COPENHAGEN URBAN LAB EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
VESTERBRO FREDERIKSBERG
2019 2019 COPENHAGEN URBAN LAB 2019 COPENHAGEN URBAN LAB 2019 2019 URBANURBAN HEAT COPENHAGEN 2019LAB
URBAN HEAT PENHAGEN URBAN LAB COPENHAGEN URBAN LAB URBAN HEAT 2019 COPENHAGEN URBAN LAB URBAN HEAT MANAGING URBAN URBANHEAT HEAT URBAN HEAT & OUTDOOR COMFORT
COPENHAGEN URBAN LAB 2019
Published by Ramboll A/S June, 2020
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
CONTENTS BACKGROUND & CONTEXT
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THE URBAN LAB 2019
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KOOL KØBENHAVN
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THE KOOLING TOOLBOX
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COMMUNICATION TIMELINE
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PROCESS
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VESTERBRO & FREDERIKSBERG
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PILOT SITES
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CONCLUSION
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COPENHAGEN URBAN LAB 2019
BACKGROUND & CONTEXT FOREWORD To build resilient, sustainable and just communities we need to rethink how we plan and design our urban space and public realm. We need to rethink how we operate, how we finance, how we are organized, who plans and designs, and what our planning objectives and horizons are. In other words, we need a radical transformation in order to meet the needs and aspirations of future communities, and to ensure healthy, safe, and liveable places. Challenges such as urbanization, aging infrastructure, climate change, and increased demand for safe, clean, and affordable living is provoking a new approach to urban planning in Denmark. Mainly three climate hazards are projected to increasingly impact our urban environments in Denmark: extreme rainfall (cloudbursts), sea level rise and storm surge, and urban heat. Denmark’s capital city, Copenhagen, is an exemplary city in transformation, a frontrunner in city-wide strategy development, catchment specific cloudburst masterplans and co-created resilience-driven projects at the neighborhood scale. With its plethora of experience in urban transformation, adaptation and resilience, Copenhagen offers wide-ranging lessons in future city shaping; from the various challenges and hard lessons learned to the many inspiring successes and innovative approaches applied. The purpose of the Urban Lab in Copenhagen is to showcase and test the Nordic approach to building resilient communities with young professionals from around the world, and, to learn from their experiences to further strengthen and tailor our Nordic approach to building sustainable, resilient and just communities. The Copenhagen Urban Lab (CUL) has been an annual event since 2017 designed to address three climate hazards characterizing the future of many communities in Denmark. All Labs have been organized, led and hosted by Rambøll, and co-hosted and co-funded by local municipalities and organizations, including the Young Water Professionals Denmark (YWPDK). For the Copenhagen Urban Lab 2017 6 young professionals from around the world spent 10 days in the City working with cloudburst management using the case of Skt. Jørgen’s Lake. In 2018, 8 young and international professionals spent 10 days in the City build-
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ing concepts for storm surge protection for the case of Amager Strand. This year, the Lab was designed to address the third and final climate hazard identified for the City of Copenhagen, namely Urban Heat. The Lab was organized, hosted and co-funded by Ramboll, sponsored by Arup, HOFOR, and YWPDK, and co-hosted by the City of Copenhagen, and Frederiksberg Municipality. Again, 8 young and international professionals spent 10 days in the City building concepts for urban comfort and extreme heat in a case area across Vesterbro and Frederiksberg. All Copenhagen Urban Labs have been successful in providing input and perspective on climate adaptation to the municipalities and organizations, and in providing capacity building to the young professionals and everyone involved in the process, the undersigned included. It has been the aspiration of the organizers of the Labs to challenge and inspire the path towards water-wise communities by connecting and empowering the local and global water sector and resilience community across workforce generations through lasting relationships and new partnerships. This executive summary presents the background, setup, process, findings and conclusions from the Copenhagen Urban Lab 2019. It has been prepared by the team and reflects their understanding of challenges and solutions. We hope, that their ideas will inspire the City and beyond, and that their process and learnings will serve as inspiration for other cities and young professionals. I would like to congratulate the entire team with an innovative and impressive outcome and to complement them on their extraordinary effort, collaborative skills, drive and openness throughout the entire process. I look forward to continued collaboration! On behalf of the entire Copenhagen Urban Lab 2019 organizing team, Trine Stausgaard Munk Head of Resilience, Ramboll
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
URBAN HEAT IN COPENHAGEN The Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect describes the phenomenon where an urban area is significantly warmer than the surrounding lands. The higher temperatures experienced in urban areas can have enormous consequences for the health and wellbeing of people living in cities. The UHI effect occurs because of an increased fraction of paved surfaces such as concrete and asphalt, which have high heat capacities and thermal conductivity, and reduces the water saturation and cooling effects from evaporation from the top soil. In urban areas solar radiation is reflected to a lesser extent, and a large fraction of the solar energy is converted to heat. The UHI effect can exacerbate heat waves, which, among other impacts, have been shown to cause economic losses because of reduced labour productivity and an increased demand for cooling. which can create a strain on a municipality’s energy grid. More than half of the world’s population live in cities and the urban population is expected to grow to about 66% by 2050 (Nature, 2017). The impacts of climate change in cities are likely to be amplified by those of the UHI effect affecting millions of people across the globe. These impacts can be limited by incorporating mitigation options in city planning when renewing or developing urban areas.
Various mitigation options can be implemented to minimize the UHI effect. Vegetation and green areas have a regulating effect on temperature by reducing the heat of the surrounding areas. Increasing the extent of blue and green areas, creating pockets and corridors with cool and more comfortable areas during heat waves etc. and the use of green roofs and facades can contribute to reducing the UHI effect. Implementing green and blue solutions in various urban spaces through the city is expected to have a greater impact than a few large parks (KU, 2010). Furthermore, the choice of plant is important. Plants with a deep net of roots are preferred as they evaporate water through extended time periods and have a greater cooling effect and are more resilience to draught periodes, while trees with larger canopy area also provide shading. Implementation of white roofs and other radiation reflecting surfaces is another mitigation option, which is known to greatly reduce the UHI effect. In Copenhagen in 2010 surface temperatures of up to 47 degrees were measured on the warmest day. On other warm days surface temperatures between 32 and 44 degrees were measured in the city, while the temperature was up to 12 degrees lower in land areas outside the city (Ingeniøren, 2017; KU, 2010).
Land Surface Temprature
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COPENHAGEN URBAN LAB 2019
CHALLENGE
Develop an UHI mitigation plan for the case area of Vesterbro & Inner Frederiksberg The focus of the Copenhagen Urban Lab 2019 was to identify multi-scalar heat mitigation strategies that not only complement existing blue and green infrastructure projects, but help to raise awareness of the increasing threat of UHI effect. Both municipalities have implemented projects that address cloudbursts, sea level rise, and storm surge, but the lab presented an opportunity to address an underreported climate risk, while also creating potential opportunities for collaboration across municipal boundaries. The work of the team was inspired by questions such as:
EXTREME HEAT
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•
The Copenhagen Urban Lab team 2019 was challenged with developing a toolbox of planning and design strategies that not only reduce UHI but also have co-benefits that address other climate risks. The team was also tasked with thinking beyond traditional blue/green strategies to develop programs and policies that improve livability, especially for vulnerable populations.
The site boundry
. Ør
sted
s Ve j
CLOUDBURSTS
SEA LEVEL RISE
STORM SURGE
CPH URBAN LAB FOCUS 2018 CPH URBAN LAB FOCUS 2017
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How can existing blue and green infrastructure be planned to better address urban heat? How can thermal comfort be improved in the public realm? How can existing buildings and structures be retrofitted to better accommodate heatwaves? How can social infrastructure such as libraries and other civic institutions serve as resources for vulnerable populations prior and during heatwaves? How can communication strategies be improved to improve the understanding of climate risk?
H.C
DENMARK’S CLIMATE CHALLENGES
CPH URBAN LAB FOCUS 2019
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Sct. Jørgen’s Lake
Central Station
Enghave Park
Meatpacking District
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
THE URBAN LAB 2019 PROGRAMME
The Copenhagen Urban Lab 2019 combined expert presentations, group work and social activities. The first half of the urban lab mostly focused on giving us expert input in order to prepare us to solve the issue, where the second half gave us freedom to organize and structure the days for group work and site visits. The expert presentations covered a wide range of topics, including the urban heat island effect and various ways of measuring and tackling it, social and climate justice, presentations about the City of Copenhagen and Frederiskberg, their challenges and governance structure and much more. A great part • Frederiksberg & City of Copenhagen • Co-create Copenhagen • The Development of Greater Copenhagen • Urban Heat in Atmospheric Models • Mapping & Monitoring Urban Heat • Group Work Dynamics
of these presentations was meeting experts from the two municipalities, understanding the issue from their perspective, and learning about their challenges. This diverse range of information gave us important insight into the many aspects of Urban Heat Island Effect issue, helped us to tailor make our solution to fit the two municipalities and inspired us greatly to come up with a holistic solution that integrates all these aspects into one solution, without making any compromises. Below is a summary of the lecture topics presented during the Lab.
• How to mitigate Urban Heat
• Socially Just Urban Planning
• Efficiency of urban green
• The Battle of Folkets Park
space for cooling effect • The Scale of Urban Spaces – City as a Garden • Urban Heat at the Building Scale • Baseline Results from 3D modelling
• Quantifying added values and Co-Benefits • Urban Heat in relation to Danish utilities • Urban Resilience from a Nordic Perspective • Canal Tour
• Site Visit
Copenhagen Urban Lab presentations
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COPENHAGEN URBAN LAB 2019
SOCIAL ACTIVITIES The social activities contributed a great deal to our group dynamic which in its own turn helped us work together easily and smoothly. During our nine evenings together we discussed everything from daily routines, politics, cities and much more. This brought us closer together as individuals, and helped us ap-
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proach each other and our different fields of expertise with openness and curiosity.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
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COPENHAGEN URBAN LAB 2019
TEAM MEMBERS & GROUP DYNAMIC We - the 8 team members of Copenhagen Urban Lab 2019 - were handpicked from the many applications received by Rambøll. Beside the individual profile, the overall constellation and diversity of the team was one of the most important selection criteria. The team was selected in a way to cover a diverse range of age, gender, geography, discipline and experience. In terms of professional backgrounds, we covered the academic areas of landscape design, architecture, urban planning, water management, socio-economics, awareness-raising, flood protection, community participation, urban governance, design and innovation. This diversity enabled us to look at the challenge
from many different angles, and come up with solutions that were holistic, innovative, visionary and the same feasible. For the most of Urban Lab 2019, we worked together as one group, and practiced to contribute to an interdisciplinary, democratic professional group, where each of our voices mattered, and each of our individual contributions were indispensable for the final product. After the solutions were made within the groups, and agreed upon by all members, we split up into smaller work-groups to go into production phase.
SUSTAINABLE CITIES
URBAN DESIGN
PLANNING
COMMUNICATIONS
MAPPING
CIVIL ENGINEERING
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE GEOGRAPHY
GREEN BUILDING
INCREMENTAL DESIGN
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PUBLIC ENGAGEMENT
SYSTEM APPROACHES TO CLIMATE ADAPTATION CONSENSUS BUILDING
INFRASTRUCTURE RESEARCH TOOLBOX DESIGN
ARCHITECTURE
DEMOCRATIC URBAN DESIGN
LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE
VISUALIZATIONS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
30°C
18°C
YALDA PILEHCHIAN COMMUNITY OUTREACH SMART WITHOUT A SMARTPHONE, URBAN GARDENER
29°C
18°C
SARAH LYNGSØ LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE COMPOST ENTHUSIAST, WOMAN ABOUT TOWN
19°C
25°C
24°C
DAPHNE LUNDI SOCIO-ECONOMICS
REGINA VETTER CLIMATE ADAPTATION
JUANITO ALIPIO DE LA ROSA MICRO-CLIMATE
PÁDRAIG SWEENEY WATER
SUSTAINABLE FASHION SEWIST, CIVICALLY ENGAGED
TREE HOUSE LOVER, TOOLBOX TAMER
GREEN CORRIDOR GURU, SELFIE SENSEI
PROFESSIONAL JUGGLER, AMATEUR ASTRONOMER
34°C
16°C
DEVANSHI PUROHIT URBAN DESIGN
INDIAN CLASSICAL DANCER, GRAPHICS POLICE
35°C
23°C
KATHERINE GLOEDE SOCIAL-EQUITY NEUROTIC EXTROVERT, CUL PUN MASTER
25°C
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COPENHAGEN URBAN LAB 2019
KOOL KØBENHAVN THE COPENHAGEN APPROACH TO THE URBAN HEAT ISLAND
A resilient systems approach to enhanced outdoor thermal comfort to help Copenhagen co-create a responsibly green, liveable city with an edge. After meeting with various stakeholders and local experts, the CUL team created an overarching lens for addressing the program challenge: Kool København: A resilient systems approach to enhanced outdoor thermal comfort. The team reframed the challenge as not simply mitigating the City’s hotspots, but improving overall thermal comfort and increasing the duration of time city dwellers can be outdoors. The team also sought to leverage the existing municipal programs and policies to develop strategies with multiple co-benefits, not just from an infrastructure planning perspective, but also from a livability and public health perspective. With this framing, the team developed the following goals:
GOALS • Reduce urban heat island effect in the City’s most challenging hot spots • Prolong outdoor thermal comfort period in shoulder months • Provide vulnerable populations of Copenhagen with new resources to address heat risk • Enhance the connectivity and vibrancy of existing urban nature • Maximize co-benefits with other climate hazards the City is addressing
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Unlike other climate risks like cloudbursts and storm surge, the impact of extreme heat can be challenging to visualize and quantify. Instead of damaged buildings or roads, the most likely impact of extreme heat is health impacts and loss of life which often happens in the home, rendering the issue invisible. Furthermore, a person’s response to heat can vary greatly depending on age, health, access to water and air conditioning, etc. In order to create baseline targets, the CUL team used the Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI), a thermal index that incorporates meteorological data (air temperature, radiation, humidity, wind) with physiological data to identify temperature ranges for optimal well-being, temperature ranges that encourage heat stress, and temperature ranges that result in cold stress. With this index the CUL team developed the following targets:
KPIs & TARGETS • Hot spots are in the optimal UTCI range at least 50% of the time. • A Dane is never more than 200M from an area of the optimal UTCI range. • Main cycle and pedestrian routes within the study area are within the optimal UTCI range at least 70% of the time. • Support Copenhagen’s initiative to plant 100,000 trees by 2025.
TOOLBOX & CO-BENEFITS The team did a survey of existing municipal planning documents and best practicies to develop a “Kooling Toolbox” of thermal comfort strategies with the following co-benefits:
The tools and their associated benefits are described in overall function, temporal aspects (early action to long-term action) and impact (low to high impact).
BIODIVERSITY
CLOUDBURST HEAVY PRECIPITATION
CITY WITH AN EDGE
DROUGHT WATER CONSERVATION
STORM SURGE
MULTIGENERATIONAL USAGE
WALKABILITY
HUMAN HEALTH
ENERGY SAVINGS
THERMAL COMFORT IN COLDER SEASONS
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COPENHAGEN URBAN LAB 2019
THE KOOLING TOOLBOX URBAN HEAT ISLAND MITIGATION STRATEGIES TREES PUBLIC
PRIVATE
R AIN BARREL/EXPOSED R AINWATER RETENTION
PRIVATE - PUBLIC
PUBLIC
PRIVATE
PRIVATE - PUBLIC
Urban trees provide ecosystem ser vices to help combat the urban heat island ef fect. Trees
GREEN FACADES
provide shade by covering streets and walk ways
with large canopies that ref lect sunlight and PUBLIC PRIVATE cooling PRIVATE - PUBLIC absorb less heat. Trees also provide because they absorb water and then release
Green facades - or ‘living walls’ and
the moisture through the leaves into the air.
‘vertical gardens’ - are vegetative layers
Keep in mind:
PERMEABLE PAVEMENT ( VEGETATED)
of small plants, grass and/or moss
- Prioritising tree planting in most attached to external building facades.
heat vulnerable areas The climbing plants can be either directly
- Species selection adapted to changing climate attached to the building can PUBLIC be PUBLIC surface PRIVATE or RIVATE-
R AISED GARDEN BEDS (COMPLEX, MOBILE)
IMAGE C APTION CheCk
out
supported on an independent structure. - Species selection related to cooling In leui of traditional pavers, a roadbed composed plants grow from garden beds at impact (evaporationThe potential) of a mixture installed of stones, pavers, and vegetation the ground or in containers - Tree management (digital tools) and water inf iltration of nearly a quar ter at dif levelsallows of the building. maintenance (in-house or ferent out-sourced) centimeter per minute. The water stored in PUBLIC PRIVATE PRIVATE - PUBLIC crucial to keep trees functional Keep in mind: the pavement and/or the soil beneath can then
B a r C e l o n a ’ s tr e e M a s t e r P l a n
EARLY ACTION
LONG-TERM
LOW-IMPACT
• •
HIGH-IMPACT CheCk
out
•
MelBourne ’s GowrinG Green Guide
A raised garden bed is a large pavement Saltwater can harm someduring plantssummer speciesby up to 20˚C. Permeable
TA X REBATE FOR SUSTAINABLE
planter on top of or elevated off vegetated pavements can have dif ferent shapes Green facades give buildings an attractive
LONG-TERM
LOW-IMPACT
HIGH-IMPACT
EARLY ACTION
LONG-TERM
LOW-IMPACT
LONG-TERM
LOW-IMPACT
HIGH-IMPACT
a surface, typically constructed can used for property footpaths, c ycle paths, look which mayand lead to be increased prices
EARLY ACTION
EARLY ACTION
Need maintenance evaporate through the same means and cool the
of wood or metal. Raised beds playgrounds, parking lots, tree pits etc. HOME COOLING can be moved and incorporate PUBLIC PRIVATE PUBLIC - PRIVATE Keep in mind: additional design features such as and bicycle infrastructure. • Porous pavementseating requires maintenance, typically A tax rebate a refund ROOFS/ on taxes GREEN In addition to providing shadeis and annually. when tax liability is less than taxes FACADE INCENTIVES evaporative cooling, raised beds trap • Vegetation must be salt and water resilient paid. To incentivize sustainable PROGR AMME rainwaterand soils can trap heat • Not ideal for cycling home cooling interventions, an from sunlight during cooler months.
HIGH-IMPACT
EARLY ACTION
LONG-TERM
LOW-IMPACT
PUBLIC PRIVATE PUBLIC - PRIVATE income tax rebate could be applied Keep in mind: for declared improvements. The Incentive programmes promote improvements, provided via proof • Require maintenance the installation of green of receipts, could come from a roofs pre-determined listor of facades eligible on existing or commercial) items such as (residential installing ceiling buildings and new buildings. fans or solar film on windows.
HIGH-IMPACT
Keep in mind: Other cities Examples: •
Requires government oversight • Barcelona green roofs competition •
EARLY ACTION
Toronto Eco-roof incentive programme
LONG-TERM
LOW-IMPACT
EARLY ACTION LOW-IMPACT
EARLY ACTION
A rain barrel is a semi-permanent DRINKING FOUNTAINS storage container used to capture rainwater to reuse for irrigation. PUBLIC PRIVAT - PUBLIC Barrels, cisterns, or PRIVATE permant basins can vary in size and retention capacity. A connected A public drinking fountain is system can collect rainwater COOL ROOF source of potable water for from around aa site or area. passers-by. It can be used to drink PUBLIC - PUBLIC Keep in mind: directly from or fill aPRIVATE waterPRIVATE bottle. • Standing water in basins can attract mosquitos Keep in mind: A cool roof is one designed to FAÇADE SHADING • Rainwater can • pick Mustup berunoff winterized reflect sunlight and lower heat (NON -VEGETATED) pollutants • Cleaning maintenance is necessary absorbtion. Cool roofs are typically • Must be disconnected in use winter to ensure made of a highly reflective type- PUBLIC PUBLIC PRIVATE PRIVATE of paint, a sheet covering, or highly reflective tiles or shingles. A structure applied to the LEISURE side or Under the same conditions as COOLED SPACES a building that provides a black roof, aroof coolof roof can PUBLIC PRIVATE shade PRIVATE - PUBLIC or permanent be more than temporary 10˚C cooler. from sunlight, thus improving Cooling leisure spaces are public or LONG-TERM Keep in mind: thermal comfort. Movable solar private spaces set up by cit y governments • Can keep the building cooler shades used forduring south-facing HIGH-IMPACT to temporarily deal with the health windows can reduce building COMMUNICATION winter ef fects of a heat wave, and to provide energy demand and also improve CAMPAIGN • Not always applicable for protected cooling shelter for citizens. indoor thermal comfort by as buildings PUBLIC PRIVATE PRIVATE - PUBLIC Those spaces can be public libraries, much as 20% during summer. LONG-TERM museums, schools, parks, sports club
LOW-IMPACT
HIGH-IMPACT
EARLY ACTION
LONG-TERM
LOW-IMPACT
case of a heatwave, the Keep in mind: houses, shoppingIn malls, swimming pools City can develop various • Deployables that are are better sunlight openso access and communicated communication tools to advice is accessible to incitizens colder as months, spaces to get heat relief. citizens on how to stay cool and reducing heating demand. Keep in mind: limit the heat health impacts.
HIGH-IMPACT CheCk
HIGH-IMPACT
Extending opening hours for summer months
•
Provide medical aid in some of the cooling centres
LONG-TERM
LOW-IMPACT
Communications options: • •
Sending out newsletters/tweets/sms Making phone calls for elderly people,
Apps can help citizens localise cooling spaces and coolest routes between them
Pa r i s , B a r C e l o n a , n Y C , to r o n t o , w a s h i n G t o n d C , EARLY ACTION
•
•
out CoolinG Centres info and iner aC tiCe MaPs in
•
HIGH-IMPACT
•
visiting elderly homes Laying out flyers in high visible/visited places like pharmacies, bakeries etc. Putting up posters on bus/metro stops, building lobbies
EARLY ACTION LOW-IMPACT
LONG-TERM
EARLY ACTION
HIGH-IMPACT
GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE
LOW-IMPACT
LONG-TERM HIGH-IMPACT
HEAT RISK REDUCTION
• Trees
• Heat emergency response plan
• Green roofs - intensive
• Cooled leisure spaces (public, private)
• Green roofs - extensive
• Outreach campaigns to vulnerable
• Green corridor connection (connected green spaces) • Green walls/facades • Raised garden bed (simple, mobile)
groups (apps, community-based, outreach to outdoor workers) • School curriculums • Communication campaign (multilingual/platform/press release)
• Raised garden bed (complex, mobile) • Raised garden bed (simple, stationary)
BLUE INFRASTRUCTURE
• Cool pavements - permeable pavement (vegetated) • Planter
• Water cooling façade • Rain barrel/exposed retention/storage
• Lawn/open greenery
• Water feature
• Bioswale
• Blue roof
• Rain garden
• Public swimming pools
• Tree inventory & managerial plan
• Cooling Benches (deployable, uses grey water to cool the seat and has shade structure) • Drinking fountains
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
GREY INFRASTRUCTURE
POLICY
• Cool roofs (reflective coating)
• Checklist- Climate Design Guidelines
• Cool pavements - reflective
• Checklist- “Heat Smart” materials guide
pavement (coatings, overlays) • Cool pavements - permeable pavement (non-vegetated) • Shade structure (non-vegetated) • Facade shading (non-vegetated) • District cooling system • Solar Reflective Window Film • Shutters • Indoor painting for heavily daylit rooms • Blackout curtains
• Personal rebate program for cooling your home (using other tools, $1,000C-ish per intervention) • Percent tax rebate over 30 years per CM of stormwater retained on site, additional percent for each CM of stormwater reused • Discount program for purchasing cool roof paint • Signage requirements in residential buildings (buildings management) to alert tenants of heatwave forecast • Updating Plaza requirements to encourage minimum % of trees or tall shrubs
• Ceiling Fans • Law prohibiting black rooftops upon • Trickle Vents • Solar powered window or personal fans
replacement or new construction • Planting requirements for parking (both bike and car) • Rain barrel distribution program (for free) • etc.
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COPENHAGEN URBAN LAB 2019
COMMUNICATION TIMELINE A MODEL FOR PREPARING FOR HEAT RISK In addition to focusing on co-benefits, the team also analyzed strategies according to implementation timeline and overall impact on thermal comfort. The final product was a toolbox of approximately 50 strategies addressing thermal comfort and heat risk on the individual, building, neighborhood, and cityscale. These strategies ranged from green infrastruc-
ture interventions, to policies such as developing climate design guidelines and building retrofit rebate programs, to heat risk reduction strategies through cooled leisure spaces, and outreach campaigns on climate risks. Given the challenges of visualizing and communicating heat risk, communications and outreach was a major component of the toolbox. The
Ensure community centers such as libraries and open schools have operable ventilation systems, water fountains, and appropriate cooling signage.
JAN
16
FEB
MAR
Send out Copenhagen community newsletter to residents providing simple strategies on how to stay cool indoors.
APR
MAY
JUN
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
team developed a communication timeline to model how a municipality can prepare for heat risk before, during, and after a heatwave. The communications approach makes it clear that preparing for extreme heat is not simply a summertime activity, but rather a year-round process where municipalities take steps to ensure that both residents as well as critical infra-
structure are prepared for extreme weather events throughout the year and for improving thermal comfort, also in the shoulder seasons
Use deployable green and grey infrastructure in courtyards, bike lanes, etc.
Require property owners to put up notifications alerting tenants of upcoming heatwave. Include targeted outreach to nursing homes. Send school children home with cooling strategies to share with their guardians.
JUL
AUG
SEP
Do after-action report to analize what populations experience the most challenges during and after the heatwave. Working with the health ministry to identify any spikes in hospitalizations or heat-related illnesses or fatalities.
OCT
NOV
DEC
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COPENHAGEN URBAN LAB 2019
PROCESS A MULTI-LAYERED APPROACH TO RISK MANAGEMENT When developing the toolkit, the team came up with a multi-layered approach, identifying strategies ranging from the individual scale to the city scale. In doing so, the team was able to identify the most efficient policy approaches for different scales of urban heat mitigation and improved thermal comfort. On the individual scale, the focus was on strength-
ening personal resilience. The team recommended robust communication campaigns that ensure residents understand their risk, and the establishment of cooling spaces, both in centralized civic buildings and in homes by encouraging sustainability initiatives that improve thermal regulation of buildings. On the building and neighbourhood scale, the team identi-
INDIVIDUAL SCALE
COMMUNICATION CAMPAIGN ABOUT HEAT RISK AND COOLING
BUILDING SCALE
BUILDING COMMUNICATIONS / RISK PLANNING
NEIGHBOURHOOD SCALE
CITY SCALE
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COMMUNITY OUTREACH AND BRAINSTORMING
ADDITIONAL COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
fied building upgrades such as cool roofs and green roofs as well as neighborhood pilots of green and blue infrastructure as key initiatives for improving the cooling of buildings and the public realm as a whole. Finally on the city scale, emphasis was placed on improving citywide communication as well as developing a centralized heat risk master plan that builds off
ESTABLISH COOLED LEISURE SPACES
SUSTAINABLE HOME COOLING INCENTIVES
RAIN BARREL KIT DISTRIBUTION
COOL ROOFS AND MATERIALS WHERE APPLICABLE
COMMUNITY ENGAGAMENT
NEIGHBORHOOD -WIDE PILOTS
CITY-WIDE HEAT RISK MASTERPLAN
MASTERPLAN IMPLEMENTATION
of the city’s variety of green infrastructure and stormwater mitigation programs.
INCENTIVES FOR BLUE/ GREEN SITE INFRASTRUCTURE & STORMWATER REUSE
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COPENHAGEN URBAN LAB 2019
UNDERSTANDING UTCI The Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) is specifically developed to gauge outdoor thermal environment considering the interaction of weather parameters on the human physiological state. The metric is in terms of an equivalent “felt temperature,” which is more appropriate in assessing thermal comfort and how humans responds to heat.
Cool Spot 70% of the time in the “Thermal Comfort Zone”
Hot Spot 36% of the time in the “Thermal Comfort Zone” 20
Simulations made on the model of Vesterbro and Inner Frederiksberg using data from the 2018 Heat Wave reveal the several hot spots that registered Strong to Extreme heat stress based on the UTCI scale (from 32C to above 46C). Areas such as the railway corridor and the Meatpacking District are markedly hot and uncomfortable.
Percentage of Time in “Thermal Comfort Zone”
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
VESTERBRO & INNER FREDERIKSBERG UHI ON SITE The target for the CUL team is to improve comfort levels in the identified hot spots, as well as maintain or replicate the cool spots throughout the area. This means more spots should be at least 50%-70% of the time within the “Thermal Comfort Zone,� that is 18C to 26C as per UTCI scale.
Conscious of this thermal comfort map, the team chose and investigated the key spots where interventions are deemed necessary and would potentially have better impact. Further site analysis was done, overlaying other existing maps to finally pinpoint the pilot sites for the workshop.
Heat Wave Daily Maximum Average
18 to 26 C
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COPENHAGEN URBAN LAB 2019
URBAN HEAT MITIGATION MASTERPLAN
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
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COPENHAGEN URBAN LAB 2019
SITE ANALYSIS The study site lies at the very heart of where Frederiksberg Municipality meets Copenhagen Municipality and Vesterbro, providing the opportunity to blur municipality-borders and converge on strategies to combat urban heat. The part of Frederiksberg that lies within the site is best known for its grand, historic villas on private, secluded streets, whereas the Vesterbro part of the site houses thousands of families in brick wall apartments on busy, narrow streets, often bustling with life. The Meatpacking District, Kødbyen, holds its very own and unique identity as an industrial area turned creative and hip. The site is dotted with greenery; the private gardens of Frederiksberg’s villas and Vesterbro’s courtyards as well as some key public neighbourhood parks like Skydebanehaven, Saxo Park, and Sønder Boulevard. Sankt Jørgens Sø is the only major waterbody, surrounded by greenery and footpaths.
Two Super Cycle Highways have been identified along Kampmannsgade and HC Ørsteds Vej/Enghavevej which also marks the northern and western site boundary. Three major roads with bike lanes penetrate the site in the East-West direction; Gl Kongevej, Vesterbrogade, and Sønder Boulevard and serves as bike connections between the city centre and Frederiksberg and the outer neighbourhoods. Ingerslevgade/Vester Farimagsgade provide another bike connectivity skirting along the train tracks. In the South the site is marked by Dybbølsgade and in the East, the sunken train tracks. The site has a number of institutions and public facilities such as kindergardens, libraries, schools, and high schools all proven important to the immediate neighbourhood.
LEGEND Greenery, Private (at least 50%) Greenery, Public Greenery, Institutions Water Bodies Institutions (School, Kindergarden, Nursery) Site Boundary Super Cycle Highway Road with bike lane Green bike route
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
PILOT SITES SITE APPROACH DANASVEJ LIBRARY
CENTRAL STATION NILS EBBESEN VEJ URBAN COURTYARD
GASVÆRKSVEJEN SCHOOL
VESTREBRO LIBRARY
SØNDER BOULEVARD MEAT-PACKING DISTRICT
ENGHAVE PLADS
Eight pilot sites within Vesterbro and Inner Frederiksberg have been selected to demonstrate different possible approaches to urban cooling. The pilot sites all have different urban characteristics – ranging from busy boulevards, quiet residential streets, to public
We live in the nursing home in Vesterbro and love going outside for walks in the warmer months. Lately, we realize when we go for walks it’s sometimes too hot in the sun.
institutions or commercial centres. This selection of sites aims to showcase how the different cooling tools can be applied in various urban contexts. Additonally, to show how the residents use the sites, the below user profiles were developed.
As a family with a new addition, we are taking our baby Wolfie and a stroller everywhere, which has made walking around in the summer heat far more difficult. We are best friends. We love spending time outside in our neighborhood of Vesterbro, but recently some days are just too hot to play outside.
I live in Vesterbro and cycle everywhere. Recently, summer days are so hot I’m sweaty by the time I get to work and parking my bike outside my favorite bars is a nightmare.
ULLA & GORM
MUHAMMAD & SELMA
STINUS, ANDERS & THEIR SON
73 & 72 YEARS OLD
14 & 10 YEARS OLD
LOVE BEING OUT & ABOUT
SVERRE 26 ADULT BICYCLIST
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COPENHAGEN URBAN LAB 2019
MEATPACKING DISTRICT VISION As a profitable, commercial center, Copenhagen’s Meatpacking District needs a plan for cooling that also addresses the low elevation and cloudburst management, without impeding its existing post-industrial fabric or cap on toxic soils.
ACTIVITY CENTER ISSUES • Much of the area is protected • The site below is brownfield/toxic • As a commercial center, parking and bike parking is needed • In addition to being a hot spot, it is a low-lying area
COOLING SOLUTIONS UN-HEAT-PACKING THE MEATPACKING For areas with fewer building protections, strategies like blue green roofs should be applied with incentive for retaining and reusing stormwater, applicable to other private sites and businesses with resources. Deployable shade structures through poles façade shading prevent some of the high heat retention in the area. For blacktop areas used for seating and parking, movable raised garden beds cool the spaces, provide shade and seating, and alleviate some issues with stormwater.
Co-benefits
Created by Gan Khoon Lay from the Noun Project
Conditions of the site today
Felt temperature: 10th july – 9th august
INCENTIVE FOR STORMATER MANAGEMENT
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Wind environment: 10th July – 9th August
100 years rain MULTI-PURPOSE STANCHION
Topography (Metres above mean sea level)
COOL ROOFS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
I bike to the Meatpacking to meet friends everyday after work. Being able to find bike parking in the shade is great for the heat and if it rains! SVERRE 26 ADULT BICYCLIST
MOVEABLE GARDEN BEDS WITH TREES
SHADE STRUCTURE
RAISED MOVEABLE GARDEN BEDS
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COPENHAGEN URBAN LAB 2019
GASVÆRKSVEJEN SCHOOL VISION Inviting green spaces that invite both passive and active use from a range of users, while also improving thermal comfort through the use of greenwalls, bioswales, and planters. Both young and old Danes will be able to use open schools to encourage physical health and decrease social isolation. Open schools can be an extension of the school by incorporating urban agriculture.
PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS ISSUES • Lack of intergenerational spaces, lack of signage/sense of arrival to school yard Cloudbrst challenges /high flood risk
Co-benefits
Created by Gan Khoon Lay from the Noun Project
Conditions of the site today
Felt temperature: 10th july – 9th august
Wind environment: 10th July – 9th August
100 years rain
Green alley connecting school to the greater neighborhood Shared urban garden connecting students RAIN BARREL with residents in nearby nursing homes
MULTI-PURPOSE STANCHION
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Topography (Metres above mean sea level)
Interventions can be used as educational tools to introduce students to concepts around biodiversity
BIOSWALE
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The school yard is a whimsic al place for Wolf ie to hop around . Th e o ptio n s fo r seating a n d o bser ving pla nt life a re g reat fo r u s , too. Af te r pushing a strolle r around on a hot day, this is the p e r fe ct spot to take a break .
STINUS, ANDERS & THEIR SON LOVE BEING OUT & ABOUT Shared green path between the school and the residents
GREEN WALL
The school yard invites play and movement, while being unprogrammed and flexible
Green alley brings down barriers between the school and the city
Graffiti on the school facade strengthens its identity in the neighborhood
The bioswale creates an enjoyable microclimate and invites to walk
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COPENHAGEN URBAN LAB 2019
VESTERBRO LIBRARY VISION The library is not just a place to check out books, it is a social infrastructure that is accessible to Danes of all backgrounds and can be a space for social cohesion. Libraries can also be a place of information sharing on climate risks, from bulletins on thermal comfort, to providing classes on how to incorporate green infrastrure in your homes, libraries can be a one-stop shop. Besides providing climate education resources, libraries can also be a physical asset, serving as cooled leisure spaces for vulnerable populations that do not have adequate ventilation in their homes.
Co-benefits
LIBRARIES ISSUES • Libraries are not just about checking out books. Civic spaces have to evolve to meet the diversity of needs of residents or else run the risk of losing patrons.
The librarian was so helpf ul! H e provided some materials on what to do in the heat wave, and even had a brochure about a government sponsored rebate program for installing heat-smar t materials in our home.
Created by Gan Khoon Lay from the Noun Project
COOLED LEISURE SPACES
ULLA & GORM 73 & 72 YEARS OLD The green wall not only cools down the area around, it also lends it a new character
COMMUICATION CAMPAIGN
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Using colors in the library facade and upgrading the entrance attracts more people to the building
RAISED GARDEN BEDS COOL ROOFS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
VESTERBROGADE & SØNDER BOULEVARD VISION A street that offers pockets of Thermal Comfort Zones spread throughout its length and resilient despite increasing temperatures • Inclusive • Active • Blue-Green integrated • Reduced sun exposure of materials • Increased Sky View Factor (ability to release long-wave radiation back to the sky) • Permanently temporary shading devices • Streets with Sense of Place • Community integrator • Road dyed where applicable • Raised Bed • More spaces allotted for temporary plants and shading in the summer • Cool zones no more than 200 m apart • Within UTCI 18-26C Comfort Range at least 50% of the time (at least 70% 0f the time for cycling area)
TRANSPORT CORRIDOR ISSUES • Little or no vegetation • Many surfaces absorbing heat • Very hot to cycle or walk through on warm days
Conditions of the site today
Felt temperature: 10th july – 9th august
Wind environment: 10th July – 9th August
Co-benefits
Created by Gan Khoon Lay from the Noun Project
100 years rain
Topography (Metres above mean sea level)
MOVEABLE PLANTERS
PERMEABLE PAVEMENT
SHADING CANOPIES
INTERSECTION SHADING DEVICES
DRINKING FOUNTAINS STREET TREES
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COPENHAGEN URBAN LAB 2019
NILS EBBESSENS VEJ (UPPER SECTION) VISION To maximize the co-benefits of water retention, the upper street section focuses on installing green infrastructure, such as permeable vegetated pavements, wild flower beds, as well as planting more street trees and replacing car park slots with movable planters during the summer.
RESIDENTIAL STREET ISSUES • Car parking • Protected/private buildings • Limited space for trees • Underground utility
Co-benefits
Conditions of the site today
Felt temperature: 10th july – 9th august
Wind environment: 10th July – 9th August
100 years rain
Topography (Metres above mean sea level)
MOVABLE PLANTERS
STREET TREES
PERMEABLE VEGETATED PAVEMENT
WILD FLOWER BED 32
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
NIELS EBBESSENS VEJ (LOWER SECTION) VISION The buildings of the lower street section will undergo some retrofitting to improve indoor thermal comfort. With green/cool roof incentive programmes, as well as signage and communications flyers, residents are encouraged to take initiative to cool their homes. At the end of the street, installing some shaded cycling area as well as drinking fountains improves the cycling experience.
Co-benefits
Created by Gan Khoon Lay from the Noun Project
MUHAMMAD & SELMA 12 & 10 YEARS OLD
“O ur stre et looks so much gre e ne r now, and we c an play out side in the shade . The parklet s are f un to climb around on , and we love colle cting bugs in the wild f lowe r f ield ”
CYCLING SHADING
GREEN FACADES
DRINKING FOUNTAINS
SHUTTERS CEILING FAN
COOL ROOF
SIGNAGE 33
COPENHAGEN URBAN LAB 2019
THE FUTURE VESTERBRO
GREEN WALL
BIOSWALE
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
MOVEABLE GARDEN BEDS WITH TREES
RAISED MOVEABLE GARDEN BEDS
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COPENHAGEN URBAN LAB 2019
CONCLUSION WHAT WE LEARNED Strategies to deal with the Urban Heat Island Effect are not universal and need to be adapted to local conditions. While Copenhagen is known as a cold Nordic city, where the residents enjoy the rare moments of sun and warmth - though those rare moments are increasingly on the rise both as a result of rapid urbanisation and global warming. Architecture and urban design in Copenhagen has always tried to increase sun exposure both in open spaces and in the buildings. This wide liking of the sunshine and warmth and its rarity is a very important factor that should be taken into consideration, when it comes to designing solutions for the Urban Heat Island Effect issue. These solutions in Copenhagen need to be designed according to the Copenhageners’ thermal comfort range and take into account that outside the heat wave events, Copenhagenares would prefer to enjoy the sun and its warmth and be exposed to it. That is the reason why our toolbox has focused mainly on improving the overall thermal comfort and increasing the duration of time city dwellers can be outdoors. It has also been important for us to leverage the existing municipal programs and policies to develop strategies with multiple co-benefits, not just from an infrastructure planning perspective, but also from a livability and public health perspective.
Furthermore, we have been extremely aware of a need to work on a multi-layered strategy that includes both bottom-up and top-down solutions. Our toolbox contains both solutions that focus on increasing awareness about the Urban Heat Island Effect amongst Copenhageners, as well as those that focus on physical upgrade of the buildings and urban spaces. We have also proposed both permanent and temporary solutions. It is only through combining these different efforts into a holistic strategy that the Urban Heat Island Effect could be tackled effectively. In the end we would like to thank everyone who has been involved in organising Copenhagen Urban Lab 2019. We have all gained valuable experiences, new partnerships, and learned important lessons about coastal adaptation and human-centred urban design. We hope that this executive summary gives an overview of our process, learnings and outcomes as part of the Copenhagen Urban Lab. We hope that our toolkit can help Copenhagen and Frederiksberg Municipality in their efforts towards addressing the Urban Heat Island Effect Issues.
Sincerely, The 2019 Copenhagen Urban Lab Team
We would to give a special thank you to the following people: Lykke Leonardsen, City of Copenhagen
Trine Stausgaard Munk, Rambøll
Kristian Pagh Nielsen, Danish Meteorological Institute
Julie Wolfsberg Oscilowski, City of Copenhagen
Rasmus Borgstrøm, DHI GRASS
Jan Rasmussen, City of Copenhagen
Jens Christian Bennetsen, Rambøll
Karsten Klintø, Frederiksberg Municipality
Zhaowu Yu, University of Copenhagen
Gitte Skarsholm, Kennteh Balfelt Team
Anna Lund, Gottlieb Paludan Architects
Rebecca Rutt, University of Copenhagen
Micki Aaen Petersen, Henning Larsen Architects
Charlotte Bjørn Hansen, Rambøll
Jens Chr. Bennetsen, Rambøll
Jes Clausson Kaas, HOFOR
Stefano Capra, Rambøll
Magnus Qvant, Nordic Resilience institute
Marianne Skov, Rambøll
Silvia Haslinger Olsson, Nordic Resilience institute
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
photo by Ramboll Copenhagen Urban Lab 2019 team
photo by Ramboll Copenhagen Urban Lab 2019 final presentation
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COPENHAGEN URBAN LAB 2019
“Extreme heat is one of the world’s greatest climate threats, but is often overlooked. Successfully mitigating against extreme heat requires innovative solutions that range from the human scale, to the neighborhood scale and the city scale. The Copenhagen Urban Lab brought together mutli-disciplinary professionals that developed strategies to address all the facets of extreme heat while also leveraging co-benefits that address multiple climate threats.“ - Daphne Lundi
CONTACT
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Jens Chr. Bennetsen Project Director
Trine Stausgaard Munk Head of Resilience
jtb@ramboll.dk
trsv@ramboll.dk