Sc hoolofAr c hi t e c t ur e ,Bui l di nga ndDe s i gn Ba c he l orofSc i e nc e( Hons )i nAr c hi t e c t ur e
Bui l di ngSc i e nc eI I Pr oj e c t1 Li ght i nga ndAc ous t i cPe r f or ma nc e Eva l ua t i ona ndDe s i gn Tut or:Mr .Ri z a l Ta nHs ua nLi n Si mJ i aHui NgYuhe ng OngKe rSi n Ta nChi e wNe e
0318975 0320386 0315476 0321719 0303531
PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN
Content Page 1.0 Introduction
3
1.1 Issues and Limitation
4
2.0 Aim and Objective
4
3.0 Technical Drawings & Zoning
5-6
4.0 Lighting 4.1 Precedent Study
7 - 12
4.2 Research Methodology 4.2.1
Site condition
13 - 16
4.2.2
Measuring device
17 - 18
4.2.3
Data collection method
19 - 20
4.2.4
Lighting standard MS1525 Lux recommendation
21
4.2.5
Lighting analysis calculation method
22 - 24
4.3 Data Collection 4.3.1
Tabulation of data
25 - 30
4.3.2
Material reflectance values
31 - 41
4.3.3
Light fixtures and specifications
42 - 52
4.4 Calculation and Analysis 4.4.1
Daylight factor analysis
53 - 56
4.4.2
Sun path diagrams
57 - 60
4.4.3
Light contour diagrams
61 - 62
4.4.4
Light diagrammatic analysis
63 - 68
4.4.5
Luminance level and room index calculation
69 - 80
4.5 Conclusion and Recommendation
81 - 82
5.0 Acoustic 5.1 Precedent Study
83 - 85
5.2 Research Methodology 5.2.1
Site condition
86
5.2.2
Measuring device
87 - 88
5.2.3
Data collection method
88 - 89
5.2.4
Acoustic analysis calculation method
90 - 91
5.3 Data Collection 5.3.1
Tabulation of data
92 - 95
5.3.2
Material absorption coefficient
96 - 109
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Identification of existing acoustic/sound sources
110 - 119
5.4 Calculation and Analysis 5.4.1
Acoustic ray bouncing diagrams
120 - 127
5.4.2
Sound pressure level (SPL)
128 - 137
5.4.3
Sound reduction index (SRI)
138 - 141
5.4.4
Reverberation time (RT)
142 - 164
5.5 Conclusion and Recommendation
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1.0 Introduction
Figure 1.1 Interior view of WhupWhup cafe during the night.
Case study location
: WhupWhup cafĂŠ, SS15.
Spaces selected
: Event space, Dining area (outdoor & indoor), VIP zone, Bar & reception
Both lighting and acoustic are prominent elements in which affects the experience of the spaces in terms of visual and acoustic comfort. With optimum lighting, it involves optimal levels of both artificial and natural lighting to acquire desired level of visual comfort and visibility. Then, optimal acoustic levels involves providing favorable acoustic comfort by both isolating and containing undesirable and desired noises within its space respectively. Excessive noise pollution caused by poor interior acoustics is considered to be a disturbance for the interior ambience. With both said elements combined, the feasibility of the interior is determined. Therefore, in a group of six, we have chosen Whup Whup Restaurant and CafĂŠ in SS13, Subang Jaya as our case study to investigate the lighting and acoustic levels of the said case study and proceed with the analysis of its feasibility according to the Malaysian Standard requirements. Several visits were conducted to acquire readings ranging from different times and lighting levels with the aid of designated electronic measuring equipment, measured drawings of the case study building and photographs for referencing purposes were also taken with permission. The information collected are to be analyzed and calculated then documented into a report format. ARC 3413 BUILDING SCIENCE II
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1.1 Site Issues and Limitation The site we have selected to carry out the acoustic and lighting system analysis is WhupWhup café which is located at SS15. The initial function of the café was environment of the café is mostly occupied by light duty factories like packaging factory as they might be potential sources of noises contributing to the café. Besides, the café was transformed directly from a factory as minimal renovation and changes were done hence the lower performance of the acoustic system. The original materials and design of the factory are remained and that makes it slightly different from the convention cafés or restaurants hence the measure on the acoustic and lighting level would be different too. A conventional factory has minimal usage of windows and openings as it leads to lighting issues where the interior of the café mostly relies on the skylight from the ceiling hence artificial lighting is very much needed.
2.0 Aim and Objectives The aim and objectives are as followings: To understand the day-lighting, artificial lighting and acoustic characteristics To determine the characteristics and function of day-lighting & artificial lighting within the intended space To critically report and analyse the space and suggest ways to improve the lighting and acoustic qualities within the space To be able to produce a documentation report based on the analysis of the relation between lighting and acoustic and the space By observing and analyzing the types of lighting and acoustic design used in Whup Whup Restaurant & Café, we aim to have a better understanding on the characteristics of a space and how it informs different design approach for lighting and acoustic whilst how different types of lighting and acoustics design and applications influence the working efficiency and user experience of a space, as well as suggesting solutions to improve the lighting and acoustics qualities in the case study.
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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN
3.0 Technical Drawings & Zoning
Figure 3.1 Ground floor plan above shows the layout planning of WhupWhup café.
Figure 3.2 The ground floor plan above shows the zoning of the spaces based on the activities carried out in each zone.
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Figure 3.3 Section Y
Figure 3.4 Section X
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CHAPTER4 LI GHTI NG
PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN
4.1 Precedent Studies 4.1.1 Site Introduction Lighting Case Study Café Giacometti The café is at the first floor of SG building, which is located in the campus of Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Switzerland. It is a café surrounded by the classroom with operating hours from 8a.m. to 4p.m. or 6p.m. on the part of the year. This building has 83 seats in the café with varying lighting conditions. Both direct and indirect lightings are observed. It is frequently occupied by the staffs, lecturers and students for coffee break, socializing or relaxing. `
Figure 4.1.1.1 Interior space of Giacometti Café EPFL.
Figure 4.1.1.2 Interior corner of Giacometti Cafe EPFL.
Figure 4.1.1.3 Site plan off Cafe Giacometti EPFL.
From Figure 4.1.1.3 , the red arrow is the opening of the café .We can see that the east façade of the café is facing to the courtyard and outdoor seating and it allows receiving ideal amount of natural light which helps in energy saving. ARC 3413 BUILDING SCIENCE II
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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Objectives: To test the concept of distinct light syntax zones and develop a workflow for identifying those zones To propose a novel model for understanding occupancy and seat choice in day lit public spaces. Decision criteria: We have chosen Giacometti Café EPFL as our precedent study are due to the following reasons: Daylight dominates the space and has its impacts on the interior artificial lighting fixture application. Similar building typology (restaurant, café), similar activities are involved. Similar occupancy level of people in the operating hours. A variety of spatial conditions, both open and secluded. To sum up, Giacometti Café EPFL and our selected case study, Whup Whup share in commons in some aspects which we can study further about it.
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4.1.2 Light Syntax Zone Lighting Contour Study
Figure 2.1.2.1 Average simulated Illuminance of month May and June. Light contour between hours 8am to 12 pm, 12pm to 4pm and 4pm to 8pm.
Throughout the day, the maximum and minimum luminance varies in the central part of the cafĂŠ and the small secluded of area at the southwest corner. Morning
: Area closest to the eastern glazing peaks at almost 3000 lux and drops out to about 1000 lux near to the counter. In contrast to the unshaded window results in 7000 lux though near to the wall drops to about 500 lux.
Afternoon
: Central area get close to 2000 lux but the secluded window area still achieve 6500 lux.
Evening
: Central area get close to 800 lux while the secluded southwest area still achieve 1500 lux comparably higher than central area.
Although there is a wide range of illuminance values from 8am to 8pm, the illuminance overall changing pattern is still similar to each other. Based on the graphs, window zone both shaded and unshaded condition seems logically to extend around one meter from the window. This inflection point are drawn in red line in the diagram.
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Figure 4.1.2.2 Rate of change in illuminance as distance from the window increases for A. 8 AM to 12 PM.
Figure 4.1.2.2 has shown the increased distance from window to testify the inflection point in the graph. In this case study, the change of gradient is used rather than the illuminance to define light syntax zones. The reason is that it allows different part of the day to be compared and light is perceived relatively rather than absolutely.
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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Hybrid Light Syntax Zone The zoning of Giacometti Café EPFL is based on the observation of the physical connectivity and visual integrity in open floor plan design.
Figure 4.1.2.3 Physical connectivity within the space.
Figure 4.1.2.4 Visual Integration, radius. Separated zone are outlined.
From Figure 4.1.2.3, the physical connectivity was accessed first with the furniture in plan. We can identify the zone next to counter have a higher physical connectivity than the rest of the café. Figure 4.1.2.4 has shown that the south-western seats and the eastern seats along the glazing have the similar value with the physical connectivity in which both are lesser than the south-eastern corner. The visual integration is allowed to divide the space into three spatial rectangles. From the portion, three spatial zones including the secluded area, open area and the junction area.
Figure 4.1.2.5 Further zoning of the cafe.
And to further zoning the café, the stage of theoretical division is done according to the gradually change of shading area from time to time in a day. Six zones are identified in Figure 4.1.2.5 which include central/open, central/secluded, unshaded/secluded, central/junction and shaded. The diagrams showing the change of shading area in the morning, afternoon and evening session are shown in the figure above.
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4.1.3 Results and Discussion In most day lit multifunctional spaces, level between 75 lux to 300 lux is recommended for interior spaces, depending on the activities involved there. The activities performed in Giacometti café are presumed as reading, dining and etc. The direct light from horizontal surface might cause in visual discomfort due to the high ratio of contrast but visual comfort is difficult to be accessed in such fluid environment. In this case study, daylight became the cause of veiling glare on devices with screens. It became one of the consideration basis that occupants choosing their seats in the café. The occupancy rate is calculated with the formula, ORtot = total of 5 minute time step occupied during the observation and the results are shown below. Occupancy Level
Figure 4.1.3.1 Occupancy (ORtot) heat map for A. morning observation block B. midday observation block
Through the observation on the occupancy level on each seating areas, different seating area is preferred during different period of time in a day. The occupancy level is higher on diffuse light condition days and it is probably due to the weather condition. There is difference between the occupancy patterns between light conditions. It is not because of the welldefined zone to motivate occupants to choose the window seats but because of the higher density of occupancy forcing the occupants to choose the less desirable seating area, for instance the aisle seat.
4.1.4 Conclusion To conclude, the methods that they used to identify the space by the visual integrity to investigate the occupancy level in different part of the café is quite useful. The impact of outdoor lighting has its significant effects on the occupancy level of the cafe. Besides, from the results of occupancy level cannot be the certainty to represent that the lighting issue as only basis on the choice of seating, the capacity of seating and density of people are taken consideration. Similar to our selection of site, the daylight is overlapping the most of the area of the cafe. Hence, the multi aspects of consideration and elaboration in this precedent study is helpful when we do our case study in the selection site, Whup Whup café.
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4.2 Methodology 4.2.1 Site Condition Site Orientation
Figure 4.2.1.1 Site plan showing the location of Whup Whup.
Whup Whup Café is orientated in north-south. Its east and west façades do not receive the incident sunlight that has been blocked by the walls, but the skylights on the roof allowing the penetration of the sun into the building. Thus, most area in Whup Whup is lit up by the daylight during day time and whereas some arctificial lights are needed for some spaces when the natural daylight cannot reach. Site Analysis
Figure 4.2.1.2 Interior view of dining zone.
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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN During daytime, daylight that penetrates through the skylights on the roof will brighten up the area. When the dark falls, the fairy lights are on to lit up the spaces inside. The height of the light is more than 5 meters, as a result, it is insufficient in the amount of light deliver to the occupants.
Figure 4.2.1.3 Perspective view of VIP zone.
VIP zone under the mezzanine floor is unreachable by the natural light and it is lit up by the yellowish compact fluorescent lights. The height of the lighting fixture from the ground is around 2.67 meter. However, the readings show that it is still insufficient in the lighting and the dark corner has underlying threats for mosquitoes to affect the user comfort.
Figure 4.2.1.4 Zone 4 Bar and reception.
Bar and Reception that is located under mezzanine floor is lit up by the yellowish luminance. The activities involved such as brewing coffee and preparing pastries required certain quality of light. The issue here is the lux degree also under the benchmark given.
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Figure 4.2.1.5 Another part of event space facilitate with piano.
Figure 4.2.1.6 Part of the Event space.
The event space is basically not in use thus it is comparably dimmer to the rest of the space. Only when the events are holding, it will be lit up by the wall lights and fairy lights on the ceiling but it is still considered as dim as compared with the standard illuminance level.
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Figure 4.2.1.7 Outdoor dining area.
Outdoor dining area is fully lit by the day lighting during daytime. When the night falls, the ceiling suspended lights will be turned on to increase the illuminance level within this area. Usually the customers will not be having their meals over here, the customers will be waiting here to be served instead.
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4.2.2 Measuring Device Digital Lux Meter
Figure 3 Lectron Electronic, LX 101Digital Lux Meter. (Source: Google)
Features Sensor used the exclusive photo diode and multicolor, correction filter, spectrum to meet C.I.E standard. Sensor COS correction factor meet standard Separate light sensor allow user to take measurements of an optimum position. Precise and easy readout ,wide range High accuracy in measuring General Specifications Display Ranges
Zero Adjustment Over-input
Sampling time Sensor Structure Operating Temperature
LCD display can clearly read out even of high ambient light. LCD display provide low energy consumption Built in low battery indicator Compact, lightweight and excellent operation LSI-Circuit provides high durability and reliability
13mm (0.5 ) LCD 0-50,000 lux (3 ranges)
Operating Humidity
Internal Adjustment
Power Consumption Dimension
Power Supply
0.4 seconds Weight The exclusive diode and Accessories Included color correction filter 0 50 Celsius degree
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Less than 80% R.H. DC 9V 0.006P, MN1604(PP3) or equivalent. Approx. DC 2mA Main Instrument 108*73*23 mm Sensor 82*55*7 mm 160g with battery Instruction Manual 1 pc Carrying case 1 pc
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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN
Electronic Specifications
Notes
Range
Resolution
Accuracy
2,000 lux
1 lux
±
5%+2d
20,000 lux
10 lux
±
5%+2d
50,000 lux
100 lux
±
5%+2d
Accuracy tested by a standard parallel light tungsten lap o 2856k temperature.
Digital Single Lens Reflex (DSLR)
Figure 4.2.2.2 DSLR-Canon D1000. (Source: Google)
Camera is used to document the site condition, the materials of the furniture and finishes for our convenient to trace back. It also helps us to record the occupancy level during the particular period. Measuring tape
Figure 4.2.2.3 Measuring tape (Source: Google)
Measuring tape is used to determine the grid of 1.5 meter and also the height in 1 meter and 1.5 meter while measuring the lux degree in different position. We also used to measure the dimensions of the
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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Site visit We have made few site visits in order to get sufficient data for later analysis. Also, at the first site visit we have had a short discussion with the person in charge to understand the peak and non-peak hours so that we are manage to get the desirable data for better analysis.
4.2.3 Data Collection Method Gridlines Gridlines are aligned along x-axis and y-axis, plotted with the spacing of 1.5m in aiding the data collection at the following steps. Zoning At the ground floor of Whup Whup CafĂŠ, we have covered the area of free access dining, reserve seating (VIP zone), outdoor dining, bar and reception and the event space. The zoning is done based on the function of the area and is used for further analysis via data collection.
Figure 4.2.3.1 Plotted ground floor plan with zonings.
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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Data Collection Position
Figure 4.2.3.2 Data collecting position.
Left: Sitting position in 1m height
Right: Standing position in 1.5m height
Two different positions are identified for further analysis. The first one is the eye level on the sitting position to examine the effects of the lighting for the activities (e.g. dining). The second one is the eye level on the standing position to examine the illuminance level under the lighting condition. These positions are used to collect illuminance value using the lux meter, with these data, further analysis is carried out to examine if the illuminance level of the space is sufficient or not.
Data Collection Procedure 6.0 Made appointment with the cafĂŠ owner for data collection in different timing (peak/ non-peak hour). 7.0 Plotted the gridlines on the floor plan. 8.0 Recorded lux meter reading at each intersection point at 1m and 1.5m respectively. 9.0 Repeated previous steps during different timings (peak/ non-peak hour). 10.0Tabulated the collected data zone by zone. 11.0Studied about the building orientation, sun path diagram and lighting contour diagrams. 12.0Analyzed the data through specific calculations such as Daylight Factor, Lumen Method and Room index. (The lighting quality are justified based on the Malaysia Standard 1525 and UBBL). 13.0Recommended the spacing of the luminaries based on the results of the analysis.
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4.2.4 Lighting Standard MS 1525 Lux Recommendation Lighting Standard MS 1525:2007
Table 4.2.4.1 Recommended room illumination level based on different standards
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4.2.5 Lighting Analysis Calculation Method Daylight Factor and Distribution It is a ratio that represents the amount of illumination available indoors relative to the illumination present outdoors at the same time under overcast skies. Daylight factor is normally used to achieve the internal natural lighting levels as perceived on a plane or surface. Besides, to determine the sufficiency of natural lighting for the users in a particular spaces to perform their activities. It is known as the ratio of internal light level to external light level, as shown below: Daylight Factor: Indoor Illuminance, Ei Outdoor Illuminance, Eo
Where, Ei
= Illuminance due to daylight at a point on the indoor working planes,
Eo
= Simultaneous outdoor illuminance on a horizontal plane from an unobstructed hemisphere of overcast sky.
Zone Very bright Bright Average Dark
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DF (%) >6 3-6 1-3 0-1
Distribution Large (involved thermal and glare problem) Good Fair Poor
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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Lumen Method Lumen method is used to calculate the light level in a room. It is a series of calculation that uses horizontal luminance criteria to establish a uniform luminaire layout in a space. It can be calculated by dividing the total number of lumens available in a space by the area of the space. The calculation is below:
Where, E
= Average illuminance to cover the space
n
= Number of lamps of each luminaire
N
= Number of luminance
F
= Lighting design lumens per lamp, i.e. Initial bare lamp luminous
UF
= Utilization factor for the horizontal working plane
LLF
= Light loss factor
A
= Area of the horizontal working plane
Lumen method can be also calculated and used to determine the number of lights should be installed on the site. To know the number of lamps, calculation of total luminance of the space need to be done based on the number of fixtures and examine the sufficiency of light fixtures on that particular space.
Where, N
= Number of lamps required
E
= Illuminance level required (Lux)
A
= Area at working plane height (
F
= Average luminous flux from each lamp (lm)
UF
= Utilization factor, an allowance for light distribution of the luminaire and the room surfaces
MF
= Maintenance factor, an allowance for reduced light output because of deterioration and dirt
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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Room Index Room Index, RI, is the ratio of room plan area to half wall area between the working and luminaire planes, Which can be calculated by:
Where, L
= Length of room
W
= Width of room
Hm
= Mounting height, the vertical distance between the working plane and the luminaire.
Light Loss Factor Light loss factor is need to be considered when calculate Lumen Method. It is allowing forecasting the performance of the system over a given lifetime to meet the minimum light standards it helps minimize the reliability of system has been planned and designed for future operation. The calculation for light loss factor is as below:
Where, LLD
= Lamp lumen depreciation
LDD
= Luminaire dirt depreciation
ATF
=Ambient temperature effects
HE
=Heat extraction
VE
= Voltage effects
BF
= Driver and lamps factors
CD
= Component depreciation
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4.3 Data Collection 4.3.1 Tabulation & Interpretation of Data
Figure 4.3.1.3 Site zoning between spaces.
Daytime 11.30AM - 1PM (Peak hour)
Night time 5.30PM - 7PM (Non-peak hour)
Zoning of Space
Grid
Lux (1m)
Lux (1.5m)
Lux (1m)
Lux (1.5m)
Zone 1:
A1
45
58
40
56
Event space
A2
50
50
30
30
A3
60
60
10
35
A4
70
70
12
10
A5
60
70
9
9
A6
50
55
7
8
A7
40
45
5
6
B1
160
170
43
56
B2
75
80
14
22
B3
100
110
13
13
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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN B4
150
150
8
11
B5
140
160
10
10
B6
110
115
9
9
B7
80
80
8
8
C1
380
390
10
16
C2
400
410
17
17
C3
450
450
14
16
C4
340
370
13
13
C5
230
250
10
11
C6
130
135
10
11
C7
100
110
9
11
Zone 2:
D1
550
560
11
12
Dining area
D2
570
730
18
20
D3
580
590
17
17
D4
370
390
16
17
D5
270
280
13
14
D6
130
150
12
13
D7
120
120
11
12
E1
1050
1330
32
68
E2
1050
1330
32
32
E3
750
960
30
31
E4
570
570
28
32
E5
280
300
27
30
E6
180
200
26
29
E7
90
100
24
27
F1
1250
1300
210
250
F2
1200
1200
45
55
F3
870
880
38
39
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F4
550
570
35
38
F5
330
330
33
36
F6
200
235
29
36
F7
120
120
23
28
G1
1200
1400
26
48
G2
1500
1770
36
38
G3
690
800
33
38
G4
320
340
29
36
G5
200
225
25
33
G6
120
130
24
30
G7
80
120
20
25
H1
1300
1400
36
65
H2
700
1300
2
32
H3
660
800
28
34
H4
550
570
25
33
H5
300
310
23
31
H6
200
220
23
28
H7
140
140
21
25
I1
400
450
16
20
I2
490
520
22
25
I3
490
500
21
25
I4
330
360
23
25
I5
250
280
19
26
I6
130
200
24
27
I7
110
130
24
26
J1
150
200
16
18
J2
200
240
20
25
J3
40
60
15
26
27
PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN J4
40
50
16
24
J5
70
85
26
32
J6
80
140
25
27
J7
100
100
28
29
Zone 3:
D8
90
90
13
15
VIP zone
D9
30
40
11
11
D10
20
30
10
10
E8
50
70
16
17
E9
80
80
20
20
E10
60
80
15
18
F8
70
100
22
23
F9
40
40
18
18
F10
30
40
15
18
G8
70
80
21
23
G9
40
60
15
18
G10
50
80
17
23
H8
100
110
16
18
H9
40
60
11
13
H10
60
80
13
15
I8
80
110
27
28
I9
60
80
14
20
I10
45
55
22
28
J5
70
85
26
32
Zone 4:
J6
80
140
25
27
Bar & Reception
J7
100
100
28
29
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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN J8
80
80
26
29
J9
60
60
40
48
J10
80
80
48
49
K5
80
160
31
32
K6
80
160
27
29
K7
120
120
31
31
K8
100
100
28
31
K9
80
80
42
50
K10
90
90
50
51
L5
85
140
22
22
L6
85
145
22
22
L7
110
110
25
27
L8
90
90
52
73
L9
65
65
40
45
L10
85
85
54
60
M5
650
700
8
12
Zone 5:
M6
700
930
8
12
Outdoor Dining
M7
670
800
11
14
M8
140
170
14
17
M9
220
300
15
17
M10
260
280
12
12
M11
380
600
15
18
M12
920
1720
9
13
N5
1000
1050
22
26
N6
1050
2200
22
26
N7
1080
1900
11
14
N8
150
150
13
22
N9
180
180
14
18
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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN N10
220
250
10
13
N11
350
450
10
16
N12
600
700
6
10
Table 4.3.1.1 Tabulation of data.
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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN
4.3.2 Material Reflectance Value measures the amount of visible and usable light that reflects from (or absorbs into) that surface. These reflectance values should be used as guidelines to predict how light or dark a color will appear and so to calculate the number and type of light fixtures needed to provide a certain amount of light for interior spaces. Color White, off-white, light shades of grey, brown, blue Medium green, yellow, brown, grey Dark grey, medium blue Dark blue, green, wood paneling
Reflectance 75% - 90% 30% - 60% 10% - 20% 5% - 10%
Table 4.3.2.1 Reflectance values based on the color of the surface.
The reflectance values of the material in this case study are determined according to the colors of different furnishes for example the ceilings, walls, flooring and tables.
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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN
Figure 4.3.4.1 Location of Zone 1.
Zone 1: Event Space Element
Picture
Material
Color
Ceiling
Corrugated metal roofing sheet
Grey
Wall
Concrete
White
ARC 3413 BUILDING SCIENCE II
Surface Finishes Matte
Reflectance Value (%) 60
Plastered and painted
85
32
PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Concrete
Dark grey
Plastered and painted
10
Door
Galvanized steel
Medium green
Painted matte
45
Tables
Timber
Dark brown
Painted
10
Piano
Timber
Dark brown
Glossy
8
Flooring
Cement screed
Dark grey
Matte
15
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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN
Figure 4.3.2.2 Location of Zone 2.
Zone 2: Dining Area Element
Picture
Material
Color
Ceiling
Corrugated metal roofing sheet
Grey
Wall
Concrete
White
ARC 3413 BUILDING SCIENCE II
Surface Finishes Matte
Reflectance Value (%) 60
Plastered and painted
85
34
PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Door
Galvanized steel
Medium green
Painted matte
45
Tables
Timber
Dark brown
Painted
10
Staircase
Galvanized steel
Light green
Painted matte
60
Flooring
Cement screed
Dark grey
Matte
15
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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN
Figure 4.3.2.3 Location of Zone 3.
Zone 3: VIP Zone Element
Picture
Material
Color
Ceiling
Aluminium false ceiling
Medium green
Wall
Concrete
White
ARC 3413 BUILDING SCIENCE II
Surface Finishes Matte
Reflectance Value (%) 45
Plastered and painted
85
36
PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Concrete
Dark grey
Plastered and painted
10
Timber
Dark brown
Painted
10
Metal
Light green
Matte
60
Post box
Metal
Light grey
Matte
75
Flooring
Cement screed
Dark grey
Matte
15
Tables
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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN
Figure 4.3.2.4 Location of Zone 4.
Zone 4: Bar & Reception Element
Picture
Material
Color
Ceiling
Aluminium false ceiling
Medium green
Wall
Concrete
Dark grey
ARC 3413 BUILDING SCIENCE II
Surface Finishes Matte
Reflectance Value (%) 45
Plastered and painted
10
38
PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Counter tables
Timber
Dark brown
Painted
10
Bar
Laminated plywood with granite counter top
Light grey
Laminate finishing
75
Flooring
Cement screed
Dark grey
Matte
15
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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN
Figure 4.3.2.5 Location of Zone 5.
Zone 5: Outdoor Dining Element
Picture
Material
Color
Ceiling
Corrugated metal roofing sheet
Medium green
Wall
Concrete
White
ARC 3413 BUILDING SCIENCE II
Surface Finishes Matte
Reflectance Value (%) 45
Plastered and painted
85
40
PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Door
Tables
Flooring
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Galvanized steel
Medium green
Painted matte
45
Galvanized steel
Black
Painted matte
5
Timber
Dark brown
Painted
10
Metal
Light green
Matte
60
Cement screed
Dark grey
Matte
15
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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN
4.3.3 Lighting Fixtures and Specification The scientific definition of natural light is any light that comes from the sun and appears in the universe. However, the light that we experience every day is not entirely from the sun. Much of the light that we are experiencing is actually artificial that does not come from the sun. It is man-made lighting that can be turned on and off.
Zone 1: Event Space
Figure 4.3.3.1 Location lighting fixtures in Zone 1.
Legend Image of lighting fixtures
Type of light Type of fixture Type of luminaries Type of artificial light source Number of bulbs
Artificial light Wall mounted light Warm white Spiral Compact Fluorescent Light 2
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Symbol
Power (W) Luminous flux (lm) Color temperature (K) Color rendering index
14 740 2700 81
Average life rate (hours)
6000
42
PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Legend Image of lighting fixtures
Type of lights Type of fixtures Type of luminaries Type of artificial light source Number of bulbs
Symbol
Artificial light Ceiling Fairy Light Warm white Spherical Halogen (Frosted glass) 17
Power (W) Luminous flux (lm) Color temperature (K) Color rendering index Average life rate (hours)
30 415 2800 100 2000
Legend Image of lighting fixtures
Type of lights Type of fixtures Type of luminaries Type of artificial light source Number of bulbs
Artificial light Ceiling Fairy Light Cool white Spherical Halogen (Clear glass) 18
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Symbol
Power (W) Luminous flux (lm) Color temperature (K) Color rendering index Average life rate (hours)
30 415 2900 100 2000
43
PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Zone 2: Dining Area
Figure 4.3.3.2 Location lighting fixtures in Zone 2.
Legend Image of lighting fixtures
Type of light Type of fixture Type of luminaries Type of artificial light source Number of bulbs
Artificial light Wall mounted light Warm white Spiral Compact Fluorescent Light 2
ARC 3413 BUILDING SCIENCE II
Symbol
Power (W) Luminous flux (lm) Color temperature (K) Color rendering index
14 740 2700 81
Average life rate (hours)
6000
44
PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Legend Image of lighting fixtures
Type of lights Type of fixtures Type of luminaries Type of artificial light source Number of bulbs
Symbol
Artificial light Ceiling Fairy Light Warm white Spherical Halogen (Frosted glass) 38
Power (W) Luminous flux (lm) Color temperature (K) Color rendering index Average life rate (hours)
30 415 2800 100 2000
Legend Image of lighting fixtures
Type of lights Type of fixtures Type of luminaries Type of artificial light source Number of bulbs
Artificial light Ceiling Fairy Light Cool white Spherical Halogen (Clear glass) 37
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Symbol
Power (W) Luminous flux (lm) Color temperature (K) Color rendering index Average life rate (hours)
30 415 2900 100 2000
45
PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Legend Image of lighting fixtures
Type of lights Type of fixtures Type of luminaries Type of artificial light source Number of bulbs
Symbol
Artificial light Wall Mounted Light LUMILUX Cool White LUMILUX T8 ES Linear Fluorescent Light 1
Power (W) Luminous flux (lm) Color temperature (K) Color rendering index
16 1100 4000 80
Average life rate (hours)
20000
Legend Image of lighting fixtures
Type of lights Type of fixtures Type of luminaries Type of artificial light source Number of bulbs
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Artificial light Wall Mounted Light Blacklight Blue Black Light Blue T8 Specialty Fluorescent 1
Symbol
Power (W) Luminous flux (lm) Color temperature (K) Color rendering index
16 N/A 12000 95
Average life rate (hours)
7500
46
PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Zone 3: VIP Zone
Figure 4.3.3.3 Location lighting fixtures in Zone 3.
Legend Image of lighting fixtures
Type of light Type of fixture Type of luminaries Type of artificial light source Number of bulbs
Artificial light Ceiling mounted light Warm white Spiral Compact Fluorescent Light 6
ARC 3413 BUILDING SCIENCE II
Symbol
Power (W) Luminous flux (lm) Color temperature (K) Color rendering index
14 740 2700 81
Average life rate (hours)
6000
47
PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Legend Image of lighting fixtures
Type of lights Type of fixtures Type of luminaries Type of artificial light source Number of bulbs
ARC 3413 BUILDING SCIENCE II
Artificial light Wall Mounted Light Blacklight Blue Black Light Blue T8 Specialty Fluorescent 1
Symbol
Power (W) Luminous flux (lm) Color temperature (K) Color rendering index
16 N/A 12000 95
Average life rate (hours)
7500
48
PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Zone 4: Bar & Reception
Figure 4.3.3.4 Location lighting fixtures in Zone 4.
Legend Image of lighting fixtures
Type of light Type of fixture Type of luminaries Type of artificial light source Number of bulbs
Artificial light Ceiling mounted light Warm white Spiral Compact Fluorescent Light 6
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Symbol
Power (W) Luminous flux (lm) Color temperature (K) Color rendering index
14 740 2700 81
Average life rate (hours)
6000
49
PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Legend Image of lighting fixtures
Type of light Type of fixture Type of luminaries Type of artificial light source Number of bulbs
Symbol
Artificial light Suspended light Warm white Standard Incandescent Light 3
Power (W) Luminous flux (lm) Color temperature (K) Color rendering index
40 516 2500 100
Average life rate (hours)
2000
Legend Image of lighting fixtures
Type of light Type of fixture Type of luminaries Type of artificial light source Number of bulbs
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Artificial light Spotlight Warm white LED Spotlight 9
Symbol
Power (W) Luminous flux (lm) Color temperature (K) Color rendering index Average life rate (hours)
6 180 3000 85 25000
50
PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Zone 5: Outdoor Dining
Figure 4.3.3.5 Location lighting fixtures in Zone 5.
Legend Image of lighting fixtures
Type of lights Type of fixtures Type of luminaries Type of artificial light source Number of bulbs
ARC 3413 BUILDING SCIENCE II
Artificial light Ceiling Fairy Light Blue Accent LED Blue Night Light 450
Symbol
Power (W) Luminous flux (lm) Color temperature (K) Color rendering index Average life rate (hours)
1 N/A 5000 80 50000
51
PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Legend Image of lighting fixtures
Type of lights Type of fixtures Type of luminaries Type of artificial light source Number of bulbs
Artificial light Ceiling Suspended Light Warm white Spherical Halogen (Frosted glass) 10
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Symbol
Power (W) Luminous flux (lm) Color temperature (K) Color rendering index
30 415 2800 100
Average life rate (hours)
2000
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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN
4.4 Lighting Calculation and Analysis 4.4.1 Daylight Factor Analysis Daylight factor is defined as the ratio of interior illuminance, E i to available outdoor illuminance, Eo which is the unobstructed horizontal exterior illuminance: DF = Ei (Indoor Illuminance) x 100% Eo (Outdoor Illuminance) Zone Very bright Bright Average Dark
DF (%) >6 3-6 1-3 0-1
Distribution Large(including thermal and glare problem) Good Fair Poor
Table 4.4.1.5 Daylight factors and distribution (Department of standards Malaysia, 2007).
The daylight factor concept is applicable only when the sky illuminance distribution is known or can reasonably be estimated. In this case study, the average outdoor illuminance in Malaysia is assumed according to the standard which is 20000 lux (refer to Table 4.4.1.2). Luminance Level (lux) 120,000 110,000 20,000 1000-2000 400 <200 40 <1
Example Brightest sunlight Bright sunlight Shade illuminated by entire clear blue sky, midday Typical overcast day, midday Sunrise/ sunset on clear day (ambient illumination) Extreme of darkest storm clouds, midday Fully overcast, sunrise/ sunset Extreme of darkest storm cloud, sunrise/ sunset Table 4.4.1.2 Daylight intensity at different condition.
Date 29th September 2016
Time 12pm 1pm
Weather Sunny
Table 4.4.1.3 Date, time and weather condition on the day of investigation.
We have calculated the average interior illuminance in Whup Whup (space by space) through steps below: 1. Data collected at 1.0m is used instead of 1.5m so that the maximum value of the illuminance in the space is being used. (Data collected refer to Table 4.3.1.1) 2. Average interior illuminance in the morning (peak hour) is used to deduct the average interior illuminance at night (non-peak hour) to get the average illuminance from the daylight ONLY. (Artificial lights are turned on only at night). 3. The average interior illuminance we got from step 2 is applied in the formula stated above to get the daylight factor of the respective space.
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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Zone 1: Event Space
Figure 4.4.1.1 Location of Zone 1.
Outdoor Illuminance , Eo (Lux) 20000
Average Lux Reading Daytime Night time (Peak Hour) (Non-peak Hour) 153.33 14.33
Average Indoor Illuminance, Ei (Lux)
Daylight Factor, DF DF= (Ei/ Eo) x 100%
153.33-14.33= 139
(139/ 20000) x 100%= 0.7
Zone 2: Dining Area
Figure 4.4.1.2 Location of Zone 2.
Outdoor Illuminance , Eo (Lux) 20000
Average Lux Reading Daytime Night time (Peak Hour) (Non-peak Hour) 447.35 27.67
ARC 3413 BUILDING SCIENCE II
Average Indoor Illuminance, Ei (Lux)
Daylight Factor, DF DF= (Ei/ Eo) x 100%
447.35-27.67= 419.68
(419.68/ 20000) x 100% = 2
54
PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Zone 3: VIP Zone
Figure 4.4.1.3 Location of Zone 3.
Outdoor Illuminance , Eo (Lux) 20000
Average Lux Reading Daytime Night time (Peak Hour) (Non-peak Hour) 56.39 16.44
Average Indoor Illuminance, Ei (Lux)
Daylight Factor, DF DF= (Ei/ Eo) x 100%
56.39-16.44= 39.95
(39.95/ 20000) x 100% = 0.2
Zone 4: Bar & Reception
Figure 4.4.1.4 Location of Zone 4.
Outdoor Illuminance , Eo (Lux) 20000
Average Lux Reading Daytime (Peak Hour) 85.56
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Night time (Non-peak Hour) 34.28
Average Indoor Illuminance, Ei (Lux)
Daylight Factor, DF DF= (Ei/ Eo) x 100%
85.56-34.28= 51.28
(51.28/ 20000) x 100% = 0.3
55
PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Zone 5: Outdoor Dining
Figure 4.4.1.5 Location of Zone 5.
Outdoor Illuminance , Eo (Lux) 20000
Average Lux Reading Daytime (Peak Hour) 535.63
Zone Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4 Zone 5
Night time (Non-peak Hour) 12.50 DF (%) 0.7 2 0.2 0.3 3
Average Indoor Illuminance, Ei (Lux)
Daylight Factor, DF DF= (Ei/ Eo) x 100%
535.63-12.50= 523.13
(523.13/ 20000) x 100% = 3
Daylight Condition Poor Fair Poor Poor Fair
Table 4.4.1.4 Daylight factors according to spaces in Whup Whup.
From the table above, we can observe that the daylight factors in Zone 1, 3 and 4 are in the poor condition where more openings (through glazed window/ roof light etc.) are required to allow more natural light in so that the spaces can be adequately lit with daylight factor of 1-2% (recommended daylight factor).
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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN
4.4.2 Sun Path Diagram Date 29th September
2016
Time 9am
Weather Sunny
Figure 4.4.2.6 Sun path diagram and direction of incident sunlight at 9am.
At 9am, the incident sunlight will be coming from the East side of the Whup Whup, where Zone 5 (outdoor dining area) will be affected. In this zone, the openings on the affected wall are placed at a higher position with overhang built to provide better shading purpose.
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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN
Date 29th September
2016
Time 11am
Weather Sunny
Figure 4.4.2.2 Sun path diagram and direction of incident sunlight at 11am.
At 11am, the incident sun is on top of the building slightly from the East in which most of the incident sunlight will be shaded by the roof itself. Whereas, a small amount of sunlight will be entering the building through the skylights in Zone 2 helping to brighten the interior area.
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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN
Date 29th September
2016
Time 3pm
Weather Sunny
Figure 4.4.2.3 Sun path diagram and direction of incident sunlight at 3pm.
At 3pm, the position of the incident sunlight is still on top of the building but slightly from the West. Most of the incident sunlight will be shaded by the roof except for a small amount that will be entering the building through the skylights in Zone 2, resulting in higher illuminance level within this area.
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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN
Date 29th September
2016
Time 5pm
Weather Sunny
Figure 4.4.2.4 Sun path diagram and direction of incident sunlight at 5pm.
At 5pm, the incident sunlight is shining from the West of the building, in which will not be affecting the lighting condition in the interior of Whup Whup, as there is no opening on the affected walls. However, extremely small amount of light can enter to the building through the skylights in Zone 2. Artificial lights are needed for a better illuminance performance.
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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN
4.4.3 Lighting Contour Diagram Daylighting Contour Diagram
Figure 4.4.3.1 Daylight contour in plan (spaces that are not covered in the investigation are left blank).
From Figure 4.4.3.1, we can observe that only Zone 2 (dining area) is being affected by the daylight penetrated through the skylights on the roof. The skylights are opened at the roof right above Zone 2 with orange/ red color (78%- 90%) indicated in the figure above. Small amount of the daylight are observed as well with dark purple (66%) indicated in the figure above, which is in Zone 1 (event space), Zone 3 (VIP zone) and Zone 4 (bar & reception). Zone 1 is receiving a small amount of daylight penetrated through the skylights as there is no wall obstructing the penetration of the daylight from space to space. Whereas for Zone 3 and 4, there is a certain amount of daylight that penetrated through the glass door right at the East side of Zone 4. More openings (e.g. skylights/ glazed windows) are needed as a recommendation for better daylight illumination.
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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN
Figure 4.4.3.2 Artificial light contour in plan (spaces that are not covered in the investigation are left blank).
We can observe from the Figure 4.4.3.2 that Zone 1 and 2 are the areas with highest illuminance level with yellow color (> 96%) indicated among all the spaces. The reason is because of the ceiling fairy lights that have been installed across the area of Zone 1 and 2 resulting in a better illuminance performance. Whereas for Zone 3 and 4 with purple color (68%) indicated in the figure above, are not lit by the ceiling fairy lights but only some spiral compact fluorescent lights that have been installed on the ceiling. As a result, the illuminance levels in Zone 3 and 4 are lower as compared to Zone 1 and 2. More artificial lighting fixtures have to be installed as a recommendation for better illuminance level over the space.
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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN
4.4.4 Lighting Analysis Diagram (Cross-section Analysis)
Figure 4.4.4.1 Ground floor plan with zonings and section lines X-X, Y-Y and Z-Z.
Zone 1 and Zone 2 Lighting Coverage in Section X-X
Figure 4.4.4.2 Section X-X.
The skylights that are on top of the Zone 1 & 2 allow the daylight to penetrate into the interior of the building and act as the main light source to provide illumination during daytime. At night, with the aid of ceiling fairy lights, Zone 1 & 2 are still well lit with highest illuminance level as compared to the other zones.
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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN
Figure 4.4.4.3 Graphs showing the illuminance level on selected grid in Zone 1 & 2 during morning peak hour (left) and night non-peak hour (right).
From the graphs above, we can observe that the illuminance level in Zone 1 is lower during non-peak hour (night time) when the daylight is no more available. This zone is only lit by the natural daylight in the morning, whereas there is no sufficient amount of lighting fixtures installed in this zone, therefore resulting a much lower illuminance level at night. Whereas for the illuminance level in Zone 2 is more evenly distributed during non-peak hour when the ceiling fairy lights are turned on although the reading is lower. During daytime, the illuminance level is affected by the daylight penetrated through the skylights on the roof, therefore resulting in a more fluctuating illuminance level throughout the zone.
Comparing the illuminance level in Zone 1 & 2, the illuminance level in Zone 2 will be higher than the one in Zone 1 because of the positions of the skylights and also the ceiling fairy lights that are located in Zone 2. Also, the illuminance level during peak hour (daytime) is much higher than the one during non-peak hour, showing that the effect of daylight is higher than the artificial lights in these zones.
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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Zone 3 Lighting Coverage in Section Y-Y
Figure 4.4.4.4 Section Y-Y.
Zone 3 is located below a mezzanine floor with lower ceiling height. The overall illuminance level in this zone is lower as compared with Zone 1 and 2 because of the natural daylight that can hardly penetrate into this zone. This is because there is no opening such as glazed windows or skylights that allows the daylight penetration for better illumination.
Figure 4.4.4.5 Graphs showing the illuminance level on selected grid in Zone 3 during morning peak hour (left) and night non-peak hour (right).
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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN We can observe that the illuminance level is much higher during peak hour (morning) as compared with non-peak hour (night time). There are only a few spiral compact fluorescent lights installed in this zone to light up the space. Therefore, the illuminance performance is not as good as the effect of the daylight that is coming from Zone 2 resulting in a much lower illuminance level at night.
From the graphs above, we can see that the readings on the illuminance level are decreasing, this is because the position we took to record the readings is getting further from Zone 2. In other words, when we go deeper of the space, the illumination level will be lower as it is further away from the light source either in the morning (daylight) or at night (artificial lights).
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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Zone 4 & 5 Lighting Coverage in Section Z-Z
Figure 4.4.4.6 Section Z-Z.
Zone 4 is located near to the entrance of the building whereas Zone 5 is the outdoor dining area. As we can see from Figure 4.4.4.6, the lighting coverage is getting lesser when the space is nearer to the exterior of the building. As a result, Zone 5 has the least artificial lighting fixtures as the natural daylight is available in a higher range during daytime.
Figure 4.4.4.7 Graphs showing the illuminance level on selected grid in Zone 4 & 5 during morning peak hour (left) and night non-peak hour (right).
From the graphs above, we can observe that the pattern of the illuminance levels are totally contrast during peak and non-peak hour. ARC 3413 BUILDING SCIENCE II
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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN During peak hour (daytime), the illuminance level in Zone 4 is so low as compared with Zone 5. This is because of the availability of daylight in Zone 4 is restricted in which it is located in the interior of the building with less openings to allow the penetration of daylight. Whereas for Zone 5 that is located at the exterior of the building, resulting in a much higher illumination level as shown in the graph above.
During non-peak hour, the artificial lighting fixtures installed will be playing a greater role in Zone 4 in which a certain illuminance level is required for the purpose of bar and reception. Whereas for Zone 5, the artificial lighting fixtures are not contributing much on the illuminance level because the area is not served as purposed space. Thus, the illuminance level during non-peak hour (night time) is much higher in Zone 4 as compared with Zone 5.
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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN
4.4.5 Luminance Level and Room Index Calculation Lumen Method
Utilization Factor Ceiling (%) Wall (%) 50 Floor (%) 30 10 Room 0.60 .27 .26 Index 0.80 .33 .31 1.00 .38 .36 1.25 .43 .40 1.50 .47 .43 2.00 .52 .47 2.50 .56 .50 3.00 .59 .52 4.00 .62 .55 5.00 .64 .56
70 30 30 .22 .28 .32 .37 .41 .47 .51 .55 .59 .62
10 10 .22 .27 .30 .35 .39 .44 .47 .49 .52 .55
30 .19 .23 .28 .33 .37 .43 .48 .51 .56 .59
50 30
50 10 .19 .23 .28 .32 .35 .41 .44 .47 .51 .53
30 .26 .32 .36 .41 .44 .49 .53 .55 .58 .60
10 .24 .30 .35 .39 .42 .46 .49 .52 .53 .55
30 .22 .27 .32 .36 .40 .45 .49 .52 .56 .58
10 10 .21 .26 .31 .35 .37 .43 .46 .48 .52 .53
30 .19 .24 .29 .33 .36 .42 .46 .49 .53 .56
30 30
50 10 .18 .23 .27 .32 .35 .40 .44 .46 .50 .52
30 .26 .31 .35 .39 .42 .47 .50 .52 .55 .57
10 .25 .30 .34 .37 .40 .45 .48 .50 .52 .54
30 .21 .27 .31 .35 .39 .44 .47 .50 .53 .55
10 10 .21 .26 .30 .34 .37 .42 .45 .48 .51 .52
30 .19 .23 .28 .32 .36 .41 .45 .47 .51 .52
10 .18 .23 .27 .31 .35 .40 .43 .46 .49 .51
Table 4.4.5.2 Utilization factors for some luminaries.
Zone 1: Event Space
Figure 4.4.5.7 Location of Zone 1.
Zone Dimension of space, L x W Total Floor Area (m2) Reflectance Value Type of Luminaries Number of Luminaries, N Lumen of Luminaries, F (lm) Mounting Height, Hm (m)
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1: Event Space 5.8 x 11.8 68.44 Ceiling= 0.3 Walls= 0.6 Wall Mounted Light 2 740 1.64
Working plane= 0.1 Ceiling Fairy Light 35 415 3.82
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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Room Index, K
Utilization Factor, UF Maintenance Factor, MF Standard Illuminance Level (lux) Existing Illuminance Level, E (lux)
0.46 0.8
0.34 0.8 200
Total E= 7.96 + 57.73 = 65.69 According to MS 1525, the standard illuminance level required in this space is 200 lux, which means that the luminance level of 65.69 lux in Zone 1 does not meet the standard. Required Illuminance Level = Standard Illuminance Level Existing Illuminance Level = 200 lux 65.69 lux = 134.31 lux Suggested Improvements:
Where, N = Number of lamps required E = Illuminance Level Required (lux) A = Area at working plane height (m2) F = Initial luminous flux from each lamp (lm) UF = Utilization factor, an allowance for the light distribution of the luminaire and the room surfaces MF/ LLF = Maintenance factor, an allowance for reduced light output because of deterioration and dirt In this space, we have chosen the ceiling fairy light as the type of luminary to calculate the N required, as this is the lighting fixture that is mostly used within this space.
Therefore, to meet the standard illuminance level required in this zone, 87 (122-35) more spherical halogen light bulbs are required. ARC 3413 BUILDING SCIENCE II
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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN For filament lamps in direct luminaries: Smax = 1.0 x Hm Where,
Smax = 1.0 x Hm Smax = Maximum horizontal spacing between fittings Hm = Mounted height of fitting above the working plane
= 1.0 x 3.82 = 3.82m
Smax = 3.82m, therefore, in this space we have set the spacing between the luminaries, S to be 2.95m. First spacing from the wall will be half of the S, which is: 2.95m/ 2 = 1.475m R
= N/ Number of spacing line in S
Whereas the spacing on R is
= 122/ 4
= 5.8m/ 31
= 30.5
= 0.187
= 31
The first spacing line from the wall is half of the R which is = 0.187m/ 2 = 0.0935m
Figure 4.4.5.2 Spacing (in mm) of the luminaries in Zone 1.
Conclusion: Total number of luminaries required in this space to meet the standard illuminance level required is 122 with the spacing between them as shown in the Figure 4.4.5.2.
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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Zone 2: Dining Area
Figure 4.4.5.3 Location of Zone 2.
Zone Dimension of space, L x W Total Floor Area (m2) Reflectance Value Type of Luminaries Number of Luminaries, N Lumen of Luminaries, F (lm) Mounting Height, Hm (m) Room Index, K
Ceiling= 0.2 Wall Mounted Light 2 740 1.64
Utilization Factor, UF Maintenance Factor, MF Standard Illuminance Level (lux) Existing Illuminance Level, E (lux)
2: Dining Area 9.2 x 11.8 108.56 Walls= 0.5 Ceiling Fairy Light 75 415 3.82
0.52 0.8
0.40 0.8 200
Working plane= 0.3 Wall mounted fluorescent light 1 1100 1.64
0.52 0.8
Total E= 5.67 + 91.75 + 4.22 = 101.64
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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN According to MS 1525, the standard illuminance level required in this space is 200 lux, which means that the luminance level of 101.64 lux in Zone 2 does not meet the standard. Required Illuminance Level = Standard Illuminance Level Existing Illuminance Level = 200 lux 101.64 lux = 98.36 lux Suggested Improvements: In this space, we have chosen the ceiling fairy light as the type of luminary to calculate the N required, as this is the lighting fixture that is mostly used within this space.
Therefore, to meet the standard illuminance level required in this zone, 89 (164-75) more spherical halogen light bulbs are required. Smax = 1.0 x Hm = 1.0 x 3.82 = 3.82m Smax = 3.82m, therefore, in this space we have set the spacing between the luminaries, S to be 2.95m. First spacing from the wall will be half of the S, which is: 2.95m/ 2 = 1.475m R
= N/ Number of spacing line in S
Whereas the spacing on R is
= 164/ 4
= 9.2m/ 41
= 41
= 0.224m
The first spacing line from the wall is half of the R which is = 0.224m/ 2 = 0.112m
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Figure 4.4.5.4 Spacing (in mm) of the luminaries in Zone 2.
Conclusion: Total number of luminaries required in this space to meet the standard illuminance level required is 164 with the spacing between them as shown in the Figure 4.4.5.
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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Zone 3: VIP Zone
Figure 4.4.5.5 Location of Zone 3.
Zone Dimension of space, L x W Total Floor Area (m2) Reflectance Value Type of Luminaries Number of Luminaries, N Lumen of Luminaries, F (lm) Mounting Height, Hm (m) Room Index, K
Ceiling= 0.2
Utilization Factor, UF Maintenance Factor, MF Standard Illuminance Level (lux) Existing Illuminance Level, E (lux)
3: VIP Zone 9.2 x 3.2 29.44 Walls= 0.6 Ceiling Mounted Light 6 740 1.28
Working Plane= 0.3
0.46 0.8 200
According to MS 1525, the standard illuminance level required in this space is 200 lux, which means that the luminance level of 55.5 lux in Zone 3 does not meet the standard. Required Illuminance Level = Standard Illuminance Level Existing Illuminance Level = 200 lux 55.5 lux = 144.5 lux ARC 3413 BUILDING SCIENCE II
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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Suggested Improvements: In this space, we have chosen the ceiling mounted spiral compact fluorescent lights as the type of luminary to calculate the N required, as this is the lighting fixture that is mostly used within this space.
Therefore, to meet the standard illuminance level required in this zone, 16 (22-6) more spiral compact fluorescent lights are required. Smax = 1.0 x Hm = 1.0 x 1.28 = 1.28m Smax = 1.28m, therefore, in this space we have set the spacing between the luminaries, S to be 0.8m. First spacing from the wall will be half of the S, which is: 0.8m/ 2 = 0.4m R
= N/ Number of spacing line in S
Whereas the spacing on R is
= 22/ 4
= 9.2m/ 6
= 5.5
= 1.533m
=6
The first spacing line from the wall is half of the R which is = 1.533m/ 2 = 0.767m
Figure 4.4.5.6 Spacing (in mm) of the luminaries in Zone 3.
Conclusion: Total number of luminaries required in this space to meet the standard illuminance level required is 22 with the spacing between them as shown in the Figure 4.4.5.6.
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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Zone 4: Bar & Reception
Figure 4.4.5.7 Location of Zone 4.
Zone Dimension of space, L x W Total Floor Area (m2) Reflectance Value Type of Luminaries Number of Luminaries, N Lumen of Luminaries, F (lm) Mounting Height, Hm (m) Room Index, K
Ceiling= 0.3 Ceiling Mounted Light 6 740 1.24
Utilization Factor, UF Maintenance Factor, MF Standard Illuminance Level (lux) Existing Illuminance Level, E (lux)
4: Bar & Reception 7.9 x 3.2 25.28 Walls= 0.1 Suspended Light 3 516 0.75
0.19 0.8
0.47 0.8 200
Working plane= 0.6 Ceiling Mounted Spotlight 9 180 1.30
0.38 0.8
Total E= 26.70 + 23.02 + 19.48 = 69.20
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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN According to MS 1525, the standard illuminance level required in this space is 200 lux, which means that the luminance level of 69.20 lux in Zone 4 does not meet the standard. Required Illuminance Level = Standard Illuminance Level Existing Illuminance Level = 200 lux 69.20 lux = 130.80 lux Suggested Improvements: In this space, we have chosen the ceiling mounted spiral compact fluorescent lights as the type of luminary to calculate the N required, as this is the lighting fixture that is mostly used within this space.
Therefore, to meet the standard illuminance level required in this zone, 39 (45-6) more spiral compact fluorescent lights are required. Smax = 1.0 x Hm = 1.0 x 1.24 = 1.24m Smax = 1.24m, therefore, in this space we have set the spacing between the luminaries, S to be 0.79m. First spacing from the wall will be half of the S, which is: 0.79m/ 2 = 0.395m R
= N/ Number of spacing line in S
Whereas the spacing on R is
= 45/ 10
= 3.2m/ 5
= 4.5
= 0.64m
The first spacing line from the wall is half of the R which is = 0.64m/ 2 = 0.32m
=5
.
Conclusion: Total number of luminaries required in this space to meet the standard illuminance level required is 45 with the spacing between them as shown in the Figure 4.4.5.8.
Figure 4.4.5.8 Spacing (in mm) of the luminaries in Zone 4.
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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Zone 5: Outdoor Dining
Figure 4.4.5.9 Location of Zone 5.
Zone Dimension of space, L x W Total Floor Area (m2) Reflectance Value Type of Luminaries Number of Luminaries, N Lumen of Luminaries, F (lm) Mounting Height, Hm (m) Room Index, K
Ceiling= 0.2
Utilization Factor, UF Maintenance Factor, MF Standard Illuminance Level (lux) Existing Illuminance Level, E (lux)
5: Outdoor Dining 3.0 x 11.3 33.9 Walls= 0.5 Ceiling Light 10 415 2.02
Working Plane= 0.3
0.38 0.8 100
According to MS 1525, the standard illuminance level required in this space is 100 lux, which means that the luminance level of 37.22 lux in Zone 5 does not meet the standard. Required Illuminance Level = Standard Illuminance Level Existing Illuminance Level = 100 lux 37.22 lux = 62.78 lux ARC 3413 BUILDING SCIENCE II
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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Suggested Improvements: In this space, we have chosen the ceiling suspended spherical halogen lights as the type of luminary to calculate the N required, as this is the lighting fixture that is mostly used within this space.
Therefore, to meet the standard illuminance level required in this zone, 17 (27-10) more spherical halogen lights are required. Smax = 1.0 x Hm = 1.0 x 2.02 = 2.02m Smax = 2.02m, therefore, in this space we have set the spacing between the luminaries, S to be 1.13m. First spacing from the wall will be half of the S, which is: 1.13m/ 2 = 0.565m R
= N/ Number of spacing line in S
Whereas the spacing on R is
= 27/ 10
= 3.0m/ 3
= 2.7
= 1.0m
=3
The first spacing line from the wall is half of the R which is = 1.0m/ 2 = 0.5m
Figure 4.4.5.10 Spacing (in mm) of the luminaries in Zone 5.
Conclusion: Total number of luminaries required in this space to meet the standard illuminance level required is 27 with the spacing between them as shown in the Figure 4.4.5.10. ARC 3413 BUILDING SCIENCE II
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4.5 Conclusion
Figure 4.5.1 Interior dining area with skylights in Whup Whup.
Figure 4.5.2 VIP zone with lower illuminance level.
Figure 4.5.3 Interior dining space with the ceiling fairy lights turned on..
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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN In conclusion, the overall illuminance level in Whup Whup is not meeting the standard illuminance level required as a purposed space. During daytime, daylight is penetrating through the skylights above, causing the fluctuating illuminance level throughout the space. It will affect the human comfort of the occupants even the staffs inside the building. Moreover, the illuminance level from zone to zone is not consistent enough resulting in some spaces that are dimmer than the others. More openings (glazed windows/ skylights) that are evenly distributed are suggested to allow more natural daylight in and so to improve the illuminance level throughout the spaces in Whup Whup. Besides, the illuminance level of the spaces can be improved by using paint that is more reflective on wall surfaces for example white paint to give the spaces a brighter look so as to also improve the users comfort.
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CHAPTER5 ACOUSTI C
PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN
5.1
Precedent Study (Acoustic)
Introduction to Acoustic The application of acoustic with science and technology in achieving good sound within a building is known as the architectural acoustic. There is a certain measure of sound intensity to be categorized as comfort level for the users in a The architectural acoustic is determined and controlled by few factors including the building envelope design, nature of the materials used and interior spatial design. Sources of sound should be identified before the planning on the application of architectural in a building which include noises coming from mechanical devices, human conversation and activities.
5.1.1 Site Introduction
Figure 5.1.1.1 Photo of the restaurant at high occupancy level
Figure 5.1.1.2 Floor plan of the restaurant
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civil engineering) in Bratislava. Its aim was to investigate the influence of spatial design, sound absorption strategy and number of occupancy on the acoustic condition. The restaurant covers 467m2 floor area with high ceiling level of 3.8m. The floor and wall is covered in hard surfaces, marble flooring, white plastered and ceramic tiled wall. This function and material condition is the determining factor to choose this journal as our precedent study as it provides an insight into the sound expectations of an eatery.
5.1.2 Results and Discussion Noise Sources The background noise in the restaurant originates from mainly from its machineries such as the fridge. As there is no music being played in the background, the number of occupancy is the major influencing factor of sound.
Figure 5.1.2.1 Show the number of occupancy against the sound pressure level
As shown from the figure above, typical background noise situates at 45-47dB which is within the benchmark of 45-55dB provided by (Joint Technical Committee AV-004, Acoustics, Architectural, 2000). Besides that, it also concludes that the fluctuation of noise level is larger when the number of occupancy is low between 0-10 people.
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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Reverberation Time
Figure 5.1.2.2 Average measured reverberation time
The figure shows that the maximum reverberation time is situated at 1000Hz (middle frequency). The factors that affects the reverberation time are: The material used at false ceiling has high absorption coefficient (0.45-0.80) and high porosity which restricts the movement of the particles. Abundance of furniture, table and chairs increase the surface area of reflectance. Thus, the distance travelled increases and sound energy becomes weaker. High ceiling increases the distance between sound source and the surface of the room. Thus, the distance travelled increases and sound energy becomes weaker.
5.1.3 Conclusion In conclusion, the sound level in the restaurant are maintained at an acceptable level, less than 70dB which is at our normal conversational speech decibels. In an eatery, it is worthwhile to note that acoustic comfort plays a vital role in board taste bland as compared to the usual food.
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5.2 Research Methodology 5.2.1 Site condition Site Issues Adapting from its previous function as a yarn factory, Whup Whup restaurant is situated in a 702m 2 spacious warehouse, within the industrial zone of SS13, Subang Jaya. The interior layout is a flexible open plan where no partition is used to segregate the spaces. This is to accommodate large events such as weddings and workshops to dinner among couples. Therefore, noise control might become an issue that could aff precedent study states that, tall ceiling, 9m and furniture can contribute to lower the reverberation due to the increase in distance travelled that causes sound energy to become weaker. Therefore, our aim was to investigate the impact of its surrounding context, spatial design, and number of occupancy on its acoustic condition.
Figure 5.2.1.1 Site located within industrial zone of SS13, Subang Jaya.
Figure 5.2.1.2 Open plan with limited partitioning noise control might become an issue.
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5.2.2 Measuring Device Sound Level Meter Specification Model
KKInstruments Lutron Sl 4023SD
Range
Auto range: 30dB 130dB Manual range: 3 ranges 30dB 80dB 50dB 100dB 80dB 130dB
Figure 3.2.2.1 Lutron Electronic SL-4023SD Digital Sound Meter
Resolution
0.1dB
Accuracy
Meet IEC 61672
Digital Single Lens Reflex (DSLR)
Figure 5.2.2.2 Canon EOS700D DSLR camera
Camera was used to capture and record the site condition, sound source, types of material, occupancy level and activity conducted within the space.
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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Laser distance measurer
Figure 5.2.2.3 Bosch Laser Distance Measurer
Laser distance measurer was used to determine the 1.5m x 1.5m reference grid on the floor plan.
5.2.3 Data Collection Method a) Preliminary study on the types of spaces to choose a suitable enclose space for analysis. Chosen Whup Whup CafĂŠ for analysis b) Obtain approval from management for site visit. c) The operation hours of the cafĂŠ are from 11am 10pm. In order to evaluate the acoustic condition for both peak and non-peak hours, we visited the site on 24 September 2016,11:30 1pm (peak) and 29 September 2016, 5:40pm 7pm (non-peak). d) Conducted site measurement to produce schematic layout plans, sections and elevations e) Data collection. Refer to section 5.3.3 f) Compile and tabulate data collected g) Sound Level Pressure, Reverberation Time and Sound Insulation Index are calculated using the data collected h) Further discussions and analyzation of the result are conducted. Data collection procedure 2 people were tasked to carry out the task. a) Gridlines spaced at 1.5m x 1.5m are plotted to create 86 reference point for sound intensity collection.
b) Space are zoned into 5 sections per function. ARC 3413 BUILDING SCIENCE II
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Zone 1: Event Space Zone 2: Dining Area Zone 3: VIP Area Zone 4: Bar & Reception Zone 5: Outdoor Dining c) Photos and locations of sound sources are noted before the start of the data collecting process. d) Moving throughout the intersection of the grid from front to back intensity of sound is collected using the sound level meter at 1m height.
Figure 5.2.3.1 Diagram showing method of measurement at 1m high from the ground.
e) f) g) h)
Measurement shown on the sound level meter is noted. Surrounding site condition at points with large fluctuation in sound intensity are analyzed and noted. Data is tabulated once we have returned from the site Steps d - g are repeated for both peak and non-peak hours.
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5.2.4 Acoustic Analysis Calculation Method Sound Pressure Level Sound pressure is a measure of the pressure on the eardrum while sound power is the total sound energy radiated by the sound sources. An increase of 6dB represents a doubling of the sound pressure but an increase of at least 8 10 dB is required for the sound to appear significantly louder. Below is the equation used to measure the sound pressure level of a sound source.
SWL
= 10log(I/Io)
Where, I
= Sound power (intensity), unit : Watts
Io
= Reference power (1 x 10-12)
And for this analysis, we are required to use the equation above to measure the combined sound pressure level. It is to measure the average sound level of the covered area.
Sound Reduction Index (SRI) Sound reduction index, as known as transmission loss (TL) of a partition is the measure of the number of dB lost when a sound of a given frequency is transmitted through the partition at which, TL = Transmission Loss
TL
= 10log(1/Tav)
Where, Tav
= (S1TC1 + S2TC2
nTcn)/Total
surface area
Tcn
= Transmission coefficient of material
Sn
= Surface area of material
This equation is used to measure the insulation against the direct transmission of air-borne sound and to then help us in analysis the effectiveness of a certain partition in terms of the materials and also its absorption in reducing the transmission of sound.
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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Reverberation Time (RT) Reverberation is the prolongation of sound as a result of successive reflections in an enclosed space after the sound source is shut/turn off. Reverberation Time is the time for the sound pressure level in a room to decrease by 60dB from its original level after the sound is stopped. It varies due to the following factors, the room volume, materials used and
RT
= 0.16V/A
Where, RT
= Reverberation time (sec)
V
= Volume of the room (m3)
A
= Total absorption of room surfaces.
RT is controlled mainly by the acoustic absorption within the enclose space and each material has its own material absorption coefficient. This equation allows us to analyse on the effectiveness of the absorption of materials used in the selected site.
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5.3 Data Collection 5.3.1 Tabulation of data
Figure 5.3.1.1 Zoning of the spaces in WhupWhup based on activities carried out in each zone.
Zoning of Space Zone 1 : Event space
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Grid A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7
Daytime 11.30AM - 1PM (Peak hour) dB (1m) 71 71 75 73 76 70 71
Nightime 5.30PM - 7PM (Non peak hour) dB (1m) 62 69 65 62 64 67 63
B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7
72 73 71 73 74 75 73
62 69 61 65 70 66 65
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Zone 2 : Dining area
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C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7
70 71 71 73 75 74 70
69 68 64 66 69 64 67
D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7
72 71 74 73 73 76 74
69 70 65 64 67 67 63
E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 E6 E7
72 75 75 74 74 73 69
70 69 73 66 70 67 63
F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7
70 71 73 74 73 69 71
72 68 71 65 70 63 64
G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 G6 G7
73 71 75 71 73 71 72
70 70 73 67 69 66 66
H1 H2 H3 H4 H5
73 76 73 71 75
70 73 71 66 70
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Zone 3 : VIP zone
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H6 H7
71 72
64 66
I1 I2 I3 I4 I5 I6 I7
72 73 74 71 73 70 72
69 71 71 62 70 66 70
J1 J2 J3 J4 J5 J6 J7
73 76 77 75 79 72 74
71 70 69 68 63 65 67
D8 D9 D10
76 75 73
64 63 66
E8 E9 E10
81 73 72
62 66 63
F8 F9 F10
77 75 71
65 70 69
G8 G9 G10
73 73 70
65 71 68
H8 H9 H10
77 78 73
64 63 65
I8 I9 I10
76 83 71
65 67
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Zone 4 : Bar & Reception
Zone 5 : Outdoor Dining
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J6 J7 J8 J9 J10
73 70 74 70 72
65 69 65 61 62
K6 K7 K8 K9 K10
67 70 65 64 76
69 68 70 66 71
L6 L7 L8 L9 L10
65 66 64 65 63
69 70 67 72 70
M6 M7 M8 M9 M10 M11 M12
66 64 63 72 63 65 60
61 58 58 65 61 62 59
N6 N7 N8 N9 N10 N11 N12
62 60 62 63 61 61 60
63 60 61 59 60 62 61
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5.3.2 Material Absorption Coefficient Material are neither perfect reflectors or absorbers. When sound energy impinges on a material, part of it is reflected or absorbed. The term used to define a material sound absorption is its coefficient of absorption ( An absorption coefficient of 1.0 indicates 100% absorption of sound energy. Therefore, the larger the absorption coefficient ( , the more effective sound absorber the material is. Note that absorption coefficient ( varies with the sound frequency Hz.
Zone 1
Figure 5.3.2.1 Zone 1, event space.
Zone 1 Material
Picture
Absorption Coefficient 125Hz 500Hz 2000Hz
Galvanized steel truss and bracing
0.15
0.22
0.38
Metal corrugated roofing sheet
0.15
0.18
0.18
Roof
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Double glazed skylight
0.15
Polycarbonate skylight
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.05
.
Galvanized steel column
Brick wall painted
0.15
0.22
0.38
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.15
0.22
0.38
Wall
Galvanized steel door
Metal wall cladding
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0.15
0.18
0.18
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Floor
Cement screed
0.01
0.02
0.02
Timber piano (per item)
0.50
0.45
0.60
Plastic chair (per item)
0.07
0.14
0.14
Wooden chair (per item)
0.08
0.15
0.18
4pax rectangular wooden table (per item)
0.50
0.45
0.60
Furniture
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Figure 5.3.2.2 Zone 2, indoor dining area.
Zone 2 Material
Picture
Absorption Coefficient 125Hz 500Hz 2000Hz
Galvanized steel truss and bracing
0.15
0.22
0.38
Corrugated metal roofing sheet
0.15
0.18
0.18
Double glazed skylight
0.15
0.03
0.02
Roof
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Polycarbonate skylight
Brick wall painted
Wall
Floor
0.02
0.03
0.05
0.01
0.02
0.02
Galvanized steel door
0.15
0.22
0.38
6mm Laminated window
0.10
0.04
0.02
Cement screed
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0.01
0.02
0.02
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Galvanized steel staircase
0.15
0.22
0.38
Wooden chair (per item)
0.08
0.15
0.18
Furniture 8pax rectangular wooden table (per item)
0.50
0.45
0.60
4pax rectangular wooden table (per item)
0.50
0.45
0.60
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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Zone 3
Figure 5.3.2.3 Zone 3, VIP zone.
Zone 3 Material Ceiling
Wall
Floor
Galvanized steel floor joist
Brick wall painted
Cement screed
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Picture
Absorption Coefficient 125Hz 500Hz 2000Hz 0.15
0.22
0.38
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.02
0.02
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Galvanized steel staircase
0.15
0.22
0.38
chair (per item)
0.7
0.14
0.14
8pax wooden table (per item)
0.50
0.45
0.60
Coffee counter
0.01
0.02
0.02
Laminate sheets
0.07
0.04
0.04
Plywood carcass
0.45
0.13
0.10
Furniture
Marble counter top
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Metal drainer
0.15
0.18
0.18
Decorative metal letter box (per item)
0.15
0.08
0.08
Decorative factory machines item)
0.15
0.08
0.08
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Zone 4
Figure 5.3.2.4 Zone 4, Bar and reception.
Zone 4 Material
Ceiling
Galvanized steel floor joist
Absorption Coefficient 125Hz 500Hz 2000Hz 0.15
0.22
0.38
0.01
0.02
0.02
Double glazed single swing door
0.15
0.03
0.02
Double glazed window
0.15
0.03
0.02
Brick wall painted
Wall
Picture
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Double glazed double swing door
Floor
0.15
Tiled flooring
0.03
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.05
0.01
0.02
0.02
Laminate sheets
0.07
0.04
0.04
Plywood carcass
0.45
0.13
0.10
Aluminum cladding
0.15
0.18
0.18
0.07
0.04
0.04
Plywood carcass
0.45
0.13
0.10
Steel carcass
0.15
0.18
0.18
Bar counter Marble counter top
Furniture Wooden tall cabinet
Laminate sheets
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Figure 5.3.2.5 Zone 4, outdoor dining zone.
Zone 5 Material
Absorption Coefficient 125Hz 500Hz 2000Hz
Picture
Galvanized steel truss and bracing
0.15
0.22
0.38
Corrugated metal roofing sheet
0.15
0.18
0.18
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.15
0.22
0.38
Roof
Brick wall
Brick wall painted
Wall Galvanized steel main door
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Galvanized steel kitchen door
0.15
0.22
0.38
Double glazed single swing door
0.15
0.03
0.02
Double glazed double swing door
0.15
0.03
0.02
Metal window grille
0.15
0.18
0.18
0.07
0.14
0.14
Furniture Metal chair (per item)
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8pax wooden table (per item)
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0.50
0.45
0.60
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5.3.3 Existing Sound Sources Identification Exterior Whup Whup café is situated in a factory zone of SS13, Subang Jaya. The factory zone on the east of the café is not a sound issue as it is disconnected by a huge monsoon drain and minimal landscape.
Figure 5.3.3.1 Drain disconnecting the factory zone opposite.
Figure 4 Exterior view of the site, road leading to carparl.
The adjacent and opposite factory does not produce much noise pollution as it only does lightweight factory production.
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Figure 5.3.3.3 site plan of immediate surrounding building
Figure 5.3.3.4 Building 1: machinery and packaging distributor
Figure 5.3.3.5 Building 2: electrical products distributor
Figure 5.3.3.6 Building 3: food products supplier
Figure 5.3.3.7 Building 4: electrical component supplier
Figure 5.3.3.8 Building 5: auto body parts supplier
does not have much effect to the interior environment as kitchen and outdoor dining area act as a buffer space for filtering the noise into the interior. ARC 3413 BUILDING SCIENCE II
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Figure 5.3.3.9 Diagram showing surrounding spaces as a buffer space for filtering the noise into the interior.
Besides that, there are limited openings to the interior spaces and the galvanized steel door are always maintained close, thus, noise from the exterior sources hardly enters the interior spaces. Main glass door is the only opening that are frequently used.
Figure 5.3.3.10 Diagram showing location of opening
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Figure 5.3.3.11 opening 1: main glass door
Figure 5.3.3.12: door 2: side door: seldom use
Figure 5.3.3.13 door 3: galvanized steel back door always remain close Figure 5.3.3.14 door 4: galvanized steel side door always remain close
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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Interior The interior sound source originates from the speakers, air conditioner, fans, electrical appliances and human activities. The interior features a flexible open plan with no partitioning. This allows sound to travel throughout all the different spaces. Therefore, it becomes a main noise pollution issue especially during peak hours. Speakers
Figure 5.3.3.15 Diagram showing location of speaker
Ecler AUDEO108 passive loud speaker SPL 1W/1m
94.5
Frequency Response
65Hz 22kHz
Speakers are distributed at 2m above floor throughout zone 2 & 3, the dining area. It allows light and easy acoustic music to be played in the background.
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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Air conditioner Air conditioner are one of the ventilation modes in the interior space. They are distributed at 2.5m high throughout zone 1,2,3 & 4. They are wall and ceiling mounted multi-split type air conditioners which features quiet operation
Figure 5.3.3.16 Diagram showing location of air-conditioner
Daikin FXHQ-A ceiling suspended unit Cooling capacity (kW) 7.1 Dimension (mm) 235H x 1270W x 690D High 20.0 Air flow rate 50Hz Normal 17.0 (m3/min) Low 14.0 High 37.0 Sound Pressure Level Normal 35.0 Cooling (dBA) Low 34.0 Daikin FXAQ-P wall mounted unit Cooling capacity (kW) 1.7 Dimension (mm) 290H x 795W x 238D High 7.0 Air flow rate 50Hz (m3/min) Low 4.5 Sound Power Level High 52.0 Cooling (dBA) Sound Pressure Level High 34.0 Cooling (dBA) Low 29.0
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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Fans Standing and ceiling fans are found at zone 1,2 & 5 to provide additional ventilation modes. The sound source of a fan includes the aerodynamic noise (the trailing edge of a fan blade) and the operation of the fan itself (motor and bearing noise). It can be noted that their motor and bearing produce relatively loud flow-induced noise once they are switched on.
Figure 5.3.3.17 Diagram showing location of fan
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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Electrical appliances The sound source from the electrical appliances originates from zone 4, the bar and reception area. Blender, expresso machine and cash register only produces noise when it is in use. It will mainly affect diners seated at zone 3.
Figure 5.3.3.18 Photo showing the bar counter where blender and espresso machine are used
Figure 5.3.3.19 Photo showing location of cash register
The sound from the cooking activities in the kitchen are blocked by the tall cabinet in front of the serving desk. Therefore, it does not have much effect to the diners seated at zone 2.
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Figure 5.3.3.20 Photo showing tall cabinet in front of the servery
Human activities Sound produces from human activities mainly occurs at zone 2, 3 and 4. In zone 2 & 3, the main dining areas, the sound source originates from activities such as group discussions, chit-chatting, laughing and greeting. In zone 4, the bar and reception area, the sound source originates from activities such as trading, requesting, ordering and complaining.
Figure 5.3.3.21 Photo showing human activities at zone2 during peak hours
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Figure 5.3.3.22 Photos showing human activities at zone3 during peak hours
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5.4 Acoustic Calculation and Analysis 5.4.1 Acoustic Ray Diagram Analysis Ray diagramming is a design procedure for analyzing the reflected sound distribution throughout an enclosed space. Zone 1
Air-conditioner
Fan
Analysis: It can be seen from the diagram that the sound waves dissipates to the roof before being reflected as reverberation. Most of the reverberated sound waves was lost before it hits the surface of the ground. Lowered ceiling in zone 3 & 4 prevents sound waves to be distributed into the space. ARC 3413 BUILDING SCIENCE II
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Air-conditioner A
Air-conditioner B
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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Air-conditioner C
Air-conditioner D
Fan
Speaker A
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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Speaker B
Speaker C
Analysis: The condition was similar to Zone 1. It can be seen from the diagram that the sound waves dissipate to the roof before being reflected as reverberation. Most of the reverberated sound waves was lost before it hits the surface of the ground. Lowered ceiling in zone 3 & 4 prevents sound waves to be distributed into the space. The sound from the fan only affects the occupants surrounding it.
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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Zone 3
Air-conditioner
Air-conditioner
Analysis: Lowered ceiling in Zone 3 keeps the sound distribution within its confinement. Note the sound distribution of the speaker only occurs at the area surrounding it.
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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Zone 4
Air-conditioner
Blender
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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Espresso Machine
Analysis: Lowered ceiling in Zone 4 keeps the sound distribution within its confinement. Note the noise from the electrical appliances was blocked by the counter. Thus, minimal noise reaches the diners.
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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Zone 5
Fan1
Fan2
Analysis: Zone 5 was located as a separate zone detached from the interior spaces. Therefore, the sound waves was only distributed within its confinement.
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5.4.3 Sound pressure level Zone 1
Fluctuation in SPL reading caused noise from human activities
Fluctuation in SPL reading caused noise from standing fan
Figure 5.4.3.1 Peak hours acoustic reading. Fluctuation in SPL reading caused noise from standing fan
Figure 5.4.3.2 Non-peak hours acoustic reading
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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Peak Hour (11.30AM 1PM)
Non-peak Hour (5.30PM 7PM)
Highest reading (dB)
75
70
Lowest reading (dB)
70
61
Intensity of highest reading
SWL = 10log(I/Io) 75 = 10log(IH/1x10-12) 7.5 = log(IH/1x10-12) IH/1x10-12 = 107.5 IH = 3.162x10 -5
SWL = 10log(I/Io) 70 = 10log(IH/1x10-12) 7 = log(IH/1x10-12) IH/1x10-12 = 107 IH = 1x10-5
Intensity of lowest reading
SWL = 10log(I/Io) 70 = 10log(IL/1x10-12) 7.0 = log(IL/1x10-12) IL/1x10-12 = 107 IL = 1 x 10-5
SWL = 10log(I/Io) 61 = 10log(IL/1x10-12) 6.1 = log(IL/1x10-12) IL/1x10-12 = 106.1 IL = 1.259 x 10-6
Total intensity
T = 3.162 x 10-5 + 1x 10-5 = 4.162 x 10-5 SWL = 10log(I/Io) SWL = 10log(4.162x10-5/1x10-12) SWL = 76.19dB
T = 1x10-5 + 1.259 x 10-6 = 1.126 x 10-5 SWL = 10log(I/Io) SWL = 10log(1.126x10-5/1x10-12) SWL = 70.51dB
Sound pressure level
The sound pressure level is relatively higher during peak hour mainly due to the concentration of crowd but the level is still at moderate comparing to the other zones because zone 1 is usually not fully occupied as it is a space to host special event. The sound pressure level is slightly below average as sound dissipates towards the roof as shown in the ray diagram in Chapter 5.4.1, most of the reflected sound waves were lost before reaching the surface due to the extensive height of the roof.
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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Zone 2
Fluctuation in SPL reading caused noise from standing fan
Fluctuation in SPL reading caused noise from human activities
Figure 5.4.3.3 Peak hours acoustic reading
Fluctuation in SPL reading caused noise from standing fan
Figure 5.4.3.4 Non-peak hours acoustic reading
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Peak Hour (11.30AM 1PM)
Non-peak Hour (5.30PM 7PM)
Highest reading (dB)
76
73
Lowest reading (dB)
69
62
Intensity of highest reading
SWL = 10log(I/Io) 76 = 10log(IH/1x10-12) 7.6 = log(IH/1x10-12) IH/1x10-12 = 107.6 IH = 3.981 x 10-5
SWL = 10log(I/Io) 73 = 10log(IH/1x10-12) 7.3 = log(IH/1x10-12) IH/1x10-12 = 107.3 IH = 1.995 x 10-5
Intensity of lowest reading
SWL = 10log(I/Io) 69 = 10log(IL/1x10-12) 6.9 = log(IL/1x10-12) IL/1x10-12 = 106.9 IL = 7.943 x 10-6
SWL = 10log(I/Io) 62 = 10log(IL/1x10-12) 6.2 = log(IL/1x10-12) IL/1x10-12 = 106.2 IL = 1.585 x 10-6
Total intensity
T = 3.981x10-5 + 7.943x10-6 = 4.775 x 10-5 SWL = 10log(I/Io) SWL = 10log(4.775x10-5/1x10-12) SWL = 76.79dB
T = 1.995x10-5 + 1.585 x 10-6 = 2.154 x 10-5 SWL = 10log(I/Io) SWL = 10log(2.154x10-5/1x10-12) SWL = 73.33dB
Sound pressure level
Sound pressure level in zone 2 is slightly higher than moderate range as compared to other zones, but in zones 2 there are actually more potential noise sources as the crowd is mainly at this area, there are also quite a number of other sound sources identified like the air conditioners and standing fans that area placed around the dining area.
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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Zone 3
Fluctuation in SPL reading caused noise from electrical appliances (blender)
Figure 5.4.3.5 Peak hour acoustic reading
Fluctuation in SPL reading caused by background music
Figure 5.4.3.6 Non-Peak hour acoustic reading
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Peak Hour (11.30AM 1PM)
Non-peak Hour (5.30PM 7PM)
Highest reading (dB)
83
71
Lowest reading (dB)
70
62
Intensity of highest reading
SWL = 10log(I/Io) 83 = 10log(IH/1x10-12) 8.3 = log(IH/1x10-12) IH/1x10-12 = 108.3 IH = 1.995 x 10-4
SWL = 10log(I/Io) 71 = 10log(IH/1x10-12) 7.1 = log(IH/1x10-12) IH/1x10-12 = 107.1 IH = 1.259 x 10-5
Intensity of lowest reading
SWL = 10log(I/Io) 70 = 10log(IL/1x10-12) 7 = log(IL/1x10-12) IL/1x10-12 = 107 IL = 1x10-5
SWL = 10log(I/Io) 62 = 10log(IL/1x10-12) 6.2 = log(IL/1x10-12) IL/1x10-12 = 106.2 IL = 1.585 x 10-6
Total intensity
T = 1.995x10-4 + 1.259 x 10-6 = 2.008 x 10-4 SWL = 10log(I/Io) SWL = 10log(2.008x10-4/1x10-12) SWL = 83.03dB
T = 1.259x10-5 + 1.585 x 10-6 = 1.418 x 10-5 SWL = 10log(I/Io) SWL = 10log(1.418x10-5/1x10-12) SWL = 71.51dB
Sound pressure level
The sound pressure level is the highest among all the other zones, it can be identified that the highest reading is recorded close to the working station where all the sound sources are placed as coffee machines, cooking applicants and also other food prepping applicants can be found. However it only affect the area surrounding it as part of the sound waves are reflected and absorbed by the adjacent furniture before reaching the dining area. As shown from the ray diagram, music and noise from conversation are concentrated within the zone itself due to low ceiling height in that zone.
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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Zone 4
Fluctuation in SPL reading caused by noise from electrical appliances (espresso machine)
Figure 5.4.3.7 Peak hours acoustic reading
Fluctuation in SPL reading caused by noise from electrical appliances
Figure 5.4.3.8 Non-peak hours acoustic reading
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Peak Hour (11.30AM 1PM)
Non-peak Hour (5.30PM 7PM)
Highest reading (dB)
74
72
Lowest reading (dB)
63
61
Intensity of highest reading
SWL = 10log(I/Io) 74 = 10log(IH/1x10-12) 7.4 = log(IH/1x10-12) IH/1x10-12 = 107.4 IH = 2.512 x10-5
SWL = 10log(I/Io) 72 = 10log(IH/1x10-12) 7.2 = log(IH/1x10-12) IH/1x10-12 = 107.2 IH = 1.585x10-5
Intensity of lowest reading
SWL = 10log(I/Io) 63 = 10log(IL/1x10-12) 6.3 = log(IL/1x10-12) IL/1x10-12 = 106.3 IL = 1.995 x 10-6
SWL = 10log(I/Io) 61 = 10log(IL/1x10-12) 6.1 = log(IL/1x10-12) IL/1x10-12 = 106.1 IL = 1.259 x 10-6
Total intensity
T = 2.512 x10-5 + 1.995 x 10-6 = 2.712 x 10-5 SWL = 10log(I/Io) SWL = 10log(2.712x10-5/1x10-12) SWL = 74.33dB
T = 1.585x10-5 + 1.259 x 10-6 = 1.711 x 10-5 SWL = 10log(I/Io) SWL = 10log(1.711x10-5/1x10-12) SWL = 72.33dB
Sound pressure level
The sound pressure level is comparably higher during the peak hour as the workstation is more frequent operated and occupied by workers preparing beverage and food. The sound sources are mostly from the kitchen applicants. However, the noise are mostly concentrated within the zone itself due to the low ceiling height as shown in the above ray diagram.
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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Zone 5
Fluctuation in SPL reading caused by noise from ceiling fan
Figure 5.4.3.9 Peak hours acoustic reading
Fluctuation in SPL reading caused by noise from ceiling fan
Figure 5.4.3.10 Non-peak hours acoustic reading
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Peak Hour (11.30AM 1PM)
Non-peak Hour (5.30PM 7PM)
Highest reading (dB)
72
65
Lowest reading (dB)
60
58
Intensity of highest reading
SWL = 10log(I/Io) 72 = 10log(IH/1x10-12) 7.2 = log(IH/1x10-12) IH/1x10-12 = 107.2 IH = 1.585 x 10-5
SWL = 10log(I/Io) 65 = 10log(IH/1x10-12) 6.5 = log(IH/1x10-12) IH/1x10-12 = 106.5 IH = 3.162x10-6
Intensity of lowest reading
SWL = 10log(I/Io) 60 = 10log(IL/1x10-12) 6.0 = log(IL/1x10-12) IL/1x10-12 = 106.0 IL = 1 x 10-6
SWL = 10log(I/Io) 58 = 10log(IL/1x10-12) 5.8 = log(IL/1x10-12) IL/1x10-12 = 105.8 IL = 6.310 x 10-7
Total intensity
T = 1.585x10-5 + 1x10-6 = 1.685 x 10-5 SWL = 10log(I/Io) SWL = 10log(1.685x10-5/1x10-12) SWL = 72.27dB
T = 3.162x10-6 + 6.310 x 10-7 = 3.793x 10-6 SWL = 10log(I/Io) SWL = 10log(3.793x10-6/1x10-12) SWL = 65.79dB
Sound pressure level
The sound pressure level at the outdoor dining zone is the lowest among all zones, it is a semi open buffer area between the interior and exterior which allows the escape of the sound waves and vibration hence resulting in lesser reflection of und for dining purposes. It might also due to the materials of brick walls that is softer.
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5.4.4 Sound Reduction Index (TL) Zone 1 and 3
Materials (Wall)
Brick wall plastered
Tav
Sound Reduction Index (dB) 50
Surface Area (m2)
7.5
Transmission Coefficient of Material, T 1 x 10-5
T TL = 10log(1/T) 50 = 10log(1/T) 5 = log(1/T) 1/T= 105 T = 1 x 10-5
= (7.5 x 1 x 10-5)/7.5 = 1 x 10-5
TL
= 10log(1/Tav) = 10log(1/1x10-5) = 50dB
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Sound Pressure Level (dB) Zone
Peak Hour
Non-peak Hour
1
76.19
70.51
3
83.03
71.51
Difference in dB
6.84
1.00
Compare to overall SRI
<50
<50
Both the difference in sound pressure level (dB) is 6.84dB and 1.00dB for peak and non-peak hour respectively, it can be identified that it is very much lower than the overall SRI, the sound the selected wall could have actually absorbed. This can be due to the arrangement and placement of the partition between zone 1 and zone 3, as the partition could be extended longer in order to block more sound coming from both zones. Besides, zone 3 is exposed to more sound sources including from the human activities as zone 3 is a VIP dining area, bar and reception kitchen applicants that right next to it that make it slightly harder for the sound to be blocked from entering the adjacent zone.
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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Zone 4 and 5
Materials (Wall)
Sound Reduction Index (dB)
Surface Area (m2)
Brick wall painted
50
33.6
Transmission Coefficient of Material, T 1 x 10-5
Double glazed single swing door
26
1.89
2.512 x 10-3
Double glazed double swing door
26
3.15
2.512 x 10-3
ARC 3413 BUILDING SCIENCE II
T TL = 10log(1/T) 50 = 10log(1/T) 5 = log(1/T) 1/T= 105 T = 1 x 10-5 TL = 10log(1/T) 26 = 10log(1/T) 2.6 = log(1/T) 1/T= 102.6 T = 2.512 x 10-3 TL = 10log(1/T) 26 = 10log(1/T) 2.6 = log(1/T) 1/T= 102.6 T = 2.512 x 10-3
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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN
Tav
= [(33.6 x 1 x 10-5)+(1.89 x 2.512 x 10-3)+(3.15 x 2.512 x 10-3)]/(33.6+1.89+3.15) = 3.36 x 10-4
TL
= 10log(1/Tav) = 10log(1/3.36x10-4) = 34.75dB
Sound Pressure Level (dB) Zone
Peak Hour
Non-peak Hour
4
74.33
72.33
5
72.27
65.79
Difference in dB
2.06
6.54
Compare to overall SRI
<34.75
<34.75
The difference in sound pressure level between zone 4 and 5 for peak and non-peak hour are 2.06dB and 6.54dB respectively, it can be identified that they are both significantly lower than the expected overall SRI which the wall/partition should have achieved. This might due to the reasons that the wall between zone 4 and zone 5 is equipped with more openings like the glass door and windows hence allowing the sound to transmit from zone 4 to zone 5, besides zone 5 is also a semi-exposed dining/waiting area so it is exposed to external noise sources as well. Besides, materials like glass also has relatively lower SRI compared to solid materials like bricks and concrete.
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5.4.5 Reverberation Time (RT) Material Absorption Coefficient in 125Hz (Zone 1, 2, 3 & 4)
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Total floor area = 47.25m2 Total volume = 217.35m3
Component Zone 1 (125Hz)
Roof
Wall
Floor Furniture
Occupants
Materials Galvanized steel truss and bracing Metal corrugated roofing sheet Double glazed skylight Polycarbonate skylight Galvanized steel column Brick wall painted Galvanized steel door Metal wall cladding Cement screed Timber piano (per item) Plastic chair (per item) Wooden chair (per item) 4pax rectangular wooden table (per item) Peak Non-peak
Total absorption (Peak) (Non-peak)
Surface Absorption Sound 2 area (m ) coefficient absorption 28 0.15 4.2 47.25 0.15 7.0875 2.75 0.15 0.4125 4.25 0.02 0.085 1.08 0.15 0.162 16.2 0.01 0.162 7.5 0.15 1.125 10.5 0.15 1.575 47.25 0.01 0.4725 3.15 0.5 1.575 10 (0.6) 0.07 0.42 5 (0.5) 0.08 0.24 13.6 0.5 6.8 8 0.18 1.44 2 0.18 0.36
= 25.76 = 24.68
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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN
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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN
Total floor area = 94.5m2 Total volume = 434.7m2 Component Zone 2 (125Hz)
Roof
Wall Floor Furniture Occupants
Materials Galvanized steel truss and bracing Corrugated metal roofing sheet Double glazed skylight Polycarbonate skylight Brick wall painted Galvanized steel door 6mm laminated window Cement screed Galvanized steel staircase Wooden chair (per item) 8pax rectangular wooden table (per item) 4pax rectangular wooden table (per item) Peak Non-peak
Total absorption (Peak) (Non-peak)
Surface Absorption Sound area (m2) coefficient absorption 30 0.15 4.5 105 0.15 15.75 5.5 0.15 0.825 8.5 0.02 0.17 32.4 0.01 0.324 3.15 0.15 0.4725 4 0.1 0.4 94.5 0.01 0.945 1.13 0.15 0.1695 0.5 0.08 0.04 2 (6.5) 0.5 6.5 5 (4.5) 0.5 11.25 18 0.18 3.24 8 0.18 1.44
= 44.59 = 42.79
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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN
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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Total floor area = 27m2 Total volume = 67.5m3 Component Zone 3 (125Hz) Ceiling Wall Floor Furniture
Occupants
Materials Galvanized steel floor joist Brick wall painted Cement screed Wooden chair (per item) 8pax wooden table (per item) Coffee counter - marble counter top Coffee counter - laminated sheet Coffee counter - plywood carcass Coffee counter - metal drainer Decorative metal letter box (per item) Decorative factory machines (per item) Peak Non-peak
Total absorption (Peak) (Non-peak)
Surface Absorption Sound area (m2) coefficient absorption 14 0.15 2.1 33.75 0.01 0.3375 27 0.01 0.27 16 (0.5) 0.08 0.64 2 (6.5) 0.5 6.5 1.2 0.01 0.012 0.8 0.07 0.056 0.6 0.45 0.27 0.2 0.15 0.03 7.5 0.15 1.125 4.6 0.15 0.69 16 0.18 2.88 8 0.18 1.44
= 14.91 = 13.47
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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN
ARC 3413 BUILDING SCIENCE II
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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Total floor area = 23.4m2 Total volume = 58.5m3 Component Zone 4 (125Hz) Ceiling Wall
Floor Furnitures
Occupants
Materials Galvanized steel floor joist Brick wall painted Double glazed single swing door Double glazed double swing door Double glazed window Tiled flooring Bar counter - Marble counter top Bar counter - Laminate sheets Bar counter - Plywood carcass Bar counter - Aluminum cladding Wooden tall cabinet - Laminate sheets Wooden tall cabinet - Plywood carcass Wooden tall cabinet - Steel carcass Peak Non-peak
Total absorption (Peak) (Non-peak)
Surface Absorption Sound 2 area (m ) coefficient absorption 8.5 0.15 1.275 18.75 0.01 0.1875 1.89 0.15 0.2835 3.8 0.15 0.57 1.2 0.15 0.18 18 0.03 0.54 2.5 0.01 0.025 2 0.07 0.14 3.2 0.45 1.44 1.6 0.15 0.24 3.2
0.07
0.224
1.5 0.8 5 3
0.45 0.15 0.18 0.18
0.675 0.12 0.9 0.54
= 6.8 = 6.44
Zone
Floor Area (m2)
Volume (m3)
1
47.25
217.35
2
94.5
434.7
44.59
42.79
3
27
67.5
14.91
13.47
4
23.4
58.5
6.8
6.44
Total
192.15
778.05
92.06
87.38
Peak hour reverberation time RT = 0.16V/A = (0.16 x 778.05)/92.06 = 1.35s
Acoustic Absorption, A Peak Hour Non-peak Hour 25.76 24.68
Non-peak hour reverberation time RT = 0.16V/A = (0.16 x 778.05)/87.38 = 1.42s
The RT in 125Hz for both peak and non-peak hour still falls within the average range of 1.00 2.00s for large rooms. Previously it was a concern for us as most of the interior spaces are large in volume which might possibly lead to more echo that can be identified from higher RT achieved, but the issues seem to be resolved by the furniture placed in zone 2 and 3 as they are mostly softer materials like timber and wood, it allows higher absorption of sound hence resulting in lower RT. ARC 3413 BUILDING SCIENCE II
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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Material Absorption Coefficient in 500Hz (Zone 1, 2, 3 & 4)
Component Zone 1 (500Hz)
Roof
Wall
Floor Furniture
Occupants
Materials Galvanized steel truss and bracing Metal corrugated roofing sheet Double glazed skylight Polycarbonate skylight Galvanized steel column Brick wall painted Galvanized steel door Metal wall cladding Cement screed Timber piano (per item) Plastic chair (per item) Wooden chair (per item) 4pax rectangular wooden table (per item) Peak hour Non-peak hour
Total absorption (Peak) (Non-peak)
Surface Absorption Sound area (m2) coefficient absorption 28 0.22 6.16 47.25 0.18 8.505 2.75 0.03 0.0825 4.25 0.03 0.1275 1.08 0.22 0.2376 16.2 0.02 0.324 7.5 0.22 1.65 10.5 0.18 1.89 47.25 0.02 0.945 3.15 0.45 1.4175 10 (0.6) 0.14 0.84 5 (0.5) 0.15 0.375 13.6 8 2
0.45 0.46 0.46
6.12 3.68 0.92
= 32.35 = 29.59
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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN
Component Zone 2 (500Hz)
Roof
Wall Floor
Furniture
Occupants
Materials Galvanized steel truss and bracing Corrugated metal roofing sheet Double glazed skylight Polycarbonate skylight Brick wall painted Galvanized steel door 6mm laminated window Cement screed Galvanized steel staircase Wooden chair (per item) 6pax rectangular wooden table (per item) 4pax rectangular wooden table (per item) Peak hour Non-peak hour
Total absorption (Peak) (Non-peak)
Surface Absorption Sound area (m2) coefficient absorption 30 0.22 6.6 105 0.18 18.9 5.5 0.03 0.165 8.5 0.03 0.255 32.4 0.02 0.648 3.15 0.22 0.693 4 0.04 0.16 94.5 0.02 1.89 1.13 0.22 0.2486 32 (0.5) 0.15 2.4 2 (6.5)
0.45
7.875
5 (4.5) 18 8
0.45 0.46 0.46
11.25 8.28 3.68
= 59.37 = 54.77
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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN
Component Zone 3 (500Hz) Ceiling Wall Floor Furniture
Occupants
Surface Absorption Sound Materials area (m2) coefficient absorption Galvanized steel floor joist 14 0.22 3.08 Brick wall painted 33.75 0.02 0.675 Cement screed 27 0.02 0.54 Wooden chair (per item) 16 (0.5) 0.15 1.2 8pax wooden table (per item) 2 (6.5) 0.45 5.85 Coffee counter - marble counter top 1.2 0.02 0.024 Coffee counter - laminated sheet 0.8 0.04 0.032 Coffee counter - plywood carcass 0.6 0.13 0.078 Coffee counter - metal drainer 0.2 0.18 0.036 Decorative metal letter box (per item) 7.5 0.08 0.6 Decorative factory machines (per item) 4.6 0.08 0.368 Peak hour 16 0.46 7.36 Non-peak hour 8 0.46 3.68
Total absorption (Peak) (Non-peak)
= 19.84 = 16.16
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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN
Component Zone 4 (500Hz) Ceiling Wall Floor
Furnitures
Materials Galvanized steel floor joist Brick wall painted Double glazed single swing door Double glazed double swing door Tiled flooring Bar counter - Marble counter top Bar counter - Laminate sheets Bar counter - Plywood carcass Bar counter - Aluminum cladding Wooden tall cabinet - Laminate sheets Wooden tall cabinet - Plywood carcass Wooden tall cabinet - Steel carcass
Occupants
Total absorption (Peak) (Non-peak)
Surface Absorption Sound area (m2) coefficient absorption 8.5 0.22 1.87 18.75 0.02 0.375 1.89 0.03 0.0567 3.8 0.03 0.114 18 0.03 0.54 2.5 0.02 0.05 2 0.04 0.08 3.2 0.13 0.416 1.6 0.18 0.288 3.2
0.04
0.128
1.5 0.8 5 3
0.13 0.18 0.46 0.46
0.195 0.144 2.3 1.38
= 6.55 = 5.63
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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Zone
Floor Area (m2)
Volume (m3)
Acoustic Absorption, A Peak Hour Non-peak Hour 32.35 29.59
1
47.25
217.35
2
94.5
434.7
59.37
54.77
3
27
67.5
19.84
16.16
4
23.4
58.5
6.55
5.63
Total
192.15
778.05
118.11
106.15
Peak hour reverberation time RT = 0.16V/A = (0.16 x 778.05)/118.11 = 1.05s Non-peak hour reverberation time RT = 0.16V/A = (0.16 x 778.05)/106.15 = 1.17s The RT in 500Hz for both peak and non-peak hour still falls within the average range of 1.00 2.00s for large rooms. Previously it was a concern for us as most of the interior spaces are large in volume which might possibly lead to more echo that can be identified from higher RT achieved, but the issues seem to be resolved by the furniture placed in zone 2 and 3 as they are mostly softer materials like timber and wood, it allows higher absorption of sound hence resulting in lower RT.
ARC 3413 BUILDING SCIENCE II
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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Material Absorption Coefficient in 2000Hz (Zone 1, 2, 3 & 4)
Component Zone 1 (2000Hz)
Roof
Wall
Floor Furniture
Occupants
Materials Galvanized steel truss and bracing Metal corrugated roofing sheet Double glazed skylight Polycarbonate skylight Galvanized steel column Brick wall painted Galvanized steel door Metal wall cladding Cement screed Timber piano (per item) Plastic chair (per item) Wooden chair (per item) 4pax rectangular wooden table (per item) Peak hour Non-peak hour
Total absorption (Peak) (Non-Peak)
Surface area (m2) 28 47.25 2.75 4.25 1.08 16.2 7.5 10.5 47.25 3.15 10 (0.6) 5 (0.5) 13.6 8 2
Absorption Sound coefficient absorption 0.38 10.64 0.18 8.505 0.02 0.055 0.05 0.2125 0.38 0.4104 0.02 0.324 0.38 2.85 0.18 1.89 0.02 0.945 0.6 1.89 0.14 0.84 0.18 0.45 0.6 0.51 0.51
8.16 4.08 1.02
= 41.25 = 38.19
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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN
Component Zone 2 (2000Hz) Roof
Wall
Floor Furniture
Occupants
Materials Galvanized steel truss and bracing Corrugated metal roofing sheet Double glazed skylight Polycarbonate skylight Brick wall painted Galvanized steel door 6mm laminated window Cement screed Galvanized steel staircase Wooden chair (per item) 6pax rectangular wooden table (per item) 4pax rectangular wooden table (per item) Peak hour Non-peak hour
Total absorption (Peak) (Non-Peak)
Surface area (m2) 30 105 5.5 8.5 32.4 3.15 4 94.5 1.13 32 (0.5)
Absorption Sound coefficent absorption 0.38 11.4 0.18 18.9 0.02 0.11 0.05 0.425 0.02 0.648 0.38 1.197 0.02 0.08 0.02 1.89 0.38 0.4294 0.18 2.88
2 (6.5)
0.6
7.8
5 (4.5) 18 8
0.6 0.51 0.51
13.5 9.18 4.08
= 68.43 = 63.34
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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN
Component Zone 3 (2000Hz) Ceiling Wall Floor Furniture
Occupants
Surface Absorption Sound 2 Materials area (m ) coefficient absorption Galvanized steel floor joist 14 0.38 5.32 Brick wall painted 33.75 0.02 0.675 Cement screed 27 0.02 0.54 Wooden chair (per item) 16 (0.5) 0.18 1.44 8pax wooden table (per item) 2 (6.5) 0.6 7.8 Coffee counter - marble counter top 1.2 0.02 0.024 Coffee counter - laminated sheet 0.8 0.04 0.032 Coffee counter - plywood carcass 0.6 0.1 0.06 Coffee counter - metal drainer 0.2 0.18 0.036 Decorative metal letter box (per item) 7.5 0.08 0.6 Decorative factory machines (per item) 4.6 0.08 0.368 Peak hour 16 0.51 8.16 Non-peak hour 8 0.51 4.08
Total absorption (Peak) (Non-Peak)
= 25.06 = 20.98
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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN
Component Zone 4 (2000Hz) Ceiling Wall
Floor Furnitures
Occupants
Total absorption (Peak) (Non-Peak)
Materials Galvanized steel floor joist Brick wall painted Double glazed single swing door Double glazed double swing door Tiled flooring Bar counter - Marble counter top Bar counter - Laminate sheets Bar counter - Plywood carcass Bar counter - Aluminum cladding Wooden tall cabinet - Laminate sheets Wooden tall cabinet - Plywood carcass Wooden tall cabinet - Steel carcass Peak Non-peak
Surface Absorption Sound area (m2) coefficient absorption 8.5 0.38 3.23 18.75 0.02 0.375 1.89 0.02 0.0378 3.8 0.02 0.076 18 0.05 0.9 2.5 0.02 0.05 2 0.04 0.08 3.2 0.1 0.32 1.6 0.18 0.288 3.2
0.04
0.128
1.5
0.1
0.15
0.8 5 3
0.18 0.51 0.51
0.144 2.55 1.53
= 5.78 = 4.76
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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN
Zone
Floor Area (m2)
Volume (m3)
Acoustic Absorption, A Peak Hour Non-peak Hour 41.25 38.19
1
47.25
217.35
2
94.5
434.7
68.43
63.34
3
27
67.5
25.06
20.98
4
23.4
58.5
5.78
4.76
Total
192.15
778.05
140.52
127.27
Peak hour reverberation time RT = 0.16V/A = (0.16 x 778.05)/140.52 = 0.89s Non-peak hour reverberation time RT = 0.16V/A = (0.16 x 778.05)/127.27 = 0.98s The RT in 2000Hz for both peak and non-peak hour are at good range, this can be due to the addition of the furniture added like the wooden tables and chairs when there are more customers especially during peak hour as during peak hour the RT is 0.89s which is lower than during non-peak hour. Besides, the increase in occupancy of people also reduce the successive reflection of the sounds in an enclosed space. The small openings on the upper part of the walls also allow the escape of the sound source.
ARC 3413 BUILDING SCIENCE II
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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Material Coefficient Absorption in 125Hz, 500Hz, 2000Hz (Zone 5)
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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN
Total floor area = 36m2 Total volume = 126m3 Component Zone 5 (125Hz)
Roof
Wall
Furniture Occupants
Surface Absorption Sound Materials area (m2) coefficient absorption Galvanized steel truss and bracing 18.5 0.15 2.775 Corrugated metal roofing sheet 34 0.15 5.1 Brick wall painted 63.8 0.01 0.638 Galvanized steel main door 3.15 0.15 0.4725 Galvanized steel kitchen door 1.89 0.15 0.2835 Double glazed single swing door 1.89 0.15 0.2835 Double glazed double swing door 3.8 0.15 0.57 Metal wall cladding 10.5 0.15 1.575 Wooden chair (per item) 8 (0.5) 0.08 0.32 8pax wooden table (per item) 4.5 0.5 2.25 Peak hour 4 0.18 0.72 Non-peak hour 2 0.18 0.36
Total absorption (Peak) (Non-peak)
= 14.99 = 14.63
Peak hour reverberation time RT = 0.16V/A = (0.16 x 126)/14.99 = 1.34s Non-peak hour reverberation time RT = 0.16V/A = (0.16 x 126)/14.63 = 1.38s
ARC 3413 BUILDING SCIENCE II
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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Component Zone 5 (500Hz)
Roof
Wall
Furniture Occupants Total absorption (Peak) (Non-peak)
Materials Galvanized steel truss and bracing Corrugated metal roofing sheet Brick wall painted Galvanized steel main door Galvanized steel kitchen door Double glazed single swing door Double glazed double swing door Metal window grille Wooden chair (per item) 8pax wooden table (per item) Peak hour Non-peak hour
Surface area (m2)
Absorption Sound coefficient absorption
18.5 34 63.8 3.15 1.89
0.22 0.18 0.02 0.22 0.22
4.07 6.12 1.276 0.693 0.4158
1.89
0.03
0.0567
3.8 10.5 8 (0.5) 4.5 4 2
0.03 0.18 0.15 0.45 0.46 0.46
0.114 1.89 0.6 2.025 1.84 0.92
= 19.10 = 18.18
Peak hour reverberation time RT = 0.16V/A = (0.16 x 126)/19.10 = 1.05s Non-peak hour reverberation time RT = 0.16V/A = (0.16 x 126)/18.18 = 1.11s
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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN
Component
Roof
Wall
Furniture Occupants Total absorption (Peak) (Non-peak)
Zone 5 (2000Hz) Materials Galvanized steel truss and bracing Corrugated metal roofing sheet Brick wall painted Galvanized steel main door Galvanized steel kitchen door Double glazed single swing door Double glazed double swing door Metal window grille Wooden chair (per item) 8pax wooden table (per item) Peak hour Non-peak hour
Surface area (m2)
Absorption coefficient
Sound absorption
18.5 34 63.8 3.15 1.89
0.38 0.18 0.02 0.38 0.38
7.03 6.12 1.276 1.197 0.7182
1.89
0.02
0.0378
3.8 10.5 8 (0.5) 4.5 4 2
0.02 0.18 0.18 0.6 0.51 0.51
0.076 1.89 0.72 2.7 2.04 1.02
= 23.81 = 22.79
Peak hour reverberation time RT = 0.16V/A = (0.16 x 126)/23.81 = 0.85s Non-peak hour reverberation time RT = 0.16V/A = (0.16 x 126)/22.79 = 0.88s
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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN
Zone 1, 2, 3 & 4 Zone 5
-
Interior area Exterior area Reverberation Time (sec)
Zone 1, 2, 3 & 4
5
125Hz
500Hz
2000Hz
Peak Hour
1.35
1.05
0.89
Non-peak Hour
1.42
1.17
0.98
Peak Hour
1.34
1.05
0.85
Non-peak Hour
1.38
1.11
0.88
Comparing zone 1, 2, 3 and 4 to zone 5, zone 5 can be seen to have slightly lower RT in all three Hz situation. This might due to the fact that zone 5 is a partially opened space which already provide other ways for the reflections of the sound as they are not limited to the interior surfaces only. Besides, the volume of zone 5 is much smaller as compared to the other zones as we know that volume of an enclosed space plays an important role in controlling the reverberation time.
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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN
5.5 Conclusion and Recommendation
Based on our findings and analysis, the sound pressure level identified and recorded is between 65dB 85 dB which is slightly over the range of normal speech decibels, as we can see the higher ones are mostly happening around places like the bar and reception where kitchen applicants that make noises are placed like the coffee machines, dish washing activities, food prepping, some are close to where the speakers and standing fans are located as standing fans produced quite a significant level of noise, it is also due to the low ceiling height which concentrate the noises within its compartment. We also do noticed that the sound reduction index/transmission loss results we have gotten from the selected zones are not within the expected value generated from our calculation, 50dB for zone 1 & 3 and 34.75dB for zone 4 & 5, as it might due to the lack in partition or separation between spaces to block the sound sources coming from both zones so as to provide a comfortable space for the users in each zones. We consider the outcome of our analysis can be due to the choice of materials and also construction for examples having more openings that allows the transmission of sound to continue from one space to another, besides the usage of the spaces is one of the factor that could affect the transmission loss in a space. However, the reverberation time falls closely to the expected average range which is out of our initial expectation as we consider the cafĂŠ is a refurbishment from an old factory which factory usually has relatively higher RT due to the materials used for the building envelope. We conclude that the issue is resolved by placing and arranging a significant amount of furniture made by softer material. We would suggest to improve on the sound reduction index by adding temporary and movable partition wall or modifying the existing ones with materials of higher SRI or properly insulated and reducing the amount of window and door openings close to the main exit or the neighboring factories to reduce the transmission of noises sources coming from the factory activities out of the cafĂŠ. Besides, the sound pressure level in certain zones like dining area could be reduced and maintain within a normal and comfortable level of 60 - 70dB by properly separating the work stations from the customers dining area. The usage of standing fans can be replaced or reduced to avoid addition of noise sources.
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