Program Document for the design of offices and dry labs for aging faculty on Cornell Campus
December 2015
Jessica Shi
Civil Engineering’16
Heekyung Hahn
Design & Environmental Analysis’17
Team Members
Jiyoon Jeong
Design & Environmental Analysis’17
Xiaoying Lu
Design & Environmental Analysis’17
Racheal Oh
Design & Environmental Analysis’18
Jiaming Zhang
Design & Environmental Analysis’17
1. Introduction Mission Statement
Executive Summary Programming Approach
2. Problem statement Context
Summary of findings Observation | Research | Interview
Analysis of Current Issues
Future Issues
3. Recommendations Offices Goals & Performance requirements
5 6 7 9 10 18
Line by line Adjacency diagram
20 25 26
Dry Labs Goals & Performance requirements Line by line Adjacency diagram
29 37 38
4. Detailed Program & Phasing Offices
Dry labs
5. Budget Offices
Dry Labs
6. Appendix Intervew Summaries
Academic Journal Summaries ADA Compliances Glossary Team Member Tasks List of Interviews References
42 47 54 59 66 76 80 83 84 85 86
Table of Contents
1 Introduction
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The mission of this program document is to provide the Department of Inclusion and Workforce Diversity with guidelines for offices and dry labs at Cornell University to support the physical, cognitive, and psychological needs of aging faculty.
Mission Statement
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Executive Summary This program document provides guidelines for offices and dry labs at Cornell University to support the needs of the aging faculty. We are working with our client, the Department of Inclusion and Workforce Diversity, to address the concern that two thirds of the workforce at Cornell University will be leaving in the next ten years because the workspace no longer accommodates their needs. Our responsibility is to provide recommendations on the design of physical environments to support and retain faculty as they age. The scope of this project includes faculty offices and dry labs (specifically machine labs). In order to clearly define the problem, we use tools such as programming approaches, interviews, observations, and research. We use three programming approaches to understand human-environment behaviors and patterns: organizational change approach, behavior setting approach, social & psychological functions approach. Our team conducted interviews with faculty members who have private offices and use dry labs as well as lab assistants who supervise the dry lab spaces on a daily basis. Observations are recorded and analyzed for each space we visit. Lastly, relevant research and ADA compliances are
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referenced in our because we want to support 2) safety concerns, 3) ineffective teaching a wider population. environment, 4) poor lighting, 5) acoustical concerns, 6) poor air quality, 7) lack of Older adults are valuable in the workplace flexibility, 8), inadequate adjacencies, and 9) because of their experience and motivation. sustainability concerns. However, one study reveals that certain functions and abilities are especially age This program document provides a sensitive such as reaction time, perceptual recommendation section for both faculty accuracy, the ability to monitor environmental offices and dry labs. We provide detailed cues to hazards, avoiding accidents and falls, recommendations with two phases of and operating vehicles or equipment (Hansson, construction (retrofitting existing spaces Robson, & Limas, 2001). Furthermore, older and new construction), a line-by-line workers are more sensitive to the conditions program, and an adjacency diagram. These of the work environment compared to younger recommendations will address the issues workers (Bhuanantanondh, 2004). The design that are relevant to the client’s concern. of a workspace for aging faculty should Summaries of findings, interview transcripts, reflect an understanding of physical changes and other relevant information can be found in balance, vision, hearing, strength and in the appendix of the program. endurance. Following collection of relevant information, we conclude that the design of offices and dry labs can improve vastly to support aging faculty and boost work satisfaction. The main issues found in office spaces include 1) poor circulation, 2) lack of flexibility, 3) lack of privacy, 4) unhealthy workspaces, and 5) other environmental concerns. The main issues found in dry lab spaces are 1) poor circulation,
Programming Approach The Organizational Change Approach guides the program development. The main goal of this project, as identified by the client, is to retain Cornell faculty by making the physical environment on campus more universal and inclusive to faculty of all ages. With a straightforward organizational goal, we can identify the characteristics of the environment (e.g. faculty offices and machine-heavy dry labs) and derive design features in multiple aspects that will promote the goal (e.g. lighting, acoustics, mobility, FFE and safety). Secondly, the Behavior Setting Approach helps to identify the relatively stable patterns of recurring behaviors in both offices and machine-heavy dry labs (e.g. frequency, time and duration of occupancy). Different activities require different settings to maximize performance. Through observations and interviews, behavioral patterns are categorized into discrete units (e.g. consulting, heads-down work, collaborative work, teaching), which derive the setting characteristics respectively (e.g. acoustic & lighting levels, and furniture arrangement).
that are affected by the environment. We are concerned with specific form characteristics that would promote work experience in Cornell’s offices and dry labs. Literature reviews and research studies address that people’s responses to the environment (e.g., noise, lighting, temperature and technology) change with age. As people age, they will be more vulnerable to distraction (Barr & Giambra, 1990), need more illumination (Boyce, 1973), and have decreased sensory thermal perception. Acknowledging these factors, we derive design requirements to improve navigation and control over offices and dry labs for users of all ages at Cornell (e.g. flexibility and personal control over the ambient environment). The three approaches combined complement each others’ strengths and weaknesses. With the combination of these approaches, we comprehensively identify and evaluate the current issues the offices and machine-heavy dry labs at Cornell University and generated design recommendations to foster a more inclusive physical environment for all faculty.
Lastly, the Social & Psychological Functions Approach focuses on particular characteristics
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2 Problem Statement
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Context Cornell University is an American Ivy League university, founded in 1865 by Ezra Cornell and Andrew Dickson White. Located in Ithaca, New York, Cornell is a federal land-grant institution and a privately endowed research institution. Ezra Cornell once said, “I would found an institution where any person can find instruction in any study,” and this has been a guiding vision for the school. Today, Cornell houses seven undergraduate colleges and four graduate divisions across 628 buildings, 2000 acres on campus, in addition to two medical graduate and professional units and a Cornell Tech Campus in New York City, Doha, and Qatar (Cornell, 2013). In 2013, Cornell had a total of 21,593 enrolled students and 9,731 faculty and staff. Among the faculty and staff as of 2013, there were more than 1,600 tenured and tenure-track faculty members, 30 percent female and 70 percent male, and more than 17% of the faculty were from racial/ ethnic minority backgrounds (Cornell, 2013).
80% of faculty were satisfied with being a faculty member of Cornell, with 45% of those faculty indicating “very satisfied” and another 35% indicating “somewhat satisfied” (Cornell, 2010). A comparison of the same survey and responses from 2005 showed that the 2010 results were more favorable. In 2005, 77% of Cornell faculty were satisfied in which 44% of these faculty were “very satisfied” and 33% “somewhat satisfied” (Cornell 2010). When observing mean satisfaction rates in 2010 regarding resources to support work responsibilities, faculty were most satisfied with classrooms and spaces provided for research, labs, and studios. However, according to the 2010 Faculty Work Life Survey by Marne Einarson, this sector also proved to have the largest difference in satisfaction scores from 2005 to 2010. This difference indicates that there are still improvements to be made within the faculty offices and dry labs. This program document seeks to contribute to improving the livelihood of the diverse aging In order to respond to the diverse needs of faculty by providing guidelines of renovation Cornell’s faculty, the university provides a list and construction of offices and dry labs. of resources that can help support a healthy balance between their career and personal lives. In a Cornell Faculty Work Life Survey completed in 2010, responses showed that
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Summary of Findings Observations After observing existing offices and dry labs on Cornell’s campus, we found that both office spaces and dry labs have positive qualities, including attention to lighting, air quality, temperature, acoustics, furniture, fixture, equipment, access, and finishing. However, both spaces have room for improvement in all of the above aspects through increased control and technology that could benefit the aging faculty. In offices, we found that space management is inefficient due to poor architectural design. This primary concern also contributes to the lack of storage space that is provided for the faculty. Since objects placed in storage increase over time, the office becomes increasingly disorganized and cluttered, thus resulting in poor circulation. In dry labs, the machinery’s noise level makes conversations difficult. This is especially noticeable when a professor is trying to teach to a small group of students. Additionally, the space can be tight, which creates potential dangers for the users working with different machineries.
Interviews: Interviews with faculties of different age
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groups informed us about the aging faculty’s changing needs within offices and dry labs. Most professors were satisfied with their office space but they mentioned that there is always room for improvement. One major issue is the lack of acoustic privacy and distractions. Noise travelling between private offices should be reduced to increase acoustic privacy. There were also complaints about hearing the conversations in the common area from the private offices, which was very distracting. The lack of space is also a common issue in both offices and dry labs. The overall need for more storage space was evident, especially for older faculty members who prefer to have hard copies of data to digital ones. For labs, there were complaints about the design of the shelves in the storage rooms, which are too high and sometimes even dangerous for them to reach for items. Some faculty members also addressed the lack of space for personalization. The offices do not provide enough shelves or soft surfaces for faculty to display the items that are meaningful to them. The primary concern in dry labs is the ambient environment. As the faculty age, the air quality and noise level of the space becomes very sensitive for them. The high noise level in the lab makes it difficult for faculty members to
teach effectively and supervise the students to use machines safely. Providing control over the air quality and noise level in labs is important to reduce health risks and hearing loss.
Research: Through research articles, we explored office spaces and dry labs for aging faculty in relations to privacy, safety, technology, collaboration, cognitive change, and physical change. Privacy Research indicates that the age diversity in today’s workplace does not influence the overall perception of how privacy features (or the lack of) impact work. Something to note is that although the diverse workforce provides a similar array of responses, the older and younger workers assign different weights of importance to different privacy features. Therefore, privacy becomes more problematic for older workers as they go through physiological changes of aging (Kupritz, 2001). Additionally, a study examines how the attributes of the physical environment can accommodate the aging diversity in the American workforce shows that in general, older and younger workers have similar overall perceptions of a good workstation
design. However, age may influence workers’ determination of the relative importance of certain design features perceived to be important to work performance (Kupritz, 1999).
that they will need training later on (Czaja, office appearance (Bhuanantonondh, 2004). 2004). Compared to younger adults, older adults are more vulnerable to distraction, which means Collaboration Some key workplace characteristics it is relatively more challenging for them to that occupants perceived as supportive divide their attention between multiple tasks. Safety of collaboration were the distance from Among different variables, noise in the work For safety, researchers conducted a Quasi- workstation to meeting space, the distance environment is one of the critical issues that experimental field research towards the from workstation to shared service area, the challenge older adults to concentrate and ergonomic intervention on aging workers distance from workstation to kitchen/coffee work efficiently (Tsang, 1998). in office from four different approaches. area, and the percentage of floor space that was Physical change According to the result, implementing dedicated to shared services and amenities Older adults are valuable in the workplace ergonomic solutions did not largely affect (Hua, 2010). In here, planning from site building because of their experience, stability, and aged workers in the office (Kowalski-Trakofler selection to the individual’s ability to adjust motivation. However, functions that are & Steiner, 2005). Another article analyzed the his/her environment within the building is central to problem-solving are especially current statistics of the aging workforce, and important in supporting collaboration among age sensitive, such as speed of cognitive summed up health and safety issues that members (Schrader, 2012). The intention of processing, reaction time, perceptual the aging workforce encountered through increasing organizational productivity through accuracy, ability to monitor environmental literature review (Clifton, 2001). If older workers more collaboration and discussion can lead to cues to hazards, ability to avoid accidents and continue to work for a longer time, they might a list of negative effects when an open office falls, ability to operate vehicles or equipment, encounter problems such as difficulty with design doesn’t suit the organization, including working memory, and aspect of short-term selecting target information from complex the inability to hold confidential conversations, memory (Hansson, Robson, & Limas, 2001). displays, decreasing ability to identify textures disruptions and interruptions, inability to avoid Additionally, age sensitive mental process and surfaces, declined sensitivity to thermal crowding, and the lack of autonomy over decline begins as early as 20-30 years old. stimulus, and so on. supervision. Because visual acuity and resistance to heat and cold stress decline predictably with age, Technology Cognitive change Research shows that as the age of retirement In terms of aging and cognitive change, poor eyesight and hearing are associated with increases, the need for adaptive technology findings suggested that relative to younger occupational injuries among older workers is needed to accommodate the needs of all workers, older workers are more perceptually (Silverstein, 2008). generations of the workforce. Many ethnic attuned and sensitive to conditions in their minority groups are less likely to use or own work environment related to noise and privacy, technology such as computers, which implies annoyance from noise, visual quality, and
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Analysis of Current Conditions & Issues Office Issues: Lighting Air Quality Temperature Acoustics Access FF&E
Natural Lighting From our research findings, it becomes apparent that natural lighting is important for the mental and physical wellbeing of individuals. There is an average of 1.5 windows in the faculty offices we observed. Faculty are generally satisfied with the amount of natural lighting. However in some offices, windows and blinds are difficult to operate (Y. Hua, personal communication, October 18, 2015) and cause glare issues on computer screens (G. Evans, personal communication, October 4, 2015). Installing adjustable blinds and shades is important in cases where natural lighting causes glare on surfaces such as computer screens (American Optometric Association 2009). Artificial Lighting It is important to include task lights for individuals work in cases when natural lighting is insufficient or nonexistent, and it also helps to reduce shadows. The lighting should also be adjustable so that it can be tailored specifically to certain tasks. This has been shown to influence worker satisfaction and in some ways retention. (Silvester and Konstantinou, 2010). Faculty are often annoyed or frustrated with the automatic artificial lighting system (K. Gibson, personal communication, November 9, 2015).
Pro: Natural Lighting
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Office Issues: Lighting Air Quality Temperature Acoustics Access FF&E
Air Quality When we visited faculty offices, none of the windows were open. Some faculty have difficulty opening windows due to bad location and placement of furniture (Y. Hua, personal communication, October 18, 2015). This limited air circulation with the outside. Our research emphasizes providing ventilation in offices for the purpose of minimizing concentrations of CO2 and potential pollutants (World Green Building Council, 2015). Temerature: Control Research studies have found that temperature can directly correlate to productivity (World Green Building Council, 2015). However, faculty do not have control over the temperature of their offices and have to call building facilities to make changes. Faculty mainly complain that their offices are too cold (R. Gilmore, personal communication, October 5, 2015; Y. Hua, personal communication, October 18, 2015). The temperature controls currently installed only allow faculty to adjust the temperature by a few degrees Farenheit. In the past when there was no air conditioning, temperature control was such a problem that faculty would work in libraries or at home (K. Gibson, personal communication, November 9, 2015). This has caused them to become accustomed to working at home rather than at their offices. Acoustics: Privacy Privacy is a main concern to users of office spaces. Having low privacy in certain office settings can make users uncomfortable in their own offices. Many research findings recommend using sound absorbent surfaces to minimize sound transmission between rooms so that users can focus and protect confidential conversations (GSA Public Building Service, 2011; Noise and Hearing Loss Prevention, 2011). Conversations from the secondary space (e.g. shared lounges) can be heard from within the faculty offices. Surfaces are hard and cause sound to bounce and echo to other rooms. Faculty are able to hear private conversations and music from other offices across the hall and even from other floors. Also, many faculty keep the door open during office hours to be more welcoming to students, but this can make it easier for sound to travel into the office (J. Elliott, personal communication, 15 October, 2015). Access: Circulation There are cords and other obstacles on the floor in the office. Cords are very easy to trip over while navigating the office space (Y. Hua, personal communication, October 18, 2015). Circulation paths should also accommodate peoples of all mobile abilities (ADA, 2010).
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Office Issues: Lighting Air Quality Temperature Acoustics Access
Storage There is clutter on the desks, window sills, and on the floor of faculty offices. Workers should have space-efficient bookcases to accommodate storage and display at comfortable heights to prevent injury and clutter. (Knoll Workplace Research). Some faculty complain that there is not enough storage or display space in their offices for their work and personal things respectively (G. Evans, personal communication, October 4, 2015; Y. Hua, personal communication, October 18, 2015). Furniture Furniture is comfortable and brought in by faculty themselves. They ranged in color and size. Furniture is not easily movable and prove to be inefficient at certain tasks (Y. Hua, personal communication, October 18, 2015). Finishings Most materials are plastic, metal, carpeting, or wood. Reflective surfaces make it difficult to see and faculty with brain and eye impairments experience headaches and dizziness around reflective materials (K. Gibson, personal communication, November 9, 2015). Finishings should be non-toxic, non-slip, and non-reflective where appropriate (ASTM D-2047).
FF&E
Left: Con: Not enough storage Right: Con: Not Enough Personalization Space
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Lab Issues: Lighting Air Quality Temperature
Natural Lighting Different labs afford different amounts of natural lighting depending on the equipment in the space. Many have large windows with blinds. Some labs with measuring equipment should avoid putting these devices near windows. Natural light sometimes increases temperature and skews measurement readings on machines (J. Sullivan, personal communication, October 21, 2015). Artificial Lighting Different labs have different types of fluorescent lighting. Generally, there tend to be overhead lighting as well as some lighting on the walls or at work stations. For the Emerson Lab, lights illuminate the room from all directions. For the most part, the ceiling light covers the work stations well (J. Sullivan, personal communication, October 21, 2015).
Acoustics FF&E Access
Pro: Good natural and artificial lighting
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Lab Issues: Lighting Air Quality Temperature Acoustics FF&E Access
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Air Quality Areas with potential hazardous material debris or toxic gasses should have either immediate access to the outdoors or to a hood/ventilation pipe. There are potential pollutants in certain finishings and materials, so our research suggests using materials with eco labels such as: Greenguard, Energy Star, Cradle to Cradle, EcoLogo, Green seal, SMaRT, level, American Tree Farm System, Environmental Stewardship Program, Environmentally Preferable Product, FloorScore, and Global Organic Textile Standard. (ASID, 2011). Ventilation Ventilation pipes such as hoses and spigots are used in labs to quickly clear debris. Machines filter smoke before it exits the machine into the room (J. Sullivan, personal communication, October 21, 2015). Many of the labs we visited have air exchange systems that filter the air exiting the space and regulate the temperature of the air coming in. (J. Sullivan, personal communication, October 21, 2015).
Lab Issues: Lighting Air Quality Temperature Acoustics FF&E Access
Temperature: Control The lab temperature is comfortable. However, there are no visible controls for the temperature. The temperature is always maintained at 70 degrees Fahrenheit. The temperature of new air circulating into the space is cooled or heated to match the temperature of the room (J. Sullivan, personal communication, October 21, 2015). This is to ensure that the machines in the lab do not overheat. Acoustics: Safety When the ventilation system and/or the machines are turned on, the lab can become very noisy. Exposure to the noise for long periods of time annoys users and can even cause ringing in the ears after leaving the shop (J. Sullivan, personal communication, October 21, 2015). FF&E: Storage Storage space is cramped and unorganized in most labs. Many items on display are shown on ledges or shelves not originally intended for display purposes. Storage and tools need to be constantly maintained and reorganized. The different methods of storing and showcasing work and personal items respectively are important to employees. FF&E: Furniture Furniture mainly consisted of workstations such as large desks, tables, chairs/stools, storage, and machinery. Some of the furniture such as mobile work stations are easily moved around the space. Other objects such as machinery are either semi-mobile or attached to the floor or wall. It is important for furniture to fit the needs of users. Studies have found that continued use of uncomfortable furniture over time has caused injury to workers (Robertson 2008). FF&E: Finishings The flooring is mostly non-slip. Finishings should be non-toxic, non-slip, and non-reflective where appropriate (ASTM D-2047). Access: Circulation Circulation paths should accommodate peoples of all mobile abilities (ADA, 2010). Due to potential injuries from obstacles in circulation paths, the paths should be clear of any obstructions. Storage should be allocated for cords and other potential tripping hazards (Cappell 2009).
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Future Issues As the faculty age, there will be issues that arise from the increasing gap between the older and younger generations. For instance, technology is becoming an integral part of people’s daily lives, and therefore it is naturally being brought into the work environment. This imposes a possible difficulty for older faculty to adjust to the new working interface, whereas the younger generation that is more likely to be comfortable with integrating technology with work. Studies have also shown that the older workforce plan to work past the traditional retirement age (BruyÊre, 2012). The generational gap between the older and newer faculty will cause difficulties when implementing business models and work strategies because the work styles differ between the older and younger generations. Additionally, incidences of disability rises as the workforce ages. However, these conditions that stem from disabilities have not been found to affect anyone from working (BruyÊre, 2012). Instead, the perception that disabilities affect an individual from working deters the person from asking for accommodations that may inconvenience his or her surrounding, which may in turn cause health problems to arise and force an earlier retirement than anticipated. In
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order to prevent this problem from arising, the responsible administrators need to address these concerns early and increase engagement between the aging faculty members and the rest of the campus to create an environment that supports and retains the aging faculty. In order for aging faculty to continue using the space comfortably, facilities should also adhere to universal design and implement ADA requirements in as many ways as possible.
3 Recommendations
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Offices
Correlation between current issues and goals Current Issues
Goals
1. Circulation
Circulation paths and workstations will accommodate for users of a variety of physical abilities.
2. Flexibility
Offices will be flexible to support varied work habits and schedules.
3. Privacy
Offices will provide a work environment that respects the visual and acoustic privacy of the faculty and students.
4. Healthy Workspace
Offices will encourage healthy lifestyles for the aging faculty to prevent possible injury and health complications.
5. Environmental Concerns
Offices will allow faculty to feel ownership and control over an adaptable space.
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Goal 1 & Performance Requirements Circulation paths and workstations will accommodate for users of a variety of physical abilities.
1.3: There should not be any cords or objects that obstruct circulation paths and can cause injury (Cappell, 2009).
1.1: Circulation paths should be at least 48 inches wide to accommodate wheelchair users and others with mobile disabilities (ADA 403.5.1).
1.4: There should be direct paths that take 6 to 15 minutes of walking time between offices within the same department to minimize physical strain for older faculty and facilitate communication (Soares ,2015; Chen, 2015).
1.2: Office door thresholds, if any exist, should be less than ½ inches high to allow wheelchair access to the space (International Code Council).
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Goal 2 & Performance Requirements Offices will be flexible to support varied work strategies and schedules. 2.1: Office space should include a study desk and a meeting desk to facilitate a gradient of work activities from focused work and shared work to team meetings (Knoll Workplace Research).
2.2: Tables and chairs in the office space should be movable on wheels to accommodate different configurations (Anjum, 2005).
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2.3: Offices should provide physical shelves, cabinets, and cloud storage options that comfortably house the faculty’s data files (Willett, 1988; Knoll Workplace Research).
Goal 3, 4 & Performance Requirements Offices will provide a work environment that respects the visual and acoustic privacy of the faculty and students.
Offices will encourage healthy lifestyles for the aging faculty to prevent injury and health complications.
3.1: Sound absorbent surfaces should be applied to walls in order to minimize sound transmission between rooms and protect confidential conversations (Noise and Hearing Loss Prevention, 2011).
4.1: Desks should be adjustable in a range of heights to provide a varied palette of sitting and standing postures (Innovative Workplaces: Benefits and Best Practices 2006).
3.2: Users should be able to control visual access to their offices for privacy regulation (Anjum, 2005; Hua Interview).
4.2: Ergonomic furniture should be placed inside offices to forestall injury over time (Robertson, 2008).
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Goal 5 & Performance Requirements Offices will allow faculty to feel ownership and control over an adaptable space. 5.1: Faculty should be allowed to customize their office walls, such as painting the wall a different color and providing enough room to hang frames (Wells, 2000).
5.2: Faculty should be given manual control over the thermal conditions inside an office, as this can return single digit improvements in productivity (World Green Building Council, 2015).
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5.3: Windows in the faculty office should provide easily operable shades or blinds to block light so that natural light does not cause glare on computer screens (American Optometric Association, 2009). 5.4: In addition to ambient lighting, offices should provide task lighting at desk that tailors to individual needs for focused work and enhance faculty satisfaction and retention (Silvester and Konstantinou, 2010).
Office Line by Line Type of Space
Quantity
Interior — Office Space Zone
Type of Space
Quantity
Exterior
Personal work desk
1
Stairs
1
Storage space
1
Elevator
2
Meeting area
1
Display space
1
Resource area (Printer, scanner, etc.)
1
Interior — Shared Common Area Research room
2
Conference space
3
Restroom
2
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Office Adjacency Diagram This adjacency diagram shows the spatial relationships between the different spaces and functions that should be included within and around the private office. We divided the the spatial adjacency needs of a private office into 3 separate areas. The first is the private office itself indicated by the light blue dotted outline, which is then further separated into two different spaces. The pink circle indicates the focus space for private, individual work, which should have direct access to the listed spaces and functions. The blue circle with the meeting desk indicates the space in a private office that’s more collaborative for more private meetings. The dark blue dotted line indicates an alternative work space directly adjacent to the private office, the common shared area, that supports even more collaboration in a more public space. Lastly, the green dotted circle on the bottom indicates the circulation space, which includes the elevators and stairs. In addition to having a secondary adjacency to the private office and common area for easy access, we also indicated the need for visual access as to facilitate easy and clear circulation throughout the space.
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Dry Labs
Correlation between current issues and goals Current Issues
Goals
1. Circulation
Dry labs will provide barrier free, simple, and safe circulation paths for all users.
2. Safety
Dry labs will provide a physical environment that ensures the safety of all dry lab users.
3. Effective Teaching Environment
Dry labs will provide an environment that help faculty teach and supervise students to use the equipment safely and effectively.
4. Lighting
The lighting in dry labs will be adjustable and effective to accommodate users with different vision abilities.
5. Acoustics
Dry labs’ acoustical environment will facilitate safety and teaching while accommodating the changing hearing abilities of aging faculty.
6. Air Quality
Air quality in dry labs will be controlled to provide a healthy working environment for all users.
7. Flexibility
Dry labs’ furniture will be flexible to accommodate different user needs and activities.
8. Adjacency
The internal and external adjacencies of dry labs will accommodate appropriate functions and encourage efficient and convenient use of the space.
9. Sustainability
The dry lab design will comply with the principles of sustainability to improve laboratory energy efficiency.
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Goal 1 & Performance Requirements Dry labs will provide barrier free, simple, and safe circulation paths for all users.
1.3 The lab should provide at least one 5-feet turning radius for wheelchairs users (ADA, 2010).
1.1 Main aisles used for emergency egress should have a clearance width of at least 3 ft (UNC Laboratory Design Guidelines).
1.2 Circulation paths should be clear of any lab materials and cords.
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1.4 The space between adjacent workstations and laboratory benches should be 5 feet or greater to provide ease of access. In a teaching laboratory, the desired spacing is 6 feet (ADA 42 USC 12111 9(A), 12183 NFPA 45, Chapters 2 and 3).
Goal 2 & Performance Requirements Dry labs will provide an environment that ensures the safety of all dry lab users.
2.4 Substitute mechanical for manual strength at lab entrances (Silverstein, 2008).
2.1 Safety instructions should be legible from the entrance and the locations of the lab they pertain to. For legibility, the symbol size should be determined according to this equation Conspicuity = 0.025 x (Distance) + 0.012 (Hedge, 2015)
2.5 Include both visual and auditory warning signals in labs (Silverstein, 2008).
2.2 All surface materials should be antireflective to enhance visibility. 2.3 All flooring materials should be nonslip with Static Coefficient of Friction (SCOF) equal to or greater than a 0.5 value (ASTM D-2047).
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Goal 3 & Performance Requirements Dry labs will provide an environment that help faculty teach and supervise students to use the equipment in a safely and effectively. 3.1 Dry labs should have a supervision office directly within itself.
3.2 Faculty or staff should be able to see out to the machines from their office in the lab space.
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3.3 Dry labs should be equipped with audio technology so that faculty can communicate quickly and efficiently with all users of the lab at all times.
Goal 4 & Performance Requirements The lighting in dry labs will be adjustable and effective to accommodate users with different vision abilities. 4.1 Lighting switch options should be both manual and automatic to give more control to faculty.
4.4 Task light should be placed on the left and slightly to the front of the person who is right-handed, and on the right and slightly to the front of the person who is left-handed to reduce shadows (Lighting Research Center at RPI).
4.2 There should be task lights that provide increased visibility in specific areas such as workstations for performing focus tasks (Silverstein, 2008).
4.3 Light levels of task lights should be adjustable with a minimum light level at 100 lx or 100fc (Silverstein, 2008).
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Goal 5, 6 & Performance Requirements Dry labs’ acoustical environment will facilitate safety and teaching while accommodating the changing hearing abilities of aging faculty. 5.1 Acoustic treatments should be used in areas with high noise levels (machine area) to minimize distractions. 5.2 The overall noise level in dry labs should be less than 55 dBA to avoid impaired communication (Prudent Practices in the Laboratory). 5.3 Use warning sounds that have low frequency rather than high frequency sounds (Silverstein, 2008).
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Air quality in dry labs will be controlled to provide a healthy working environment for all users. 6.1 Dry labs with machine by-products should be continuously ventilated to maintain an indoor Total Particulate Matter (TPM) level less than 10 mg/m3 (TWA) and Respirable Particulates (PM10) less than 3 mg/m3 (TWA; ASHRAE). 6.2 Hoods in dry labs should be located more than 10ft from any door or doorways, except the emergency exit (ANSI/AIHA Z9.6).
Goal 7 & Performance Requirements Dry labs’ furniture will be flexible to accommodate different user needs and activities.
7.2 Workstations should provide seats and tables with adjustable height, back support, and armrests for aging faculty to work comfortably.
7.1 The height to depth ratio of storage shelves should accommodate an average person’s strength and reachable area while retrieving items according to typical shelf parameters (refer to Human Factors Design Handbook - Woodson, 1992). 7.4 Provide multiple levels of work surfaces in a range from 27 to 37 inches from the floor (ADA, Title III Public Accommodations and Services Operated by Private Entities Sec. 303. New Construction and Alterations in Public Accommodations and Commercial Facilities ).
7.5 Workbenches should have a 29inch clearance beneath the top, a depth of at least 20 inches, and a minimum width of 36 inches to allow for leg space for the seated individual (ADA, Title III Public Accommodations and Services Operated by Private Entities Sec. 303. New Construction and Alterations in Public Accommodations and Commercial Facilities ).
7.3: Machines that require long standing time should provide additional furnishing in front to provide better posture, muscle conditioning and minimize fatigue.
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Goal 8, 9 & Performance Requirements The internal and external adjacencies of dry labs will accommodate appropriate functions and encourage efficient and convenient use of the space. 8.1 The loading dock should have direct access to dry lab storage within 5-minutewalk to make material transportation more convenient. 8.2 Computers and tools paired with specific machines should be directly adjacent to the machine.
The dry lab design will comply with the principles of sustainability to improve laboratory energy efficiency. 9.1 All the lighting fixtures in dry labs should be compact fluorescents or LED lighting to be more energy efficient (WBDG, 2015). 9.2 The first 15 feet of depth at the perimeter of the building should be entirely lit by daylighting during daytime and light shelves should be used to extend the daylight zone in dry labs (WBDG, 2015).
9.3 Use programmable low-voltage control systems, occupancy sensors with adjustable sensitivity levels and timing lighting system in dry labs (WBDG, 2015).
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Dry Labs
Line by Line Type of Space
Quantity
Interior — Lab Space Zone
Type of Space
Quantity
Exterior
Area for safety equipment
1
Storage room
1
Student storage area
1
Elevator
2
Area for cleaning supplies
1
Loading dock
1
Supervisor office
1
Restroom
2
Assembly station
3
Shower**
2
Assembly room**
1
Faculty office**
1
Interior — Workstation Zones Machines*
15
Tool cabinet*
15
Computers*
15
Vent
1
Area for disposal
1
* Numbers may vary according to class size and requirements ** For dry labs with special needs
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Dry Labs
Adjacency Diagram
This diagram provides adjacency recommendations for the spaces outlined in the line-by-line. Shown in light blue is the workstation zone. We recommend that machines should be right next to (indicated by double line) the computer and the tools that are used for the machine, and that vents and disposal stations should be right next to the machine to maintain a safe and clean environment. Shown in dark blue is the lab space zone. The important adjacency recommendations are that the supervision office should allow the faculty to see out to all the workstations, and that the assembly stations should be directly adjacent to workstations and student storage area for users to transfer materials easily. Outside the dark blue bubble are areas that are outside the lab space. The important relationships to note here are that the lab should be directly adjacent to the storage room, which should be directly adjacent to the loading dock and the elevators to efficiently store and retrieve materials.
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4 Detailed Program & Phasing
Offices
Detailed Program & Phasing
Lighting
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Phase 1 - Renovation
Phase 2 - New Construction
Window • Install shades and blinds inside offices in order to control the amount of natural light entering the space and to prevent glare (American Optometric Association, 2009). Artificial Lighting • Place task light at desk to increase focus and to reduce shadows. Worker controlled lighting and user tailored lighting solutions can significantly enhance faculty work satisfaction and retention (Silvester and Konstantinou, 2010).
Window • Should maximize natural lighting through large windows for user comfort and minimize strain on the eye, especially during focused work that involves reading and writing. Lighting studies in the workplace have shown consistently that natural lighting has positive effects on workers’ self-assessed level of well-being. Employees prefer to work near windows with natural lighting (Silvester and Konstantinou, 2010). Artificial Lighting • Considering both quality and energy conservation, building should use LED lighting instead of incandescent and fluorescent lighting for optimal artificial lighting. Even for fluorescent lighting, a significant body of research showed how its luminous flicker led to visual discomfort, deteriorations in visual performance, stress, and headaches (Silvester and Konstantinou, 2010). • Switches should have manual override with control over dimness/brightness of lighting (Hoffman et al. 2008). A light dimmer that provides variable light inside an office has the potential advantage of increasing ‘activity’
Lighting
Air Quality/ Ventilation
ratings and decreasing ‘deactivation’ and ‘fatigue’. • Install blue-enriched white light inside offices to improve alertness, mood, performance, concentration, and minimize fatigue, irritability, and eye discomfort (Silvester and Konstantinou, 2010). Control • Provide ventilation through offices to minimize concentrations of CO2 and pollutants; productivity improvements of 8-11% are not uncommon as a result of better IAC (indoor air quality) (World Green Building Council, 2015). Pollutants • Ventilation should be sensor regulated to filter and condition the air several times to provide thermal comfort (PWGSC).
Control • Each office space should have a ventilation system that is both automated and manually operable according to demand (World Green Building Council, 2015). Pollutants • Avoid completely products and finishes with volatile organic compounds, allergens, and asthmagen. • Select products and finishes with eco labels, such as: Greenguard, Energy Star, Cradle to Cradle, EcoLogo, Green seal, SMaRT, level, American Tree Farm System, Environmental Stewardship Program, Environmentally Preferable Product, FloorScore, Global Organic Textile Standard, etc (ASID, 2011). Technology • Install a mixed-mode system. An analytical study performed by Carnegie Mellon indicated that natural ventilation or mixed-mode conditioning could result in 0.8 - 1.3% savings on health costs, 3-18% productivity gains, and 47-79% in HVAC energy savings, for an average ROI of at least 120% (World Green Building Council,
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Air Quality
Temperature
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2015). • Supply various ventilation technology and options to optimize ventilation rate and fresh air entering the space while retaining an acceptable moisture level in the office. Outdoor air renews oxygen for breathing and dilutes pollutants (World Green Building Council, 2015). • Install taller ceilings inside office spaces to provide more available height above faculty’s breathing zone. The taller the ceiling, the greater the space available for a “temperature gradient.” This proves to be beneficial for both natural ventilation and cooling strategies (World Green Building Council, 2015). Control • In addition to central air-conditioning systems, occupants should have individual temperature control within the room (Karjalainen, 2007) because control over thermal conditions inside an office can return single digit improvements in productivity (World Green Building Council, 2015). • Place a humidifier in the office to allow for manual humidity control. • Occupants should have be able to open or close windows by varying degrees.
Control • The manual temperature controller should be easy to operate and show current and ideal room temperatures. Technology • Air conditioning system should be sensor regulated so that the temperature of the space is comfortable when occupants are in the space (ASTM E2320-04). • Install chilled ceilings, which provide heat exchange through radiative and convective processes. This will ultimately improve thermal comfort and create a more efficient generation and transportation of cooling (World Green Building Council, 2015).
Acoustics
Privacy • Provide means of acoustic privacy inside offices and between offices through partitions and sound absorbent material applications that measure at least 0.7 in NRC. The resulting privacy index should be at least 80, which defines normal privacy (GSA Public Building Service, 2011). Safety • For fire alarms, include redundant visual or tactile signals such as flashing warning lights or cell phones with vibration instead of relying on auditory signals only (Silvestern, 2008).
Privacy • Install a sound masking system, for the office environment at 45-48 dBA (GSA Public Building Service 2011). Safety • Warning sounds should be at a lower frequency because aging faculty may have high frequency hearing deficiencies (Silverstein, 2008).
FF&E (Furniture, Fixture and Equipment) and Finishings
Control • Faculty should be able to choose what kind of furniture is placed and where it should be placed in their offices (Gibson, 2015). Furniture • Mobile tables easily adapt from focused work to small group meetings (Knoll Workplace Research). • Chairs should be adjustable in height and ergonomic by accommodating size and form of individuals (Robertson, 2008). Storage Space • Overhead storage maximizes usable wall space and provides multiple display options (Knoll Workplace Research). Finishing • Place seals on sound absorbing partitions that
Control • Chairs, tables, desk, and storage in the office space should be movable to allow a flexible workstyle and customization of space (Innovative Workplaces: Benefits and Best Practices 2006). Furniture • Furniture in the room should comply to LEED NC credits EQ 8.1 and 8.2 to obtain 1 or 2 LEED credits (USGBC). Storage Space • Use space-efficient bookcases to accommodate storage and displays (Knoll Workplace Research).
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FF&E and Finishing
decrease leakage of sound outside of office walls to ensure occupant comfort and well-being (AIA). • Choose furniture, wall, and flooring finishes with zero VOCs and minimal harmful contaminates (Innovative Workplaces: Benefits and Best Practices, 2006).
Finishing • Insulate walls with systems and materials that absorb sound. An aluminum system in combination with fiberglass reinforced plastic (FRP) or vinyl faced wall panels provide a solid moisture resistant and non corrosive surface. • Apply flooring materials that reduce the risk of slips and physical injuries (ASTM D-2047).
Access
Egress • All entrances and exits should be clear of obstacles that may obstruct safe passageway. • Install doors that are easier to maneuver (ADA). • Install doors with ½” or less threshold on the floor for wheelchair access (International Code Council). • Use door levers or handles that require the least amount of energy instead of knobs, which may be restraining for those with motor disabilities (ADA, 2010). Circulation • All circulation paths should accommodate a wheelchair turninwwg radius of 60 inches (ADA). • Clear the circulation path of obstacles by removing long cords from the floor (Cappell, 2009). • Rearrange the layout of the furniture in the room to ensure a wide main circulation path for wheelchair users that is a minimum of 36 inches (ADA, 2010).
Egress • All of the doorways within the space should have a minimum clear opening of 32 in (815 mm) from the 90 degree open door to the opposite stop (ADA, 2010).
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Dry Lab
Detailed Program & Phasing
Lighting
Phase 1 — Renovation
Phase 2 — New Construction
Natural Lighting • Add shades or blinds to the windows to minimize glare problems (G. Evans, personal communication, October 4, 2015; Y. Hua, personal communication, October 18, 2015). Artificial Lighting • Provide task light at each machine/ work station to reduce shadows (Silvester, 2008). • Choose energy efficient lighting fixtures such as compact fluorescents or LED lighting (WBDG). Control • Provide discrete light switch in addition to sensor-controlled lighting (J. Elliott, personal communication, 15 October, 2015; K. Gibson, personal communication, November 9, 2015).
Natural Lighting • Maximize natural lighting and view to the outside (Augustin, 2009; World Green Building Council, 2014). • Dry lab windows should face North to minimize glare (Czaja, 2004). • Design the first 15 feet of depth at the perimeter of the building to be entirely lit by daylighting and use light shelves to extend the daylight zone in the dry labs (WBDG). Artificial Lighting • Split-task ambient solutions should be used in the space to accommodate different illuminance levels (Silvester, 2013). • High illuminance fluorescent lighting fixtures should be used in order to enhance color discrimination (Silverstein, 2008). Control • Lighting control switches should be visible and easily operable (World Green Building Council, 2014). • Provide programmable low-voltage control systems and occupancy sensors with adjustable sensitivity levels and timing (WBDG).
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Air Quality
Technology • Install individual ventilation around each machine for good ventilation around breathing zones (Hedge, 2015). • Hoods should be located more than 10 ft from any door or doorway except for emergency exits (ANSI/AIHA Z9.6).
Technology • Install sensor technology and alarm system to detect and notify occupants of inadequate indoor air quality (UNC Laboratory Design Guidelines). • Provide air supply system, supply valves, and general fume hood exhaust ducts to maintain good air quality (McNay, 2011). • Use displacement ventilation in the dry lab because it circulates 100% fresh air and is the optimal choice for maximizing indoor air quality while minimizing energy costs (Corney A., 2007). • Exhaust Stack should extend at least 3 m (10 ft) above the highest point on the roof to protect personnel on the roof (NFPA 45).
Temperature
Architectural • Fix leaks in walls, windows or doors. There should be no drafts in the room (ASTM E232004). Control • Provide personal control over thermal comfort, even modest degrees, to improve productivity and satisfaction (World Green Building Council, 2014). • Place a set of humidifier and dehumidifier in the lab to allow for manual humidity control. • Have operable windows in the room to allow for personal control over the room temperature.
Technology • Sensor regulated air conditioning system should be used in the lab space to control room temperature within an acceptable thermal comfort range for both occupants and machines at all times (e.g. 20-23.5°C (68-75°F) in winter and 23-26°C (73-79°F) in summer) (ASTM E2320-04). • Central humidity control system should be used in the space to control the humidity level within range of 40% to 70% (ASTM E2320-04). Control • The manual temperature controller should be easy to operate and show current and ideal room temperatures.
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Acoustics
Technology • Include redundant warning signals such as flashing warning lights or cell phones with vibration. It is unsafe to rely solely on auditory signals (Silverstein, 2008). • Reduce speech rate and eliminate speech compression on automated systems if applicable (Silverstein, 2008). Noise Level • Provide acoustic panels in the dry labs to control noise levels under 55 dBA, which facilitates communication between the instructor and student from each workstation (Prudent Practices in the Laboratory).
Technology • Implement central communication system with speakers at each workstation. • Workers after age 50 typically begin to lose higher frequency hearing, therefore use warning sounds that have a low frequency rather than a high frequency (Silverstein, 2008). • Add sound attenuators to supply air valves in order to reduce noise level (McNay, 2011). Architectural • Avoid high ceilings to minimize the amount of echo in the space.
FF&E (Furniture, Fixture and Equipment) and Finishings
Furniture • Work surfaces, including computer areas, should incorporate ergonomic features such as adjustability, task and day lighting, and equipment layout (Columbia University Guidelines for Laboratory Design). • Provide soft landing/carpeting and anti-fatigue mats in front of machines to accommodate aging faculty who need to stand and work at the machine for a long time. • Workstation seats and tables should have adjustable height, back support, and armrests to assist aging faculty in remaining comfortable while working.
Equipment • Equipments generating a high level of noise should be used in a separate room from the general work area to reduce noise level and distraction from noise (McNay, 2011). • Utility shut-off controls should be located outside the laboratory (Columbia University Guidelines for Laboratory Design). Fixtures • Provide flexible laboratory fixtures to make it easier to accommodate upgrades in the system as technology evolves. Finishing • Floors should be level and non-slip with a Static
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• Workbenches should have a 29-inch clearance beneath the top, a depth of at least 20 inches, and a minimum width of 36 inches to allow for leg space for the seated individual. • Provide multiple levels of horizontal surfaces: 27 to 37 inches from the floor (ADA, 2010). Finishing • Workstation, wall, floor, and machine surfaces should be non-reflective. • Use high contrast floor and wall finishing. Storage • Adequate storage/staging should be provided for containers awaiting removal (Columbia University Guidelines for Laboratory Design). • Use mold resistant materials to prevent storage area from becoming a breeding place or food source for vermin (Columbia University Guidelines for Laboratory Design). • The height to depth ratio of storage shelves should accommodate average person’s strength and reachable area while retrieving items according to typical shelf parameters (refer to Human Factors Design Handbook) (Woodson, 1992). Signage • Signs should be placed adjacent to the latch side of the door leading to the laboratory located in the area of the midpoint of the height of the door (RCNY Title 3, Chapter 2706-01).
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Coefficient of Friction (SCOF) equal to or greater than a 0.5 value (Columbia University Guidelines for Laboratory Design; ASTM D-2047). • Use carpet, paint, furniture and other workplace finishes with low counts of particulates, gases or volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to avoid sickness (Stringer, 2013).
Architectural Qualities
Access & Adjacency • Rearrange the layout of the furniture/machines in the room to ensure a wide main circulation path with a minimum width of 3 ft (ADA, 2010). • Make the circulation path clear of obstacles by removing the cords and lab materials on the floor (ADA, 2010). • An ADA emergency eyewash/shower should be within a 10 second walking distance of an ADA fume hood There should be at least one ADA hood per laboratory floor (UNC Laboratory Design Guidelines). • Pair tools and computers next to the machine. Door • The laboratory doors should be automatically self-closing so that physically challenged individuals can open them with a minimum amount of effort (24 CCR 2, Chapter 10 Prudent Practices in the Laboratory, Section 5.C 24 CCR 9 (CFC) 1007.4.37. ADA). • All the doors to the dry lab room should have a view panel (UNC Laboratory Design Guidelines). • Lab benches and other furniture must be placed a minimum of 36 inches from an exit (UNC Laboratory Design Guidelines). Window • Operable windows in dry labs should be equipped with insect screens.
Access & Adjacency • Loading dock and storage should be directly adjacent to the dry labs. If the labs are not on the ground level floor, they should be directly adjacent to an elevator near the loading dock. • The dry lab should have a faculty office directly within itself. This office should use transparent walls so that faculty can see all machines from their lab office space. • Build ramps (if there is a level change) along the path from loading dock/ storage to the labs (ADA, 2010). • Circulation paths should be at least 36 inches wide to accommodate for wheelchairs. All circulation paths should allow wheelchair turning radius of 60” (ADA, 2010). • Dry labs should be placed near two accessible means of egresses (ADA, 2010). Door • All of the doorways within the space should have a minimum clear opening of 32 in with the door open 90 degrees, measured between the face of the door and the opposite stop (ADA 4.13.5). • The doorways of dry labs that have large equipments should have at least 48 inch openings (UNC Laboratory Design Guidelines). Window • Window and blinds should be within reach and easily operable (Y. Hua, personal communication, October 18, 2015).
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5 Budget
Offices Budget
Product Name, Manufacturer
Product Image
Unit Price
Access Door Lever
$43.99
Manufacturer: Kwikset Model: 156HFL-S
Door with Glass Manufacturer: Arazzinni Model: Maximum 209
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$400
Lighting LED Task Light
$169.99
Manufacturer: Symmetry Office Model: SMOF1011
LED Troffer
$112.37
Manufacturer: CREE Model: ZR-22
Light Dimmer with Remote
$77.07
Manufacturer: Lutron Model: MIR-603THW-WH
55
Temperature Wi-fi Touchscreen Programmable Thermostat
$199.99
Manufacturer: Honeywell Model: RTH9580
Digital Warm & Cool Mist Ultrasonic Humidifier
$199.99
Manufacturer: Air O Swiss Model: AOS7142
Acoustics Fiberglass Insulation Manufacturer: Owens Corning Model: OC7031
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$102.00
Lighting Fire Alarm System
$40.97
Manufacturer: System Sensor Model: G4390872
Storage & Organization Credenza
$6,428
Manufacturer: Herman Miller Model: JCH-2-1462-C2
File Cabinet Manufacturer: Kimball Model: FND18303, FND18304SC, FND18305ADA, FND1830OF, FND18304
$1,006 + $1,006 + $991 + $1,792 + $764 + $1,222 (respectively) = $6,781
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Ergonomics Ergonomic Chair
$1,257.00
Manufacturer: Gunlocke Model: GK1208
Adjustable Height Group Setting Work Table
$3,126
Manufacturer: Knoll Model: RTA3636
Adjustable Height Table Manufacturer: Knoll Model: TBCEF3528
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$4,110
Dry Labs Budget
Product Name, Manufacturer
Product Image
Unit Price
Door Low Energy Pneumatic Automatic Door Operator
$1,008.58
Manufacturer: LCN Model: 4822-REG
Door Closer
$80.00
Manufacturer: Norton Model: 1605BC
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Mechanical Switch Bar
$119.00
Manufacturer: Global Door Controls Model: TH1100EDTBARAL
Thermal Insulated Door with View Panel
$648.00
Manufacturer: CECO Model: CHMDXVL2668XCYL-CE-18GA
Acoustics Speakerphone for Individual Workstations Manufacturer: Jabra Speak Model: 7410-209
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$69.95
4’ x 4’ Acoustic Ceiling Clouds (NRC rating of 1.0)
$385.00
Manufacturer: Audimute Soundproofing Model: Eco-c-Tex Wall/Ceiling Tile
Lighting Fluorescent Shop Light
$212.00
Manufacturer: Lithonia Model: IBH-12L-MVOLT
Task Light
$219.00
Manufacturer: Pablo Model: PBL-PIXO-TABLE-LAMP
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Temperature Light Dimmer with Occupancy Sensor
$33.75
Manufacturer: Lutron Maestro Model: LMSCLOP153MW
Titanium Heat Control Window Film (3 ft. x 100 ft.)
$163.00
Manufacturer: Gila Model: 10363486
Storage & Organization Student Cubby Manufacturer: Sandusky Lee Model: IBU421633
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$80.88
Tool Cabinet
$825.00
Manufacturer: Westward Model: 7CX76
Motorized Vertical Storage Carousels Manufacturer: Vidir Machine Model: S39089-0534-08
Price vary depending on # of shelves and length Request Quote
Ergonomics Sit-Stand Workstation for Computer
$299.00
Manufacturer: Levenger Model: FA4210
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Work Bench- Adjustable Height (72� W x 36�)
$257.95
Manufacturer: Shop Top Model: 183165
Ergonomic Chair
$624.00
Manufacturer: Raynor Ergohuman Model: ME7ERG
Slip Resistant Mat Manufacturer: Uline Model: H-1703
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$76.00
6 Appendix
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Interview Summaries Interview transcript of relevant Q&A in chronological order
Interview 1 September 29, 2015
Gary Evans Chair/Elizabeth Lee Vincent Professor worked here since 1992
Would you prefer to work at home or in the office? Why?
which usually have 3-4 people including me. And I use the common area for large group meetings such as DEA 1500 review session. Usually there will be around 20 people at a time. I am worrying that the noise might disturb other faculties in their offices and I am thinking of getting a larger space to hold big group meeting next year.
Do you have any complaints or preferences towards the technological evolution?
Nowadays most younger generations prefer to read on computer screens but I still prefer to read paper copies instead of PDF versions. That is why I have these huge cabinets to store How do you use the lab? all my works. I would suggest giving elderly Lab is usually for graduate students to do their faculties more storage areas. work or have research based meetings. Most of the work is computer based and I share the How have you changed as you age? Hearing loss is the biggest problem for me lab with Professor Yeon. and now I need hearing aid. One good thing What are some problems you have about it is that noise never bothers me when I am in my office. encountered in your office and the lab?
I prefer to work at home because it is uninterrupted, more comfortable and homey. Another reason that I do most of my writing at home is because I like to work in the same time and same place. For me, office and lab are places for collaborative work instead of private work. Privacy is not an issue and I always keep my door open when I am in the Glare is a problem for me when I am using office. And as I know, faculties that were more my computer in my office. Luckily the blinds productive tend to not do work in their offices. alleviate the issue or it would be a big problem. The cords on the floor in the lab is How many people would you expect to be a big concern. Many people have complained using each space at one time? about tripping over it. I use different spaces depends on the nature of the work and the number of people I am What are some changes you would like to meeting with.The office is mainly for 1 to 1 make to your current office? individual conversations such as advising. I want more surface space and wall areas The lab is for research based meetings, to store items and hang photos. I prefer to
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have the actual things to show my personal expression.
Interview 2 September 30, 2015 Ying Hua Associate Professor Worked here since 2007
Do you have any complaints about your office space?
I really like the view out the window above my desk, but I need to climb over the table to
open the window, because it is way too heavy. The blinds are hard to operate. It it’s easier, I would use it more often, now I just leave it there. There is a big gap between the window and the desk, because the desk is too long and it didn’t fit due to the column. This is a big waste of space - becomes a dead space. If you could change anything about your office, what would it be?
it’s not enough to give me the comfort she needs. Sometimes AC is too cold: a couple weeks at the beginning of September. I can call facility to do adjustments, but I’d rather have more personal control.
What activities are performed in this space? What do you do in your office? How frequent are these events? Are there any problems with this room for these different events?
What do you think you will need as you The only time I use this space is for grading or continue to use the space as you age? to meet with students. I don’t write papers or Better and more logical organization, with less do graphics in this office because I need time clutter and tripping hazard in the room. Now I to do things in the studio so I don’t have time can simply push the table to the side to make to come back afterwards. I don’t have time to more room, in the future there needs to be a come back after because of family values not better way to do that. More and better lighting related to Cornell. My family needs to spend for work. Lower shelves - more reachable time together and do things together. area. What do you like most about your office? How do you like the furniture in your office compared to other environments (home, around MVR, etc.)? Are the shelves and Interview 3 October 1, 2015 filing cabinets at a comfortable height? Jack Elliott
Declutter the corner with all the boxes. Bigger size. The layout of office could incorporate more book shelves. I use the desk a lot, and I need more horizontal space. I often find myself moving papers around to clear up more horizontal space. The design could coordinate space better with the lighting. You see the varied ceiling height? The light there is not illuminating my work space. I still need a lot more space for paper/student reports/ surveys although technology is moving away Associate Professor from paper. Maybe secured lock for cabin for storage. What is a typical daily schedule for you?
I designed all of the furnitures you see here with American Beech wood. If anything, I would want a higher ceiling so that I can store I work here in the office on Thursdays for 3 more books. Ideally, there would be a ladder How much control do you have over your hours, 2 hours on Mondays, Tuesdays, and where I can reach the other books high above. office (temperature, acoustics)? Wednesdays, and I am not here at all on The thermostat has four degrees of control up Fridays. Other times, I would most likely be If you could change anything about your and down. I do use them, but in early september teaching in the studios. office, what would it be?
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For the most part, everything is fine, but I do consider the daylight, views, and access to other rooms like the mailroom, conference room, and the shop as very important. Another thing is that I wish there was better sound insulation. What is your opinion on the lighting in your office?
I never turn on the lights because it’s fluorescent and I don’t really like that, but I don’t need them at all either way because there is natural light that comes through my window, and I don’t need to turn on the lights because I don’t use the office at night. How do you like the location of your office?
I really like it. The DEA faculty didn’t want to place the offices on the fourth floor because they felt they would be disconnected with the rest of DEA. We have a nice DEA family, largely because of the space interaction, which is important for a small group. I believe it also increases/decreases collaborative potential.
stage* soon. *(Paul and Alan are retiring soon, so they stopped taking in Ph.D, grad students, and new research)
smoke goes around the whole building when the metal work is done. Secondly, there is no effective use of space. Another thing is that there is no interaction between the user and the lighting in the woodshop. There is no What do you think you will need as you manual override to turn off the light, so it only continue to use the space as you age? turns off automatically after 30 minutes. The If anything, I need more space for storage. problem with that is that if I want to shoot a As you can see, I have a lot of books but no laser, I can’t do that, because I can’t turn off more space to store any. However, I have one the lights by myself. of the smallest offices but I don’t mind at all. I could’ve asked for a larger office, since I do have priority as one of the older members, but Interview 4 October 2, 2015 Rhonda Gilmore I didn’t need a larger room. Do you have for your research or projects? If so, how do you use this space?
I have one off-campus and a woodshop at MVR. The off-campus lab has a lot of space, and if you saw the exhibition at johnson museum, you would know that it requires a lot of space, and I wouldn’t be able to do that at the woodshop here.
Lecture worked here since 1990
What do you like most about your office?
I like the layout of my office, since my computer is perpendicular to the office door, which did not block my view to the office door, and I could turn my head just a little bit to see who is coming in and talk to them. The shelves and storages are at the side, so they did not block my way Do you have any complaints with using the getting in and out, but the dest horizontal to the door sometimes blocks my way walking to When are you planning on retiring and lab space? the door. I also like the ergonomics furniture in why? With the woodshop, yes. First of all, there the office, which allows me to stay in the office I’m not retiring yet but I will be in Paul & Alan’s is no proper ventilation for research, so the
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and work comfortably. The lighting is amazing How do you like the location of your office? in my office, with the combination of natural Previously, It was hard for me to push a card daylight and focused task lighting. of materials up to my office, so I like my office near my studio, and I want to be as accessible If you could change anything about your to my students as possible. My office now office, what would it be? somewhat made me less accessible to my I would like to put a huge bulletin board with students, since they have to go a long way tackable surface under the horizontal shelf, from studio to find me in office. However, I’ve since it would make my life much more easier heard that there would be a shared printing to instantly put things on and constantly room at each floor, which I think would be very reminding me, and that’s way I am using the helpful! glass on the door to write things down. I also want to put more acoustic panels in my office, How has technology evolved since working since I am a loud person, and I don’t want here? to bother other people working outside the People are using emails to communicate office. Oh and, I think the carpet we are using with each other, and more and more files right now was beating up by chairs! are screen based instead paper based,
also the communication between me and How much control do you have over your my colleagues are rare! Since they also feel office? (temperature, acoustics) comfortable and private working at home in I think i can’t control the heat and coolness stead of office, which makes me feel sad. in the office! And it’s always a little too cold when the air condition is on, so I always keep What do you think you will need as you a sweater in my office to keep me warm, and continue to use the space as you age? woman hate to be cold! Well, I could change As I am aging, i think i need more reminders of the temperature if i call the facility, but I would my work, and my social interaction with both rather operating the temperature by myself. students and colleagues, and i want to look
me of what happened in the past. Also, I will have more files and i think clear display of the storage could help me a lot to find things and locate things, which saves me tons of time, so absolutely more storage and maybe bookcase! What changes would you like to see in the next 5 years?
I think there would be a flashback in technology! Like people now want to buy handcrafts instead of streamline products, I think might found out that the conventional way to communicate their work or communicate with each other work better to build relationship and build up their skills!
Interview 5 October 5, 2015
Kathleen Gibson Director of Undergraduate Studies
Which studio spaces do you teach in?
I teach in the sophomore studio and the Wired studio, both of which are located on the fourth floor of MVR. I’ve also taught in the T14 computer lab.
back memories more, so it would reminds
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What activities are performed in this changes so quickly, the way I teach software is different. I let students know from the start space? It varies per space. The studio is mostly used that I can’t teach them every software; it’s for desk critiques and students’ individual hard to stay ahead of everything people are presentations. The computer lab is used for using. I know certain software very well, and a lot of one-on-one instruction. I also teach some not at all. softwares in this space, and I like to help my students learn by working with them at their own computers. Students also present here. The wired studio is used as both a studio and a computer lab. Who uses this space?
Myself and the students who are mostly undergrad students, so aging from 18 to 22 years old. How have your activities in this space changed since you first started working here?
What is your ideal studio?
comfortably and safely without tripping. It’s hard for me to help students one-on-one because its hard to reach each student’s desk. There’s also very little space in between each desk, so there’s no space for the instructor. Most problems within the studio come from furniture mismatch and misallocation, or not having enough space. It’s not what you might expect, such as lack of good lighting or HVAC problems. There’s often miscommunication problems between the departments that are involved when new facilities are being constructed. And when professors make certain requests regarding furniture selections, they’re ignored. For example, DEA professors know that big chairs with arms are proven to be ergonomically harmful, but we have them in our computer labs. And because we have these unnecessary chair arms, less space is allocated between desks to perhaps fit in more students or to allow the instructor to communicate comfortably with students.
Making the Wired Studio was an attempt to create the ideal studio. The intent was to not make a CAD lab where everyone sits at their own desks facing forward, but to design a studio that facilitates teamwork, the gathering of several people at one place, collaboration, you know, desks shaped in a U shape. Computer-based studios should be set up as a studio, not an individual CAD lab. They need meeting desks for collaboration. However, there was a miscommunication issue when setting up the Wired Studio, and these conference, collaboration tables weren’t put in. The furniture’s dimensions also don’t allow the instructors to come by each student’s desk and help, so individual critiques are hard. How much control do you have over your office? (temperature, acoustics)
The usage for each space has changed over the years because technology has changed. For example, I used to have ten students around one computer when I first started teaching. Now, students bring their own What is your least favorite studio? When MVR offices were renovated, university computers in and we have computer labs authorities didn’t prioritize DEA Faculty’s where each student can sit in front of their My least favorite is the T14 computer lab. The opinions for many reasons, including that own computers. And because technology aisles are too narrow for anyone to walk by
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university offices need to be somewhat standardized. This is understandable because of many university implications that involve internal politics between colleges and departments. However, I feel that DEA faculty have more options to change their office space because of the major we teach and our college is more understanding of why, as professors who are designers, want to change their space. DEA professors can personalize their offices to some degree, like adding some indoor décor, but definitely more than the shared spaces. For example, you guys have probably seen signs in lecture halls that say desks and chairs should return to the standard set up once class is over. These rules have been established to act as a compromise between different professors’ teaching preferences. But many professors want the flexibility to design their teaching space according to their lecturing style, like having the option to switch from desking to teamwork in one class.
resources, and work. What do you like most about your office? It functions well. It has a good HVAC system, we have AC now since the renovation, which is very good for the summer. Lighting is good, we have louvres that shield glaring. I get a good amount of sunlight and a good view. The only inconvenient thing is the automatic timer for the light to turn off by itself, but I understand that that’s necessary. It’s currently not decorated since I never got to fully unpack and settle in after changing offices three times, but the spaces serves me well. If you could change anything about your office, what would it be?
My only complaint about this current office is the acoustics, especially when dealing with confidential information, like when I’m talking to students. Professors on the same floor in the DEA wing can hear each other from their offices, with our doors closed. I can even hear Sheila from downstairs sometimes.
What activities are performed in your office? How much control do you have over your My office space is used for small group office? (temperature, acoustics) meetings, to house my research and teaching When MVR offices were renovated, university
authorities didn’t prioritize DEA Faculty’s opinions for many reasons, including that university offices need to be somewhat standardized. This is understandable because of many university implications that involve internal politics between colleges and departments. However, I feel that DEA faculty have more options to change their office space because of the major we teach and our college is more understanding of why, as professors who are designers, want to change their space. DEA professors can personalize their offices to some degree, like adding some indoor décor. Rhonda’s wall is painted, my previous office was painted, and I picked the chairs in my office. But offices are definitely more customizable than the shared spaces. For example, you guys have probably seen signs in lecture halls that say desks and chairs should return to the standard set up once class is over. These rules have been established to act as a compromise between different professors’ teaching preferences. But many professors want the flexibility to design their teaching space according to their lecturing style, like having the option to switch from desking to teamwork in one class. What paths do you take from your office?
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computer; you’d have to dump the files and restart the process, and this was 20 years ago. I used to think computers were just a fad, but the advance of technology is obviously accelerating. Regarding my current office, this is my third office here at Cornell. I went on sabbatical and moved my stuff out of the office. When I came back, I moved to the mezzanine floor, and then When are you planning on retiring and finally to this place. This wing was renovated why? after 30 years since its last renovation. Studios I’m considering retiring when I don’t feel weren’t wired before the East wing renovation. challenged anymore, or when I reach the point of not feeling engaged with teaching or What do you think you will need as you continue to use the space as you age? research. I always takes the elevator because of my brain surgery from a couple years ago. It affected my balance, and I also now get dizzy in the dark or when there’s a lot of light. The MVR wing’s staircase has lots of reflective surfaces, so I take the elevator instead to not injure myself.
How long have you worked here?
I’ve been in Human Ecology for 22 years, but I’ve been teaching in general for 25 years. What changes in the workspace have you seen in the last X years?
Technology has been the biggest change factor. I first started teaching with technology, there were only matrix printers. Students would turn in slides, take the slide, and get prints of it. In order to create an animation, it would exceed the amount of storage on the
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classroom, I end up heraing more background than foreground noise. When I’m working with a student, many times, I can hear two students that are further awa from me more clearly than the student near me. A lot of sound and noise makes me dizzy. When a lot is going on, I get overloaded and can’t process everything so I get very dizzy. Acoustics are very important. What changes would you like to see in the next 5 years?
I would like more soft surfaces. Right now, there aren’t that many, only in the carpet. Ceilings don’t absorb sound and most of the sound is at our head level which bounces off Vision is one of my concerns, as well as the the harder surfaces. first thing I’m noticing about aging. Just a couple years ago, I didn’t have glasses and Do you have any complaints with using the now I have a hard time seeing. I need things lab space? magnified, such as a large monitor, since The space I use is not a lab as much as an everything is printed small. I’m having to office. It’s more for history kinds of work, not adapt how I see since the glasses I’m using testing of certain things. It’s a research space, aren’t supposed to be used all the time. I only but not a wet lab or Alan Hedge’s lab where use them for close work and reading. I also you’re testing things. It doesn’t have a lot of have loss of hearing after becoming deaf on specialized technology or equipment. It really one ear because of my brain surgery. I need just needs to store a lot of information. to have students sit on a certain side, both in the office and the classroom. Especially in the
Interview 6 October 6, 2015 IRL faculties 210 Dolgen Hall
What is a typical daily schedule for you?
I have a pretty flexible schedule, and since we have faculty with disability, so our offices are pretty accessible. While I am in my office, I have 2 monitors, which I was using a lot due to tons of data work, adjustable keyboard and mouse, and a special chair due to my connective tissue disease. My desk is adjustable, but it’s too heavy for me to lift since all my stuffs are on the desk, and there are people with weak shoulder that they couldn’t use this kind of stand-up desk with a crank, so I wish to incorporate some technology to move the table up and down. What is your opinion on the hallway design and how do you find the navigation?
Most areas are well-designed for people with physical disability, but it might be a little bit difficult for them to get to the refrigerator, coffee machine, and printer, which is on top of something, in our lounge, and it’s harder for them because they are in a sitting position. I also think there’s no enough contrast between
the floor carpeting and walls, which are now all brown, so as we are aging, we need more contrast due to our low vision.
accessible parking could prevent me from hurt since I am having connective tissue disease, so I think better transportation facilities would definitely help. Now we have good support of How much control do you have over your accommodation, but as we continue to use the office? (thermal, acoustic etc.) space, I would like to have follow up tracking For the temperature, we don’t have much of those accommodations to make sure those control over temperature. Though they give equipments would still assist our work. us the illusion of control over a five degree control, but it doesn’t seem to work, one thirds How has technology evolved since working of people here have space heaters, which are here? blowing them all summer long because the I’ve been working here for 8 years, and not a AC gets too cold. Acoustic.. em, is not a big lot have changed to me. Well, of course we are problem for private office users because we using more screens, projectors and laptop. can shut the door. We could ask for assistant Also, the working habits have changed due to supplies for to different personal needs, but those new technology. As I am working longer sometimes faculty did not know about which and longer, I am having higher position, which supply fits them, so we encourage them leads to more works, and I am having more evaluate accessibility before just asking for stress than before, but those technology helps things. me better control my works. What do you think you will need as you What changes would you like to see in the continue to use the space as you age? next 5 years? Bigger monitors! Lower vision might be the biggest challenge, and maybe office phones can adjust volume, since I might also have reduced hearing. Elevators in our office building often doesn’t work, and more
More faculty will be recruited, so it will be more crowded, and more space needed to support continuous growth. I would also like to better snow cleaning system for the circulation between parking space to office. In 5 years,
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faculty will have more flexibility of working schedule, so the working space would be changed to accommodate different working schedule.
used to control this?
I’ve seen that multitasking is very stressful for Very noisy. If I hear something, I would come older people working in the woodshop. There out of office to check with each person. There is always multitasking - watching all people using the shop, being in the office checking is ear protection. emails about new projects, helping out with What do you like most about the woodshop? a student while other students are working or waiting, especially when you have a full room Interview 7 October 7, 2015 The tools are against the wall in a circle in Charles V. Beach Jr. of 16 during the last week of the project. the perimeter, on a consistent path that goes HEB Lab Assistant around. worked here since 2010 Also the windows, a lot of shops don’t have Interview 8 October 8, 2015 What activities are performed in the windows. Joe Sullivan woodshop? Emerson Machining Lab Manager/Teaching Support Do you have any complaints or problems Specialist Development of ideas, fabrication, all hands about the lab space? worked here since 2010 on activities, use of machines and tools, I need to transport the material from the shop instructional as well (if you’ve never used a tool before, there is woodshop training to help to the laser cutting room upstairs, such as 4x8 What activities are performed in this sheets. I have to go through a lot of doors, not space? students learn how to use the tool) straight to elevator and straight to laser room. Open 12 hours for lab training, project teams You can actually see the laser room from the What are some of the safety hazards in the to come work on their projects, research assembly room, perhaps a lift directly from space? students, and serving as a learning lab. the assembly to the laser room will help. Watch out for surroundings, clothes or things in the way. Eye protection. Having enough space How can the space be changed to suit your When do faculty use the space? for working. Being resistant to distractions - needs as you age? Not often, they mostly send students. They if you are working on a tool and somebody come during the morning, about once a month. As you get older, your judgement changes. drops something, you could get distracted. Some people become less patient, need to put How many people would you expect to use How is the noise level, and what strategy is in more effort to keep up with day to day things. the space at one time?
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Average of 10 people at a time. There is a jam session around the 5th of January - two weeks in which people work for 10 hours a day. There are about 75 people in the shop. With only 4 supervisors (lab technician and professor), it could get chaotic and stressful. I have to pay attention the whole time. Things need to be in ear shot so I can hear problems. What do you like most about the space? The least?
it spreads. It gets noisy. Sometimes I get bothered by the sound - get ringing in my ears from too much sound. We have pretty good lighting, we turn all the lights on, and there is outside light coming in. At night, got lights coming in from all directions. It’s workable at night, we don’t need lighting on the machine because the ceiling light seems to cover it all.
to pair up tools with the machines that you’ll need it for, so everything is all together. Makes it easier.
What do you think you will need as you continue to use the space as you age? I’ve been here for 5 years; I’m 62 now. I need windows. I’m leaving because the new shop doesn’t have windows. It’s like a dungeon You mentioned you get ringing in your ears, without windows, don’t know whether it’s day is that often? or night out. The fluorescent light needs to be Yes, I hear ringing after leaving the shop. It’s changed, I don’t want to be under fluorescent light all day. More rubber mats would be nice. often. We have mats right in front of the machine so Do you have any complaints about the you can stand there and work for a long time. But it’s harder to clean up. space?
Love the space and the brightness - its inviting. In the future the lab will be moved the basement of Upson. I can’t work in the basement where there is no windows. I really like the windows on both sides along the long side of the lab. The air quality. Although the lab is constantly exchanging the air, if all the machines (about 20) How much control do you have over your are running at the same time, can sometimes office? (Temperature, acoustics, lighting, taste the metal in the air. air quality) Temperature is always at perfect 70. The air exchange system (using sensors) filters the air as it takes the air out and regulates the temperature of the air coming in to regulate the indoor temperature. Sometimes don’t use smokeless oils and produce smoke, but the machine filters the fume and smoke before
How often does this happen?
I would say every couple of days. Could you comment on the organization in the space?
Everything is organized well in the bins. I like
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Academic Journal Summaries Age, Attention, Expertise, and Time- The research looks at how older workers’ the physical environment can accommodate Sharing Performance (Tsang & Shaner, perception of occupancy quality differ from the aging diversity in the American workforce. 1998)
This study proposes that age, expertise, and structural similarity of multi-tasking exert interactive influences on time sharing performance. As the task demand increases, people will require additional resources to maintain the same level of performance. The data in the research strongly suggested an age-related deficit in time-sharing beyond that of a general decline. Compared to younger adults, older adults are more vulnerable to distraction which means it is relatively more challenging for them to divide their attention between multiple tasks. Among different variables, noise in the working environment is one of the critical issues that make older adults challenging to concentrate and work efficiently.
younger workers with different design factors. The paper is divided into two parts. The first part consists of literature review of pervious studies about different age groups’ reaction to ambient conditions in work environment and workstation design. The second part conducts survey questionnaire to find the correlation of age and effects of different design factors. Participants are classified into 3 age groups: 121 participants for the younger group (<35), 185 fro the middle group (35-49), and 110 for the older group (>50). The result shows that there are differences in perceptions of attributes contributing to work environment quality among workers in different age groups related to Noise and Privacy, Annoyance from noise, Visual quality and Office appearance. The findings suggested that relative to younger workers, older workers may be more perceptually attuned and sensitive to conditions in their work environment.
24 administrators participated in the study, 12 older workers (aged 64-78) and 12 younger workers (aged 45-53). Both groups are given similar work responsibilities and tasks and all of the participants are interviewed utilizing Heuristic Elicitation afterward.The result shows that older and younger workers do not appear to differ in their overall perceptions about types of physical features that impact work, even with the physiological differences between cohorts. In general, older and younger workers have similar overall perceptions of a good workstation design. However, age may influence workers’ determination of the relative importance of certain design features perceived to be important to work performance. For example, the interview result shows that many of the older workers expressed the need for more reference materials in their current work spaces, whereas younger workers mostly did not express this need.
Occupancy Design and the Older Worker: age-dependent effects of occupancy quality on office employee Workplace design compatibility for Stress and coping among older workers (Hansson, Robson, & Limas, 2001) perceptions of their workplace today’s aging worker (Kupritz, 1999) environment (Bhuanantanondh, 2004)
The study researches on how the attributes of Older adults are valuable in the workplace
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because of their experience, stability, and motivation. However, functions that are central to problem-solving are especially age sensitive, such as speed of cognitive processing, reaction time, perceptual accuracy, ability to monitor environmental cues to hazards, avoid accidents and falls, operate vehicles or equipment, working memory, and aspect of short-term memory.
Meeting the challenges of an aging workforce (Silverstein, 2008) Age sensitive mental processes declines begin as early as 20-30 years old. Because visual acuity and resistance to heat and cold stress decline predictably with age, poor eyesight and hearing are associated with occupational injuries among older workers. Studies show that older workers have lower rates of non-fatal injuries but higher fatality rates. One study showed that workers over 65 had a workplace fatality rate nearly three times that of those aged 16-64. While various physical and cognitive capabilities decline with age, there is greater variation in general physiological and biological functions in older person than in younger persons. Work ability index (WAI) An 11-year study period produced the following list of variable associated with improved WAI:
decreased repetitive movements, increased satisfaction with supervisor attitude and increased leisure physical exercise. Variables associated with decline in WAI: increased standing at work, decreased satisfaction with restless and noisy workrooms, decreased recognition and esteem at work and decreased leisure time physical exercise. The study also proposed 4 sets of variable associated with the preservation or enhancement of WAI over time: 1) adjustments in physical work environment - physical workload, rest/work schedule, repetitive motion, regulation of oneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s own work and breaks; 2) adjustment sin the psychosocial work environment - flexible work schedules, teamwork, age-management skills for supervisors; 3) health and lifestyle promotion - physical exercise, risk factor reduction, occupational health services; 4) work skills and competency building. Physical Changes and Helpful Steps Balance People over 50 begin to have problems with balance - provide handrails along travel routes, use slip resistant walking surfaces, repair uneven or wet floors, use color contrast between stairway risers and treads. Vision
With age, people suffer from loss of ability to focus on near objects (presbyopia), agerelated Macular degeneration, glaucoma, cataracts. Older people experience reduced acuity, loss of accommodation to objects at varying distances, diminished color discrimination and depth perception. General lighting at intensities 50% should be greater than for younger workers. Task lighting levels should be three times greater than general levels to help with find detailed low contrast objects. Placement of task light helps reduce shadows. Increase contrast for stair edges and curbs. Use high illuminance fluorescent fixtures to enhance color discrimination. Hearing Workers after age 50 typically begin to lose higher frequency hearing - include redundant warning signals such as flashing warning lights or cell phones with vibration, reduced speech rate and elimination of speech compression on automated systems such as voice mail. Strength and endurance Substitute mechanical for manual strength, reduce highly repetitive tasks, allow adequate recovery time, reduce static and stressful postures, and offer job rotation to minimize the effects of reduced strength and endurance in older working adults.
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Ergonomic Office Design and Aging: Safety considerations for the aging A Quasi-Experimental Field Study of workforce (Kowalski, Steiner & Schwerha, Employee Reactions to an Ergonomics 2005) Intervention Program (May, Reed & Potter, 2005)
This article analyzed the current statistics of aging workforce, and summed up all types of physical and psychological related health and safety issues that encountered by aging workforce by conducting the literature review. From the article, we knew that there’s a 50% increase of workers aging over 55 between 1998 and 2008 (Clifton, 2001). While they keep working, their might encounter problems, such as selecting target information from complex displays, decreasing ability to identify textures and surfaces, less sensitive to thermal stimulus, and so on. However, researches showed that aging workers also has advanced wisdom and emotional maturity, which is significant to provide better work space to inspire them to continue working as they aged. For recommendation, McMahan and Phillips (1999) suggested that for aging workforce’s safety consideration, their working environment should help workers to: reduce extreme joint movement reduce excessive force reduce highly repetitive task
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In this article, the authors conducted a Quasi-experimental field research towards ergonomics intervention on aging workers in office from four different approaches. Among 87 subjects, who were working as administrative person for more than 4 hours per day in midwestern U.S. city, 32 of them were receiving seating enhancements, 21 were receiving keyboard-related improvements, 11 were receiving computer relocations, and 14 were receiving computer screen modifications. They were giving the survey asking persistent pain, eyestrain, work satisfaction, workstation ergonomics change, age, job tenure, and positive affectivity related questions, twice in 8 months. The second one, which had 48% returning rate, was conducted 4 months after the intervention. According to the result, ergonomics characteristics implementation did not affect much to aged workers in office, which might cut to their age-related deficit.
one. With the changing nature of facilities, companies thought it important to be able to process all types of environments. With this in mind, more companies are adopting the practice of collaboration amongst its members. In an open office environment, it is critical to select the right furniture for each type of function. “Systems furniture” is the most commonly used term to describe a flexible, pre-manufactured, modular kit of parts, consisting primarily of vertical partitions and horizontal work surfaces. Planning the support spaces is a crucial part of workplace design as well to allow for future expansion and growth of a company. However, flexibility is key when planning, from site building selection to the individual’s ability to adjust his/her environment within the building.
Relationship Between Workplace Spatial Settings and OccupantPerceived Support for Collaboration (Hua, V.Loftness & K.M., 2010)
The increasingly collaborative nature of knowledge-based work requires workplaces Workplace Design Trends Support to support both dynamic interactions and concentrated work, both of which are Collaboration (Schrader, 2012) critical for collaboration performance. Given Workplaces are slowly evolving from a the prevalence of open-plan settings, this “closed-space” office to an “open-spaced” requirement has created new challenges
for workplace design. Therefore, an understanding of the relationship between the spatial characteristics of workplace settings and the support for collaboration that is perceived by office workers is valuable and timely. The spatial characteristics that were examined included individual workstation characteristics that were derived from the literature and a new set of floor-plan layout variables that highlighted shared spaces that are critical for a variety of formal and informal collaboration activities at work. The key characteristics of workplace spatial settings that were associated with the support that the occupants perceived for collaboration were the distance from workstation to meeting space, the distance from workstation to shared service area, the distance from workstation to kitchen/coffee area, and the percentage of floor space that was dedicated to shared services and amenities.
Aging Worker Perceptions About Design and Privacy Needs For Work (Kupritz, 1999)
Our research agrees that privacy is a primary concern in the workplace for older and younger employees. When studies discuss the pitfalls of the open office and other office design trends that encourage more communication, lack
of privacy is the main topic. The intention of increasing organizational productivity through more collaboration and discussion can lead to a list of negative effects when an open office design doesn’t suit the organization, including the inability to hold confidential conversations, disruptions and interruptions, inability to avoid crowding, and the lack of autonomy over supervision. Furthermore, research indicated that the age diversity in today’s workplace doesn’t influence the overall perception of how privacy features (or the lack of) impact work. Interviewees generally elicited a similar response regarding which privacy features facilitate work. Something to note is that although the diverse workforce provided a similar array of responses, the older and younger workers assign different weights of importance to different privacy features. Therefore, privacy becomes more problematic for older workers as they go through physiological changes of aging. For example, it can be difficult to distinguish between the different acoustic needs of a younger and an older worker. The key to a successful workplace design that appropriately addresses privacy would create a balance between private and collaboration spaces that suit the specific organization’s needs in order to maximize productivity.
Technology for Adaptive Aging (Czaja, Sara J., Moen, Phyllis (2004).
As the age of retirement increases, the need for adaptive technology is needed to accommodate the needs of all generations of the workforce. As technology constantly innovates, it is necessary to train and retrain employees to keep up to date with changing methods of work. With information now being processed on a digital, backlit screen, eye strain is becoming an issue. Eyesight tends to decrease with age, and the need for larger text to be readable to employees is important. This also translates to lighting requirements for older workers to be able to read and perceive information sufficiently. Older members of the workforce have tended to print out and read documents as opposed to view them on the digital screen, so this must be accounted for and can even be addressed in the very design of the technology.
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ADA Campliances 304.3.2 T-Shaped Space. The turning space shall be a T-shaped space within a 60 inch (1525 mm) square minimum with arms and base 36 inches (915 mm) wide minimum. Each 204 Protruding Objects arm of the T shall be clear of obstructions 12 204.1 General. Protruding objects on inches (305 mm) minimum in each direction and the base shall be clear of obstructions 24 circulation paths shall comply with 307. inches (610 mm) minimum. The space shall be EXCEPTIONS: 1. Within areas of sport activity, protruding permitted to include knee and toe clearance objects on circulation paths shall not be complying with 306 only at the end of either the base or one arm. required to comply with 307. 2. Within play areas, protruding objects on circulation paths shall not be required to 308.2 Forward Reach. comply with 307 provided that ground level accessible routes provide vertical clearance in 308.2.1 Unobstructed. Where a forward reach is unobstructed, the high forward reach shall compliance with 1008.2. be 48 inches (1220 mm) maximum and the low forward reach shall be 15 inches (380 mm) CHAPTER 3: minimum above the finish floor or ground. BUILDING BLOCKS
CHAPTER 2: SCOPING REQUIREMENTS
shall be 44 inches (1120 mm) maximum and the reach depth shall be 25 inches (635 mm) maximum. 308.3 Side Reach. 308.3.1 Unobstructed. Where a clear floor or ground space allows a parallel approach to an element and the side reach is unobstructed, the high side reach shall be 48 inches (1220 mm) maximum and the low side reach shall be 15 inches (380 mm) minimum above the finish floor or ground.
EXCEPTIONS: 1. An obstruction shall be permitted between the clear floor or ground space and the element where the depth of the obstruction is 10 inches (255 mm) maximum. 2. Operable parts of fuel dispensers shall be 308.2.2 Obstructed High Reach. Where a high permitted to be 54 inches (1370 mm) maximum 304.3 Size forward reach is over an obstruction, the clear measured from the surface of the vehicular 304.3.1 Circular Space. The turning space shall floor space shall extend beneath the element way where fuel dispensers are installed on be a space of 60 inches (1525 mm) diameter for a distance not less than the required reach existing curbs. minimum. The space shall be permitted to depth over the obstruction. The high forward include knee and toe clearance complying reach shall be 48 inches (1220 mm) maximum 308.3.2 Obstructed High Reach. Where a clear where the reach depth is 20 inches (510 mm) floor or ground space allows a parallel approach with 306 maximum. Where the reach depth exceeds to an element and the high side reach is over 20 inches (510 mm), the high forward reach an obstruction, the height of the obstruction
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shall be 34 inches (865 mm) maximum and the depth of the obstruction shall be 24 inches (610 mm) maximum. The high side reach shall be 48 inches (1220 mm) maximum for a reach depth of 10 inches (255 mm) maximum. Where the reach depth exceeds 10 inches (255 mm), the high side reach shall be 46 inches (1170 mm) maximum for a reach depth of 24 inches (610 mm) maximum. EXCEPTIONS: 1. The top of washing machines and clothes dryers shall be permitted to be 36 inches (915 mm) maximum above the finish floor. 2. Operable parts of fuel dispensers shall be permitted to be 54 inches (1370 mm) maximum measured from the surface of the vehicular way where fuel dispensers are installed on existing curbs. 309.4 Operation. Operable parts shall be operable with one hand and shall not require tight grasping, pinching, or twisting of the wrist. The force required to activate operable parts shall be 5 pounds (22.2 N) maximum.
CHAPTER 4: ACCESSIBLE ROUTES 403 Walking Surfaces
403.5 Clearances. Walking surfaces shall provide clearances complying with 403.5. EXCEPTION: Within employee work areas, clearances on common use circulation paths shall be permitted to be decreased by work area equipment provided that the decrease is essential to the function of the work being performed.
EXCEPTION: Where the clear width at the turn is 60 inches (1525 mm) minimum compliance with 403.5.2 shall not be required. 403.5.3 Passing Spaces. An accessible route with a clear width less than 60 inches (1525 mm) shall provide passing spaces at intervals of 200 feet (61 m) maximum. Passing spaces shall be either: a space 60 inches (1525 mm) minimum by 60 inches (1525 mm) minimum; 403.5.1 Clear Width. Except as provided or, an intersection of two walking surfaces in 403.5.2 and 403.5.3, the clear width of providing a T-shaped space complying with walking surfaces shall be 36 inches (915 mm) 304.3.2 where the base and arms of the minimum. T-shaped space extend 48 inches (1220 mm) minimum beyond the intersection. EXCEPTION: The clear width shall be permitted to be reduced to 32 inches (815 CHAPTER 7: mm) minimum for a length of 24 inches (610 COMMUNICATION ELEMENTS AND mm) maximum provided that reduced width FEATURES segments are separated by segments that are 48 inches (1220 mm) long minimum and 36 702 Fire Alarm Systems inches (915 mm) wide minimum. 702.1 General. Fire alarm systems shall have 403.5.2 Clear Width at Turn. Where the permanently installed audible and visible accessible route makes a 180 degree turn alarms complying with NFPA 72 (1999 or around an element which is less than 48 2002 edition) (incorporated by reference, see inches (1220 mm) wide, clear width shall be 42 â&#x20AC;&#x153;Referenced Standardsâ&#x20AC;? in Chapter 1), except inches (1065 mm) minimum approaching the that the maximum allowable sound level of turn, 48 inches (1220 mm) minimum at the turn audible notification appliances complying with and 42 inches (1065 mm) minimum leaving the section 4-3.2.1 of NFPA 72 (1999 edition) shall turn. have a sound level no more than 110 dB at the minimum hearing distance from the audible
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appliance. In addition, alarms in guest rooms required to provide communication features shall comply with sections 4-3 and 4-4 of NFPA 72 (1999 edition) or sections 7.4 and 7.5 of NFPA 72 (2002 edition).EXCEPTION: Fire alarm systems in medical care facilities shall be permitted to be provided in accordance with industry practice.
CHAPTER 8: SPECIAL ROOMS, ELEMENTS
SPACES,
AND
811 Storage 811.3 Height. Storage elements shall comply with at least one of the reach ranges specified in 308.
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Glossary A-weighted decibels (dBA): An expression of the relative loudness of sounds in air as perceived by the human ear. Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA): A law that prohibits discrimination against people with disabilities, including accessibility requirements on public accommodations. FF&E: This acronym stands for Furniture Fixtures and Equipment. Foot-candle (fc): A measure for the intensity of light. 1 foot-candle = 1 lumen per square meter. Speech Rate: The rate of speaking, measured in words per minute. Split-task ambient solution: Lighting system that have both ambient lighting and task lighting. Static Coefficient of Friction (SCOF): A quantitative number, measured from a resting position, used to express the degree of slip resistance of a floor surface. Volatile organic compounds (VOC): Any compound of carbon, excluding carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, carbonic acid, metallic carbides or carbonates, and ammonium carbonate, which participates in atmospheric photochemical reactions.
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Team Member Tasks Everyone
Interviews Interview transcript Mission Statement Presentation
Jessica Shi
Team Leader Executive Summary Goals and PR Statements for Dry Labs Dry Lab Line-by-Line Dry Lab Detailed Program Dry Lab Budget
Heekyoung Hahn
Analysis of Current Issues Goals and PR Statements for Office Office Detailed Program Office Line-by-Line Interview Script Editing Office Concept Diagrams Program Document Editing
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Jiyoon Jeong
Context Goals and PR Statements for Offices Office Concept Diagrams Office Adjacency Diagram Office Line-by-Line Office Detailed Program Program Document Editing
Xiaoying Lu
Programming Approach Goals and PR Statements for Dry Labs Dry Lab Concept Diagrams Dry Lab Adjacency Diagram Dry Lab Concept Diagrams Dry Lab Line-by-Line Dry lab Detailed Program Program Document Layout
Rachael Oh
Summary of Findings Future Issues Goals and PR Statements for Offices Office Line-by-Line
Office Detailed Program Office Budget
Jiaming Zhang
Goals and PR Statements for Dry Labs Dry Labs Concept Diagrams Dry lab Line-by-Line Dry Lab Detailed Program Appendix Program Document Layout
List of Interviews Interview 8 October 8, 2015 Joe Sullivan Emerson Machining Lab Manager Teaching Support Specialist
Interview 1 September 29, 2015 Gary Evans Chair/Elizabeth Lee Vincent Professor Interview 2 September 30, 2015 Ying Hua Associate Professor Interview 3 October 1, 2015 Jack Elliott Associate Professor Interview 4 October 2, 2015 Rhonda Gilmore Lecturer Interview 5 October 5, 2015 Kathleen Gibson Director of Undergraduate Studies Interview 6 October 6, 2015 IRL faculties Interview 7 October 7, 2015 Charles V. Beach Jr. HEB Lab Assistant 85
Refereces American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). Retrieved from <http://www.astm.org/Standards/E2320.htm>. American Society of Interior Designers (2011). Guide to Ecolabels. Retrieved from <https://www.asid.org/content/asid-guide ecolabels#.Vig5rBCrSRs>. Americans with Disabilities Act, ADA Standards for Accessible Design, US Department of Justice, Editor,. (2010). Americans with Disabilities Act. Anjum, Nomana. The changing environment of offices: A challenge for furniture design. Design StudiesVolume 26, Issue 1, January 2005, Pages 73–95. Arnett, E.M. (Chair), “Prudent Practices in the Laboratory: Handling and Disposal of Chemicals,” National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. (1995) Augustin, S. (2009). Place advantage: Applied psychology for interior architecture. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley& Sons. Bhuanantanondh, P. (2004). Occupancy design and the older worker: age-dependent effects of occupancy quality on office employee perceptions of their workplace environment. University of Minnesota. Retrieved from <http://search.proquest.com/ docview/305158460?accountid=10267>. Cappell, Mitchell S. (2009) Injury to Endoscopic Personnel from Tripping over Exposed Cords, Wires, and Tubing in the Endoscopy Suite: A Preventable Cause of Potentially Severe Workplace Injury. Digestive Diseases and Sciences. April 2010, Volume 55, Issue 4, pp 947-951 Chen, M.S. Aerobic and resistance exercise training program intervention for enhancing gait function in elderly and chronically ill Taiwanese patients. Public Health Volume 129, Issue 8, August 2015, Pages 1114–1124. 86
Clifton, W.R., 2001. The effects of aging on the working population. Reprinted with permission by American Society of Safety Engineers (AASSW), Connie Vaughn-Miller, Intracorp. Columbia University,. (2011). COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY GUIDELINES for LABORATORY DESIGN. New York City. Retrieved from http://www.cumc.columbia.edu/facilities-management/sites/default/files/columbia_university_lab_design_guideline.pdf Corney A. (2007) Summary Report: Demystifying Health and Productivity Benefits of Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning Design Alternatives. Available:http://www.wspgroup.com/upload/documents/PDF/Lincolne%20Scott/ Refresh_1.pdf Last accessed 5 August 2014 Czaja, Sara J., Moen, Phyllis. (2004) Technology for Adaptive Aging. National Research Council (US) Steering Committee for the Workshop on Technology for Adaptive Aging; Pew RW, Van Hemel SB, editors. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US). GSA Public Buildings Service. 2011. Sound Matters: How to Achieve Acoustic Comfort in the Contemporary Office. Retrieved from https://www.wbdg.org/ccb/GSAMAN/gsa_soundmatters.pdf. Hansson, R.O., Robson, S.M., and Limas, M.J. (2001). Stress and coping among older workers. Work. 17(3), 247-256. Hedge, A. (2015). Lecture 7 Indoor Air Quality and Test Area Ventilation. Retrieved from http://ergo.human.cornell.edu/AHSyllabi/ DEA35002015.html Hua, Y., V. Loftness, J. H. Heerwagen, and K. M. Powell. “Relationship Between Workplace Spatial Settings and Occupant-Perceived Support for Collaboration.” Environment and Behavior 43.6 (2010): 807-26. International Code Council. “SECTION 1008 DOORS, GATES AND TURNSTILES.” International Building Code. 2007. Web. 9 November 2015.
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Karjalainen, Sami., Koistinen, Olavi. “User problems with individual temperature control in offices.” ScienceDirect: Building and Environment 42 (2007). Knoll Workplace Research. (2013). Evolving Design of Faculty Offices. Retrieved from http://www.knoll.com/knollnewsdetail/evolving design-of-faculty-offices Kowalski-Trakofler, K. M., Steiner, L. J., & Schwerha, D. J. (2005). Safety considerations for the aging workforce. Safety Science, 43(10), 779-793. Kupritz, V. (2001). Aging worker perceptions about design and privacy needs for work. Journal of Architectural and Planning Research, 13-22. Kupritz, V.W. (1999). Workplace design compatibility for today’s aging worker. National Association of Industrial and Technical Teacher Educators, 36(3), 53-69. Lighting Research Center at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, “Lighting the way: A key to independence”. Retrieved from <http:// www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/lighthealth/aarp/pdf/aarpbook3.pdf>. May, D. R., Reed, K., Schwoerer, C. E., & Potter, P. (2004). Ergonomic office design and aging: a quasi-experimental field study of employee reactions to an ergonomics intervention program. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology,9(2), 123. McMahan, S., Phillips, K., (1999). America’s aging workforce: ergonomic solutions for reducing the risk of CTDs. American Journal of Health Studies 15 (4), 199–202. McNay, G. (2011). Laboratory Acoustics. Lab Manager. Retrieved from http://www.labmanager.com/lab-design-and-furnishings/2011/11/ laboratory-acoustics?fw1pk=2#.VifPbvlViko Noise and Hearing Loss Prevention. (2011, July 27). Retrieved November 3, 2015, from http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/noise/ noisemeter_html/hp30.html 88
Occupational Safety and Health Administration. (2011). Retrieved from https://www.osha.gov/Publications/laboratory/OSHAfactsheet laboratory-safety-noise.pdf Robertsona, Michelle M. et al. Flexible workspace design and ergonomics training: Impacts on the psychosocial work environment, musculoskeletal health, and work effectiveness among knowledge workers. Applied Ergonomics. Volume 39, Issue 4, July 2008, Pages 482–494. Schrader, Steven T. “Workplace Design Trends Support Collaboration.” Area Development Site and Facility Planning 47.3 (2012): 74 6. ProQuest. Silvester, J., Konstantinou, E. (2010). Lighting, Well-being and Performance at Work. Retrieved from http://www.cassknowledge.com/ sites/default/files/article-attachments/lighting-work-performance-cass.pdf Silverstein, M. (2008). Meeting the Challenges of an Aging Workforce. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 51:269–280. Smaby, N., Johanson, M. E., Baker, B., Kenney, D. E., Murray, W. M., & Hentz, V. R. (2004). Identification of key pinch forces required to complete functional tasks. Journal of rehabilitation research and development, 41(2), 215-224. Soares, S.M.T.P. Investigation of the immediate pre-operative physical capacity of patients scheduled for elective abdominal surgery using the 6-minute walk test. Physiotherapy. Volume 101, Issue 3, September 2015, Pages 292–297. Stringer, L. (2013). Workplace Strategies that Enhance Performance, Health and Wellness. HOK Thought Leadership. Retrieved October 19, 2014 from http://www.hok.com/thought-leadership/workplace-strategies-that-enhance-human-performance health-and-wellness/ Tsang, P.S., & Shaner, T.L. (1998). Age, attention, expertise, and time-sharing performance. Psychology and aging, 13, 323-347. University of North Carolina,. (2013). UNC LABORATORY DESIGN GUIDELINES. Chapel Hill: Department of Facilities Services. Retrieved from http://www.eis.facilities.unc.edu/DesignGuidelines/Current/pdf/SupportingDocuments/Laboratory%20 89
Design%20Guidelines.pdf U.S. General Services Administration. (2006). Innovative Workplaces: Benefits and Best Practices. Retrieved from http://www.gsa. gov/graphics/pbs/Innovative_Workplaces-508_R2OD26_0Z5RDZ-i34K-pR.pdf. Wells, Meredith M. Office Clutter or Meaningful Personal Displays: The Role of Office PErsonalization in Employee and Organizational Well-Being. Journal of Environmental Psychology. Volume 20, Issue 3, September 2000, Pages 239â&#x20AC;&#x201C;255. Willett, Peter. (1988). Recent trends in hierarchic document clustering: A critical review. Information Processing & Management. Volume 24, Issue 5, 1988, Pages 577â&#x20AC;&#x201C;597. Woodson, W. (1992). Human factors design handbook: Information and guidelines for the design of systems, facilities, equipment, and products for human use. New York: Mc Graw-Hill. World Green Building Council. (2014). Health, Wellbeing & Productivity in Offices. Retrieved from http://www.worldgbc.org/ files/9714/3401/7431/WorldGBC_Health_Wellbeing__Productivity_Full_Report_Dbl_Med_Res_Feb_2015.pdf
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