TRICKING THE TURING TEST What Alan Turing couldn’t have predicted is the devious nature of computer programmers who would set out to devise a machine that could trick his test rather than embody true artificial intelligence. Only in the last couple of years have machines been able to trick human judges into believing they’re carrying on a conversation with another human. The problem with these machines is they can do one thing, and one thing only.
WHAT ABOUT EMPATHY? Recently, there has been some thought about what society really wants out of an artificially intelligent machine. It’s great if they can carry on a conversation or produce art, but what about those human emotions that set us apart from machines. In a recent panel discussion at Robotronica 2015, panelists discussed what human emotions it would
Alan Turning, The Father of the Modern Computer
be important for artificial intelligence to obtain.
// Image by: Mark A M Kramer
Empathy was first on the list. If a machine could.
THE LOVELACE TEST Now that the Turing Test has been bested, a test proposed in 2001 by Selmer Bringsjord, Paul Bello, and David Ferrucci called the Lovelace Test is being
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Humanity & Technology: Artificial Intelligence: Humor
Humor: ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE’S Greatest Obstacle By: Mitchelle Dover Image By: James Garcia It’s been said that the true test of mastering a foreign language is the ability to make a joke in that language. While a sense of humor is usually second nature for most native speakers, it’s surprisingly difficult—if not impossible—to teach. It’s so difficult, in fact, that some reason that the development of a sense of humor will be the ultimate test for artificial intelligence. To understand the difficulty in teaching artificial intelligence to be humorous, consider what goes into making a joke.
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T
o understand the difficulty in
to human S and M ultimately settling
jokes that they were programmed to
teaching artificial intelligence
on Fifty Shades of Grey. Then it would
say in response to specific questions,
to be humorous, consider
need the ability to appreciate the pun,
not generating their own humor.
what goes into making a joke.
understand the rhyme of “ray” and “grey,” and gauge the audience’s
WHAT’S IN A JOKE?
ability to get the joke. Finally, artificial intelligence would need to do all of this
On a recent trip to Australia, comedy
in a blink of an eye to achieve good
writer, David Misch observed two
comedic timing (the joke wouldn’t
manta rays engaged in—shall we say—
have been funny five minutes later).
extracurricular activities. With perfect
“It would need to be able to connect the two very different topics of manta ray intercourse and human S and M...”
comedic timing, he quipped “Hey!
The moral of this story is that a lot goes
It’s fifty shades of ray!” The joke led his
into the making of a good joke and
friend, a former computer programmer
artificial intelligence is still far away
interested in artificial intelligence, to
from being able to replicate it.
THE ULTIMATE TEST
FUNNY AI
Some have theorized that in order for
think about whether a computer could ever be programmed to make that
AI to reach its full potential, humans will
joke—not merely be programmed to repeat it, but truly generate
Though artificial intelligence is still a
need to feel comfortable interacting
it were it exposed to the same
long way away from developing a
with it. Developing a sense of humor
circumstances that David Misch was.
sense of humor, that hasn’t stopped
will certainly need to be a part of
humans from trying. Apple executives,
that process. Of course, that’s easier
In the end, it was determined that
for instance, were not overly thrilled
said than done. For the time being,
in order for an artificially intelligent
to learn that those who programmed
we’ll have to be content with Siri’s
computer to make that joke, it would
Siri, the iPhone’s built-in personal
dry sense of humor that she inherited
need to be able to perform numerous,
assistant, had managed to work in
from computer programmers.//
instant calculations. It would need
a few jokes. Microsoft’s counterpart,
to be able to connect the two
Cortana, is likewise programmed to
very different topics of manta ray
give humorous responses to certain
intercourse and human S and M, then
questions. Of course the major
it would need to be able to access
difference is that these artificial
the entirety of pop culture references
intelligences are merely parroting back
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