BuildingService2 Lighting Integration Project

Building Science 2 Lighting Integration Project Student: Chee Jia Xin Student ID: 0327392 Tutor: Ar. Edwin Chan

Content Chapter 1 : Introduction 1.1 Objective

page 5

1.2 Project Description page 6 1.3 Site Plan

page 7

1.4 Climatic Studies page 8

Chapter 2: Drawings 2.1 Floor Plans page 10 2.2 Sectional Perspectives page 16

Chapter 3: Daylight Calculation 3.1 Formula page 20 3.2 Space A page 22 3.2.1 Plan 3.2.2 Average Daylight Factor Calculation 3.2.3 Conclusion

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Content Chapter 4: Lumen Method Calculation 4.1 Room Index Formula page 27 4.2 Lumen Method Formula page 27 4.3 Spacing For Lighting Formula page 28 4.4 Space A page 29 4.4.1 Lighting Fixture Properties 4.4.2 Room Index Calculation 4.4.3 Lumen Method Calculation 4.4.4 Reflected Ceiling Plan & PSALI Integration 4.4.5 Daylighting Contour 4.4.6 Conclusion

4.5 Space B page 36 4.5.1 Lighting Fixture Properties 4.5.2 Room Index Calculation 4.5.3 Lumen Method Calculation 4.5.4 Reflected Ceiling Plan & PSALI Integration 4.5.5 Daylighting Contour 4.5.6 Conclusion

Chapter 5: References page 44

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01 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Objectives

The aim of this project is to integrate understanding of the principles of lighting design into proposed learning centre in the context of Jalan Stesen 1, Klang. It will encompasses on artificial and daylighting systems also will implement the PSALI design strategies for better lighting condition without compromising with architectural poetic qualities of the spaces. Through this project, student are to solve design problems in relation to sustainability issues i.e natural lighting, site analysis.

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1.2 Project Description

Front facade

The site is located at Jalan Stesen 1, Klang. The site for our studio V projects is an urban infill, corner lot. The learning centre will introduces a series of programmes to the community. For example, library, market space, exhibition space, art workshop, cooking workshop, gathering space and et cetera. This complex of learning centre will be divided into 3 main components: the main components, the library and the miini house. Due to different characteristics, materials & forms of each spaces, different consideration and requirements are implied on each space. The integration of facade system is applied to prevent glare and ensure user comfort.

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1.3 Site Plan

Not to scale

Jalan Stesen 1, known for its rich heritage, diverse businesses and multi-racial community, have become a place to be remembered and appreciated. Although the town is seemingly degrading from having low maintenance or immigration of young workers, it is still surviving due to the strong sense of local community.

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1.4 Climatic Studies 0900 morning sun The front facade of the building receives the eastern sun while the side facade is shaded. The timber louvers facade screens the morning sun that diffuses through the building.

1200 noon sun During the afternoon, the building is exposed under the hot sun. A roof is need to shaded the harsh afternoon sun to provide thermal comfort in the building. Skylight is used to avoid glare in the building.

1800 evening sun During the evening, the sun set facing the side facade of the building, projecting a warm light into the spaces which contributed to the view and vistas from the building. However, to prevent glare, anti-glare window films are installed on the windows of the library which ensure the comfort of the users at all time.

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02 DRAWINGS

2.1 Floor plans

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2.1 Floor Plans

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2.2 Sectional Perspective

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03 DAYLIGHTING CALCULATION

3.1.1 Daylight Factor Formula

Daylight factor is a ratio that represents the amount of illumination available indoors relative to the illumination present outdoors at the same time under overcast skies. It is used in architecture to assess the internal natural lighting levels as perceived on the working plane or surface, in order to determine if there is sufficient natural lighting for the occupants of the space to carry out their normal duties. It is the ratio of the internal light level to external light level.

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3.1.2 Average Daylight Factor Formula

In side-lit rooms, the maximum daylight factor (DF) is near the windows, and it is mainly due to the sky component. In the early stages of building design, the average daylight factor may be used to assess the adequacy of daylight:

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3.2 Space A - The Library

First Floor Plan (n.t.s)

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3.2.1 Plan

9.5m

11.5m

Library Floor Plan (n.t.s)

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3.2.2 Daylighting Factor Space A - the library

Window Area exposed to sunlight, W (m²)

3(2.5 x 4.5) + (2 x 2.5) = 36.75m²

Total Area of Internal Surface, A (m²)

2(3.8 x 4.0) + 4(1.0 x 4.0) + 2(9.5 x 8.0) + 2(11 x 8) = 374.4m²

Glass Transmittance corrected to dirt, T

0.6

Visible sky angle in degree from the

70°

center of window, θ Average Reflectance of area A, R

0.4 (considered light colored room surface)

Average Daylight Factor

DF = (W/A) x [θT/(1-R)] = (36.75 / 374.4) x [(70° x 0.6) / (10.4)] = 6.87 %

Natural Illumination

DF = (Ei / Eo) x 100% 6.87% = (Ei / 20000) x 100% Ei = 6.87 x 200 = 1374 lux

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3.2.3 Conclusion Space A - the library

Space A has a distribution of daylight factor 6.87% and natural illumination of 1374 lux. The lux value is higher where it near the big windows as it is facing the west. According to MS 1525, this space is considered very bright as the daylight factor is >6%. Hence, the light distribution is very large and may cause thermal and glare problems.

Thus, theres is a need of sun shading devices such as blinds to be installed on the facade of this space to control the amount of sunlight penetration into the space. Besides, an application of anti-glare window film also will cut out a large proportion of the unwanted glare, whilst still allowing natural light to pass through the glass as well as maintaining the view out through the glazing.

Anti-glare window films are effective as soon as they are installed, and can reduce the glare by up to 95%.

Furthermore, the implementation of artificial lighting is dependent on the time of use as well as the activity held in the space as the space is not exposed to sunlight in the morning and night.

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04 LUMEN METHOD CALCULATION

4.1 Room Index Formula Room index, K is the ratio of room plan area to half wall area between the working & luminaire planes, which can be calculated by:

4.2 Lumen Method Formula Lumen Method are used to calculate the quantity of light (illuminance - lux) reaching a certain surface.

It is the main consideration in designing lighting system. It also use to determine the number of lamps that should be installed for a given area or room.

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4.3 Spacing for lighting For fluorescent tubes in diffusing luminaries:

S max = 1.5 x Hm

For filament lamps (bulbs) in direct luminaires:

S max = 1.0 x Hm

Whereas, S max - maximum horizontal spacing between fittings Hm - mounted height of fitting above the working plan

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4.4 Space A - The library

9.5m

11.5m

Library Floor Plan (n.t.s)

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4.4.1 Type of Light Fixture Space A - the library

Type of light fixture

Suspended Linear Fluorescent Luminaires (2 tubes)

Brand

Sunny Lighting

Lighting distribution

Direct distribution

Nominal Life (hours)

25000

Wattage range (W)

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Luminous Flux (lm)

3350 per tube 6700 per fixture

Color temperature

2900

Color designation

Cool white

Color rendering index (CRI)

100 30

4.4.2 Room Index Calculation Space A - the library

Location

The library

Room dimension (m)

L= 11m, W=9.5m

Total Floor Area, A (m²)

104.5m²

Height of Ceiling (m)

8m

Type of lighting fixture

Suspended Linear Fluorescent Luminaire (2 tubes)

Luminous Flux of lighting, F (lm)

6700 lm

Height of luminaries (m)

3.5m

Height of working plane (m)

0.7m

Mounting height, H (m)

7.3m

Standard illumination required according to MS 1525 (library), E (lux)

300 - 500

Room Index, RI (K)

RI = (LxW) / [(L+W) x Hm] = 104.5 / 149.65 = 0.70

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4.4.3 Lumen Method Space A - the library

Reflectance Factor

Ceiling : white plaster ceiling 0.7 Wall : precast concrete wall painted in white 0.5 Floor : dark oak flooring 0.1

Utilization factor, UF

0.41 (based on Utilization Factor Table)

Maintenance factor, MF

0.8 (standard)

Number of fittings required, N

N = (ExA) / (F x UF x MF) = ( 300 x 104.5) / ( 6700 x 0.41 x 0.8) = 14.27 ~ 14 lamps

Fitting layout, where Smax is Maximum horizontal spacing between Lighting fixture

Smax = 1.5 x Hm = 11.25m (maximum distance between each luminaires)

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4.4.4 Reflected Ceiling Plan & PSALI Integration Space A - the library

A B C

reflected ceiling plan 1:100

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4.4.5 Daylighting Contour Space A - The Library

Sun only The daylight contour diagram shows that the brightest part of the space is at the area that near the windows, with direct western sunlight in the space.

However, the space towards the corner get darker as they do not have enough sunlight, that is indicated by darker color tone.

Sun & Artificial lighting After installing the artificial light, the space is evenly lit. The artificial lights are only fully utilised during the night time when there is no external daylighting.

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4.4.6 Conclusion Space A - the library

artificial light rendered (night)

There are minimum needed of 14 light fittings in space A to achieve a minimum of 300 - 500 lux standard requirement by MS 1525 for library. In this building, there are 14 light fitting and it went separated into 3 switches A,B and C to balance the intensity of light during the day of the interior.

During the day, there is only light B is switched on to illuminate the dark interior that daylight cannot reach. During the night when there is no external source of light, all lights are turned on to achieved sufficient lighting for ambience and also activities like reading & writing.

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4.5 Space B - The Tasting Lab

Second Floor Plan (n.t.s)

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4.5 Space B - The Tasting Lab

3m

5m

Tasting Lab Floor Plan (n.t.s)

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4.5.1 Type of Light Fixture Space B - the tasting lab

Type of light fixture

LED pendant light

Brand

Soho outdoor

Lighting distribution

Direct distribution

Nominal Life (hours)

25000

Wattage range (W)

60

Luminous Flux (lm)

2000

Color temperature

3000

Color designation

Warm white

Color rendering index (CRI)

80

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4.5.2 Room Index Calculation Space B - the tasting lab

Location

The tasting lab

Room dimension (m)

L= 3m, W=5m

Total Floor Area, A (m²)

15m²

Height of Ceiling (m)

3.7m

Type of lighting fixture

60 W LED pendant light

Luminous Flux of lighting, F (lm)

2000 lm

Height of luminaries (m)

3m

Height of working plane (m)

0.7m

Mounting height, H (m)

3m

Standard illumination required according to MS 1525 (cafeteria), E (lux)

200

Room Index, RI (K)

RI = (LxW) / [(L+W) x Hm] = 15 / 22.5 = 0.67

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4.5.3 Lumen Method Space B - the tasting lab

Reflectance Factor

Ceiling : white plaster ceiling 0.7 Wall : precast concrete wall painted in white 0.5 Floor : timber flooring 0.1

Utilization factor, UF

0.41 (based on Utilization Factor Table)

Maintenance factor, MF

0.8 (standard)

Number of fittings required, N

N = (ExA) / (F x UF x MF) = (200 x 15) / ( 2000 x 0.41 x 0.8) = 4.5 ~ 5 lamps

Fitting layout, where Smax is Maximum horizontal spacing between Lighting fixture

Smax = 1.0 x Hm = 3.0 m ( maximum distance between each luminaires)

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4.5.4 Reflected Ceiling Plan & PSALI Integration Space B - the tasting lab

A

B

reflected ceiling plan 1:100

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4.5.5 Daylighting Contour Space B - The Tasting Lab

Sun only The daylight contour diagram shows that the brightest part of the space is at the area that near the windows, with sunlight in the space. However, the space towards the corner get darker as they do not have enough sunlight, that is indicated by darker color tone.

Sun & Artificial lighting After installing the artificial light, the space is evenly lit. The artificial lights are only fully utilised during the night time when there is no external daylighting. However, the artificial lights are also used during day time for ambience wise.

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4.5.5 Conclusion Space B - the tasting lab

artificial light rendered (night) There are 5 light fittings in space B to achieve a minimum of 200 lux standard requirement by MS 1525 for cafeteria. The lights are separated into 2 switches, A and B. Switch B that control the lights mainly situated in the corner of the space can be switched off during day for energy saving. While switch A control the lights that mainly situated in the middle of space.During the day, the interior is illuminated by ambient light which the artificial lighting would not need hgh intensity and density to lit the interior area. Instead, it is designed just to add on the existing daylight present, during gloomy or cloudy days, switch A and B can be turned on together for better lighting condition.

daylight interior rendered 43

05 References

5.1 References

Ander, G (2003. Daylighting performance and design. Honoken, NJ.John Wikey & Sons.

Donkin, W. & Donkin, A (1870). Acoustic Oxford. Clarendon Press.

Reinhart, C. & Stein, R Daylighting handbook.

Templeton, C. (1995). Acoustic design, Butterworth london Clarke, J.A. (2001). Energy simulation in building design. Oxford: Butter-worth-Heinemann.

Brown, G.Z., & DeKay, M. (2014). Sun, wind, & light: architectural design strategies. Hoboken: Wiley.

Cohen, A., & Cohen, E. (1980). Library planning. Croton-on-Hudson, NY: Aaron Cohen Associates.

The permanent supplementary artificial lighting of interiors (PSALI). (1960). H.M.S.O.

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