JK Extra - Issue 7 2011

Issue 7: November 2011

(Inside this issue) Australia’s Water Aviation Celeb Goss Human Body: Bones Canada Recycling

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r e t a W s ’ a i l a r t s u A (Our Australia)

Australia is the driest inhabited continent on Earth, and among the world’s highest consumers of water. Australia is ranked the fourth-highest in water use per capita.

According to the Government, as the impact of climate change intensifies, Australia faces increasingly severe longterm water shortages with lower rainfall, rivers drying up and dam water levels falling. In most parts of Australia, surface water stored in reservoirs is the main source for municipal water supply, making water supply vulnerable to droughts; only a much smaller share comes from groundwater. Nonconventional water sources, such as seawater desalination, play an increasing role in Australia's water supply, with one desalination plant specially made to supply Perth and others being built in Sydney, the Gold Coast, Melbourne, Adelaide, and another is planned to be built at Port Augusta.

Adelaide The Happy Valley Reservoir stores water for supply to Adelaide. Adelaide receives its drinking water from five sources: The River Torrens, the Onkaparinga River south of Adelaide, the Barossa Reservoir, and most years’ water goes to these reservoirs where the water is pumped from the River Murray through two pipelines, one is from the Mannum to the reservoirs on the River Torrens and to the South Para Reservoir and Warren Reservoir, and the other goes from the Murray Bridge to the reservoirs on the Onkaparinga River, the final source is the Myponga Reservoir.

Brisbane and the Gold Coast Water storage, treatment and bulk supply for Brisbane is handled by ‘SEQ Water’, which sells water to Brisbane for supply to the Greater Brisbane region. Water for the area is stored in three major dams; the Wivenhoe Dam on the Brisbane River, the Somerset on the Stanley River and the North Pine on the North Pine River.

Canberra Canberra pulls its water supply from three separate catchment systems: The Cotter River catchment, which is within the ACT; the Googong system on the Queanbeyan River in New South Wales; and the Murrumbidgee River, at the Cotter Pump Station.

All of these rivers drain into the Murray River.

Melbourne The Silvan reservoir supplies water to Melbourne. Around 90% of Melbourne's drinking water comes from uninhabited mountain ash forests high up in the Yarra Ranges east of Melbourne. More than 1,570 squared kilometres has been reserved for the main purpose of collecting water. These water supply catchments have been closed to the public for more than 100 years.

Perth The New Victoria Dam, supplies water to Perth, it also receives most of its water from a series of reservoirs. From around 2001 southern Western Australia has suffered severe drought conditions, where Perth then became the first Australian city to run a reverse seawater desalination plant, the Kwinana Desalination Plant, which as of 2007 supplies 17% of the city's drinking water supply.

Sydney Warragamba Dam is the main source of water supply for Sydney. More than four million people in Sydney, the Illawarra, the Blue Mountains and the Southern Highlands depend on the catchments of the Warragamba, Upper Nepean, Blue Mountains, Shoalhaven, and Woronora river systems to supply their drinking water.

(Technology)

n o i t a i v A ts About Planes Fac

How high do planes go?

Civilian passenger jets cruise at between 9 km and 12 km. Military aircraft can attain greater altitudes.

Prop planes are limited to about 6 km. A small plane can legally fly at 600m.

What’s the biggest passenger aeroplane and how many people can fit in it?

The AirBus A380, with a wingspan of 79.75 m and a total length of 72.73 m, is able to accommodate upto 840 passengers with the right seat configuration.

What causes the white smoke behind aeroplanes?

It is actually water vapour. Water is a by-product of combustion.

The "contrails" occur at specific altitudes each day depending on the atmospheric conditions.

My ths and Legends of Flight Greek Legend - Pegasus Bellerophon the Valiant, son of the King of Corinth, captured Pegasus, a winged horse. Pegasus took him to a battle with the triple headed monster, Chimera.

King Kaj Kaoos of Persia King Kaj Kaoos attached eagles to his throne and flew around his kingdom.

Alexander the Great Alexander the Great harnessed four mythical wings animals, called Griffins, to a basket and flew around his kingdom.

Icarus and Daedalus - An Ancient Greek Legend Daedalus was an engineer who was imprisoned by King Minos. With his son, Icarus, he made wings of wax and feathers. Daedalus flew successfully from Crete to Naples, but Icarus, tired to fly too high and flew too near to the sun. The wings of wax melted and Icarus fell to his death in the ocean.

Early Attempts of Flight Around 400 BC - China The discovery of the kite that could fly in the air by the Chinese started humans thinking about flying. Kites were used by the Chinese in religious ceremonies; they built many colourful kites which where used for entertainment and fun. More sophisticated kites were used to test weather conditions, kites have been important to the invention of flight as they were the beginning to balloons and gliders.

Humans try to fly like birds For many centuries, humans have tried to fly just like the birds; wings made of feathers or light weight wood have been attached to arms to test their ability to fly. The results were often disastrous as the muscles of the human arms are not like a bird and can not move with the strength of a bird.

! p i s s o G y t i r Celeb (Fun Stuff)

2011 Australian Nickelodeon Kids’ Choice Awards (KCA’s)

The stars at the KCA’s included Cody Simpson, Bindi and Robert Irwin, Matt Preston, Kyle Sandilands, Jennette McCurdy and many more. The awards were broadcast live from The Sydney Entertainment Centre; the KCA’s kicked off like usual with the Orange Carpet (OC), where the celebrities got to embrace the screaming crowds of kids. An OC show was hosted by Luke and Wyatt, who welcomed iCarly stars and the KCA hosts Jennette McCurdy and Nathan Kress who were in Australia for the first time.

One of X Factors judges Mel B teamed up with Commando from the Biggest Loser, to present the ‘Superfresh’ Award. It then crossed over to the penguin’s enclosure at Sea World on the Gold Coast where the winner for the most super fresh award was revealed, Cody Simpson. After the award was presented co-hosts Jennette and Nathan sent bright green goo flying over the audience! Cody then performed a mix of his songs 'Just For You' and 'On My Mind', which sent the crowd into a frenzy. Cody later then took out the title of Fave Aussie Muso which was his second win for the night.

It then was time to announce the winner for the ‘Slime Minister’ award. With a record of 1.6 million votes, the kids took their chance to pass judgement on the green credentials of political leaders Julia Gillard and Tony Abbott. The award was presented buy Matt Preston and Rachel Finch, who took on the role of playing the election scrutinizers, Gillard was revealed as the kids’ choice for greenest leader. A flashy Gillard look-alike then appeared on stage that then made an acceptance speech before breaking out into some random dancing with Justice Crew.

The night ended in true spirit of the KCA's, as the final 100 litres of the nights’ 5 tonnes of slime was unloaded onto the audience!

Justin Biebers Surprise visit at Taylor Swif ts Concer t.

Justin Bieber loves a good surprise, the singer made fans go absolutely wild in late July went he popped out on stage during a Selena Gomez show, and he has done it again. This time he made a surprise visit at Taylor Swift performance in Los Angeles.

The pair sung a duet of Justin’s hit ‘Baby’ together and the crowd went completely crazy, Taylor later tweeted that “You think you’ve heard LOUD screaming in your life. Then Justin Bieber comes out and does a surprise song during your show. Woah. Unreal.”

Joe Jonas goes solo!

Unfortunately for Joe his solo career is not off to a great start. In its first week of sales, Joe's first-ever solo album, "Fastlife," sold around 18,000 copies, which put him in 15th place on the Billboard 200. But when comparing it to the last CD that the Jonas brothers did together, "A Little Bit Longer," in the same time frame they sold 525,000!

Nick Jonas, meanwhile, also jumped into a side project last year with his band, ‘The Administration’, that sold 82,000 copies of "Who I Am".

(The Human Body)

Bones

What would happen if you didn’t have bones!

You'd be floppy like a beanbag. You would not be able to stand up or walk around.

Your bones have two purposes, the first one is to ensure your body has structure; your backbone enables you to stand straight up instead of lying like a puddle on the floor. The other purposes your bones have are to protect the delicate, and sometimes soft, insides parts of your body, like you lungs and heart are protected by your rib cage, also your skull acts like a hard protective helmet for your brain. The bones or vertebrae of your spinal column surround your spinal cord, which is made up of a complex bundle of nerves.

What is bone marrow?

A fully developed bone is made up of mineral salts, water and tissue. There are two types of bone; there are compact and cancellate bones. A compact bone is smooth and solid, while a cancellate bone is much lighter, the cancellate bone looks quiet similar to what honeycomb looks like. All bones are a mixture of cancellate and compact bone.

Many bones are hollow; by being hollow it makes the bones stronger and lighter. In the centre of many bones, bone marrow makes new red and white blood cells. Red blood cells allow oxygen to be distributed to all parts of your body and white blood cells ensure you are able to fight germs and disease.

Did you know?

Bone is one of the strongest materials.

Bones are much lighter than steel or concrete, but weight for weight, they are much stronger.

Adult human bones account for 14% of the body’s total weight.

There are 54 bones in your hands including the wrists.

An average adult has 14 bones in there face

Although the outsides of a bone are hard, they are generally light and soft inside, they are about 75% water.

Technically babies do not have kneecaps; their kneecaps have not yet turned into hard bones, and are still soft cartilage, which gradually hardens into bones. This process is called ossification.

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© 2011 Hasbro. All Rights Reserved.

© 2011 Hasbro. All Rights Reserved. Tous droits réservés.

(Countries)

a d a n a C now?

k u o y d i D The name Canada comes from a St. Lawrence Iroquoian word, Kanata, which means village or settlement.

Canadian winter temperatures fall below freezing point, with snow covering some parts of the country for nearly six months!

Canada is known as the home of large animals like the moose, grizzly bear and polar bear, but it is also home to about 55,000 species of insects and about 11,000 species of spiders.

Many inventions have come out of Canada including basketball, the electric light bulb, the telephone, the television, and the zipper, and the first snowmobile.

The Niagara Falls is one of the largest and most popular waterfalls and is located in Ontario, Canada.

Ice Hockey and Lacrosse are Canada’s national sports; with lacrosse being the country's national summer sport, and Ice Hockey as the national winter sport. The modern game of ice hockey was developed in Canada, based on games that have been played since the tenth century.

Half of Canada is covered with forests, which should not be surprising, considering one-tenth of the world's forests are in Canada.

Canadian James Naismith invented basketball to give his P.E students at the YMCA Training School in Springfield, Massachusetts, an indoor team sport to play during the long winters.

At around 6,204,186 square kilometres, Canada is the second largest country in the world, Russia is the largest. It has the longest coastline of any country at 243,976 kilometres.

Toronto is the largest city of Canada, with a population of more than 5 million people.

Montreal in Canada is sometimes called The City of Churches, as it has more churches than houses!

Despite being a really big country, it has one of the lowest population densities in the world, with only three people living per square kilometre! Almost half of the population in Canada were born in other countries.

(Recycling)

! g n i l c Recy Recycling Glass

•G lass can be recycled virtually forever. It never wears out.

For roughly every 900 kilograms of glass that is recycled, we save more than 900 kilograms of other resources (around 600 kilograms of sand, 190 kilograms of soda ash, 190 kilograms of limestone, and 70 kilograms of feldspar).

•M ost bottles and jars that you use contain at least 25% recycled material.

•T he energy saved by recycling just one bottle could light a 100-watt bulb for 4 hours.

Recycling Metals •R ecycling an aluminium can saves 95% of the energy needed to make aluminium from bauxite ore.

Recycling Paper • 75% of each tree that is cut down for paper is not used in a paper product.

• 99 tonnes of various resources are required to make just over one tonne of paper.

• Paper made from recycled paper uses 70% less energy.

Steps in Recycling: The first step required for recycling is collecting recyclable materials from communities. Apart from the everyday items like the bottles, bags and cans you may recycle at home, many other things such as old tires, computers, mattresses, cars and more can be recycled.

The second step involves processing the recyclable materials; this includes sorting the materials into groups, cleaning them and getting them ready to be sold to manufacturers who will turn the materials into new products.

Manufacturing is the third step in the recycling process. Today many products are made out of either total or partial post consumer (recycled) materials. Many items you may see every day are made from recycled materials, like newspapers, paper towels, office paper, plastic bottles and aluminium cans are not only made of recycled materials, but they can also be recycled again.

The last step, involves the purchasing of recycled products. When consumers purchase products that have been made with post consumer material the recycling process has been completed and can then be repeated. When you are out shopping with your family try to always stick to the recycled products and in doing this you are already helping our environment and our energy use.