FOOD FOR
THOUGHT 4 Team Bio 6 Intro to Vernon 9 Readings 10 Against Sustainability 11 Can biodiversity be accommodated in today’s urban environment? 12 Ecology and Landscape as Agents of Creativity 14 The Concrete Jungle 16 The Word Shrinks, The World Expands 18 Shifting Sites 21 22 24 26 28
Mapping
31 34 36 40
The Vernon Argument
45 48 50 62 74 82 84
Urban Framework
Land Use Industry Ownership Synthesization
Existing Conditions Why Here? Why Now?
Growing Systems Integrated Systems Building Typologies New Food Overlay Phasing New Food Flows
89 94 96 98 100
Support Systems
103 106 124 142 160
Site Selection
River Diversion New Food Overlay Intra-Vernon Transport Regional Distribution The Conveyor The Seed The Mover The Hub
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Team Bio Team Members Kristen Fritz Roy Guillen Jeremy Jarin Kathy Reyes
Team Manifesto
For centuries, in an attempt to cleanse our cities of the inconveniences of “nature” and the toils associated with an agrarian livelihood, we have collectively built for ourselves urban places as refuges for people. Indeed, we also nearly collectively abandoned many of these urban refuges over the years, and nearly every urban place has had to struggle with what it now means to be a city. In the midst of it all, we have lost a great deal of communal knowledge regarding the very systems that sustain our urban places, and we have forgotten why it is that we decided to organize into cities in the first place. Despite this sense of loss, most of us believe that cities are still the best formula we have for organizing people. What has become ever more clear is that people are continuing to migrate to cities, that this trend will continue into the future, and that our cities are, by and large, still stuck and struggling with the “urban condition.” We believe that our urban places can, indeed, still be refuges, and that the urban fabric is knitted to a complex set of interconnected systems that can reveal that nearly forgotten communal knowledge. We believe too, that cities can be a refuge for the formerly cast off “nature,” and that we must recognize
this changing role of our cities. Armed with this awareness, our cities must adapt and explore new-old ways of energizing these systems so as to reveal opportunities to make our cities refuges for all. When we begin to incorporate food systems back into our urban places, we start to reveal the supporting ecological and social systems that make the system work, as well as the myriad phenomena that make it fail to work. Food systems offer a framework for design that encourages the synthesizing of social, ecological and environmental justice ideals, because food is something we all care deeply about at some level. The trading of food is the very reason we first began to organize into villages and later cities. If there is a problem with food, there is ultimately a problem with the city.
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Intro to Vernon The City of Vernon is located five miles from downtown Los Angeles and is in close proximity to major transportation and distribution corridors. These corridors are the 710 freeway, the 5 freeway, the Alameda corridor, as well as the BNSF rail yard. The city was shaped by early industry in 1905 when ranchers James Furlong, John B. Leonis, and James J decided to incorporate industrial development along the railroads. The establishment of these unincorporated developments convinced Miguel Leonis to persuade railroad companies BNSF and Union Pacific to build more railroad infrastructure throughout the area. From the proliferation of rail spurs the city of Vernon came into fruition. Leonis from there on claimed this city as “exclusively industrial” and encouraged the founding fathers of the city to endorse attractions for visitors near and far. Amongst these attractions, some include a baseball stadium, a boxing arena, and the world’s longest bar. In
1953, Miguel Leonis died and left $8 million worth of parcels to his grandson, Leonis. Though the age of Vernon as a Sporting Town became a time of nostalgia, industry began to manifest as a strong entity. By 1960, two main industries were the main benefactors to the city of Vernon. These benefactors were the stockyard industry and the meat packing industry. In that duration, twenty seven slaughterhouses lined the streets of Vernon Avenue to Downey road and Soto. Today, the industrial landscape of Vernon quickly transformed from two main industries to over twenty consolidated industries. The meat packing industry quickly expanded into food processing, manufacturing, distribution, and storage. The stockyard industry expanded into switching yards. In addition, the textile industry, paper manufacturing, metal fabrication and manufacturing, and a whole range of others began to root their business in Vernon. Other unique industries that are endemic to Vernon is the slaughtering and rendering districts located in adjunct to the LA River. With all these industries an employment number of 50,000 works commute in and out of Vernon on a daily basis. The city of Vernon is a major player in the overall economic prosperity of
the Southern California region and is a crucial part in the distribution of goods all over the nation. The estimated revenue that Vernon produces is $18 million annually. It is likely that if you’re in the Los Angeles region, you’ve come into contact with many products derived from the city. With so much economic responsibility the intense concentration of industry within this city has left decrepit impacts in its landscape. Among these impacts are air pollution, soil pollution, lack of pedestrian activity, and lack of residency. Though Vernon’s nomenclature of industries is a well respected and well prized commodity, there is unimaginable potential within this exclusively industrial city. The city of Vernon can retain its reputation as an economic engine for the region but it has the potential to grow their industry. From processing of plastics and other goods, Vernon can morph and shift into the city that does more to the city that grows more.
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Vernon
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Readings Against Sustainability
John May
Can biodiversity be Austin Brown accommodated in today’s urban environment? Ecology and Landscape as Agents of Creativity James Corner
The Concrete Robert Sullivan Jungle Robert Thayer
The Word Shrinks, The World Expands Kristina Hill
Shifting Sites
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Against Sustainability John May
Technology improved people’s lives for generations • We came to rely on it and believe it could improve life ever more • Came to discover that these ideas, practices and tools were degrading the very conditions that provide for continued existence (the env. & its ecosystem services) • Today—“Sustainable” technology will save us?
y
y could
The problem with “Sustainability”
could he very
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The Problem with Objects
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The Problem with Objects
The Problem of Objects Impact effect Impact ignored/ absorbed
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minor ignored/ Impact absorbed yes resolved
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yes to process invisible resolved minor the consumer ignored/
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process invisible to the consumer
The Problem with Objects Consequences effect Consequences
Effect’s Impact on Stakeholders effect
Effect’s major Impact on Consequences Stakeholders Industry pays for prevention or major mitigation effect Industry pays no for Effect’s prevention or Impact on mitigation Externality Stakeholders no
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Industry pays for yes Problem with Externalities The prevention or mitigation
The Problem with processof invisible to The Problem Externalities
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the consumer
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The Problem with Externalities
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if we cal The Problem with Newness & Novelty
The Problem of Newness & Novelty
The Problem with Newness & Novelty
• • • •
An easily undermined idea Does not address consumption Conceptually incoherent Vague & shapeless (like pornography or obscenity) Politically inadequate
Fails to address underlying causes of environmental degradation/resource scarcity • The Problem of Objects—the idea that the world is composed of things • The Problem of Externalities--The actual cost of the final product does not reflect the real cost of extraction, production, consumption & degradation • The Problem with Newness & Novelty Lifespan of products reduced Collective psychology of durability erased in a single generation
Simply—Advocates for LESS BAD
• We are having the wrong conversation if we are truly interested in preserving ecological systems & ecosystem services
Relevant in Vernon—a city of Industry & Production • What will we make here in the future?
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Can biodiversity be accommodated in today’s urban environment? Austin Brown
Can be in Can biodiversity be accommodated in Can biodiversity biodiversity be accommodated accommodated in today’s urban environment? today’s urban environment? today’s urban environment? -Austin -Austin Brown -Austin Brown Brown
Habitat destruction a major factor affecting biodiversity Habitat destruction a major factor affecting
destruction amore major factor affecting Habitat destruction a major • Habitat Urban expansion now rapid than ever factor affecting biodiversitybiodiversity biodiversity • Urban expansion increasingly non-linear rathermore than rapid incremental along outskirts --Urbannow expansion now than ever --Urban expansion more rapid --Urban expansion now than moreever rapid than ever • Ecologically sensitive areas at risk --Urbanincreasingly expansion increasingly --Urban expansion non-linear non-linear --Urban expansion increasingly non-linear • Habitat fragmentation increasing rather than incremental along outskirts rather than incremental along outskirts rather than incremental along outskirts --Ecologically sensitive at risk --Ecologically sensitive areas at riskareas --Ecologically sensitive areas at risk 2010—International Year of Biodiversity --Habitat fragmentation increasing --Habitat fragmentation increasing --Habitat fragmentation increasing
Past mode mode of of expansion expansion Past
Past mode of expansion Past mode of expansion • Widely considered a missed opportunity • 2010—International “Decade on2010—International Biodiversity” announced to reach targets after Year of Biodiversity Year of Biodiversity Year of Biodiversity 2010—International Year of Biodiversity failed--Widely --Widely aconsidered a missed opportunity considered missed opportunity --Widely considered a missed opportunity • New --“Decade developments should: --“Decade on Biodiversity” announced to on Biodiversity” announced to --“Decade on Biodiversity” announced to reach targets after Year of Biodiversity failed • Retainreach existing habitats targets aftertargets Year ofafter Biodiversity failed reach Year of Biodiversity failed --New developments should: • Create--New habitat developments should: --New developments should: -Retain existing habitats • Implement green infrastructure -Retain existing habitats -Retain existing habitats
-Create habitat -Create habitat -Create habitat
-Implement greenUrban infrastructure -Implement green infrastructure Animal Estates London HQ: Wildlife -Implement green infrastructure Client Services
mode of expansion Present mode Present of expansion Present mode of expansion
Present mode of expansion Animal London HQ: Wildlife London HQ: Urban Wildlife • Animal LondonEstates initiative to Estates raise public awareness onUrban biodiversity Animal Estates London HQ: Urban Wildlife Client Services Existing Urban Center Services Existing Urban Center • Client Incorporate native Services species back into London & urban environment Client Existing Urban Center --London initiative to raise public awareness Linear Urban Expansion initiative to raise awareness ChangingLinear ModeUrban Expansion • Public--London networking & research spacepublic fortoactivists, engineers, planners, --London initiative raise public awareness Thearchitects, ChangingThe Mode Linear Urban Expansion The Changing Mode on designers biodiversity Ecologically Areas of Urban Expansion onresidents biodiversity Ecologically Sensitive Areas Sensitive of Urban Expansion artists, and on biodiversity Ecologically Sensitive Areas of Urban Expansion
native species into --Incorporate--Incorporate native species back into back --Incorporate native species back into London & urban environment London & urban environment London & urban environment New Developments—Should be Habitat-Centric --Public & networking & research for --Public networking research space for space --Public networking & research space for • Functioning habitat as framework for design activists,planners, engineers, planners, architects, activists, engineers, architects, engineers, planners, architects, • Habitat buffers activists, artists, residents and designers artists, residents and designers artists, residents and designers
Habitat Habitat Non-linear Development New Non-linear New Development New Non-linear Development Habitat
“We need to recognize the changing role of cities and New Developments—Should be Habitat-Centric New Developments—Should be Habitat-Centric New Developments—Should be Habitat-Centric We need We need to recognize the to recognize the Existing Urban Areas We need tocities. recognize --Functioning habitat as framework for design --Functioning habitat as framework for design for design ecologies of Cities canthe no --Functioning habitat as framework • Attitudes slow to change--many designers & planners still support cities for --Habitat buffers changing role of cities --Habitat buffers changing role of cities --Habitat buffers changing role of cities longer be seen as apart from people--Habitat only linkages/corridors --Habitat linkages/corridors --Habitat linkages/corridors and ecologies and ecologies ofDensification cities.of • Data increasingly support health benefits for people and ecologies of cities. cities. “nature.” of cities • Existing Need toUrban retrofit cities Existing Urban Areas Cities can no longer be Areas Cities can no longer be Existing Urban Areas Cities can no longerhabitats be can protect functioning --Attitudes slow to change--many designers --Attitudes slow to change--many designers --Attitudes slow to change--many designers seen asseen as apart from apart from in theas hinterlands.” seen apart from & planners support citiesonly for people only & planners still support still cities for people & planners still support cities for people only • Habitat linkages/corridors
--Data increasingly support health benefits --Data increasingly support health benefits --Data increasingly support health benefits people for people for for people --Need to retrofit cities --Need to retrofit cities --Need to retrofit cities
Densification of “nature.”“nature.” Densification of “nature.” Densification of cities can cities can protect cities can protect protect functioning functioning habitats in the in functioning habitats habitats in the the hinterlands. hinterlands. hinterlands.
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Ecology and Landscape as Agents of Creativity James Corner
The Ecological Idea
• Ecology Is never ideologically neutral, despite claims of its objectivity. It is not without values, images and effects. It is a social construction that can initiate, inform, and lend legitimacy to a particular viewpoint. (Example: from green politics to nationalism to feminism) Conjures up particular ways of seeing and relating to Nature • Two Distinct Natures The cultural construction that enables people to speak of and understand the natural world That which always escapes or exceeds human understanding
The Ambiguities of Ecology within Landscape Architecture • • • • •
Establishment of ecology as a central part of landscape architectural education and practice. Ecology has changed and enriched the field of landscape architecture substantially. Displaced some of landscape architecture’s more traditional aspects Prompted a somewhat ambiguous and estranged disciplinary identity. Although ecology has surfaced in modern landscape architectural discourse, a culturally animate ecology-one that is distinct from purely scientific ecology-has yet to emerge.
Modernity and Environment
• The belief in human progress and mastery over Nature has at the same time promoted an often brutally mechanistic, materialistic, and impersonal world. • The potential creativity of both Nature and culture is diminished to dull equations of utility, production, commodity and consumption. • Landscape architecture remains caught within the technoeconomic, progressivist, and dualistic characteristics of modernity. • Landscape architecture must recognize expeditiously how the root cause of environmental decline is buried in the complex foundations of modern culture.
Conservationist/ Resourcist and Restorative Ecology
• Conservationist/Resourcist Ecology - Landscape is composed of various resources that have particular value to people such as forestry production, mining, agriculture, built development, recreation, and tourism. • Restorative Ecology - Emphasis is on the acquisition of technical knowledge and skill with respect to the physical reconstruction of landscapes or, at a larger scale, regional ecosystem.
Radical Ecology
• Focuses not on nature but on the sphere of culture • Also critical of progressivist ecology and its technocratic solutions to environmental problems • Social ecology (particular interest for landscape architecture) - Targets technoeconomic aspects of the modern cultural paradigm and is critical of social practices of domination, commodification, and instrumentality.
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Dialetical Ecology and Language
• Human beings, by virtue of their ability to construct a reality through verbal and visual language, are radically different from the wild and indifferent flux that is nature. • Cultural Worlds are composed of linguistics and imagistic structures
Bewilderment, Wonder, and Indetermination • • • •
Bewilderment is simply a prerequisite for another form of seeing. Parallels between vocabularies of ecology and collage are striking Ecology and creative transmutation are indicative of an alternate kind of landscape architecture Catalytic frameworks that might enable a diversity of relationships to create, emerge, network, interconnect, and differentiate
Landscape Architecture + Ecology The hybridization of between, people, place material and earth
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The Concrete Jungle Robert Sullivan
Introduction
The article denounces that contrary to popular belief; urbanization can provide more opportunities for housing habitat for wildlife than pristine pastoral open space can. Reason being that the variety of spaces and places wildlife finds themselves in are all too often more interesting than those of a naturalistic habitat. After many observations, a critical evaluation than an urbanized setting is no longer an impediment to wildlife succession, it can in fact, enhance and provide new opportunities for the natural world to thrive in.
“Concrete” Details
• For example, after an occurrence that left the Bronx River damaged and polluted, many native birds were killed for the duration, but with sacrifice came a discovery of survival. Robert Leaf, a recent Ph.D grad student came across a rare finding of Eastern floaters peeking through the muddy banks of the Bronx. Through this discovery, this event exemplifies that through the accidents and ruin that may occur with an urban system, resiliency can be found through even the simplest of organisms. • From this finding, this theory that the urban condition is not a great supporter at sustaining life can be denounced as folly. It is evident that even the most sensitive of species, if they live, it is to signify that life in a forgotten river or in any abandoned space have potential to thrive.
Urban landscape and Wildlife Interface
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Rural landscape and Wildlife Interface
• If anything can be contrived from this article, this sentence just about sums up the whole thinking behind it. “Understanding nature as infrastructure means thinking about it less as a painting to restore and more as a process to encourage.” • Other findings seeking out potential for new wildlife to thrive in the most extreme conditions can be contributed as a worldwide phenomenon that newage naturalists, biologists, and allied scientists have now been implicating. For example, biologists in Europe are now studying what once were bombing sites and anticipating new growth of a new species. It is Mother Nature at work with her heartiest and most resilient of soldiers. • Another facet of interest that this article proposes is the idea of an ecological feedback loop. An ecological feedback loop works in such a way that whatever happens, intended and unintended occurrences both create a cause and effect relationship amongst the flora and fauna, neutral of habitat. Whatever occurs out in a rural setting can very much occur just as well, or even better within an urban setting.
In Summation
In culmination, the overhanging principle that the only living system that inhabits a city is of the Homo sapien kind, is proven to be false. Nature does exist within the city confines and it happens to be doing just fine. The question to ask now is whether the human citizens of the metropolis are willingly to share their space with neighbors that fly, swim, hop, buzz and everything else in between.
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Robert Thayer
The Word Shrinks, The World Expands Introduction
If there are two irrelevant spectrums of study that seemed too distant to be even considered for comparison, it would be the world of geophysics and information technology. Two figures coming from their respective backgrounds, Norbert Wiener and King Hubbert have been proprietors of a unique and forthcoming situation. Ideas involving both parties were the ideas of energy and matter in relationship to the happenings of the physical world, but when Wiener came into the picture, he introduced a third factor into the relationship, information.
Energy and the Landscape
• With this new tidbit of knowledge that information informs directional qualities of energy and matter, it is also a happenstance that information feedback influences living systems and the dynamics that can occur. • In regards to the urban ecology, the matter of energy (oil) and it’s dutiful rise and decline as supported by the supply and demand curve is being researched through the physical planning perspective of it all. That everything that interacts within a system is interconnected through an invisible ecology that is unseen by economists and people alike. • The article then proceeds to discuss the framing of the landscape if oil was not a subsequent source of energy for transportation purposes. It explained that with the decline in oil, shared systems of transportation will be on a rise, that the gap between suburbia and the bustling city will close and the landscape will change indefinitely. In the realm of tourism, the ideology of going someplace far to wander and vacation might be a thing of novelty and a new tourism may emerge. Localized tourism; tourism of people that live there become inhabitants as well as visitors of their own environment.
Information and the Landscape
To counteract these statements, while energy is shrinking the landscape into a more localized system, the transfer of information is doing just the opposite. Information is creating the hyper realities that represent the landscape, that give information but do not transcend space, energy, or matter. Though the effort in obtaining information has opened up the landscape to be a globalized monopoly, the quality of
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information in the transference is lacking in context.
The Three Scenarios of the post peak-oil landscape • Scenario 1: Global economy, global ownership • Scenario 2: Local economy, local ownership • Scenario 3: Local economy, global ownership
In Summation
In reverie, this article highlights the essential need to understand future projections of the supply and demand field in proposing new landscapes of the future. That landscapes for the pure aesthetic purpose are notions of the past and highly productive high variety landscapes to occur within the civic system are going to be the new normal.
Information and the Landscape
Energy and the Landscape
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Kristina Hill
Shifting Sites The Nature of a Bounded Place
• A new understanding of place has emerged over the last few decades, the Nonequilibrium Paradigm • The Shifts Spatial scale - whether local ecosystems can be considered “closed” to larger flows or the influence of the larger flows should be integral to the local systems Temporal scale - local and regional history influences contemporary ecosystem dynamics Pattern - consideration of physical landscape patterns as an important component of ecosystem functioning • Sites are flashpoints (a place, event, or time at which trouble flares up) in the theories of science and design • Collaboration will occur on a renewed basis as new metaphors are sought and accepted as the basis for the development of theory
Spatial Scale Are local ecosystems independent from an outside entity or are they an integral part of an even larger system? In the context of Vernon, the city is an industrial hub which serves as an employment hotspot for the people of Los Angeles County
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Spatial Pattern The landscape acts as a shifting mosaic, working with a probabilistic factor of change. Industrial sized buildings fill the site of Vernon forming a mosaic of industry.
The Spatial Scale Shift: Organism Versus System, Boundary Versus Node • Two Dominant Metaphors The first refers to them as forming a “super-organism,” as if the interactions among species can be compared to the interactions among individual organs within a body The second describes them as a system of energy flows and exchanges, as if they are comparable to the mechanical and electrical systems designed by humans
The Temporal Shift: Cycles, Rates of Change, and the Role of History • This law simply states that geological processes operating today, such as weathering and soil formation, also operated in the past
The Spatial Pattern Shift: Landscapes as Dynamic Mosaics
• The metaphor of a shifting mosaic relies on a probabilistic conceptualization of change • Understanding sites as components of a probabilistic landscape mosaic requires that the significance of spatial and temporal patterns be evaluated on a speciesby-species basis
Flashpoints
• Complexity of categories derives from effort to reveal changing conceptual frameworks by thinking through both old and the new conceptual lenses • Designers will doubtless find it easier to pick up the current ecological theories and run with them without looking back
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Mappings Lonely Land Use The Diversity of Industry in Vernon Ownership and Levels of Control The Vernacular
Land Use + Industry + Ownership
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Lonely Land Use The City of Vernon is known to be as an industrial city that is located several miles away from Downtown Los Angeles. Vernon is the only city in the Los Angeles region that encompasses most of its land for industry use and employs approximately 55,000 people. Not only does the city provide jobs for Los Angeles County but also is the home to major food and agriculture, apparel, steel, plastics, logistics and home furnishings industries. Since the city has a policy to discourage housing due to the odors, noise, and traffic levels it is generally incompatible with residential development. The map displays the various planed distribution of land use that are currently found in in the city of Vernon. Although, most of the city is composed of industries there are still areas where there is housing, commercial, and public use buildings. It is evident in the map that there is only one category for land use which is for Industrial. The Industrial section allows for a broad range of industrial use that supports the city’s desire to stay as a
regional manufacturing and industrial center. Some of these industries include refineries, energy-generating facilities, manufacturing and hazardous waste facilities. It also shows the five Overlay Districts that are categorized as Commercial, Rendering, Slaughtering, Housing and Emergency Shelter. These overlay districts allow for specific uses in a certain area that are not permitted anywhere else in the city. Even though these Overlay Districts are implemented there is contradiction to what actually exists in the designated districts.
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The Diversity of Industry in Vernon Top 20 Industries In Vernon (according to employee numbers)
1. Food Manufacturing 2. Chemical Manufacturing 3. Wholesalers—Nondurable Goods 4. Warehousing and Storage 5. Wholesalers—Durable Goods 6. Textile Mills 7. Couriers and Messengers 8. Fabricated Metal Products 9. Plastics Product Manufacturing 10. Apparel Manufacturing 11. Furniture & Related Products 12. Printing & Related Support Activities 13. Paper Manufacturing 14. Machinery Manufacturing 15. Textile Product Mills 16. Truck Transportation 17. Nonmetallic Mineral Products 18. Repair & Maintenance Services 19. Support 20. Beverage & Tobacco Products
The city of Vernon has been described as a landscape of heavy industrial industry, and although this is true, there are many more facets to reveal within the boundaries of Vernon. Vernon is commonly known for being a large manufacturer and processor of food, but there are more spectrums underneath the category. Processing, manufacturing, rendering, packaging, and slaughtering are just a few subcategories that are included. The second largest industry within the city of Vernon is chemical manufacturing. With two seemingly incompatible industries located within a short distance of each other, what is really happening in Vernon? A narrative is revealed about the city of Vernon and it encapsulates how Vernon is the largest “cog in the wheel” when it comes to supplying the Los Angeles region. It exemplifies that because Vernon is in an ideal condition, it should be highlighted as the city that really does more.
When one describes the city of Vernon, it is appointed as a landscape of no people, but in hiding this city of industry has approximately 50,000 workers coming in and out on a daily basis. It is a unique situation that Vernon illustrates and is unlike any other city within the state. And also unlike any other city, Vernon has a plethora of industries within its boundaries that should be highly regarded as an important utility for the Los Angeles region. Without the city of Vernon, hustle and bustle of Southern California’s largest metropolis would cease to exist.
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Ownership and Levels of Control WHO REALLY “OWNS� VERNON, A CITY DOMINATED BY INDUSTRY? Legally, the City of Vernon owns a number of parcels, but unlike most cities, where parks, civic centers and other public spaces make up the majority of city-owned property, all Vernon-held property is zoned for industry. As further testament to the city’s dedication to industry, even the scarce quantity of housing stock in Vernon is technically zoned industrial. The rest of the story of legal ownership in Vernon is a complicated patchwork of both large and small, and domestic and international corporate and private ownership. This does little to tell the real story of ownership in Vernon, other than that there are many players, in many places, who rely on, and have a stake in Vernon. We must look beyond conventional understanding of ownership in order to develop a more meaningful understanding of this unique urban condition. A more compelling and authentic concept of ownership in Vernon thus emerges: who actually controls Vernon? Who has authority in Vernon? Who has possession in Vernon? Through the
mapping of these levels of control, we reveal a deeper, more complex understanding of who the real players are, above, on the ground, and under the streets of Vernon. Due to years of pollution, leaking storage tanks and heavy toxic chemical use and production, State and Federal agencies maintain a significant level of outside control in Vernon. These outside agencies have the authority to effect change in Vernon. Though the streets are dominated by semi-trucks, tanker trucks and refrigerated vans, there is also a level of social control, evidenced along the sidewalks of bus routes, where workers travel in and out of the city, within the LA River channel, where people recreate, and along the river bike path.
And, there is a level of faunal control, both above and below Vernon. The river is populated throughout the year with more than 200 species of birds, and pigeons and seagulls flock to the recycling centers. Under Vernon, the stormdrain system forms a vast network of underground culverts and channels, housing the dens of coyote, abundant food for the vermin of Vernon, and safe navigation for wildlife under the streets of Vernon.
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The Vernacular
Land Use + Industry + Ownership
Many people live their lives without a care in the world, not thinking of what the food they are eating has gone through or where the power supplying their precious phones has come from. Vernon is a city of industry, a city that gets down and dirty. The importance of Vernon as an economic engine is overshadowed by the fact that most citizens see the place as an eyesore, but the potential for this city to be greater than what it is perceived as is evident in all of the opportunities others may see as constraints. As a city that prides itself in being almost exclusively industrial, Vernon does well for the people who work there and the people who utilize the products manufactured in the city. Although the city has a measly population of 114 residents, over 50,000 workers go in and out of the city on a daily basis. These workers manufacture and process the goods we demand as consumers. The businesses in Vernon provide stable jobs for the neighboring cities in the area. Some workers are even noted to travel as far as the Port of Long Beach utilizing one of Vernon’s most distinguishable infrastructural land uses, the rail lines. Public and private rail lines meet to populate the city for means of distribution of the manufactured goods. The abundance of rail lines and truck terminals hint that the city relies heavily
on transportation and distribution for the industries to be successful, which leads to an interesting take on who actually controls Vernon. Are the people who walk the grounds the ones who are in control, or are the big machines that make an industrial such as this one function in control? Trucks and trains constantly circulate in and out of Vernon making it possible for the city to sustain itself as a place of industry. The scale of Vernon will make anyone feel small. With all of the industrial sized buildings and big trucks circulating the site, it is no surprise residential and commercial areas are scarce. The city created an assortment of overlay districts that are used as boundaries where businesses other than industrial ones are able to be established. With all of the industries being in such close proximity, the spatial relationship between food processing facilities and chemical processing sites, Vernon’s top two industries, is something to note. Obviously, Vernon has its problems, but they only hint towards this need for a framework for change. We cannot stop Vernon from being the big industrial city it is known for today, but we can provide the necessary steps needed to take to change this area from a place people see only as an eyesore to a place where its importance is acknowledged.
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The Vernon Argument Existing Conditions Why Now? Why Here?
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What If transportation costs were to dramatically rise? we were to lose significant amounts of arable land? California suffers a debilitating natural disaster?
With food processing and distribution being a major industry in Vernon, would the economy suffer?
Could Vernon become the leader in local food production for Southern California?
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The “Exclusively Industrial” City of Vernon, just south of downtown Los Angeles, has a history of heavy and prolonged industrial use dating back to 1903. In terms of size, no other city in Southern California has a footprint the size of Vernon. As the region’s main hub for food processing and distribution, its impact on the residents in surrounding communities is untold. As the major industrial center, it is a key driver of the regional economy, and the city employs nearly 50,000 workers who crisscross its city boundary every Monday through Friday on their daily commutes.
clean air standards and polluting groundwater, and all of this industry takes place on the banks of the Los Angeles River. It is the only place in the Los Angeles region that does what it does, and it is the only place that can: very few people would elect to have the industry of Vernon conducting business in their own backyards. In fact, it is precisely due to this unique set of characteristics that the exclusively industrial City of Vernon has everything is needs to transition from chemicals, plastics and processing, to nourishment and health. It is ideally poised to be both a leader in local food production for the Los Angeles region, and a driver for change in the industrial arena.
for a well-controlled urban agricultural system. The city is also located far from the largest population centers in Los Angeles, making it an ideal location for disruptive large-scale agriculture. And, the City of Vernon has critical industrial knowledge: Vernon knows industry and it knows how to scale up. No other city or community in Southern California, certainly not the Los Angeles region, has these unique and ideal qualities.
In addition, though the residential population of Vernon is quite small— around 100 and expected to reach 150— it borders several communities that have It is a city of warehouses, mills, lived in its industrial shadow for years. rendering, food processing, textiles, Vernon has everything it needs to be a chemicals, and recycling. It is a better neighbor to these communities. city that essentially deals with the By managing its resources in a different inconveniences, the trash, the noise and The scale, location and industrial way and adapting its industrial values to the smells generated by our modern way knowledge of this unique city make it a different era of technology, Vernon can of life. Its industrial legacy also includes the ideal location for large scale position itself as the most appropriate, a legacy of pollution. There is a high low-input high-output industrial urban and best-equipped place for low-input concentration of both underground and agriculture. The contaminated soils make high-output industrial urban agriculture, above-ground hazardous material outdoor cultivation impossible, but the gain social, economic, and ecological storage tanks throughout the City, city’s massive building footprints are capital, and emerge as the leader in many of which have become Cal EPA ideal for indoor agriculture, especially for regional food production. cleanup sites over the years. In addition, methods that favor a highly controlled the use of heavy equipment, use and environment, such as aquaculture or manufacture of chemicals and solvents, fungi farming (mycoculture). The Los and use of petroleum products over Angeles River, traditionally an ephemeral the years has resulted in heavy soil river, has year round flow due to contamination at many sites. Industries discharge by wastewater treatment have also been charged with violating plants, and could provide ample water
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Existing Conditions A large amount of processed foods that infiltrate into Vernon come overseas from China. It travels 7,000 miles by ship and arrives in the Port of Long Beach. From the Port of Long Beach the food treks twenty miles through the Alameda Corridor and finally reaches its destination in Vernon. The processed food is then disseminated to Vernon’s neighboring communities. With so much food coming in and out around the vicinity of Vernon there is a peculiar occurrence of food deserts (illustrated in orange). Food deserts are recognized as places with lacking an availability of fresh food. This illustrates an apparent disparity in the food system that is not only occurring near Vernon, but in North America.
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Why Agriculture in Vernon? Vernon has everything it needs to be the leader in local food production in Southern California. With potential in its position and connectivity, all forms of transportation are easily accessible. By using these forms of transportation, Vernon can continue to be a leader in distribution while also altering its persona as a producing city as well. Looking more into a local scale of the opportnities Vernon has to offer, just the scale of the framework of the city lends itself to become a producing machine. With enormous amounts of floor space and huge surface areas for wall, systems can be efficiently designed and organized for production. The Los Angeles River, a resource that Vernon currently does not take advantage of, runs directly through
1905
Vernon serves as farmland
the city. WIth the amount of discharge the flows through the river annually, Vernon will not have to rely solely on their groundwater pumping for water. Finally, Vernon has been an industrial city for almost a century. They know the in’s and out’s of how industry works and will be able to adapt in a change of framework for new industry to arise.
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Industrialization begins
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Building Footprint
The average square footage of an industrial sized building is 15,,000 with about 10,000 square feet being usable. Building facades are also unused valuable resources.
Los Angeles River
The Los Angeles River discharges roughly 50 billion gallons annually. WIth, such close proximity to the river, Vernon is asking to take advantage of it.
1938
Channelization of the river
Present
Vernon as the exclusively industrial city
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Position & Connectivity The success of Vernon’s current industrial nature is largely due to its position and connection to transit networks. It serves as an effictive point of origin for products for distribution to the Southern California region because of the proximity to essential freeways and how close it is to large population centers.
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The Way Forward GLOBAL FOOD DEMAND IS ACCELERATING, AND AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY CANNOT KEEP UP. DOUBLING OF CALORIE DEMAND IS FUELED BY GLOBAL RISE IN DEMAND FOR MEAT
World Food Production must increase by
70%
core77.com, eldis.org
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BOTH THE FOOD AND AGRICULTURAL ORGANIZATION (FAO) AND THE UNITED NATIONS (UN) ARE PROMOTING ENTOMOPHAGY AS A FUTURE FOOD SOURCE.
Entomophagy: THE PRACTICE OF EATING INSECTS
80%
of the world’s population engages in entomophagy INSECTS ARE HIGHLY NUTRITIOUS, EXTREMELY EFFICIENT AT TURNING FEED INTO MEAT AND CAN BE FARMED AT A VERY HIGH DENSITY. THEY CAN BE TURNED INTO A HIGH-PROTEIN FLOUR AND BAKED INTO PASTAS, BREADS, PROTEIN BARS AND OTHER VALUE-ADDED GOODS.
Entomophagy is was sushi was to Americans 25 years ago
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A Look at Proteins How They Measure in Comparison
COW
Currently the number one consumable protein in the United States. Domestic beef consumption equates to 182 pounds per person per year.
CHICKEN
Next to beef, poultry is the second largest consumable protein in the United States. Domestic poultry consumption equates to 80 pounds per person per year.
TILAPIA
Tilapia is a fast growing fish that originated in Africa and is not a recognizable source of protein that is commonly consumed in the United States. Currently, domestic tilapia consumptions equates to 15 pounds per person per year.
CRICKET
Insects such as crickets have not been consumed in larger amounts to be considered a common protein in American diets. Currently Americans unknowingly consume roughly 2 pounds of dead insects/insect parts per year (found in vegetables, rice, beer, broccoli, pasta, and spinach).
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space
the amount of space needed for animal
eci
efficiency of converting food into consumable meat
age
how long it takes for the animal to reach maturation for food
nutrition
the amount of consumable protein per animal
methane
measured in amount animal expells in a 24 hour period
csa.com, thirdmillenniumfarming.com, massmind.org, livescience.com, content.time.com
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Urban Framework Growing Systems Integrated Systems Building Typologies New Food Overlay Phasing New Food Flows
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Urban Framework Guidelines for this urban framework derive from a set of values that proclaim to be essential in the improvement of Vernon for a prosperous future. These values will guide the design process and the strategies will be the methods in which they are executed. The strategies are: low input- high output systems, waste to riches, reuse of infrastructure/waste, phasing, and integrated systems. Noted below are the values explained in detail.
Industrial Memory
The legacy of Vernon as the industrial workhorse of the region should be something that is celebrated with ferocity. Framework for this value will be exemplified through the implementation of growing industry and the emphasis that this new industry will coincide efficiently with remaining industry.
Nourishment
Vernon’s landscape is seen as a terrain of synthetic man made materials that symbolize the strong role of the machine. Through the insertion of a industry that is grown, not processed, Vernon will be seen as a place of nourishment. It will be seen not through the perspective of oil and chemicals, but through the perspective of earth’s materials derived from compounds found in the natural world.
Production
Processing, manufacturing, and distributing seem to be what Vernon is well recognized for, but due to its ideal proximity, it is positioned to be so much more. Vernon can realign itself as the city that does more and produces more; therefore reinforcing a value on locally produced goods and circulating economic revenue close to home.
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Adaptability
As this city aims to produce and package more for the future, it is inevitable that the systems within it be susceptible to flexibility. Static systems are seen as unsustainable and will be obsolete in the near future. Placating value on more adaptable systems that coexist will ensure that Vernon remains a large proprietor and will flourish from its economic prosperity.
Justice
Currently, Vernon has been seen as a city with many controversies where economic capital is overriding in its politics. In order for Vernon to thrive with a positive reputation, virtue exemplified within the realms of food, economic, environmental, and social justice should be exercised. The utilization of these justices enable Vernon to become a better neighbor to its surrounding communities and entitle this city as an essential asset within the global network of industry.
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The Growing Systems Integrated Low-Input High-Output Systems and Products
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ALL use WASTES as feedstock
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Integrated Systems Linked by Water
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Algaculture Algaculture is the practice involving the cultivation of algae. Algae cultivation has many uses such as production of food ingredients, fertilizers, bioplastics, producing feedstock amd biofuel.
Integration With System
Water, carbon dioxide, minerals and light are all important factors in cultivating algae. Once the algae is ready to harvest the oil is extracted. As a results, two byproducts are produced for use. Biodiesel and livestock feed will be used to fuel the truck fleet as well as feed the livestock in entofarming and vermiculture.
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Aquaponics Aquaponic systems combine hydroponics with aquaculture to create a more optimized and sustainable food production system by solving for problems that occur in the individual systems. - David Rosenstein
Integration With System
Vermicultured worms can be used as feedstock for the fish. They may also function like the microbes in terms of converting the fish waste to nutrients for the plants to absorb. Water that has been recycled a fair amount of times may also be circulated to the algaeculture section as feedstock. Vegetative waste may also serve as feedstock for mycoculture.
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Mycoculture Mushrooms can be easily cultivated in warehouses or lab-like settings using a minimum of resources. They can be grown on substrates considered to be waste streams, including agriclutural waste, yard waste, waste from food processing and more. Mushromms can be converted into a high-quality protein called mycoprotein, and processed into a number of foods. Many mushrooms also have medicinal properties, and many are remarkable for their ability to mycoremediate contaminates such as petroleum prodcuts, pathogens, and heavy metals.
Integration With System
Mushroom substrate can include waste from Aquaponics, insect frass from Entofarming, and algae from Algaculture. Spent mushrooms substrate can be used for mycofiltration of LA River water before, after it enters the system, and in between systems as well feedstock for Vermiculture.
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Entofarming 80% of the World’s population engages in entomophagy. Is is what sushi was to “western” nations 25 years ago. Insects are highly nutritous, extremely efficient at turning feed into meat, and can be farmed at a high density. They can be turned into a high protein flour and baked into breads, pasta, protein bars and other value-added products. Crickets are not the most efficient insects for turning feed into meat, but they are the world’s most popular edible insect. Some have lkiened crickets to the “gateway bug.”
Integration With System
Insect Frass can be utilized as a substrate for Myococulture, and can also be sold as a high value fertilizer. Insects can utilize waste feedstocks from aquaponics agricultutral waste and well as algae.
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Vermiculture Vermiculture is the practice of utilizing earthworms in the processing and amendment of compostable organics or the practice of raising earthworms for feedstock and bait. It aims to take in organic waste compounds and transform them into nutrient rich matter suitable for agricultural production.
Integration With System
Dried algaeculture is used as feedstock for the worms in the vermiculture system. Worms produced from vermiculture are utilized as feedstock for fish in the aquaponics system or sold as bait for fishing practices. Worms can also be dried and used as fertilizer or animal feed as needed. The vermicasting (soil remnants that pass through the worms’ body) is also rich in nutrients and can be utilized as soil for agricultural production. Vermiculture does not require much water within the system and is therefore the last industry in the process to receive it.
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Analysis of Existing Building Infrastructure
Algaculture + on south & west faces + needs light + little to no windows + roof access
Aquaponics + <30â&#x20AC;&#x2122; tall + long & narrow footprint + needs light + no blocking on south & west faces
Composting + >40â&#x20AC;&#x2122; tall + little to no light + one story + largest footprint
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Mycoculture + 20’-40’ tall + needs some light + close to composting + segmented interior
Entofarming + 20’-40’ tall + little to no light + multi-story
Vermiculture + <30’ tall + little to no light + close to aquaponics
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Interior Explorations
Aquaponics
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Interior Explorations
Composting
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Interior Explorations
Mycoculture
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Interior Explorations
Entofarming
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Interior Explorations
Vermiculture
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Rail Infrastructure
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River Relation Navigational relationship where the flow of the water chanel follows the flow of the railroad
Industrial relationship
where the river forms a critical symbiosis with urban industrial agriculture--withdrawing 28 million gallons a year, and then cleaning, circulating, cleaning once agian and returning it to the river
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A New Overlay Aquaponics Composting Mycoculture Entofarming Vermiculture New Food Overlay
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Systems Massing
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Phasing
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New Food Flows Food Desert No More
With the integrated systems of the Growing Industry Project, a new revolution of food is on the rise. By cutting out the middle man, production, processing and distribution can all be done locally, thus serving the surrounding communities in desperate need of fresh food. With access to so many integral highways, fresh food trucks will be able to circulate to all of the ocmmunities in need of accessible food. A new food flow will expand and evolve to satisfy the needs of Southern Californians.
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Support Systems River Diversion New Food Overlay Intra-Vernon Transport Regional Distribution
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Support Systems The “Exclusively Industrial” City of Vernon, just south of downtown Los Angeles, has a history of heavy and prolonged industrial use dating back to 1903. In terms of scale, no other city in Southern California has a similar building footprint density as Vernon. The City of Vernon also has a deep and strong industrial memory, and a strong desire to remain industrial, to remain relevant and to continue as an economic driver of the region. In terms of the food industry, Vernon’s impact on the region is clear: Vernon is the center of food processing, packaging, storage and distribution for the Southern California region. Circumstances and future events, including drought and a rise in transportation costs, could make it more difficult and more expensive to get food to Vernon in the future. Why couldn’t Vernon make a shift, and become the source of local food production for the Southern California region? The exclusively industrial City of Vernon has everything is needs to transition from chemicals, plastics and processing, to nourishment and health. It is ideally poised to be both a leader in local food production for the Los Angeles region, and a driver for change in the industrial arena.
The scale, location and industrial knowledge of this unique city make it the ideal location for large scale, low-input, high-output industrial urban agriculture. The contaminated soils make outdoor cultivation impossible, but the city’s massive building footprints are ideal for indoor agriculture, especially for methods that favor a highly controlled environment, such as aquaponics, entofarming (insect farming) and fungi farming (mycoculture). The Los Angeles River, traditionally an ephemeral river, has year round flows due to discharge by wastewater treatment plants, and could provide ample water for a well-controlled urban agricultural system. The city is also located far from the largest population centers in Los Angeles, making it an ideal location for disruptive large-scale agriculture. Furthermore, Vernon has critical industrial knowledge: Vernon knows industry and it knows how to maximize efficiency. No other city or community in Southern California, certainly not the Los Angeles region, has these unique and ideal qualities. Due to the environmental and heavily industrial condition of Vernon, the outside atmosphere of Vernon is not suitable for the production of consumable goods in the traditional sense. In perfect juxtaposition, because
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A FRAMEWORK for Urban Production VALUES HYPER-EFFICIENCY INDUSTRIAL MEMORY NOURISHMENT JUSTICE
VALUES SHIFT
NESTED SCALES SYSTEMS INTEGRATION ADAPTABILITY
d System 92
cessing + Packaging + Storage + Distribution n
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of Vernonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s industrial scale it is a prime location for industrial scale urban agriculture. These systems are located within existing building typologies that provide ideal interior conditions that facilitate low-input and high-output agricultural farming, with a minimum of retrofits. The very nature of these low input high output systems speak volumes about this idea of extraordinary efficiency. Both these agricultural systems and the urban industrial nature create a large niche of opportunity to implement these effciencies at an industrial scale. These efficiencies are further manifested at nested scales in terms of water infrastructure, regional circulation, and integrated systems circulation. In close adjacency to the new food overlay zone, the LA River is an apparent resource that has remained dormant until now. Through the implementation of efficient low- tech systems, this resource could be tapped to harness itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s true potential for the new growing systems of Vernon. The Conveyor diverts water from the river into channels that are treated close to the diversion point utilizing physical and biological mechanisms. The treated water will then go through an underground system to be re-circulated into the other systems, such as aquaponics or entofarming.
The Seed functions as community supported agriculture and is the outward expression of the warehoused agricultural programming. It grows enough food to support the residential population of Vernon, as well as a surplus that provides additional income through worker-share. The Seed efficiently houses agricultural workers and supported farm systems in reused cargo shipping containers. These modular containers can be efficiently stacked and massed to serve as a kit of parts that can easily be reconfigured to address future City and industrial needs. With the manufacturing of product circulation, Vernon needs an intraVernon distribution network: The Mover is a network informed by the existing rail lines, which are a remnant of Vernonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s industrial legacy. These provide circulation for goods fed back through the agricultural systems, as well as for the workers that support the industry. This distribution network occurs simultaneously at two scales: a larger network that consists of streetcars, and a smaller, more flexible cargo bike transit. Goods slotted for regional distribution are conveyed to the regional transport hub via the intra-Vernon streetcar network. The daily regional distribution of perishable goods is contingent on a well-timed and highly efficient trucking
fleet. By consolidating trucks in one place, this decreases the congestion of road networks and allows for a more efficient movement within Vernon. The Hub is designed for frictionless flows, and is specifically tailored to satisfy the time sensitive nature of fresh food distribution. A hyper efficient Vernon thus emerges: A Vernon that manages its resources in a different way, and that has adapted its industrial values to a different era of technology through the implementation of nested scales and systems integration. Vernon can now position itself as the most appropriate, and best-equipped place for low-input high-output industrial urban agriculture, gain social, economic, and ecological capital, and emerge as the leader in regional food production. As we become denser by the day with fewer natural resources to depend on, Vernon can serve as a precedent for efficient and environmentally responsible urban food production and distribution. As we become denser by the day with fewer natural resources to depend on, Vernon can serve as a precedent for efficient and environmentally responsible urban food production and distribution.
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River Diversion + LA River is an apparent resource that has remained dormant in Vernon + Resource could be tapped to harness true potential for the new growing systems + Water from systems are treated primarily at the diversion point and then conveyed in an underground system
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Water Conveyance Primary Water Treatment
+
Mycofiltration Spots
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New Food Overlay + The new food overlay will function as possible zoning for implemented systems + Vernon Supported Agriculture portion is the outward expression of the warehoused agricultural programming + This high efficiency agriculture can support Vernon and surrounding communities
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Vernon Supported Agriculture / The Seed Economic Impact Zone New Food Overlay
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Intra-Vernon Transport + An intra-Vernon distribution network is informed by existing rail lines +These provide for goods fed back through the agricultural systems. +The distribution occurs simultaneously at two scales: a larger streetcar network and a smaller more flexible cargo bike transit
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Streetcar Route Cargobike Route Streetcar Station Cargobike Service Station
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Regional Distribution + Goods slotted for regional distribution are conveyed to regional transport hub via intra-Vernon streetcar + Daily regional distribution of perishable goods is contingent on a well-timed and highly efficient trucking fleet +By consolidating trucks in one place, this decreases congestion of road networks for more efficient movement within Vernon
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Regional Transit Hub Major Arterial Streets Freeway Corridor
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Site Selection The Conveyor The Seed The Mover The Hub
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Site Selection
Sites linked by 3 common threads:
water food circulation
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The Conveyor
The Mover
The Seed
The Hub
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The Conveyor In close adjacency to the new food overlay zone, the LA River is an apparent resource that has remained dormant until now. Through the implementation of efficient low- tech systems, this resource could be tapped to harness itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s true potential for the new growing systems of Vernon. The Conveyor diverts water from the river into channels that are treated close to the diversion point utilizing physical and biological mechanisms. The treated water will then go through an underground system to be re-circulated into the other systems, such as aquaponics or entofarming. Water is the primary focus of this part of the system. It begins by diverting from the River at a point equal to the elevation of the lowest point of the water treatment pools. Once the water reaches the site, it goes through a screening process removing the heavy solids from the river. At this point, water is also stored for emergency storage and secondaily functions as an overflow pool. Two flow lines were designed in order for cleaning and maintenance of the solids. After the screening process, water has time to settle where sediment is able to fall to the bottom and is then transported to a sediment disposal and reuse area.
Once physical cleaning processes are over with, the water is chemically treated by going through a series of decentralized mycoislands meant to target specific pollutants commonly found within the Los Angeles River. Finally, the treated water flows into an underground system leading to all of the other growing systems and finally outfalls back into the river. Water is also used for growing mycelium products for remediative and edible purposes. A portion of the water goes through an active treatment process that is used for a microbrewery on site that is a structure meant for public benefit of the workers of Vernon. A pool is also located adjacent to the brewery for people to actually take a dip into Los Angeles River water. Overall, the site is a celebration of water mazimizing on all the uses of water. People can treat it, grow with it, drink it, make beer with it, and even swim in it.
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The Conveyor
Site Selection The site for the Conveyor was strategically placed here because it before the point where the Los Angeles River begins to have a wide curve.
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Site Plan Algaculture
Aquaponics
Composting
Mycoculture
Entofarming
Vermiculture
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Patterns Mycelium forms interconnected strands that make structurally sound support. Strands form a series of decentralized hubs Brain cells function similar to how mycelium does in that way that it is connected by strands used for transmission
http://ww
Rail lines flow similarly to the way water does. There are no perfect right angles. Curvilinear patterns were extracted from rail intersections
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http://discovermagazine.com/~/media/Images/Issues/2013/July-Aug/mushroom-mycelium.jpg
ww.visualphotos.com/photo/1x3746938/astroctye_brain_cells_fluorescence_micrograph_of_a_number_of_astrocytes_from_human_brain_tissue__D0305.jpg
https://d243395j6jqdl3.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Urban_Rail_Ulivieri-8.jpg
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Preliminary Sketches
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Circulation Diagramming TER A W
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PE
LE OP
PRO
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TS C U
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River Diversion Water will be diverted via a canal hugging along the wall of the river in order to capitalize on an low impact technology.
er
L
iv AR
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ery w e br o r c al Mi n a C nt n e o i m ers eat r T Div ive t 1 2 c e e A n n i i wL wL o o l l F F
Myc
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Sediment collection is placed in close proximity to the designated settling pools
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Mycoislands are constructed to remediate specific pollutants found within the Los Angeles Riverâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s water. They are composed of burlap and straw to help float
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The Seed The Seed functions as community supported agriculture and is the outward expression of the warehoused agricultural programming. It grows enough food to support the residential population of Vernon, as well as a surplus that provides additional income through worker-share. As the outward expression of the warehoused agricultural programming, all parts of the food system, aquaponics, entofarming, vermiculture, mycoculture, composting and algaculture, are represented on this site. It is strategically located adjacent to Farmer John’s as a response to the industrial food system, and enforces the presence of a new protein movement, as well as highlighting the importance of food as a critical industry of Vernon. The Seed efficiently houses agricultural workers and supported farm systems in reused cargo shipping containers. These modular containers, ubiquitous symbols of the old food system and its extensive foodprint, can be efficiently stacked and massed to serve as a kit of parts that can easily be reconfigured to address future City and industrial needs. The containers are dispersed as a field that is informed by force lines from the surrounding buildings.
As the site currently functions as a surface parking lot for Farmer John’s, the parking has been stacked into a highly functional parking structure. Algaetubes cover the south and westfacing exteriors, and the rooftop houses a system of greenhouses. Shipping container-housing spills out of the eastfacing side and any additional façade space is used for growing. Mycoculture and water storage occur in belowground levels of the structure. The working structure responds to the institutional food system by quite literally “raising the visibility” of challenges posed by the existing system. As a communal landscape, the Seed is also a venue for fostering collaborative solutions to challenges of the current food system as a city-supported, community invested site. It provides for a flexible space for gathering both people and food products. As a social landscape, it provides a venue for introduction to new proteins.
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The Seed
Site Selection The Seed is placed on the border of the New Food Overlay and the existing Slaughtering overlay. It directly across the street from Farmer Johnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s and is situated on its current parking lot
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Site Plan Algaculture
Aquaponics
Composting
Mycoculture
Entofarming
Vermiculture
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Patterns Shipping containers are used as the primary material for the site. They are clustered and patterned for different functions Algae tubing patterns are hoisted on walls of the site where strong linear form comes into play for pattern and efficiency Greenhouse roof structures are implemented on the top floor of the parking structure where production meets efficiency
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http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Line3174_-_Shipping_Containers_at_the_terminal_at_Port_Elizabeth,_New_Jersey_-_NOAA.jpg
http://www.visualphotos.com/photo/1x3746938/http://www.schott.com/newsfiles/20130925134305_schott_pbr.jpg.jpg
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Strawberry_greenhouse.jpg
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Preliminary Sketches
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Container Diagramming
Configurations of cargo containers function and interact differently with the people using the space
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A high performance parking structure is constructed to replace the existing Farmer Johnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s parking
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Containers for growing system products testing are established for the public to eat
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Workers and people of Vernon are able to obtain fresh food from Vendors within the site
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The Mover The Intra Vernon Transit System combines both a streetcar system and a cargobike system for the distribution of goods and people. Through the utilization of existing railroad infrastructure, these transit systems can be placed seamlessly into the landscape of the city of Vernon. This type of system coincides with low input high output frameworks as delegated beforehand. The transit system of both goods and people exemplify the intensity of circulation that accumulates within Vernon on a daily basis If Vernon were to adopt this type of system, it will increase its efficiency and enable Vernon to become the good neighbor it is intended to be.
Within the Intra Vernon Transit System there is a central Station that is the point of convergence of intermodal plurals within Vernon. This is where the cargobike workforce and the streetcar ridership can convene together, creating a new social context that will enable Vernon to be perceived as the place to be not just for the industry, but the civic engagement that can occur within its boundaries. The architectural inspiration for the patterning of the Station itself derives from the strong triangulation in the framework of a cargobike. It is light in density, but strong in carrying capacity, and the built structure of the Station illustrates these qualities of the structural framework of a cargobike. The cargobike system is intended to serve the industries within the new food overlay zone and provide distribution amongst the inner networks within Vernon. The cargobike system aims to create a shifting of values and place a positive perception of the insertion of a low impact high frequency distribution system to handle their daily shipping needs. A cargobike is implementable within the city of Vernon not only because of its low impact high frequency, but also because of its ability to become easily retrofitted within the existing rail in Vernon. In addition, a single cargobike courier can
transport up to 440 pounds of weight over a distance of 4.6 miles. Since the overall topography of Vernon is flat, a cargobike system is not too strenuous a distribution service to organize and expedite. The streetcar system occupies the outer boundaries that border Vernon and services the inundation of employees that commute in and out of the city on a daily basis. By implementing a streetcar system, this hopes to alleviate traffic congestion on the vehicular streets to allow more room for the regional freight trucks that need the space in order deliver fresh food from Vernon to the entire Southern California region. A streetcar system is ideal for Vernon because it is versatile in use. It functions in both mixed-use traffic and can have right of way priority at streetlight intersections. The kind of streetcar service intended to be implemented is an enhanced local transit service that operates at a 15-25 miles per hour speed limit with 15 minute interval wait times between departure and arrival between stops along the route.
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The Mover
Site Selection The Mover is located just west of The Seed. It serves as one of the stations for the Intra-Vernon transit system of cargo bikes and street cars
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Site Plan Algaculture
Aquaponics
Composting
Mycoculture
Entofarming
Vermiculture
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Patterns Rail infrastructure runs throughout the site and is used to inform the new cargo bike path for product circulation Strong triangulations found within Vernonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s electrical infrastructure informed some lines of the Station Hub The lightness and strength in physical structure of a cargobike inspired architectural form in the Station and its surroundings
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http://www.marinbike.org/Events/Biketoberfest/2011/CargoBike.jpg
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Preliminary Sketches
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Circulation Diagramming
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Cargo bike congregation happens between buildings and are informed by the rail line
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Cargo bike congregation happens between buildings and are informed by the rail line
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Cargobiking can then occur alongside the infrastructure of the Los Angeles River for potential circulation outside of Vernon
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The Hub The hub is a multifunctional site that primarily serves as a center for the regional distribution of products that are grown in Vernon. The site is catered to provide for the frictionless flows of the truck fleet as well as other scales of circulation such as the cargo bike, streetcar, and pedestrian movement because of the daily distribution of goods. Due to the fact that it is a regional distribution hub it is designed for a well-timed and highly efficient schedule to meet the time sensitive nature of fresh food products being perishable. The hub provides the truck fleet with the important amenities needed to continue to be highly efficient such as a gas station, truck repair shop and a truck wash on site. Not only does this help consolidate trucks in one place but also decreases the congestion of the road network by allowing a more proficient movement within Vernon. The site also provides an opportunity for public benefit through the utilization of the food truck plaza. The plaza not only serves as a recreational space but as a daily food truck destination for workers and the surrounding communities.
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The Hub
Site Selection The Hub is placed on one of the largest vacant parcels in Vernon. It is evenly distance away from the two major freeways that transit uses in Vernon
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Site Plan Algaculture
Aquaponics
Composting
Mycoculture
Entofarming
Vermiculture
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Patterns Looking into how stations are readily accessible for train stop and maintenance, adjacencies were made for hyper efficiency Rail line intersections make is so that trains can effictive switch lines. The site is heavily influenced by multi modal ciculation Truck lines and terminals are areas that make up everything a truck needs to get in and out quickly while also being easy to maneuver in
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http://www.zcentralstation.com/index.php?option=com_kunena&func=view&catid=19&id=2038&limit=20&limitstart=540&Itemid=212
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CTA_loop_junction.jpg
http://tti.tamu.edu/2013/03/01/tti-on-the-border/
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Preliminary Sketches
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Circulation Diagramming
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Amenities such as a gas station were placed on site to efficiently get trucks on to their next destination
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Mycoislands are constructed to remediate water that flows from the Hub
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A food truck plaza allows for the people living in the adjacent communities to take part in the growing systems
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Necessity Because we live in cities, because we maintain a certain standard of living, and because we live in a world composed of things, we need a City of Vernon. Even were we to dial back the consumerism and the demand for cheap products from Asia, we would still need a Vernon. Vernon is a major recycler of everything from glass, paper, metal, and batteries to grease and animal carcasses: where would these things go if not for Vernon? Vernon also supplies the region—a non-food producing region—with food, and is a major contributor to the economy in terms of both jobs and export of goods to the State of California and the Nation. Were Vernon to expand its regional role to food producer— which it is ideally poised to do— this 5.5 square mile industrial city could develop even deeper ties with the Los Angeles region, become a leader in regional food prosperity, and keep its edge as an industrial city in an era where production is heading over seas.
Special Thanks SWA Laguna Beach Andy Wilcox James Becerra ELAC Vernon Chamber Members of the Midreview and Final Jury and the class of LA 402 Also a special thank you to David Rosenstein of Evo Farms, mycologist Phil Ross, Gabi Lewis and Greg Sewitz of Exo, and Andrew Brentano of Open Bug Farm for your openness to our questions and your willingness to share your knowledge of farming insects, mushrooms, fish and produce.