algae anatomy Tutors: Daniel Widrig | Guan Lee | Adam Holloway Project by Bryan Law | Dinel Mao | Jie Song Material Architecture Lab, M. Arch Architectural Design, 2019-2020 The Bartlett School of Architecture | UCL
CONTENTS Chapter 1
INITIAL APPROACH
Chapter 5
ALGAE + CLAY
- Introduction - Collection - Green Algae Research - Global Algae Bloom Incidents - China Algae Bloom Incidents - Precedents
- Introduction - Algae + Clay Blocks - Design Application - Column - Wall
Chapter 2
Chapter 6
MATERIAL EXPLORATION
LANGUAGE EXPLORATION
- Introduction - Initial Exploration Diagram - Algae Research Diagram - Initial Explorations
- Thickness Analysis - Topological Optimisation - Agent Behaviours - Design Application
Chapter 3
Chapter 7
ALGAE BRICK
ECOVILLAGE SITE
- Biodegradability + Material Family - Raw Material and Tools - Algae Fiber Block - Binding Chemical Process - Other Shapes - Tiles - Connection Study - Middle Scale Chunks - Components - Large Scale Structure
- China Algae Harvesting Coast - Huang’bi’ao, Xiangshan, Ningbo - Existing Land Use - Site Photo - Eco Village Lifestyle Transition - Site Drawings - User Journey
Chapter 4
Chapter 8
ALGAE FIBERBOARD
- Fabrication Research - Sheet Manufacture Process - Algae + Pulp Ratio Study - Board Manufacture Process - Fiberboard Interlocking Study - Design Application - Corrugated Algaeboard Fabrication - Algae Box Fabrication - Design Application
ECOVILLAGE DESIGN
- Approach - Component Distribution - Topological Optimisation - Interlocking Aggregation System - Unit Tests - Final Design
Chapter 1
INITIAL APPROACH - Introduction - Collection
- Green Algae Research
- Global Algae Bloom Incidents
- China Algae Bloom Incidents
- Precedents
5
Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 6
INITIAL APPROACH
Introduction
Our project, Algae Anatomy, deals with the specific type of algae classified as green macro algae. Green macro algae, or seaweed, is typically found in many different marine environments and can grow year round. In its natural state it is able to filter the water and when exposed to sunlight it is a natural source of oxygen. Additionally , it is easy to grow and harvest within a controlled environment. Its uses are continually being discovered and developed. Currently, its uses are primarily rooted in bioenergy and food industries. In our project we focus on exploring its various chemical and physical properties through extraction and manipulation of the material. We initially explored how it can be used as a natural dye and its potential as an individual material - examining its structural integrity and ability to be formed within a mold. As our project begins to evolve, structural or architectural applications are considered. Therefore, various additives and aggregates will be integrated into our material in order to contribute to its strength and ability to carry various weight loads. We will also explore other naturally sourced fibrous materials.
7
Our intial approach towards the collection of green macro algae was through hand harvesting methods, on the southern most tip of the United Kingdom. There are over 30,000 species of algae and some of them are harmful and undesirable. Algal blooms are one of the examples of harmful phenomena related to green macro algae. All species of algae share similar physical properties and our study aims to observe alternate uses for a seemingly undesirable material. Green macro algae is a naturally occuring material within our environment and can be found near wet environments with the right growing conditions. They require light, carbon dioxide, moisture, and simple nutrients to grow. In addition its fast growth allows collection for ample research and manipulation. Observing its physical properties, it possesses an attractive natural coloring. In its wet or dried state its potential to be manipulated changes - its wet state provides an increased density that allows for easier sculpting of the material. Whereas in a dried state it can be easily utilized in coloring methods. Due to its natural occurance, green algae is able to be reintegrated into the ecosystem if needed.
Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 8
COLLECTION
UK Coast Collection
UK Harvest Statistics
20,000,000 Tons
Amount of wet green algae growing on shores
Scotland
5,000,000 Tons
By wild harvest in the UK on average per year
Northern
2,000 - 3,000 Tons
Ireland
Exported out of the UK per month
England
Ireland
Wales + +
Seven Sister Cliffs
Margate
+
Wild Harvest Location Ulva Lactuca Ulva Intestinalis Red Seaweed
Harvesting algae at the Seven Sister Cliffs, UK, 2019
9
Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 10
GREEN ALGAE RESEARCH
Green Macro Algae
Physical Attributes Ulva Lactuca
MACRO ALGAE
10 - 45 cm
Ulva Intestinalis
ULVA LACTUCA [Sea Lettuce]
ULVA INTESTINALIS
ULVA PROLIFERA
[Gutweed]
[Algal Bloom]
5 - 10 cm
Wild Harvest Statistics UK
Primary Industries
Negative Environmental Impact
5,000,000
China
10,000,000
Japan
8,500,000
Korea
6,000,000
South East Asia
7,500,000
O2 Food
Kills marine life
Biofuel
Positive Environmental Impact
O2
Oxygen production
11
Elements for Growth NO3-
50%
Biomass accumulation
Food for marine life
Increase photosynthetic rates
Nitrate
N
Nitrogen
P
Phosphorus
K
Potassium
Growth Rate
Toxic gas
Blocks sunlight to seabed
Depletes oxygen
Habitat
Regular Growth 20 - 50 cm / day Algal Bloom 50+ cm / day
Freshwater
Seabed
Ocean
Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 12
13 05 - 28
09 - 02
05 - 30
07 - 21
09 - 14
08 - 20
07 - 18
06 - 09
04 - 23
05 - 05 03 - 21
09 - 26
10 - 04
03 - 14
01 - 21 02 - 20
12 - 02
11 - 20
05 - 14
06 - 05 12 - 23
07 - 09
07 - 05
09 - 06
04 - 23
05 - 12
08 - 12
08 - 30
06 - 13
07 - 09
08 - 15
05 - 22
05 - 31 05 - 02 07 - 07 06 - 11
07 - 20
06 - 20
07 - 12
08 - 20
05 - 24 07 - 14
07 - 20 06 - 13
04 - 13 08 - 20
Noted incidents cover areas over 2000 mi2
06 - 11
Data provided by: Environmental Working Group 05 - 20
Algal Bloom
07 - 04
08 - 15
08 - 21
09 - 05
03 - 15
06 - 21 04 - 12
06 - 17
05 - 12
04 - 20
05 - 28
+ 09 - 13
08 - 20
ALGAE BLOOM
Major Global Incidents in 2018
Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 14
ALGAE BLOOM
China Algae Bloom Incidents, 2013 - 2017
Algae bloom off the coast of Jiangsu, 2015 Hebei Shandong
Jiangsu Zhoushan Islands
Zhejiang 浙江省
Fujian
+
Chosen Site Locations Affected by Algal Blooms
+
15
Algal Blooms
1000 km
Algae bloom on a Qingdao beach, 2013 Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 16
ALGAE BLOOM
International
Algae bloom in Lake Erie, USA, 2011
One of two annual algae blooms that occur in the Baltic Sea, 2019
Satellite imagery of Lake Tai, China a hotspot for algae blooms , 2018
Image Sources 1. CNN 2. PopSci 3. IJC
17
Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 18
PRECEDENTS
Blond & Bieber
Blond & Bieber are a design agency based in Berlin. Their project, Algaemy, experiments with microalgae and its potential as a natural dye. They developed a manual application method that is relatively sustainable in that it is analogue based and does not require external power. The dyes developed ranged in color, and shades of brown and red are also able to be derived from microalgae. This project inspired us to explore the natural dye potential in green algae and also the variety of colors that can come out of the natural material.
Image Sources 1. Dezeen
2. Blond & Bieber 3. Blond & Bieber
19
PRECEDENTS Klarenbeek & Dros
Klarenbeek & Dros are a dutch design firm that experimented with 3D printing and green algae. They developed an algae polymer that is able to be used in 3D printers. They explore the implications of using algae as a way to 3D print objects emphasizing its sustainability and potential in completely replacing plastics in the future. This inspired us to explore green algae and its structural qualities.
Image Sources 1. Klarenbeek & Dros 2. Dezeen
3. Architizer
Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 20
PRECEDENTS
Jonas Edvard and Nikolaj Steenfatt Jonas Edvard and Nikolaj Steenfatt are Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts students that have produced home products based on a kelp and paper mixture. The paper and kelp mixture is ground and moulded into a variety of geometric forms which are then dried and heated to create a rigid material. Due to the starch and sugar molecular makeup of kelp, referred to as Alginate, combined with paper, the mixture is able to bind naturally without the addition of any synthetic glues. The project is named the Terroir Project Collection. The colors of the end products are directly derived from the natural appearance of the brown seaweed.
Image Sources 1. Dezeen
2. Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts 3. Dezeen
21
PRECEDENTS Cork House
Matthew Barnett Howland’s Cork House is a project which utilized expanded cork as its main structural material. The Cork House is an experiment and exploration in the feasibility of expanded cork in construction. Expanded cork is made from leftover cork found from wine bottling. The surplus cork is then heat pressed within a mould to create a soundproof and weatherproof block. The Cork House is a display of minimal processing of a material and truly sustainable construction, as there was no synthetics used and construction was completed using a slotting system between the individual cork components.
Image Sources 1. RIBA
2. Dezeen
3. Matthew Barnett Howland
Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 22
Chapter 2
MATERIAL EXPLORATION - Introduction
- Initial Exploration Diagram
- Algae Research Diagram
+ Dye
+ Starch Membrane
+ Membrane Gradients
+ Skeletal Frame
23
- Initial Explorations
+ Bones
+ Membrane Elasticity
Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 24
MATERIAL EXPERIMENT Introduction
INITIAL APPROACH
Through progression of our research, we realized that the starch elements of algae was worth to be explored further. This chapter details our experiments towards the extraction of starch from different species of algae. Experimentation Diagram The extracted product was a membrane like material that possessed different levels of strength, elasticity, and transparency. As these membranes are directly derived from green algae itself, they are able to be seamlessly reintegrated into its natural environment and is completely biodegradable. Our experiments aim to determine which type of starch provides the most ideal combination of flexibility, strength, rigidity, and transparency. We experiment with starches extracted from red, brown, and green algae, combining it with predetermined quantities of water and glycerin. The results were a product of a controlled experiment.
INITIAL APPROACH Experimentation Diagram
Algae
SEA
s Br
ic
k
Co m
e
at
eg
pr es
gr
Ag
BOILING
Extract
ALGAE
t in
Pa
BOILING
St
Pigment
r
de
25
w Po
PRODUCT
SHEET
ar
ch
DISSOLVE
Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 26
MATERIAL EXPERIMENT Initial Exploration Diagram
GREEN ALGAE
RED ALGAE
Extract
Starch
Extract
k Br ic
te ga
Co
m
pr es
s
r
de
w
Po
Pigment
t
in
Pa e gr Ag
27
Agar
Carrageenan Kappa
Carrageenan Iota
Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 28
MATERIAL EXPERIMENT
Algae Research Diagram
MACRO ALGAE
[CHEMICAL COMPOSITION]
% OF MATTER
PHYSICAL ATTRIBUTES
LIGHT/DARK GREEN
GREEN
ALGAE
95 %
18 %
10 %
MOISTURE
PROTEIN
STARCH
STARCH
RED
ALGAE STARCH CARRAGEENAN, AGAR, ALGINATE
29
25 %
MOISTURE
PROTEIN
75 % STARCH
FURNITURE DESIGN SEAWEED HOUSE INDUSTRIAL DESIGN
THIN TUBULAR FRONDS
ALGAECRETE NATURAL DYE
LONG LENGTH
82 %
PRECEDENCES
ENERGY PRODUCTION BIOPLASTIC PACKAGING
LIGHT/DARK RED
MATERIAL ENGINEERING
HIGH PLASTICITY
FARMING
DIFFUSE GROWTH PATTERN
PLASTIC ALTERNATIVE
Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 30
INITIAL EXPLORATION
INITIAL EXPLORATION
Extraction : Dye
Extraction : Dye
Green Algae Bag
Green Algae
Blend
+ Powder
Boil
Ethanol
Pigment
+ Powder
Blender
+ Pigment
31
Blender Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 32
MATERIAL EXPERIMENT Extraction : Starch
Properties of Starch Found in Algae
Carrageenan Kappa
Carrageenan Iota
Agar
Sodium Alginate
Formula
Derivation
Properties
33
Red Seaweed
Red Seaweed
Red Seaweed
- Thickening/binding agent - Gellified in higher temperatures - Can form strong elastic gels
- Thickening/binding agent - Soluble in cold water - Less elasticity than Kappa
- Thickening/binding agent - Thermoreversible - Low viscosity
Brown Algae
- Sodium salt substance with starch-like properties - Used to produce heat-resistant gels and foams - Thickening agent
Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 34
MATERIAL EXPERIMENT Starch Experimentation - Membrane Starch Combination Study
a
Agar
c
d
e
f
g
Shape Retention
Shape Retention
Shape Retention
Shape Retention
Shape Retention
Shape Retention
Shape Retention
Shrinkage
Shrinkage
Shrinkage
Shrinkage
Shrinkage
Shrinkage
Shrinkage
Time to Dry
Time to Dry
Time to Dry
Time to Dry
Time to Dry
Time to Dry
Time to Dry
Agar
Carrageenan Kappa
Carrageenan Kappa
Carrageenan Iota
Carrageenan Iota
Sodium Alginate
Sodium Alginate
Glycerin
Glycerin
Water
35
b
Water
Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 36
MATERIAL EXPERIMENT Starch Experimentation - Membrane
a
Agar
Water (ml)
+
100
Glycerin (g)
+
4.5
100
Sample
3
9.5
100
Agar (g)
Elasticity Strength Transparency Shrinkage Time to Dry
+
100
Glycerin (g)
+
1.5
100
Elasticity Strength Transparency Shrinkage Time to Dry
8
Carrageenan Lota
Water (ml)
Elasticity Strength Transparency Shrinkage Time to Dry
3
4.5
Observations
c
4
3
100
1.5
Carrageenan Kappa
Water (ml)
100
100
100
37
+
Glycerin (g)
Observations
Elasticity Strength Transparency Shrinkage Time to Dry Elasticity Strength Transparency Shrinkage Time to Dry
4
Elasticity Strength Transparency Shrinkage Time to Dry
2
a b
Sample
Lota (g)
c +
Kappa (g)
1
1.5
3
4
3
1
b
Sample
Observations Elasticity Strength Transparency Shrinkage Time to Dry Elasticity Strength Transparency Shrinkage Time to Dry Elasticity Strength Transparency Shrinkage Time to Dry
d
Sodium Alginate
Water (ml)
100
+
Glycerin (g)
1.5
+
Sodium Alginate (g)
Sample
Observations Elasticity Strength Transparency Shrinkage Time to Dry
3
d
Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 38
MATERIAL EXPERIMENT Starch Experimentation - Membrane
Agar
Optimal Ratio Study
Moving forward from our agar and glycerin experimentation, we decided to experiment with other forms of starch found within green algae in addition to agar to create more sheets / membranes. These starches are carrageenan iota, carrageenan kappa, and sodium alginate. We experimented with these starches along with water and glycerin to find the ideal ratio between the ingredients. The qualities we were looking for were overall strength of the sheet, transparency, amount of shrinkage and time taken to dry after pouring into the mold. Quantities of the ingredients were determined through trial and error.
a Water (ml) + Glycerin (g) + Agar (g) 100 9.5 3
Elasticity Strength Transparency Shrinkage Time to Dry
High Strength
Glycerin
Elasticity Shrinkage
Agar
Elasticity Shrinkage
Carrageenan Kappa
Water (ml) + Glycerin (g) + Kappa (g) 100
1.5
2
Elasticity Strength Transparency Shrinkage Time to Dry
b No Elasticity
High Transparency
Glycerin
Elasticity Transparency
Strength Kappa
Transparency Shrinkage
Carrageenan Iota
c Low Shrinkage
Long Time to Dry
39
Elasticity Glycerin
Transparency Shrinkage
Iota
Elasticity Strength
Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 40
MATERIAL EXPERIMENT
MATERIAL DEVELOPMENT
Starch Experimentation - Membrane
Starch Experimentation - Membrane
Optimal Ratio Study
Optimal Thickness Study
The next step of our starch experimentation was to combine these starches with agar. We observed how carrageenan kappa, carrageenan iota, and sodium alginate reacted with agar and which proved to be the best combination. We measured its qualities using the same criteria as before, focusing on strength, transparency, amount of shrinkage and time taken to dry. The amount of each ingredient used in the experimentation was determined by our previous trials.
e
Agar + Sodium Alginate
Water (ml)
+ Glycerin (g)
100
9
f
+ Agar (g) 3
Agar + Carrageenan Kappa
Water (ml) 100
+ Glycerin (g)
+ Agar (g)
11
3
+ Sodium Alginate (g)
Sample
Observations Elasticity Strength Transparency Shrinkage Time to Dry
1
e + Carrageenan Kappa (g)
From our experimentation with different types of starch found within green algae, we concluded that agar combined with glycerin and water was the best combination as it provided ideal strength and transparency with minimal shrinking. Our next step was to test this combination within the same mold but with varying levels of thickness.
Water (ml)
50
100
Sample
+ Glycerin (g)
4.75
Agar + Carrageenan Iota
Water (ml)
+ Glycerin (g)
100
9
+ Agar (g) 3
1
Elasticity Strength Transparency Shrinkage Time to Dry
9.5
Pour Thickness (mm)
Final Thickness (mm)
2
0.5
200
19
Elasticity Strength Transparency Shrinkage Time to Dry
1.5
8
12
Elasticity Strength Transparency Shrinkage Time to Dry Elasticity Strength Transparency Shrinkage Time to Dry
1
4
6
Observations
Elasticity/Transparency/Strength to Thickness
Sample
Observations Elasticity Strength Transparency Shrinkage Time to Dry
g 41
Sample
Observations
1
+ Carrageenan Iota (g)
Agar (g)
3
f g
+
relative value
9
Elasticity 6
Transparency 3
Strength
2
4
8
thickness (mm) Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 42
INITIAL EXPLORATION
INITIAL EXPLORATION
Starch Experimentation - Membrane Gradients
Starch Experimentation - Membrane Gradients
The second portion of our material research centered around the extraction of the starch within green algae. Agar is a form of starch found within green algae. We decided to explore its structural and visual properties, examining its potential as a bioplastic. We created a mold and combined agar with glycerin (binder) to form different sheets, or a “membrane�. These preliminary experiments showcased algae as an aggregate as well.
+
+
Mould
Agar
Agar sheet
Glycerin
Algae fragment sheet
Algae powder sheet
Algae sheet
Heating Mixture Powder
Fragment
Algae
Texture + Color Variations Texture
25grams
20grams
amount of algae
15grams
10grams
Section
5grams
binder
pigment
agar
alginate
concrete
material used for manipulation
43
Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 44
MATERIAL EXPERIMENT
MATERIAL DEVELOPMENT
Starch Experimentation - Membrane Gradients
a
Agar
Water (ml)
100
100
100
100
100
45
+
Glycerin (g)
9.5
9.5
9.5
9.5
9.5
Starch Experimentation - Membrane Gradients
+
Agar (g)
3
+
Powder(g)
Elasticity Strength Transparency Shrinkage Time to Dry
0
3
0.25
3
3
3
Observations
Elasticity Strength Transparency Shrinkage Time to Dry
0.5
Elasticity Strength Transparency Shrinkage Time to Dry
1
Elasticity Strength Transparency Shrinkage Time to Dry
2
Amount of Algae Powder to Elasticity/Transparency/Strength relative value
9
6
Shrinkage Elasticity Transparency
3
0.5
1
1.5
2
Algae Powder(g)
Elasticity Strength Transparency Shrinkage Time to Dry
Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 46
MATERIAL EXPERIMENT Starch Experimentation
To supplement our tests of the membranes formed from the starch extracted from different types of algae, we tried to introduce a rigid structure to the membrane in order to see whether or not the two materials would bind successfully. The rigid structure came in the form of coiled metal wire that would be applied into the mixture shortly after it was boiled and poured into the mould. Progressing from this, we experimented with more complex geometries that were created using 3D printing and CNC methods. The results showed that the membranes did not bind successfully in most cases, due to the large surface areas in most of the designs. However, in the laser cut and 3D printed designs, the membranes were able to bind more successfully due to the relatively smaller surface area the membranes have to cover. In addition, we created a tensile strength test which would measure how far the membrane could stretch before it tore.
47
Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 48
STRUCTURE EXPERIMENT Starch Experimentation - Bones Steel Wire Framework From our experimentation with the various starches derived from algae and seaweed, we found that the combination of carrageenan kappa with glycerin and water provided an ideal “bone” structure that is firm and rigid in comparison to the other mixtures. Additionally, agar combined with glycerin and water created a “skin” like material that possessed good flexibility. We explored this further by introducing a new rigid material, metal, into our models.
Water (ml)
100
+
Glycerin (g) 9.5
+
Carrageenan Kappa (g)
+
Agar (g)
3
Manual Coiled Steel Wire
Water (ml) 100
49
+
Glycerin (g) 9.5
3
Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 50
STRUCTURE EXPERIMENT Starch Experimentation - Skeletal Frame Steel Wire Framework + Mould
Manual Coiled Steel Wire
To make the steel wire structures more organic, we created a CNC wooden mould to interact with the steel wires. The concept remains the same, we used the carrageenan kappa mixture to coat the steel wire “bones”. Afterwards, we poured the agar mixture to create the “skin” of the structure.
Birch Plywood Mould Birch Plywood Mould
Birch Plywood Skeletal Frame
51
Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 52
STRUCTURE EXPERIMENT
Starch Experimentation - Skeletal Frame Material Laser Cut + 3D Printed Framework Further testing the ability of the agar mixture to be used as a skin material, we created a web-like design for the agar to be applied on.
Frame materialďźšNylon powder
High ahesive property
Frame materialďźšBirch plywood
Low adhesive property
Density test
53
Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 54
STRUCTURE EXPERIMENT
Starch Experimentation - Membrane Elasticity Laser Cut Plywood Framework An extension of the skeletal frame study, the membrane surface study further explores the possibilities of the agar mixture as a skin. In this study, we created a 3D model that tests the tensile strength and flexibility of our agar mixture. The model itself possesses two moving parts which stretch the agar mixture vertically in different directions.
Casting Membrane
55
Whole Structure
Tensile Strength Diagram
Membrane Simulation
Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 56
Chapter 3
ALGAE BRICK
- Biodegradability + Material Family - Raw Material and Tools
- Algae Fiber Block
+ Time & Methods
+ Texture
+ Density
- Binding Chemical Process
- Other Shapes - Tiles
- Connection Study
- Middle Scale Chunks
- Components
- Large Scale Structure
57
Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 58
ALGAE APPLICATION
Biodegradability + Material Family
Green Algae PRODUCT
DISSOLVE
COMPRESS
ALGAE
59
SEA
ALGAE BRICK
ALGAE PAPER BOARD
ALGAE CLAY COLUMN
Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 60
ALGAE BRICK
Raw Material and Tools
Through extensive research and experimentation, we were able to create an algae brick. The process of the creation of the algae brick consists of creating a mold to hold the algae. Once the algae is in the mold, we compress it in order to remove excess water. Afterwards, we secure the compressed algae with a clamp to retain its shape.
Algae
61
Mold
Compression Machine
Clamp
Collecting the algae from seven sister cliff and margate
Mold making
Measuring the quantity of algae
Using the compression machine to remove 80% water
Algae Brick
Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 62
ALGAE BRICK
Algae Fiber Block - Time & Methods Phase 1 Sample: 6-17 Time:
+ Mo
ld M
Harves 1HR
7hr
Temperature:
50t
akin
t
Cle
g
Phase 2
an i 1H ng R
R
Dry
+
5H
+ Kiln
7 HR
C 100 °
Sample: 6.7.8.9
Sample: 10.11.12.13
Time:
Sample: 14.15.16.17
Time: 41hr 3hr
Temperature:
Time: 41hr 3hr
Temperature: 50t
5 HR ry
Air D
We experimented with different methods of drying the blocks. We dried the blocks in the dehydrator using three methods - held within the mould and secured with clamps to maintain the pressure, with the block in the mould without clamps, and with the block by itself. We found that the best method of drying was maintaining the clamps on the mould to preserve the shape of the block, as removing the clamps and mould would cause warping.
Dry process
Air
Our process of creating the blocks of algae consisted of placing the algae within a mould and pressing it throughout the drying process with clamps. The drying process was accelerated through the use of a kiln and a dehydrator. The kiln drying was more intensive and short, while the drying within the dehydrator was longer and at a lower temperature.
18hr 3hr
Temperature: 50t
30t
50t
30t
30t
Result C 50 ° R
44 H
R
30 H
R 20 H tor ydra h e D
Sample: 6.7.8.9
63
Sample: 10.11.12.13
Sample: 14.15.16.17
Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 64
ALGAE BRICK
Algae Fiber Blocks - Density
Long Fiber Algae
Section A
Section B
Section C
Section D
Density 20g
Density 60g
Density 100g
Density 140g
Section A
Section B
Section C
Section D
Density 40g
Density 60g
Density 80g
Density 100g
Long Fiber Algae Block
Crushed Algae
Crashed Algae Block
65
Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 66
ALGAE BRICK
Algae Fiber Blocks - Texture
C
Our experimentation with the densities of the algae blocks led to explorations of the texture found in the blocks. We cut each side of the block to see the section.
A
E
F
+
+ Long Fiber Algae
67
D
Process
B
A
B
C
D
E
F Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 68
ALGAE BRICK
Binding Chemical Process Polysaccharides
Ulvan
Mannan
Galactans
Xylans
Cellulose
Lignin
Therionine
Valine
Lysine
Leucine
Methionine
Amino Acids
Isoleucine
[ NATURAL ADHESION & BONDING] [ NATURAL ADHESION & BONDING]
Polysaccharide
Protein Binding Reaction
BONDED ALGAE FIBERS
Bonded Algae Fibers
Binding Reaction between Polysaccharides Amino Acids
[ NATURAL BINDING & BIODEGRADABILITY ] 69
CUT
RAW ALGAE
BONDED ALGAE FIBERS
Binding Reaction between Polysaccharides Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 70
MATERIAL DEVELOPMENT Other Shapes
In addition to creating cubes/blocks of algae, we also experimented with the potential of using this material to create different, more complex shapes. We explored how using both short and long fibers would affect the structural integrity of the shapes as well.
Long Fiber
Ulva Intestinalis
Block
71
Long Fiber
Crushed
Ulva Intestinalis
Ulva Lactuca
Tile
Long Fiber
Crushed
Ulva Intestinalis
Ulva Lactuca
Stick
Crushed
Long Fiber
Long Fiber
Ulva Intestinalis
Ulva Intestinalis
Ulva Intestinalis
Sheet
Curvature
Frame
Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 72
MATERIAL DEVELOPMENT Tiles
Moving on from our material explorations, we thought of different applications of our material and at a larger scale. We created three 20 cm by 20 cm tiles using long and crushed algae fibers and red algae starch extract. The results were not succesfull due to their extensive drying time and irregular shape.
Long Fiber
Ulva Intestinalis
Crushed Ulva Lactuca
Long Fiber
Ulva Intestinalis
Crushed Ulva Intestinalis
Ulva Intestinalis Powder
+ Agar
Gradient Effect Tile 73
Whole Tile
Sorbitol
Powder Tile
Gradient Effect Tile
Whole Tile
Powder Tile Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 74
MATERIAL DEVELOPMENT Connection Study
Brick
Mortar
Intermediate Fastenings Detail 1
Mortar Recipe 1
Algae
Clay
Mortar Recipe 2
Detail 2
Pure Algae Brick 50*50*50 mm
Clay
Sand
Mortar Recipe 3
PVA
Sand
Mortar Recipe 4
Detail 3
+
Tool
Agar
75
Sorbitol
Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 76
DESIGN APPLICATION Middle Scale Chunks
Top View
77
Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 78
MATERIAL DEVELOPMENT Components
Progressing from block and cube shapes, we created more complex moulds with indentations and protrusions to create components made of compressed green algae that are able to fit and slot into one another.
Male component
Female component
+ Mixture of Ulva Intestinalis& Ulva Lactuca
79
+ Clamp
+ Mold
Cap
Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 80
DESIGN APPLICATION Large Scale Structure
In addition to the curved wall application of the algae block, we also experimented with larger scale applications that display elements of porosity and transparency. Due to the nature of the green algae cubes, we would have to maintain their smaller size and use these cubes and building blocks. We propose the design process for this larger scale application to involve some sort of voxelization.
Wall Pattern 1
81
Wall Pattern 2
Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 82
Chapter 4
ALGAE FIBERBOARD - Fabrication Research
- Sheet Manufacture Process - Algae + Pulp Ratio Study
- Board Manufacture Process
- Fiberboard Interlocking Study
- Design Application
- Corrugated Algaeboard Fabrication
- Algae Box Fabrication - Design Application
83
Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 84
ALGAE FIBER BOARD Fabrication Research
Containts formaldehyde
Containts Melamine Melamine formaldehyde Urea PolyvinylUrea Artificial Polyvinyl manufacturing Artificial manufacturing process process Phenol Phenol Formaldehyde Formaldehyde
In addition to algae blocks, we also looked into the manufacturing process of fibreboards, to see how algae could be integrated into a fibreboard. Expanding upon this, we researched various binders to add strength to the algae fibreboard. The manufacturing process of fiberboards has evolved greatly over recent years, and the results range Used in plastic Used in plastic Solvent-based resins Solvent-based resins from more traditional rectilinear shapes to more free form organic shapes. Through heatingmanufacturing and compression, manufacturingwe Containts Melamine expanded upon the potential of algae as a feasible candidateformaldehyde for mass fiberboard production. Urea
Polyvinyl
Artificial manufacturing process
Phenol Formaldehyde Used in plastic manufacturing
Fiber
Crush
Containts formaldehyde
Binder
Weave
Containts formaldehyde
Melamine Urea
Polyvinyl
Solvent-based resins
manufacturing
Used in plastic
Used in plastic
manufacturing Flexible manufacturing
formaldehyde
Urea
Polyvinyl
Phenol Formaldehyde
Orient
Solvent-based Heat resistant resins
Flexible
Stack
High strength
Bio-Resin
Low to no VOC’s and formaldehyde Heat resistant
Naturally derived
Flexible Polysaccharides
Urea
Polyvinyl
Lignin
Polysaccharide binders
Biodegradable
VOC’s
Heat resistant
VOC’s High strength
Flexible
Flexible
resistantHeat HeatHeat resistant
High strength
Flexible resistant Flexible
VOC’s
High strength High
VOC’s
Low to no VOC’s Low to no VOC’s and formaldehydeand formaldehyde High strength
Flexible strength
Pectin
VOC’s
Low to no VOC’s Lignin and formaldehyde Cellulose
High strength
Polysaccharide binders Biodegradable
Biodegradable
Naturally derived
Naturally derived
Lowformaldehyde to no VOC’s and and formaldehyde
Polysaccharide binders
Naturally derived
Naturally derived
Low to no VOC’s and formaldehyde
VOC’s
Pectin Naturally derived Lignin
Pectin Cellulose
Pectin
Lignin
Low to no VOC’s Found in natural andmaterials formaldehyde like algae Found in natural Polysaccharide binders Biodegradable Found in natural Polysaccharide binders Lignin Cellulose binders Polysaccharide Cellulose
materialsPectin like algaematerials like algae Lignin
Lignin
Cellulose
Free Form
Heat Press
Laminate
Naturally derived Naturally derived Heat resistant
Flexible
High strength
Found in natural materials like algae
Pectin
Pectin
Cellulose
Cellulose
Lignin
Lignin
VOC’s
Low to no VOC’s and formaldehyde
Naturally derived
Cellulose
Polysaccharide binders
Found in natural materials like algae
Biodegradable Pectin
Traditional
Polysaccharide binders Polysaccharide binders Found in natural Found in natural Naturally derived materials like algaematerials like algae Biodegradable
Pectin
Found in natural materials like algae
Lignin
Cellulose
Pectin
Polysaccharide binders
Lignin
Cellulose
Polysaccharide binders
85
Solvent-based resins
Press
Naturally derived
Low to no VOC’s
CelluloseBiodegradable
Low to no VOC’s Biodegradable and formaldehyde
Formaldehyde
Naturally derived
Low to no VOC’s and formaldehyde
Lignin
Found in natural materials like algae
High strength
Artificial manufacturing process
Artificial manufacturing process
High strength
Flexible
Pectin
Cellulose
Polyvinyl
Solvent-based resins
Biodegradable
Pectin
Used in plastic manufacturing
Urea
Mold Phenol
Solvent-based resins High strength resins Solvent-based
Artificial manufacturing process
Biodegradable
High strength Flexible
Melamine
Melamine
VOC’s Low to no VOC’s
VOC’s
Phenol Formaldehyde
Containts formaldehyde
Artificial manufacturing process
Heat resistant Heat resistantFlexible Solvent-based resins
VOC’sand formaldehyde
VOC’s
Polyvinyl
Polyvinyl Melamine Artificial manufacturing Melamine process Phenol Urea Polyvinyl Urea PolyvinylArtificial manufacturing Artificial manufacturing Formaldehyde processprocess Phenol Phenol Formaldehyde Formaldehyde Solvent-based resins
Phenol Formaldehyde
Heat resistant
Polypropylene
VOC’s
Containts formaldehyde
Used in plastic manufacturing
Melamine
Urea
Artificial manufacturing process Melamine
Solvent-based resins Used in plastic
Artificial manufacturing
Containts resins Solvent-based
Heat resistant
Polyvinyl
manufacturing formaldehyde formaldehyde
process resistant SyntheticHeat Resin
Used in plastic manufacturing
Urea
Containts
Used in plastic manufacturing
Melamine
Melamine Phenol formaldehyde Used in plastic Urea Containts FormaldehydeContaints
Phenol Formaldehyde
Used in plastic manufacturing
Containts formaldehyde
Biodegradable
Found in natural materials like algae
Found in natural materials like algae
Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 86
ALGAE FIBER SHEET
ALGAE FIBER SHEET
Pulp Ratio Study
Sheet Manufacture Process
After extensive research on the manufacturing aspect of fiberboards, we chose paper as a feasible binder due to its naturally derived properties and lack of chemical processing. Additionally, paper provided adequate strength to the algae fiberboard The steps to the fabrication process can be seen below.
In addition to the aforementioned fabrication process involving paper as a binder, we streamlined the process further as seen below. The process below highlights the expedited fabrication process for our algae fiberboard. Algae Sheet Proportion
Proportion 25%
35%
40%
45%
75%
65%
60%
55%
55%
60%
65%
75%
45%
40%
35%
25%
Algae
Scale
Compression Machine
Dissociation Machine
Dryer
Pulp
Paper Making Machine
Cold Press Machine
Algae Sheet
Algae
Pulp
87
Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 88
ALGAE FIBER BOARD Manufacture Process
The production process illustrated below shows an expedited fabrication process of our algae board. The manufacturing process involves factory line machinery with the algae board ingredients being fed into a machine to be pressed and glued.
Fabrication Process
89
Production Trial
Mixture of fiber and binder within mold
Glue application
Cold Press
Heated Press
Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 90
ALGAE FIBER BOARD Fiberboard Interlocking Study
91
Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 92
DESIGN APPLICATION
Fiberboard Interlocking Study- Rectangular Algae Board
93
Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 94
DESIGN APPLICATION
Algae Fiberboard Interlocking - Polygon Algae Board
Polygon Algae Board
95
Square Algae Board
Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 96
ALGAE BOX
Corrugated Algaeboard - Fabrication Process The honeycomb paperboard approach serves as a strengthening agent to be placed within the algae box formed by algae fiberboards. The honeycomb algaeboard provides both density and added structure. The process of manufacturing consists of a factory line of machinery and a step by step procedure detailed below.
Corrugated Algaeboard Fabrication
Feed Algae Paper into unwinding unit
97
Vertical glue application
Cutting + Compression + Lamination
Drying
Transverse cutting
Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 98
ALGAE BOX
Algae Fiberboard Box - Fabrication Process
Materials
Honeycomb Algae Board
Manufacture
Fabrication
x2
x2
Final Product
x2
Algae Fiberboard
99
Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 100
DESIGN APPLICATION
Algae Box Interlocking System Study - Wall
101
Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 102
DESIGN APPLICATION
Algae Box Interlocking System - Study 1
103
Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 104
DESIGN APPLICATION
Algae Box Interlocking System - Study 2
105
Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 106
DESIGN APPLICATION
Algae Box Interlocking System - Study 3
107
Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 108
DESIGN APPLICATION
Algae Box Interlocking System - Study 4
109
Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 110
Chapter 5
ALGAE + CLAY - Introduction
- Algae + Clay Blocks
+ Density + Texture
- Design Application
- Column
+ Fabrication Process
+ Robotic Arm Carving
+ Fabrication Process
111
+ Texture Variations
+ Rammed Earth - Wall
+ Robotic Arm Carving
Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 112
ALGAE + CLAY
Introduction
Through our extensive experimentation and research on the structural abilities of pure algae and the functional and aesthetic qualities of its extracted starch, we realized that in order to move forward with a larger scale architectural application, we needed an aggregate to help algae become a stronger, structural load bearing material. Air dried clay, due to its malleability, non-toxic makeup, and low processing, became a strong direction forward for the material development of green algae. This chapter highlights the structural and visual qualities of mixing air dried clay and algae together, showcasing the interplay between the two materials. Our experimentations involved mixing different types of green macro algae with the same type of air dried clay, and researching different methods of fabrication including a rammed earth method, stacking clay and algae together in different ways and observing the outcomes.
113
Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 114
ALGAE + CLAY EXPLORATION
Algae + Clay Blocks - Density
We also experimented with the density aspects of the blocks we made using clay and green algae. We used long and crushed green algae fibers, and algae in powder form mixed with the same amount of clay and observed the results. The results showed both varying structural and visual properties.
+ Long Fiber Algae(g)
20
50
+ Clay(g)
240
240
Sample
Properties
Crushed Algae(g)
+ Clay(g)
Sample
Properties
Algae Powder(g)
Clay(g)
Sample
Properties
Density:
Density:
Density:
Strength:
Strength:
Strength:
Shrinkage
20
160
Shrinkage
Time to Dry
Time to Dry
Density:
Density:
Strength:
Strength:
Shrinkage Time to Dry
60
160
Shrinkage Time to Dry
10
120
Shrinkage Time to Dry
Density: Strength:
20
120
Shrinkage Time to Dry
Density: Strength:
80
240
Shrinkage Time to Dry
Density: Strength:
140
115
240
Shrinkage Time to Dry
Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 116
ALGAE + CLAY EXPLORATION Algae + Clay Blocks - Texture
Clay was a material that we decided would supplement the structural properties of green algae. In addition to being an aggregate to strengthen the green algae, it also has the same reusable properties of green algae. By submerging the type of clay we used into water, we were able to reuse it, similar to the way we are able to reuse our green algae, by submerging our formed dried blocks into water. This creates a circular economy for the way we both of these materials together. Furthering our experimentations with clay, we mixed clay using different methods and with different combinations of forms of algae. This was an exercise to explore the different textures and aesthetics able to be achieved with both clay and algae.
Long Fiber Algae
Clay
Long Fiber Algae
Clay
Crushed Algae
Algae Powder Clay
117
Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 118
DESIGN APPLICATION Middle Scale Components
119
Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 120
ALGAE + CLAY COLUMN Column - Texture Variations
Further expanding upon our study on the integration of clay as a structural agent to algae, we devised different variations of columns that display varying amounts of algae combined with clay. We played with concepts of layering and texture gradients.
121
Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 122
ALGAE + CLAY COLUMN
Algae + Clay Column - Fabrication Process Materials:
Tools:
Clay
Algae
Backfill Tamper
Reinforced Cylindrical Framework
Fabrication Process
1
2
3
4
5 24 - 30 Hours
Place clay within reinforced framework
123
Press first layer with tamper
Place algae atop clay layer
Place and press in desired order
Remove framework
Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 124
ALGAE + CLAY COLUMN
Rammed Algae + Clay Column
125
Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 126
ALGAE + CLAY COLUMN Column - Rammed Earth Texture
In addition to column sculpting, we also investigated the visual aesthetics of rammed earth and how they can be applied to our algae and clay column. The results show how different textures can be seen through different directions of cutting away at the algae clay component.
127
Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 128
ALGAE + CLAY DOME Dome - Rammed Earth Texture
The structural applications of our rammed earth concept can be seen below. Through layering the algae strategically amongst the clay, we achieved different visual expressions every time the structure was cut in a different direction.
129
Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 130
ALGAE + CLAY SHAPE EXPLORATION Other Shapes - Rammed Earth Texture
In addition to spherical forms, we also experimented with other circular, cylindrical shapes to apply the rammed earth concept to.
131
Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 132
ALGAE + CLAY SHAPE EXPLORATION Other Shapes - Rammed Earth Texture
Other, thinner forms resembling paper were also experimented with, observing the interplay between the rammed clay and algae texture. The thin ribbon-like shapes shown below aim to push the boundaries of the shape of our rammed material. The shapes are more speculative in their nature.
133
Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 134
ALGAE + CLAY SHAPE EXPLORATION Middle Scale Components - Rammed Earth Texture
Our final exploration into the rammed earth concept consisted of component based architecture, where components came together to form a larger structure. We experimented with the concept of a structure that allowed the user to have access to the roof.
135
Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 136
ALGAE + CLAY COLUMN EXPLORATION
Rammed + Carved Column - Fabrication Process Materials:
Tools:
Clay
Algae
Reinforced Cylindrical Framework
Backfill Tamper
Milling Tool
Robot
Fabrication Process
1
2
Placement
3
Press
4
Placement
Ramming Algae + Clay Process
137
5
Orient + Press
6
7
Remove Framework
Carve Using Robotic Arm Milling
Carved Column
Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 138
ALGAE + CLAY COLUMN EXPLORATION
Rammed + Carved Column
139
Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 140
ALGAE + CLAY WALL
Algae + Clay Carved Wall - Fabrication Process Materials:
Tools:
Clay
Algae
Reinforced Framework
Backfill Tamper
Robot
Milling Tool
Fabrication Process
1
2
Place algae in between clay within framework
3
Press to lay foundation of wall
4
Maintain positioning of clay and algae throughout pressing
Ramming Algae + Clay Process
141
Remove Framework
Carve Using Robotic Arm Milling
Carved Wall
Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 142
ALGAE + CLAY WALL
Algae + Clay Carved Wall
143
Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 144
Chapter 6
ALGAE + CLAY LANGUAGE EXPLORATION - Thickness Analysis
- Topological Optimisation
- Agent Behaviours
145
- Design Application
+ Pavilion
+ Courtyard Housing
+ Hakka Housing
Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 146
LANGUAGE EXPLORATION Lattice Pattern & Texture - Thickness Analysis
Taking all of our material research and design explorations into account, we decided to implement a thickness analysis approacth to the combination of algae and clay. In order to implement a more systematic approach towards the selective placement of algae in clay other than visual texture, we took the approach of analyzing thickness in a geometry.
Through analyzing a geometry’s thickness, we were able to determine the ideal mixture and amount of algae and clay for each area. For example, in a geometry’s thicker portions, the mixture would consist more of clay than algae, due to the need for more structure in the thicker areas. For the thinner and finer parts of the geometry, algae would be a more suitable option, as it is more flexible and porous than clay. Shown here are some examples of geometry where the aforementioned concept of analyzing thickness is applied to.
Lattice Pattern
Lattice Panel
Lattice Volume
147
Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 148
LANGUAGE EXPLORATION
Column Form & Texture - Topological Optimisation Another approach to the systematic placement of algae in clay was the implementation of generative design. Through generative design, we were able to optimize a geometry to withstand a certain amount of weight. Through this approach, we were able to come up with many different organic forms that followed a number of geometrical constraints. The same idea of analyzing the thickness comes into play here, as thinner portions of the geometry consist mainly of algae, while the thicker portions consist of clay.
149
Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 150
LANGUAGE EXPLORATION Growth Simulation - Agent Behaviours
Our third and final design language exploration consists of flocking, a simulation technique that mimics swarming particle behavior which we then used as a path for our geometry to follow.
151
Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 152
LANGUAGE EXPLORATION Approach
The thickness analysis portion of our approach informs how the algae and clay will be mapped on the geometry. The topological optimisation portion informs the overall shape of our geometry, and the agent behaviors populate the geometry. Through the integration of these three approaches, we explored different architectural applications.
+
153
+
Thickness Analysis
Topological Optimisation
Agent Behaviors
- Clay + Algae Mapping
- Generative Design
- Growth Particle Simulation
Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 154
DESIGN APPLICATION Pavilion
Our next steps are to combine the three previously discussed design languages and integrate them together to form larger scale structures. We first explored the idea of a pavilion.
155
Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 156
DESIGN APPLICATION Pavilion
157
Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 158
DESIGN APPLICATION Pavilion
159
Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 160
DESIGN APPLICATION Courtyard Housing
In addition to the pavilion, we decided to experiment with more traditionally shaped dwellings and structures. We explored how our design language and approach would be able to swarm and grow around an existing structure. We decided to explore housing options further, choosing traditional Chinese courtyard housing as a starting point.
Image Sources 1. FRAME 2. South China Morning Post 3. That’s Beijing 4. China Times
161
Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 162
DESIGN APPLICATION Courtyard Housing
163
Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 164
DESIGN APPLICATION Hakka Housing
Expanding into different typologies of traditional Chinese housing, we also explored another type of courtyard housing, the circular Hakka Housing, native to South China. Like the HuTong, Hakka Housing is housing with a communal courtyard, however its size is substantially larger.
Image Sources 1. National Geographic 2. The Vintage News 3. Easy Tour China 4. South China Morning Post
165
Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 166
DESIGN APPLICATION Hakka Housing
167
Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 168
DESIGN APPLICATION Hakka Housing
169
Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 170
DESIGN APPLICATION Hakka Housing
171
Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 172
DESIGN APPLICATION Hakka Housing
Further developping our design language and combining our previous experiments with rammed earth, we explored a combination of rammed clay and algae walls with the previously explored combination of thickness analysis, topological optimisation, and agent behavior.
+
Rammed Clay and Algae
Thickness Analysis - Clay + Algae Mapping
173
Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 174
DESIGN APPLICATION Hakka Housing - Interior
175
Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 176
Chapter 7
ECOVILLAGE SITE - China Algae Harvesting Coast
- Huang’bi’ao, Xiangshan, Ningbo
+ Xuwen Algae Company + Collaboration Proposal
- Existing Land Use - Site Photo
- Eco Village Lifestyle Transition
- Site Drawings
- User Journey
177
Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 178
ALGAE HARVESTING China
Harvesting Coast
[SITE] - Ningbo, Zhejiang Hangzhou Bay
Zhoushan Islands Beilun Port
Hebei Beijing Qingdao Jiangsu
Yellow Sea
+ Fujian
+
Zhejiang 浙江省
East China Sea
Ningbo
宁波市
+
Chosen Site Major Locations Algae Harvesting Coast
179
Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 180
SITE
Huang’bi’ao, Xiangshan, Ningbo, China 121°48’ 25.6392’’ E`
+
29°33’ 6.7608’’ N Xiangshan
Algae land farming in Xiangshan
象山县
+
Chosen Site Algae Harvesting Coast
181
Post harvest, drying algae in Xiangshan Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 182
SITE
Huang’ bi’ ao, Xiangshan, Ningbo, China
Algae cleaning / processing in the laboratory
+ [Production + Supply] Xuwen Algae Company
[Eco-village Site] Baiyucun, Xiangshan
高泥村
白屿村
+
Chosen Site
Further processing to create algae used as water filter
Major Locations 500 km 183
Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 184
SITE
Xuwen Algae Company We propose to collaborate with a neighbouring company within close proximity to our village to supply the algae we need to construct our ecovillage. Xuwen’s new water filtering algae has no other use after it is used as a filter. We propose to utilize this unusable algae as our primary construction material.
Combination of existing species
Processing / manufacturing
utilizing excess algae in design
Reintegration into ocean
Water pollution filtration
Excess unusable algae
Eco village construction
processing + usage of new algae species 185
Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 186
CONCEPT
Transition - Eco Village Lifestyle
URBAN
187
TO
RURAL
Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 188
SITE
Huang’ bi’ ao, Xiangshan, Ningbo, China Existing Land Use
Road Factory Housing 405 acres
Cultivated Land
417 acres
Forest
N
200 km 189
Aquaculture Farming
Sea Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 190
SITE
Existing Conditions - Tide
Tide up in Baiyu Village
191
Tide down in Baiyu Village
Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL192
SITE
Huang’ bi’ ao, Xiangshan, Ningbo, China Existing Landscape Use
Living
TIDE UP
Aquaculture Farming
TIDE DOWN Tidal Flat
N
200 m 193
Sea Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 194
SITE
Huang’ bi’ ao, Xiangshan, Ningbo, China Section
Forest
Cultivated Land
Living
Aquaculture Farming
Tidal Flat
Sea
100 m
195
Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 196
SITE
Huang’ bi’ ao, Xiangshan, Ningbo, China Site Photo
197
Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 198
SITE
Huang’ bi’ ao, Xiangshan, Ningbo, China Site Photo
199
Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 200
USER JOURNEY Eco Village Program
WARM - UP
PROGRAM Program 1 - Tide Down
Welcome - Transition
WARM - DOWN
Program 2 - Tide Up
Tool - Prep
Boat Travel
Drying Algae
Cooking
Wild Harvest
Aquafarming
Making Seasoning
Having Feast
Making Material
Viewing Scenery
Washing Algae 201
ALGAE PROCESSING
Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 202
Chapter 8
ECOVILLAGE DESIGN - Approach
- Component Distribution
- Topological Optimisation
- Interlocking Aggregation System - Component Tests
- Final Design
203
Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 204
APPROACH
Ecovillage Overview The final approach to the design of our ecovillage is informed by all of the experiments and explorations we previously detailed. Our Ecovillage will be situated on the existing aquaculture farming area of Huang’bi’ao, where the high tide meets the landscape. The overall arrangement of the structures of the Ecovillage mirror that of a humble village. The program of the Ecovillage is reflected in the design of the units, housing the activities of aquafarming, processing algae, and communal gatherings. The design of the units will use a combination of the topological optimisation approach with the interlocking component system. The topological optimisation serves as a system of placement and mapping for the algae and clay components, while the interlocking components act as the main construction system.
Design Approach
+
Eco Village User Journey
205
+
Topological Optimisation
Interlocking Component System
Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 206
COMPONENT DISTRIBUTION Component Density Composition
The final design of the multifunctional dwelling units populating the ecovillage will be constructed out of interlocking clay and algae components. These components vary in density, the least dense being the algae box component completely comprised of algae, to the most dense being a component comprised of 90% clay and 10% algae.
Least Dense Component
100%
207
Algae
Densest Component
70%
Algae
50%
Algae
10%
Algae
30%
Clay
50%
Clay
90%
Clay
Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 208
COMPONENT DISTRIBUTION Topological Optimisation
Applying a generative design approach, the main load bearing elements of our unit will be populated by our densest component. The areas outside of the load bearing elements will be comprised of less dense components. This system dictates and maps the different components on our geometry.
Generative Design Process
3D Load
3D Load
Starting Wall Volume
Starting Wall Volume
3D Support
3D Support
10%
Algae
90%
Clay
50%
Algae
50%
Clay
100%
1
2
3
Set Load and Volume Limits
Volume Generation
Component Distribution Most Support Required
209
Medium Support Required
Algae
Least Support Required
Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 210
COMPONENT DISTRIBUTION
Generative Design Process - Wall Generation Simulation
3D Load component
3D Support component
Stress
0
1.25
Best iteration : 30 / 100
211
2.5
Step 0 / 100
Step 10 / 100
Step 30 / 100
Step 50 / 100
Step 70 / 100
Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 212
TOPOLOGICAL OPTIMISATION Interlocking Aggregation System
1
2
3
Load Bearing Foundation
Secondary Load Bearing Foundation
Window / Screen Elements
Most Support Required
Medium Support Required
+
213
Least Support Required
+
+
Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 214
COMPONENT TEST 1 Housing Typology 1 Volume 1
Component Set A
100%
Algae
Component Set A - Volume 1 340 sqm / 2 Floors
215
50%
Algae
50%
Clay
10%
Algae
90%
Clay
Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 216
COMPONENT TEST 1 Housing Typology 2 Volume 1
Component Set B
100%
Algae
Component Set B - Volume 1 340 sqm / 2 Floors
217
50%
Algae
50%
Clay
70%
Algae
10%
Algae
30%
Clay
90%
Clay Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 218
COMPONENT TEST 1 Housing Typology 3 Volume 1
Component Set C
100%
Algae
Component Set C - Volume 1 340 sqm / 2 Floors
219
50%
Algae
50%
Clay
70%
Algae
10%
Algae
30%
Clay
90%
Clay
Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 220
COMPONENT TEST 2 Housing Typology 4
Volume 2 Generation Process
Component Set D
100%
Component Set D - Volume 2 230 sqm / 3 Floors 221
Algae
50%
Algae
50%
Clay
10%
Algae
90%
Clay
Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 222
COMPONENT TEST 3 Housing Typology 5 Volume 3
Component Set B
100%
Algae
Component Set B - Volume 4 258 sqm / 3 Floors
223
50%
Algae
50%
Clay
70%
Algae
10%
Algae
30%
Clay
90%
Clay Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 224
COMPONENT TEST 4 Housing Typology 6 Volume 4
Component Set C
100%
Algae
Component Set C - Volume 4 194 sqm / 3 Floors
225
50%
Algae
50%
Clay
70%
Algae
10%
Algae
30%
Clay
90%
Clay Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 226
FINAL DESIGN Plan
N
100 m 227
Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 228
FINAL DESIGN Exterior Render
229
Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 230
FINAL DESIGN Exterior Render
231
Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 232
FINAL DESIGN Interior Render
233
Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 234
FINAL DESIGN Interior Render
235
Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 236
FINAL DESIGN Interior Render
237
Material Architecture Lab | Materials Research | UCL 238
algae anatomy Bryan Law | Dinel Mao | Jie Song Material Architecture Lab | RC 5/6