VERNON
NAT U R E + MACHI N E
N AT U R E + M A C H I N E TA BL E OF CON TEN TS TEAM PAGE
4-7
VERNON PAGE
8-9
READINGS
10-21
MAPPING
22-31
THE VERNON ARGUMENT
32-33
URBAN DESIGN FRAMEWORK
34-59
3
VER N ON, C A
NATURE + MACHINE Manifesto
As society moves into the impending future of scarce resources, the demand to design urban metabolic systems will increase. Relationships between contrasting entities will no longer function solely but rather as symbiotic organisms. Cities will grow as these organisms adapt to their surroundings. Thus creating a relationship between nature and urban environments.
A R M A N D O S I LVA When first presented with the task to design within the context of Vernon, California, the first assumption made was there is nothing you can do here. With a motto “strictly industrial” for a landscape architecture student those words mean no vegetation. Now with a growing field and expanding mind sets, Vernon opened the door for new passions and systems of resiliency that don’t necessarily have to revolve around the all too common garden state of mind. Urban Design is a field that is not too familiar in our vocabulary but is highly on the rise for how architects of all nature see cities develop within their context. The Landscape Architecture 402 studio sponsored by SWA
My passion for industrial sites has developed over the
Laguna Beach is the perfect symbiosis between visionary
past couple years. With projects like Gas Works Park in
urban design and landscape architecture. SWA has led
Seattle Washington and Landschaftspark Duisburg-Nord
many studio discussions and reviews that have broadened
in Germany, the site of industrial complexes turned into
the mind sets of our young student body. This studio has
community spaces has become attractive for myself.
introduced me into methods of design where systems can
The skeletal system of how buildings and landscapes has
develop to prolong the life expectancy of a given project,
always amazed me, now with the perfect opportunity
as well how to approach a design that relates to the sites
in Vernon, I along with my group mates can begin to
context. For Vernon, the approach is completely different
incorporate our passions and see how nature and machine
than anything I have ever taken on. The question of who
can become one system that works for all humanity.
to design for was the most confusing. With a population of 100 residents Vernon lacks community and for a good reason, Vernon is not a residential type of city. As a group of four we came to terms that this project was more about how a city can develop for the future and keep its “strictly industrial” nature. We do not aim at brining in people or creating a tourist attraction but rather developing an urban fabric that can function at all levels of industry. How can Vernon function as a symbiotic industrial city? This is the question we explored along with making this system move Vernon into becoming a healthy city and a machine that could ultimately better the environment.
The concept for “Urban by Nature” has reiterated the necessity of nature existing in our urban environments. The city of Vernon sets the stage for our landscape interventions that were dependent on identifying the relationships between Vernon’s infrastructure and the surrounding context. Here we identified nature and its processes as an absent figure within the city. Vernon provides a unique setting for the “Urban by Nature” studio because of its role as an industrial city which became a fundamental component in our design process.
D E N I S E M U N OZ
This required we acknowledge a sensitivity to the city’s needs. The studio, led by Cal Poly Pomona’s Andrew Wilcox and Laguna Beach firm, SWA, provided me with a greater understanding and appreciation for the relationship between landscape and infrastructure as a mode of operation for manipulation of form to influence a balance between these fabricated systems. The studio established the role we have as future landscape architects in determining how design can meet the expectations of a city’s needs while maintaining the value of nature and its processes as they occur within the city. Working with SWA provided me with the knowledge and understanding of how teams should work together to bridge ideas within large-scale design and systems thinking.
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The topic of Vernon was presented to us in the fall and knowing the city at the surface level I knew it
was going to be an interesting topic. At first sight I thought of how I was going to turn the streets green and make Vernon this eye candy for the typical pedestrian as they walk the streets, but as we learned about how the city runs and its pride in industry my group and I felt that this was an opportunity to explore the provocative in design. Since June I have been working at a private architectural firm based in long beach and after graduating I will be working full-time, so because of that I want to use my last quarters as a student exploring larger ideas that get filtered out of the work environment but this studio serves as a design tool and most of all, a way to explore the creative approach that as students we strive for.
The support that he received from SWA Laguna Beach has enriched the experience of exploring these
new ideas and helped with making them tangible. Since they deal with these scenarios on a daily basis, it really helped us develop this thesis that we have into a project that can help change the mentality that people presently have. Throughout the quarter we have explored the different approaches that we had to offer to Vernon and the studio as a whole really meshed together to compile a thorough project. Seeing this first hand has really made me bridge the gap from what a campus studio does in comparison to a large firm. As a team we tackled programs that were new to use and utilized them as much as possible which was an enriching experience and helped me develope my skills to further pursue my career.
E A R N E S T L IT T L E
J I M M Y TA Vernon being a city solely industrial, it becomes a major factor to America’s production. The city has potentially grown for its industry and stays that way. As a result, it becomes a challenge to design for a city with a different approach in consumerism. The importance of America’s consumerism plays a big role in Vernon’s conversion of leftover products to a cities treasure of goods, Vernon is an important role to the county of Los Angeles and to other cities supplied by Vernon. The interest of goods behind factories must be understood by the interdependence of this system. Vernon helps clean and remove unwanted materials and recycle goods for a better living of urban America. With that being said, Vernon must be understood at the level of production and consumption. With visionary intentions within the sponsored studio by SWA, Vernon serves a potential in developing the future of urban consumption. We must understand the goods we consume and the metabolism of our city. Our consumption is the big factor taken into consideration for design. Designing for this urban fabric of industry, Vernon has a woven mat scheme of related industries. The goods we developed within Vernon are mechanical within the motive of production. What if we see the resiliency of the systems around us? As landscape designers, we see the systems and networks within the habitat humans have created over time. The urban fabric is understood that we can no longer see development from the ground up, but rather the reconfiguration of our systems and infrastructure. As a team, we seek the model of adaptable ecosystems. Our vision of developing new landscapes does not exist, as we must adapt to our future and urban fabric. The mechanical environment and the resilient ecosystems seek connections between the developments of the future. I seek the nature and resilience within systems. The nature behind humankind is clear; we are part of the ecosystem. I prolong to find a calling for that connection between man and nature. While growing up, I was exposed to the world of aquatic animals and insects with fascination. Between the biological roots and graphic representation in landscape architecture, I embrace the world technology it has to offer. With my respect for man made systems and nature, fascinate myself over projects like Oystertecture by Kate Orff. In addition, I see potential in biomimicry and systems that are created within landscape architecture or architecture. I seek the nature and technologies to create systems for our communities.
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VERNON N AT URE + MAC H I N E Vernon nestled between downtown Los Angeles and the
Alcoa, glass Owens, can-making American Can and
ports of Long beach made it the ideal city to become the
automobile. Even though industry takes up most of the
central hub for industry in the Southern California region.
square footage of the city there is a small amount of
With an area of 5.1 sq. mi, the city of Vernon is home to
public space, due to the lack of public space within the
46,000 workers and 100 residences making this an industry
city limits, Vernon helps fund parks for the adjacent
orientated community. What started out as a “Sports Town”
communities as an attempt to justify its industrial
in 1907 has emerged into a highly product and distribution
dominance. Even though they give to the adjacent
based city, and this is highly due to its location and context.
cities, Vernon has recently been forced to comply with
8 miles north of the city sits Downtown Los Angeles and
a higher number of residents to qualify for its city
20 miles south are the ports in Long beach, intersecting
charter.
the eastern portion of the city is the Los Angeles River and
As a result of its high industry, Vernon’s yearly revenue
freeways that surround the city include the 5,710 and 60
is an estimated $250,000,000 and it’s mainly due to its
freeway. This context gives the businesses the opportunity
city owned utilities. With so much revenue coming in
to efficiently distribute their products and makes exchange
and out of the city, it has also faced legal discrepancies
with other companies easier due to being located in or
within its city which further emphasizes its focus on
near the city. Because of the benefits that come with the
currency and stresses the importance its industrial
location, the value per square foot has risen through the
stance. Vernon strives to keep its status as a city of
years making Vernon a more desired place to be when it
industry and there are many workers and businesses
comes to businesses.
that benefit from having a place like Vernon.
Looking at Vernon as the industrial hub that it is, there is a certain atmosphere that is generated as one enters the city that moves you through its circulation as fast as possible. The transportation infrastructure is designed for trucks and rail road’s, not for people, making it highly efficient for distribution to and from the industries that lay within the city. Some of the main industries include food service manufacturing, metalworking, and manufacture of glass and plastic equipment. Vernon is globally connected through the distribution of these good and it is said that “In Los Angeles, everything that you touch has gone through Vernon”-Marissa Olguin. The current building typologies consist of tilt up warehouses; these buildings are found throughout the industries. These building types have a lifespan of around 100years; most of the main industries that are reaching the latter part of their life cycle include: steel U.S. Steel and Bethlehem Steel, aluminum
9
REA DIN G S
11
Mapping
01
r
c u ln e t
i nt ART & CARTOGRAPHY IN THE 20TH CENTURY DENIS COSGROVE
at si w r a l i n fo r m u
i tio a
MAPS, MAPPING, MODERNITY:
e
r mt i o n a on n
c o n v er er r e fe s
a t n c en fi no rfmo r m o
n t i o at i o n
l innafl oi r m a a nf n io
*CARTOGRAPHY: the science or practice of drawing maps.
+ ART
CARTOGRAP
MEDIUM
PARALLELS
CONTENT SELECTION
EMPHASIS LINE
Mapping is concerned with the process and selection of specific documentation of a site’s performance and spatial representation.
r
c u ln e t
rm
u
n
w ra l
n io tion a
i nt
rm ce e n s i n fi nofor m at
a
c o n v er er r e fe s
a
t i om atni o n r tio
l i n fo r m n at i o n ai nlfoi n fo a
INDEPENDENT ANALYTICAL+
PHY
INDEPENDENT
REPORTIVE CARTOGRAPHY
ART
ANALYTICAL
MEDIUM
SCIENCE
REPORTIVE
INSTRUMENTATION MECHANIZATION
SYMBOLISM
SCIENCE
MECHANIZATION
SYMBOLISM
PARALLELS
CONTENT SELECTION
OBJECTIVE REPRESENTATION
OBJECTIVE REPRESENTATION DECISIONEMPHASIS
DECISION
COLOR COMPOSITION
LINE
COLOR COMPOSITION
FRAME
INSTRUMENTATION
FRAME
FORM PERSPECTIVE
FORM PERSPECTIVE
Urban mapping is a pictorial art practice that documents another performative art, the urban derive.
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02
GRAPHIC INTEGRITY & MAPPING COMPLEXITY READINGS FROM THE EXPOSED CITY NADIA AMAROSO
KEVIN LYNCHE Mapping the image of a city Elements of cognitive mapping: path | edge | district | node | landmark Language of symbols
RICHARD SAUL WURMAN Information architect Organization of data & category Mapping is thoughtful organization of geographic information using visual strategies to understand urban complexity.
32
EDWARD TUFTE Visual integrity = Graphic truth Mapping is designed representation of interesting data Selective clarity + data selection
15
DRAWINGS: THE MAPLANDSCAPES
RICHARD SAUL WURMAN Informational graphics Urban mapping and data Logistic mapping and emphasized importance Precise representation of data on maps Spatially mapping data in two dimensions
READINGS FROM THE EXPOSED CITY NADIA AMAROSO
EDWARD TUFTE One dimensional data mapping Field of information graphics Data and mapping Concise mapping and information
Data driven timeline
Data
Joseph R. Passonneau and Richard Saul Wurman, Urban Atlas: 20 American Cities
time
NADIA AMOROSO Data appropriate mapping representation Third dimensional spatial mapping Mapping through geo-spatial referencing
positive data
negative data
sloping data
17
05
THE MAP - ART
McHarg’s site-analysis mapping concept endures today because it showed the potentialities to convey site information in layered categories and color coding. Nadia Amoroso
THE WORKS OF JAMES CORNER NADIA AMOROSO
50
40 20 10 0
“Survey landscape accrued” Taking measures across the American Landscape.
IAN MCHARG 1 Dimensional Mapping Natural + Social Aspects of site - Vegetation - hydrology - soil structure - geology - morphology - sun and shade areas - erosion - areas of sensitivity McHargian mapping. Lacks poetic flare to the modern eye. Potentials to convey site information.
JAMES CORNER 2 Dimensional Mapping Visual Architecture 50
-selected + translated + organized + shaped
40 20
Maps make visible what is otherwise invisible.
10 0
Maps cannot depict everything. Metaphorical. Symbolic. 50
Spatial Powers.
40 20
Practical measures
10 0
- scale + mathematical projections 10 0
Poetic measures - artistic interpretations + cultural aspects
50
Dynamic mapping.
40 0
Logic + Creativity.
20 0
0
Hidden Potentials. Ideas.
10 0
Relationships. Possibilities.
20 0
Eidetic.
40
0
The piece as a whole is informative and attractive; more than that. it is rich with information for the viewer to decipherinformation that may entice the viewer to learn more about the site and about its recurrent phenomena.
50
Nadia Amoroso
0
20 0
50 0
10 40
0
0
“Burnings� Taking measures across the American Landscape.
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09
THE AGENCY OF MAPPING: SPECULATION, CRITIQUE & INVENTION JAMES CORNER
MAPPING Dynamic Experimenting with reality Constructs the unconscious Measures performance Past, Present and Future Commercial
Residential
Streets
4 Thematic ways to practice Mapping DRIFTS Spatial Experiences Disrupting any form that may be interpreted as capitalist power increase public conscious and systematic everyday life
LAYERING Superimposing various independent layers to produce heterogeneous and thickened surface
Richard Long: 7 day circle of ground
Buildings
Streets
TRACING Literal Alleged Competence Redundancies
RHIZOMES Connections of any point No beginning nor end, no hierarchy and accentual
GAME BOARD Notions of Performance Shared working and competing surfaces to work
s Éä ç íó Åá
together and play out different scenarios
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MAPPING TRANSPORTATION CONTEXT DISTRIBUTION SYNTHESIZED MAP
23
TRANSPORTATION The city of Vernon is dependent on its network of
Due to Vernon’s focus as an industrial city,
transportation systems to thrive as an industrial
there lies opportunity to integrate alternative
city. The current transportation system relies
modes of transportation into the city in areas
on the links that connect Vernon’s distributive
where we can identify existing constraints
system to the neighboring communities and
between
essentially, the rest of the world. At the local
transportive systems. Areas with higher traffic
level, Vernon’s transportation infrastructure
density (arterial streets) pose issues related to
primarily serves trucks and trains, giving
congestion, noise, smells, and emissions. Areas
secondary priority to cars and other forms of
where railroad crossings intersect with street
public transportation. The distribution of these
flow also cause heavier traffic conditions and
multiple forms of transportation are dependent
are considered unsafe for pedestrian use.
the
disconnect
and
tension
of
on the capacity of these streets to determine
i-5
i-710
6 arter
soto st
santa fe ave
alameda blvd
east 30th st
long beach ave
the flows and density of traffic within the city.
TYPES & FLOWS
CIRCULATION PLAN
64’-104’ rial street
freeway rail road spur lines arterial streets
PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION
collector streets local streets bike lane
In areas where transportation conditions minimize the efficiency of the city, we can identify opportunities to improve the quality and efficiency of these transit systems. At locations where we can identify voids, there is opportunity to occupy these infrastructure with multifunctional modes of transportation therefore no longer limiting the user interface within the city. As we take a look at neighboring communities within Vernon’s context, we can identify areas that could serve as potential linkages from Vernon to its neighboring communities.
0mi
.25mi
.50mi
2mi
25
chavez ravine
downtown los angeles
south los angeles
east los angeles commerce 1 1
north 3mi
2mi
1mi
1
east maywood
Huntington park
bell
bell gardens
west south Alameda Corridor
to port of long beach + los angeles
LA River
CONTEXT Vernon’s contextual transportation networks are unlike any other city. Two major railroad systems, the Union Pacific and the Burlington Northern Santa Fe, run right through the city of Vernon in a complex rail network that weaves in and out of buildings and narrow corridors. Many of these railroads are abandoned and some remain in use. The Alameda Corridor runs right adjacent to Vernon and connects Vernon to the Los Angeles and Long Beach Ports. The rail system theoretically connects Vernon in a global scale of transportation. Further on, the 710 Highway runs right alongside Vernon, connecting directly southbound to the Long Beach port. On a public scale, Vernon’s public transit is run by the LAMTA bus transit. This is the main source of public transportation in Vernon. The other major source is the blue line metro station that lies two blocks west of Vernon’s city limits. The bike lane ends in Vernon along the Los Angeles River. The bike lane continues north starting above Elysian Park. In conclusion the transportation system in Vernon is related highly to industrial usage. This fortunately connects Vernon contextually to many adjacent cities. However this network is highly under utilized. Opportunity can be found in the rail system and the Los Angeles River to move pedestrians, products and goods in high efficiency as well create a relationship between both the Los Angeles River and Vernon.
Contextual cities Vernon,CA neighborhoods
bike routes metro (rail + bus)
railroads
rivers
highways
abandoned rails
abandoned rail yards 1. Hobart yard
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DISTRIBUTION
VERNON’S INDUSTRIES
CONNECTION TO PORTS
DISTRIBUTION With the development of industry, we must understand where the goods come from to create the products we consume. As a result, Vernon is understood that goods are transported into the city through different scales, consisting of city scale, regional scale, and international scale. Vernon plays an important role in gather resources such as petroleum oils, animal by-products, and agricultural goods as well. With these resources, Vernon recycles goods and most easily obtainable resources for output to the city. The process behind developing these products for distribution becomes a matter of what are we shipping out to the cities and countries. Vernon is the heart of distribution and the soul of distributing the goods we need, such as soap, detergent, fuel, fertilizer, and many more. These behind distribution goes beyond the production, but the necessity of these goods, which then fuels America as we see today. Something small such as where our soap comes from is vital to the metabolism of Vernon and the linkage between the city to many scales. As we look at the types of goods produced within the boundaries of Vernon, it is a neighboring production site, which we can identify where our distribution comes from and the types of goods. Distribution is the input and output of our city; however, available goods currently in Vernon will change in the later future. The type of resources we seek such as petroleum oils, agriculture products, and recycled meats to create a city will soon change, thus seeing the potential in accommodating the alternate form of goods for Vernon impacting the greater network.
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40’ 35’ 30’ 25’ 20’ 15’ 10’ 5’
SYNTHESIZE Understanding the way Vernon works understands the layers in which the city is composed of and its relationship to its context. Understanding the systems and how they work together is important due to scale in which Vernon works; most cities do not have the influence that is evident in this city. By gathering the data that relates to transportation, context and distribution you start to notice the patterns that lay within the parameters of the city. When over-lapping these 3 systems there are certain areas that are concentrated with industrial activities and other areas that are scarcer.
Vernon,CA railroads arterial streets collector streets local streets LA river
Most densities are found closer to main streets such as Alameda and Soto just to name a few. These patterns allow the viewer to perceive these concentrations and gaps as potentials for opportunities for design. In this map there is an emphasis on the Los Angeles River and how it connects the city to both Downtown and the Ports. This relationship is vital to the topic of distribution and the means in which goods are distributed which are trucks and trains. The Ports are also what connects Vernon on a global scale which is one of the traits that Vernon has. Meanwhile on a local and regional scale the map is displaying the significance of industry and how it is not only contained within those parameters of the city but trickles out to the neighboring cities as well. This mass of industrialization that is shown in the section, indicates that the city creates a contrast in elevation changes that alters the way one moves and feels when in Vernon. In conclusion, Vernon’s overlapping systems are what make this city unique and understanding them allows for a deeper understanding of how it works and why. The foundation of this city is built upon these systems and at times they can be overlooked because of its contradiction to what people understand a typical city to be which has an emphasis on the residence but that is not the case here in Vernon.
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THE VERNON ARGUMENT INTRODUCTION Adhering to Vernon’s goal to thrive as an
Vernon. The edge conditions between industry and
industrial city, our design philosophy approaches
the Los Angeles River inspired the exploration of
Vernon’s industrial footprint and attempts to
symbiotic relationships between the two, where
adapt it to the rising demands of the future. By
we saw potential and opportunities that were not
2050, Southern California’s population is expected
being explored. Our strategy for design proposes
to increase by 62 percent. With increasing
to release the tension between industry and water
demands for goods and manufactured products,
infrastructure, in which a new river morphology can
the city of Vernon remains an appropriate site for
exist. The framework for our design analyzes the
the future of industrial development. Our design
potential to integrate the Los Angeles River and
approaches Vernon as a stage for industrial,
Vernon’s industries as a working system that focuses
environmental, and typological intervention
on increasing the efficiency and life expectancy of
through industrial symbiosis.
the industrial cycle. We aim to avoid the nostalgic image romanticized by advocates of the Los Angeles
Our plan identifies that the current industrial grid
River and evoke a futuristic approach to industrial
that defines Vernon is successful at maintaining
design methodologies.
its status as a city solely for business. As citywide development begins to increase, urban
The framework for our design explores defining a
development and industry will have to phase
new typological system for Vernon’s industries in
out their disconnected state of existence and
which a new fabricated model for industry will exist
formulate a program for coexistence. Our
working in conjunction with the Los Angeles River
approach aims to integrate edge conditions
and transportation networks. Identifying that Vernon
between industrial development and its
currently services a large number of businesses,
surrounding context. The city of Vernon reveals
there is projected need for businesses to develop
many opportunities to integrate multiple systems
and increase. Our design proposes to consolidate
for a more efficient output. Understanding
industry by integrating and organizing each type
that Vernon is a major hub that operates at
where they can exist as an alternative system of
multiple scales of connection, the patterns at
production and consumption of each other’s waste
which transportation, distribution networks, and
products and other resources. Industrial occupation
building footprints exist need to be integrated as
along the Los Angeles River will provide the city
a framework for efficiency.
with a source of power as well as an alternative connection to the Port of Long Beach. Our design
The concept for our design framework emerges
philosophy engages the resilience of Vernon’s future
from the existing conditions of industrial systems
and the connections between all the systems that
and its relationship to infrastructural networks
define the mechanism of Vernon as a working city.
and edge conditions that define the city of
CONTEXTUAL SITUATION Vernon’s location is an ideal region
The framework for design is influenced
for an industrial city as it remains in
by Vernon’s unique disposition and regard
close proximity to major freeways
for their industrial properties as they
and railways that connect to the port
outline the streets and create an edge
and essentially links to the rest of
boundary for the city. The contextual
the world. From above, Vernon’s city
relationship between Vernon and the Los
limit is outlined by the concrete paved
Angeles River currently functions idle
infrastructure that defines Vernon’s
of one another. Our framework draws
grid. The building characteristics are
from the idea of the resources that can
defined by large-scale rectangular
be allocated from the L.A. River and
structures that house the working
become of service to Vernon’s industry.
properties of the city. These tilt
Acknowledging that there are two separate
up warehouses offer opportunities
networks of infrastructure (industry and
to reconfigure the forms that are
the Los Angeles River), opportunity exists
necessary for industry to thrive.
to integrate the two separate systems
Our framework identifies strategies
into one. These circumstances draw upon
towards approaching the future of
a unique identity for our urban design
Vernon and its relationship to its
framework and a proposed typology for the
context and neighboring infrastructure.
city’s industry to work in conjunction with one another as a distributive system.
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URBAN DESIGN FRAMEWORK
Our urban design framework aims to
businesses aim to reorganize
consolidate industry into an integrated
larger industrial groupings that
industrial symbiotic process that
share responsibilities between
reorganizes the existing fabric into
resource distribution, allocation, and
an organization of parts that posits
consumption of waste products.
a systematic process of distribution,
The forms of the industrial typologies
consumption, and waste reduction between
resonate from natural river processes
related industries. Identifying the existing
and their ability to pool, ripple, step,
conditions, our framework was inspired
and run. Each typology will perform
by the potential to occupy underutilized
towards the needs of the industries,
infrastructural systems like the Los
dependent on their necessity for
Angeles River and identify soft spot areas
water or energy.
where other strategies for design may be applied. Transportation infrastructure
Our urban design framework
and alternative network systems are also
approaches the Los Angeles River
programmed and integrated into the design
with the intention of challenging it
framework to facilitate the new industrial
as a nostalgic amenity. Rather, it
typologies along the river and their
focuses on adapting industry and
connectivity to the region.
infrastructure to repurpose it for the resilience of industries’ future.
Industrial Typology Development The development of industrial typology existing within and along the river aims to ratify the resources made available from the Los Angeles River. Our strategies for typological development of industrial
INTRODUCTION DIAGRAMS PHASING 35
NATURE + MACHINE C OMP ON E NT S
INDUSTRY + RIVER + COMMUNITY
INDUSTRY
OPPORTUNITY The tilt up warehouse model has a short life expectancy that will have to be reformulated. This serves as a potential to reconfigure this industrial building type in or for it to maximize use and create efficiency.
POTENTIAL
The potential of reformulating the building space can provide a more flexible space for industry to develop. This will allow spaces to change and adapt over time. This reformulation will also allow buildings to become mix –use by adding more spaces.
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NATURE + MACHINE C OMP ON E NT S
INDUSTRY + RIVER + COMMUNITY
RIVER
D SYSTEMS
STRATEGIES + POTEN TIALS
OPPORTUNITY The adjacency of the Los Angeles River to Vernon offers a great opportunity to utilize it. Taking advantage of the space and resource it has to offer can help Vernon become a more resilient city. DETACHED SYSTEMS
Re co n f i g u r a t i o n to a l low fo r maximum efficiency
DETACHED SYSTEMS
POTENTIAL The potential in utilizing the river can come in the form of inhabiting it with mix use structures and recreation. As well the natural resource of water can be utilized by mix-use buildings.
Industry moves to Los Angeles River Utilizes water in river to help with production
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NATURE + MACHINE C OMP ON E NT S
INDUSTRY + RIVER + COMMUNITY
COMMUNITY
OPPORTUNITY
Vernon’s edge is surrounded
by residential communities. The opportunity to saturate the edges of Vernon and the Los Angeles River can benefit Vernon in the long run by integrating mix use typologies.
POTENTIAL
The potential in integrating
the edges of Vernon with mix-use can result in Vernon becoming a better neighbor. This will progress the consolidation of industry on to the river.
VERNON EDGE CONDITIONS LA RIVER
CONSOLIDATE
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INDUSTRY | TECHNOLOGY | URBANIZATION
R UST B EL T
C AS E STU DI E S
http://www.smartplanet.com/blog/smart-takes/can-the-rust-belt-be-saved/
- Industrial decline ---- economic + population + urban decline
K A L UN D BOR G SYMBIOSIS
This was a model that spurred from the economic decline of the north eastern region of the United States. It strongly effected the post-industrial cities due to the
increase of the automobile industry in the South East, causing the downfall of the coal and metal industry that was the foundation of the North East.
- Industrial exchange - Shared resources (waste heat, sludge, steam) - Links between material + energy + community + industry The Kalundborg Symbiosis is an ecosystem focused on industry, where there is a symbiotic relationship between an enterprise that uses a resource by another
enterprise, in a closed looped cycle. This industrial symbiosis is a merge between the public and private enterprises to buy and sell each others products, resulting in mutual economic and environmental benefits for both enterprises.
F ORD ISM
http://www.mathiaspoulsen.com/tag/education/
http://silodrome.com/ford-model-t-assembly-line/
- Industrialized/ standardized form of mass production - Economic expansion + technological progression - Technological revolution
when the fall of that industry occurred so did the city’s.
Fordism was a result of a cities approach to building a foundation on a specific industry which
43
NATURE + MACHINE M ODE L S FO R S Y S T E M S
BUILDING T YPOLOGY A reformulation of the existing building typologies is necessary to maximize the uses and diversify the city enough to help it become more resilient. These typologies not only maximize the internal uses but the external as well, by utilizing the natural resources from its context while staying true to the distinct identity that
Vernon has. In addition they benefit with the surrounding context and land to create a working landscape.
NATURAL LIGHT
MULTI-FUNCTIONAL ROOF TOPS
LINEAR TYPOLOGY -- LINKAGES
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BUILDING TYPOLOGY
Collector
The Dissipator Cleanser
Distributor
Generator
PROPOSED NET WORK PLANS
NEW PROPOSED LAYERS PROPOSED ROADS
PROPOSED BUILDINGS
I-710 CORRIDOR PLAN CA HIGH-SPEED RAIL
EXISTING CONDITIONS
NEW RIVER MORPHOLOGY
HIGHWAYS
STREETS
RAILWAYS
CONTEXTUAL INFLUENCES
RIVER
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NATURE + MACHINE
M OD EL S FO R SY S T E M S
RIVER MORPHOLOGY
RIFFLE
R E F O R M U L AT I O N POOL
POOL
RIFFLE
STEP
RUN
S Y M B I O T I C R E L AT I O N S H I P CAPTURE
CLEAN
COMMUNITY
LOS ANGELES RIVER DISTRIBUTE
INDUSTRY
GENERATE
49
c
e’
d’
c’
MASTER PLAN b’
e’
e
c’
b’ b
a
a’
d
d’
north 0’ 500’ 1000’
1/2 mile
1 mile
51
THE NECESSITY OF VERNON The city of Vernon has stood its ground as an industrial city for over a century. The city provides over 50,000 jobs and houses an estimated 1,800 businesses. The current economic contribution of Vernon to the city of Los Angeles provides over $310 million annually from the city’s taxes. The future of Vernon functioning as a working system in conjunction with the Los Angles River provides a framework for the resilience of industries and economic development for Los Angeles. The project Nature + Machine identifies the conditions at which Vernon can impact its industries and administer environmental contributions to help alleviate impacts towards waste development.
53
NATURE + MACHINE
Connection with water Connection with abandoned rail roads
The Collector
The Cleanser
F IN A L COMPI L AT ION
55
The Generator
The Distributor
EX I ST I N G C O N D IT IO N S N AT U R E + M A C H I NE
Existing Los Angeles River
The existing conditions of Vernon that led to Nature + Machine are as follows: The Los Angles River cutting through Vernon, the amount of existing open space, the highway, street and rail infrastructure and the land use. All these conditions of Vernon are uniquely specific to the city.
Existing Open Space
Existing Highway, Street, Railroads
Existing Land Use
Residential Industrial Water Infrastructure
57
PR O POS A L
N AT U R E + M A C H I NE
WHAT: We want to create a symbiotic relationship between industry, river and neighboring residents.
HOW: By consolidation of industry on the Los Angeles River.
WHY: Because industry is a response to technology.
59
TH E C L E A N S E R NAT U R E + M A C H I NE
This site looks at the edge of Vernon and the opportunities that this condition presents. Due to Vernon’s highly industrial land use, they are motivated to increase their residential base to 150 people to maintain their city charter. With this number sure to rise in the near future, we approach the industry with the intentions to re-purpose the abandoned warehouses and focus their attention towards inhabiting people and businesses.
61
N ATUR E + M A C H IN E soto st e 26th st
e 37th st bandini blvd
soto st
e vernon ave
seville ave
THE CLEANSER
seville ave
PHASE 1
e vernon ave
63
TH E C L E A N S E R EXI ST I N G S I T E
65
TH E C L E A N S E R LANDSCAP E
Cu r r e n t ly Ve rn o n do e s n o t u t il ize the spa ces in-between the b u i l d i n g s a n d t h ere is a p o ten t ial fo r a wor k ing l a ndsca pe to emerg e. T h e la n d s c ap e h as t h e po te n t ial to become a sea sona l wetl a nd, tha t du ri n g t i m e s of h eav y ra in c an c le an a nd ca ptur e the r unoff.
RE -P U R P O S I NG B U I L D I NG
By c r e a t in g in c isio n s in to t h e existing buil ding s, the sca le of the bu i l d i n g s a r e bro ken dow n to in v ite r esidents a nd businesses to util ize th e s p a ce s w i t h in .
67
TH E C L E A N S E R PR O P OSE D S I T E
Th is re - p u r p o s e d s i te w i ll cre a te a new s ym b iosi s of t h e n e i gh bo r h o o d s a nd o l d in d u st ry. By c r e a t i n g t h i s r e la tio ns hip be t w e e n th e t wo typ o lo gi e s , i t gi ve s t he o ppo rt unity fo r Vern on to e mbr a ce t h e s u rro unding ne ig h b orh oo d s to ke e p t h e ir c ity cha rte r w hile s til l st ayin g t r u e to t h e d i s t i nct indus t ria l ide n t i ty.
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TH E C L E A N S E R C I R CU L AT I O N
A L L V EHIC L ES SM A L L V EHIC L ES BIKE T R A IL PEDE ST R IA N
Th e new c ir c u la t i o n p a tte rn re a s s e m ble s t he hie ra rchy of veh i cu l a r a n d p e de s t r i a n t ra ffic. T he l a rge t ruck s a re direc ted to t h e ma i n s t r e e t s , le a ving s m a l le r s ide s t re e t s for sm al ler c a r s a n d bi ke s . T he pe de s t ria n w a l k m e a nde rs throug h t h e s i te a n d co n n e c ts t he a ba ndo ne d ra il l ine s con n ec t in g to a la rge r s y s te m t hro ugho ut Ve rno n.
ZON I N G
RE SIDE N T IA L PA RKIN G COM M ERC IA L PATH EN E RG Y WE TL A N D
By reco n f i gu r i n g t h e u s e s fo r t he buil dings t he re is a p oten t i a l to i n t r o du ce a h ighe r m a s s of re s ide nt s to t h e city. Fo c u s i n g t h e a tte nt io n to it s re s ide nt s t he r ed ist ri b ut io n of t h e bu i ldi n gs us e s is de te rm ine d by it s lo cat ion . Thi s p u s h e s co mme r cia l bus ine s s e s tow a rds th e m a in st r e e t s a n d r e s i de n t i a l fa cing t he a dj a ce nt ne ig h b orh oo d . 71
TH E C L E A N S E R TY P OL O G I E S
S UN -L IG H T
CA P TU R E T h e h i g h ce i lin gs allow n a t u r a l li g ht to p en e t rate thr ou g h .
M IX-U SE
MU L TI-F U N C T IO NA L R O O F M IX-U SE L EV EL S
DIS TR I B U T I O N N ew p r og r a ms are i m p le m e n te d in to t h e exist in g b ui ld i n g s to m aximize t h e p ote n t i al of t h e spaces.
I N SE R T
PEDE STRIA N S
VEH ICL ES
Ped e s t r i an s a n d veh ic les are c ir cu la te d i n to t h e bu ildin gs.
G E N E R AT E U s e s r i ve r m o rph o lo gy to c lean a n d c apt u re w ate r.
P R OP O SE D Cr e a te s t h e s y mbio t ic re la t i on s h i p bet w e en t h e re p r og r a m m ed bu ildin gs an d wo r k i n g la n d sc ape.
STEPS POOL S
TOPS
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TH E C L E A N S E R D E E P A XON - S E C T I O N
R E - PURPOSE D
CL EA N SIN G
PU BL IC SP A C ES
T h is sh ows how the systems over l a p a nd wor k to get h e r to cr ea te the new r el a tionship, in bo t h t h e inter ior a nd exter ior of the l a ndsca pe an d bu ilding typolog ies
VEH ICU L A R A CCE SS M I X ED- US E
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TH E C L E A N S E R S E A SON A L W E T L A ND
CLEANS I NG
RU N
ST EP S
P E D ES TRI AN WALK S E A SONAL W E T LAND
POOL S 77
TH E C L E A N S E R
RE P R OG R A M M I NG B U I L D I NG S REPURPOS I NG
Mu lti-u se IN TERIO R
A CTIVE ROOF TOP
RE-PU RP O SING IN TERIOR
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TH E G EN E R ATO R NAT U R E + M A C H I NE
The Generator is located on the southern end of Vernon where the community of Maywood and the Los Angeles River meet. The generator proposes to connect the surrounding community to the existing infrastructure that channelizes the Los Angeles River. The generator takes advantage of the channelization of the river by establishing a kit of parts that apply Nature + Machine’s framework to the site (Capture + Clean + Generate + Distribute). The site intends to increase public infrastructure within and along the river by providing areas of open space, pathways, and ecological interventions that generate public activity throughout the river. These small scale interventions frame the beginning of larger river machine interventions that occur in the next phases of development.
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N AT UR E + M A C H IN E PHASE 2
T H E G E N E R ATO R e 26th st
e 37th st bandini blvd
soto st
seville ave
e vernon ave
0 250
750
1750
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TH E G EN E R ATO R EXI ST I N G M A P
PROPOSED SITE The Generator was inspired by the opportunity to reconcile disparate systems: the Los Angeles River and the surrounding community. The river would continue to perform as a river machine and work in the idea of a mechanical edge, where ecological processes shared between with the landscape and the river can occur.
The development of the site proposes to cut out a portion along the edge of the river where water can be captured and delivered to the river. In the bank of the channeled river, a kit of parts will generate ecological conditions that capture the water and cleanse it.
e 26th st
PROPOSAL
e 37th st bandini blvd
soto st
seville ave
e vernon ave
GATEWAY TO VERNON
0 250
750
1750
EXISTING RIVER EDGE CONNECTIVITY
EXISTING DIMENSION 500’ 25’ 300’
+ RAIN
PROPOSED DIMENSION 960’
500’ 25’ 300’
0 150’
450’
1050’
CUT
MONOLITHIC MOUNDS
FILL
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TH E G EN E R ATO R PL AN
1.
2.
3.
4.
0 150’
SIT E P L A N 1. GATEWAY ENTRY INTO VERNON 2. LOS ANGELES RIVER INDUSTRIAL PARK 3. MONOLITHIC MOUNDS 4. RECREATIONAL PLATFORMS
450’
1050’
e 26th st
e 37th st bandini blvd
soto st
seville ave
e vernon ave
0 250
750
1750
The proposal for the Generator looks at bringing the river to the community and the community to the river through an exchange of events that are dependent on seasonal rain events. The circulation into the site shares a symbolic relationship between the flows of people and water. During rain events water from the community is channeled to the river and the site becomes inundated as water leads into the river. This process into the site is expressive of how people flow in and out of the site. INDUSTRY MONOLITHIC MOUND
BIKE PATH ATLANTIC BLVD RECREATION CENTER
OPEN SPACE PLATFORM
RIVER EVENTS
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TH E G EN E R ATO R KIT O F P A R T S
The kit of parts allows for recreational interventions to occur within and along the Los Angeles River, where members of the community can inhabit these areas along the river. The use of the kit of parts is dependent on the flows within the riverbank, where baseflow activities can occur during drought season. The low flow channel is often inundated with water and can be used as a channel for kayaking.
During medium to low rain events, the network of paths can still be accessible for use along the river. During high rain events, overbank activites collect and capture water and dispurse it into the river.
OVERBANK FRESHES BASEFLOW
OVER
RI V E R MODE L RIFFLE RIFFLE
RIFFLE RIFFLE
FFLE
FFLE
POOL
POOL
POOL
POOL
OOL
OOL
STEP
STEP
STEP
STEP STEP STEP
RUN
RUN
RUN
RUN RUN RUN
RBANK
FRESHES
BASEFLOW
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D I ST R I B U TO R M A CH I N E +NAT U R E
Lo c a t e d a t t h e fr ei ght y a r d , t he lan d is ut i l i z e d a s a st or a ge ca pa ci t y o f th e i n d u s t r y ’ s shi pment of good s . T h e a d j a c e n c y of t he fr ei ght y a rd to th e r a i l y a r d s become a n effi ci en cy o f the t r a n s p o r t a t i on of good s. T ak e n i n t o c onsi d er a t i on of t he typ es of s y s t ems wi t hi n Ver non, th e trans p or t a t i on a l l ows t he net work o f sy s t e m s t ha t i nt egr a t e t he sym b i o t i c r e la t i onshi p of i nd ust ry, re s id e n t s , a n d comm er ci a l uses o uts i d e of V e r non. Thi s i s t he hu b o f th e e x i s t i n g f abr i c t ha t ut i l i zes the ri v e r r e s o u r c e sy st em . The i nd ustry is th e n a b le t o obt a i n t he benefi ts o f c o l l e c t i n g a d ja cent wa t er s f o r va r i o u s u s es such a s t ext i l e, re nd e r i n g i n d u st r i es, a nd mor e.
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26th st
N ATUR E + M A C H IN E PHASE 3
T H E DI S T R I B U TO R e 26th st
bandini blvd
e 37th st bandini blvd
soto st
seville ave
e vernon ave
soto st
seville ave
e vernon ave
0 250
750 93
TH E D I ST R I B U TOR PR O P OSE D S Y S T E M S
A s th e s y s t e m l oca t es i t sel f nex t to th e l os a n ge l es r i ver , t he r i ver flo w g o e s i n c on j u nct i on wi t h t he fl ow o f the r a i l s a n d r oa d s. t hi s a l l ows m axi m u m a c cessi bi l i t y of wa t er to th e b u i l d i n gs consi st i ng of i nd us try, re s id e n t i a l, a n d com m er ci a l . wi t h th e b u i l d i n gs nest ed on t he r i ver, it al l o w s w a t e r i nfl uence ba sed on the e l e va t i on of t he r el a t i onshi p bet w een th e r i v e r a n d l a nd .
WE TL A N D TOPOG RA PHY
PROPOSE D ROA D S PROPOSE D RA IL S
0
250
750
1750
M ATT SCH EM E
ROAD S
RA I L S
RIV ER
0
250
750
1750
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TH E D I S T R I B U TOR PR O P OSE D S Y S T E M S
as th e s i t e u ti l i zes t he r i ver a nd the e x i st i n g s i t e cond i t i ons, t he bui ldin g typ o logi e s , f low of t r a nspor t a t i o n , and w a t e r f low cont r i but es t o t he re l at i on s h i p of sy m bi ot i c sy st ems.
BU IL D IN G S RIVE R PROPOSE D R O A DS PROPOSE D R A IL S
PRIM A RY IN D U STRIA L BU IL DIN G
P RIM A R Y Primary
SECON DA RY MIXED U SE COMME RCIA L RESIDE N TIA L IN D U STRIA L PU BL IC U SE
S ECO NDARY Secondary
RA IL S G OOD S
GOO DS
ROA D S
RIV ER F L OW RIV ER PROPOSED ROA D S PROPOSED RA IL S
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TYPI CAL SEA S O N RECREAT IO NA L OPPORTUNIT Y
IN D U STR IA L M IX U SE
IN D U STR IA L
WE TL A N D PATH
THE D I S T R I B U TO R
SE CTI ON
F L O O D SEA S O N
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F L OOD BU F F ER
IN DU STRIA L O PPO RT U NIT Y W ITH W AT ER CON SU MPT IO N
TRA N SP O RT AT IO N CL EA NING WIT H VE G E TAT IO N A ND WAT ER
TH E D I ST R I B U TOR TY P I CAL S E A S O N
W ith resilien t water system s , it is able to u tilize water th ro u g h lo w in flo w levels fro m the river.
101
TH E D I ST R I B U TOR F LO O D SE A S O N
A s the in flu x o f water flo w gat he r du rin g hig h er flo o ds seaso ns . The water allo w p o ten tial u s e in systems.
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TH E C O L L E C TO R N AT U R E + M A C H I NE
The Collector is a 56-acre site located at the curve of the Los Angeles River in the city of Vernon, specifically where Soto St. and Bandini St. intersect. As the city consolidates industry to the river, mixed used opportunity will develop both in the landscape program and the architectural program. Landforms are manipulated to create a river morphology that can capture water in the case of a flood season as well capture people with recreational use. As industry consolidates on the river the building structures will interact with the landscape creating opportunities to capture water or create surfaces for multi use functions during dry periods. A symbiotic relationship between water, landscape, architecture and community will arise from The Collector. Contextually The Collector offers views to the Los Angeles skyline, the San Gabriel Mountains and the Pacific Ocean.
105
N ATUR E + M A C H IN E FINAL PHASE
e 26th st
T H E CO L L E C TO R
soto st
seville ave
e 37th st
bandini blvd
e vernon ave
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TH E C O L L E C TO R SI TE P L A N
e 26th st
Keynotes 1. Dam 2. Roof Top Parks 3. Collecting Pools 4. Skywalks 5. Pipe Waterway 6. Existing Street
4 5
Scale 1”=200’-0” 0’
200’
400’
1000’
3 1 e 37th st bandini blvd
6
Pr o p osed Lan d s c a p e Pla n
soto st
seville ave
2
Pro po s e d Hydro lo gy P l a n
e vernon ave
e 26th st
e 37th st bandini blvd
soto st
seville ave
e vernon ave
Architecture
Skywalks Streets
bandini blvd
Water Flow
e vernon ave
Landscape
Site
Cir cu l at i on Eff i c i e n cy
T he proce s s to a c hi eve T h e Colle ctor s for m ca m e from r iver m or phology a nd bu i ld i ng typ es a s th ey re l ate to nat u ra l proce s s . A ser ies of m ou nd s a re c re ate d to ca pt ure water . T he hi gh s lope s a llow for d a m m in g a n d d i ver t i ng water to colle ct i ng p o o l s. T h e water flow w i ll be d i ver te d a s it enter s T he Colle ctor c re at i ng a s eries of pool s . T hi s water ca n be e xt ra cted at a ny t i m e by i nd u s t r y or ca n b e relea sed ba c k i nto t he e xi s t i ng r i ver . At tim es w he n T he Colle ctor i s i n a d r y state, re c re at i ona l progra m s s u c h as p a r k s a nd w i ld er ne s s ce nter s ca n em erg e. T he e xi s t i ng s t re et i nfra s t r u ctu re is ke pt a nd e xpa nd e d a s pe d e s tr ia n s a re m ove d i nto s kywa l k s t hat l i n k f ro m bu i ld i ng to bu i ld i ng. S oto St . A n d B a nd i ni St . w i ll now a l s o m erg e in a n d ou t of bu i ld i ngs i n ord er to c reate a m ore effi c i e nt for m of d e l iver y a nd d i s t r i bu t i on. Arc hite ct u ra lly th e s t r u ct u re s w i ll i ntera ct w it h th e l a n d a nd water i n ord er to c re ate system s of u s e by i nd u s t r y a nd com mu n ity . A l i ne a r bu i ld i ng ty pe w i ll conn ect to t he e xi s t i ng u r ba n gr i d w hi le b r id g in g t he ga p a c ros s t he r i ver . At p o ints t he s t r u ct u re s w i ll cu t t hroug h l a n d a nd l a nd w i ll cu t t hrou gh build in g s a llow i ng for a new type of p ro g ra m t hat i nte grate s l a nd a nd bu i ld in g . T h is w i ll a llow for ve nt i l at i on, co m m u n ity c re at i on a nd water i nfra s t r u ctu re.
109
TH E C O L L EC TOR OPP O R T U NI T Y
RE CR E AT I O N A s i n d ustry cons olidates i nto m i x- use b u ilding s tru ctu res the p otent i a l for recreational areas w ill d evelo p . Ut i li zi ng the rooftops for par k s ys tem s a s we ll the new river forms w i ll b e p rogra mmed for recreational u s e . Th e a rch itectu ral prog ram w ill s er ve p r i m a r i ly indu s try on the lower leve ls a n d a s t he bu ilding ris es s maller s i ze un it s wi ll accommodate res idential l i v i n g, educat i on and commercial p ro g ra m s. In dustry will thrive by s h ar i n g resources with one another an d a sym b i ot i c relations hip between nature a n d i n du s try w ill develop.
Architectural Program
Landscape Program
Open Space Commercial Education Housing Light Industry Heavy industry
111
TH E C O L L EC TOR OPP O R T U NI T Y
C OL LE CTI N G PO O L S
Seville Ave.
Roof Top Park Pipe Water System
Th e p otential for The Collector to ca pt ure water varies on the s eas on of ra in . In t h e ca s e of a larg e s torm eve nt Th e Co llector has the potential to ca pt ure la rge amou nts of water a nd e it h er sto re or dis tribu te the water. Bui ldi n gs can u ptake this water a nd use it for i n du s try, commercial a nd re si dent i a l. W ith water pres ent t he l an dsca p e p rog ram will res u lt in d i fferent use t h a n at dry s eas ons .
Recreational Opportunity
Soto St.
RIFFLE
POOL
STEP
RUN
Skywalk
Mix Use / Industry
Water Up t ake
113
MO DE L
N AT U R E + M A C H I NE
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M A CH I N E + N AT UR E C ON CLU SI O N
T h e goa l of V er non i s t o c o ns o l i d a t e t he ci t y i nt o a ne tw o r k i n g s y st em t ha t funct i ons as a s y m b i o t i c r el a t i onshi p b e tw e e n i n d u st r y , r esi d ent s, a nd th e r i v e r . W i t h t he r esi l i ency th ro u gh t h e l a nd sca pes a nd arc hi t e c t u r e , t he ur ba n fa br i c of th e c i t y w i l l f eed off ea ch ot her to c re a t e a w o r ki ng Ver non i n r el a t io n to i t s s u r r o u n d i ngs.
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M A CH I N E + N AT UR E EXTE R N A L R E F E R E NC E S
h ttp : / / w w w . s y mbi osi s. d k/ en T h e Age n c y of Ma ppi ng, Ja mes C o rn er Co m b i n a t or y Ur ba ni sm: The Comp lex Behavio r o f Co llective F o rm, Tho m M ayn e D ra w i n gs - T h e Ma p La nd sca pe, Nadia A maro so G rap h i c I n t e gr i t y a nd Ma ppi ng Co mp lex ity, N adia A maro so T h e M a p - A r t of Ja mes Cor ner , Nadia A maro so M ap s , M a p p i n g , Mod er ni t y , Deni s Co sg ro ve Sta l ki n g D e t r oi t , Geor gi a Da ska l akis USG S , Ar c GI S
Than k yo u : AND REW WIL COX S WA G ROU P JAME S BA CE RRA CI T Y OF VE RN ON
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M A CH I N E + N AT UR E