Envision Elgin by Jon Michael Lund

ENVISION ELGIN A Design Guide for a Tall Multi-Use Building Studio

ARC 452 Gallagher | Jaeger | Ogoli Judson University Spring 2014

CONTENTS Professors

Sean Gallagher David Ogoli, PhD.

Editor

Professors

Thomas Jaeger David Ogoli, PhD.

Editor

Jon Lund

Emily Fiedler

Contributors

Jose Barajas Greg Butler Catie Cashman Jon Clark Alana Coy Joe Dorsinville Gavin Fleagle Marisa Gauss Kay Havlicek Martin Hitch Adam Moore Jon Oberheim Kait Puffer Sonam Tsering

Ala Alahmadi Patrick Beals Sasha Garcia Alex Guerrero Edgar Lara Jared Long Oscar Medellin Jhony Molina-Ayala Patrick Moore Kendall Oliver Vicki Rhoadarmer Jesse Rigg Eric Soehren Rima Vilutiene Arturo Villalpando Courtney Williams

Published by Judson University, 2014 Cover photo by James Jordan

TABLE OF CONTENTS NARRATIVE ...............................................................................................................................................

PROGRAM .................................................................................................................................................

PRECEDENT Baumkirchen Mitte Tower ............................................................................................................... The Contemporaine ........................................................................................................................ Manitoba Hyrdro Place ................................................................................................................... The Tower at the PNC Plaza ............................................................................................................

7 11 15 19

DESIGN Residential ........................................................................................................................................ Retail ................................................................................................................................................ Conference Center ........................................................................................................................... Fitness/Spa ...................................................................................................................................... Office ................................................................................................................................................ Parking Structures ............................................................................................................................ Parking Structure Types ...................................................................................................................

21 33 41 47 55 63 69

CODES IBC 12 ............................................................................................................................................. IECC ................................................................................................................................................

75 89

ADA .............................................................................................................................................................

ENCLOSURE SYSTEMS Roof ................................................................................................................................................. 101 Wall .................................................................................................................................................. 114 Glazing ............................................................................................................................................. 126 STRUCTURE ............................................................................................................................................... 135 HVAC .......................................................................................................................................................... 145 SITE RESEARCH Analysis ............................................................................................................................................ 152 Model Construction ......................................................................................................................... 168

NARRATIVE A History

Up until the 1960’s, the city of Elgin enjoyed a vibrant downtown with heavy through traffic and flourishing streetside shops. This thriving city was alive with activity and commerce that was supported by its many residents and those that were drawn from nearby suburbs. In the 1970’s, however, Elgin saw the development of nearby malls and of parking structures. These new developments were quick to deal a cruel blow to Elgin’s once-healthy retail economy from which recovery has been a long and challenging process. In an effort to return the city of Elgin to its former glory, city officials have developed “Envision Elgin.” This comprehensive planning process seeks development in both the residential and retail sectors as well as establishing additional public access to the riverfront. These strategic moves are meant to restore an around the clock urban vitality that once characterized Elgin’s downtown.

NARRATIVE: ENVISION ELGIN FIEDLER, LUND

The Project

As a means of accomplishing these goals, city officials are seeking the design of a multi-story, multi-use structure to become a new addition to its iconic skyline. This multistory structure is intended to support a mix of retail, office and residential uses. The structure’s design is to be an environmentally consientious solution with careful thought to the affects that dwindling natural resources will have in the future. City officials also desire that this new building pay respect to the buildings around it that have been a vital part of the city’s history as well as being respectful of some longstanding design principles for new development held by the city. As an exciting development for the city of Elgin, this high rise is to serve as a powerful link in the chain of development strategies that city officials are considering as part of “Envision Elgin.” With this project, city officials hope to awaken and inspire the city. The site for this exciting project plays a pivitol role in the heart of the city and in walking distance to entertainment, recreation, restaurants, and the mass transit hubs provide an easy, reliable, and affordable means of access to the entirety of Elgin. It promises enticing view corridors due to the rich character of the city and the nearby waterfront. The site also lends itself to the development of a building that speaks to the picturesque richness of the city’s past, while looking towards a bright and prosperous future.

PROGRAM ENVISION ELGIN General Requirements

• Mixed use (retail, office & residential) landmark high rise building on 105,000 sf site • Total of 350,000 gross sf building plus total new on-site parking for 240 cars • Existing on site City of Elgin parking capacity for 260 cars to be provided

Lower Floors

• RETAIL: Starbucks, deli, etc. to support building occupants ______________________ 5,000 sf • STREET-SCAPE RETAIL/COMMERCIAL per City of Elgin ______________ 5,000 sf • “WORLD CLASS RESTAURANT”__________________________________ 7,000 sf • LOBBY(S) with valet parking and retail adjacency_____________________________ 3,000 sf • SERVICE AREA (with loading dock) ____________________________________ 2,000 sf • PROJECT MANAGEMENT office suite_________________________________ 1,000 sf • CONFERENCE CENTER: • Multipurpose lecture hall, meeting room, dining room for a minimum of 200 people_______________________________ 3,000 sf • Food service area (warming kitchen versus a preparation kitchen) _______________________________________________ 500 sf • (6) Breakout rooms for 20 each ______________________________________ 500 sf (ea.) • (4) Conference, rooms for 12 each _____________________________________300 sf (ea.) • Storage _____________________________________________________ 1,000 sf • Lobby______________________________________________________ 1,000 sf • Office Suite ____________________________________________________500 sf • FITNESS CENTER/SPA Workout room, 10 person hot tub, lockers/toilets + vending area ______________________ 3,000 sf • LOWER FLOORS NET SQUARE FOOTAGE ________________________43,200 sf • MECHANICAL room(s) (Actual space requirements and locations to be determined through analysis with Dr. Ogoli) • Stair/elevator core(s), toilets, circulation/mechanical shafts (as required)

Upper Floors: 350,000 sf minus total gross sf of the Lower Floors

• Stair/elevator core(s), toilets, circulation, and mechanical shafts (as required) • Balance: OPEN OFFICE SPACE AND RESIDENTIAL UNITS. Office space to residential space shall be 1/3 to 2/3. Residential unit mix shall be 1/3 studio/micro-units (studio = 600 sf, micro unit = 300 sf) and 2/3 one and two bedroom units. • SPECIAL OFFICE OCCUPANTS: • AIANEI (American Institute of Architects Northeast Illinois) chapter offices and community design center will require 3000 sf with initial build out of 2000 sf. (detailed space program will be provided)

PROGRAM: ENVISION ELGIN FIEDLER, LUND

Penthouse Level

• Mechanical areas (as required per Dr. Ogoli) • Rooftop fitness area /observation party deck

Parking Structure(s)

• Physically connected to or integrated within the building • To accommodate 260 existing City of Elgin cars and 240 new car spaces

Public Space

• A space or spaces provided for public participation/engagement/interactions/exhibitions. • Minimum area of 5,000 sf

PRECEDENT BAUMKIRCHEN MITTE TOWER Project

Baumkirchen Mitte Tower

Architect UNStudio

Location Munich, Germany

Year 2013-2017

Scale vs. Elgin site

Area

200,000 sq. ft. Total 140,000 sq. ft. Office 60,000 sq. ft. Residential

Stories

15 Floors; 196 ft. tall

Weblinks: http://www.

archdaily.com/451355/ unstudio-selected-todesign-baumkirchen-mittetower-in-munich/

PRECEDENT: BAUMKIRCHEN MITTE TOWER OLIVER

Central Analysis

The building uses multiple stories and roof-top terraces to integrate the many used spaces of the building in an extremely flexible manner.

Design Intention

The design intention was to create a singular building that could house many functions and still have a sense of community.

Parking

Not integrated.

Residential

The residential space in this tower is committed to flexibility. This section of the building is compatible with movable walls and combining adjacent units together. Thus making many configurations possible.

Commercial There is some minimal retail shops on the first floor.

Office

The commercial area of this building is similar to the residential section. It is designed for ultimate flexibility. The spaces can function as foyers, lobbies and meeting areas. This allows spaces to change over the life of the building depending on the use.

Extra

Through the integration of vegetable gardens, systems for rainwater harvesting, composting and beekeeping areas the roof garden becomes more than just a recreation area. It additionally plays an important ecological role by contributing to a sustainable living environment.

PRECEDENT: BAUMKIRCHEN MITTE TOWER OLIVER

8’ 8”

3’ 3”

Facade

This building uses a double skin on the exterior of the structure. This helps ventilate air within the wall cavity. This is useful for several reasons: the practical need for improved indoor environment; the need for improving the acoustics in buildings located in noise polluted areas; the reduction of energy use during the occupation stage of a building. The floor to floor height is about 8’ 8” for the residential and about 11’ for the commercial. The section drawing above also shows the detail for the roof top garden and green roof. The facade design reflects the duality of the program, with two contrasting materials defining the look and feel of the building. The bright metal forms the background, which gives the structure a contemporary and light aesthetic. The contrasting use of wood gives the building a warmth and human scale.

11’

5’

PRECEDENT: BAUMKIRCHEN MITTE TOWER OLIVER

Office Space

Flexible Retail & Meeting Space

Residential Space Flexible Housing Plans with Social Space

Roof-Top Garden

Fruit & Vegetable Garden with Walking Track

PRECEDENT: THE CONTEMPORAINE HITCH

THE CONTEMPORAINE

Project

Area

The Contemporaine

96,000 sf

Architect

Stories

Perkins +Will

Location

Weblinks: http://www.

516 N. Wells Chicago, IL

Year 2004

perkinswill.com/work/thecontemporaine.html

Scale vs. Elgin site

PRECEDENT: THE CONTEMPORAINE HITCH

double unit

core

single unit

Typical floor

Ground floor

Central Analysis

The Contemporaine tower is located in the heart of downtown Chicago. The buildings first four floors of the building house the parking for the condominium, along with four stories of retail. The upper floor contain the buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s 28 condominium units.

Design Intention

The Contemporaine sits on corner lot in the downtown Chicago River North area. Architects Perkins + Will look to fit a building of this scale into the existing fabric. The base of the building fills the entire lot yet achieves a pedestrian scale.

PRECEDENT: THE CONTEMPORAINE HITCH

Balcony

Typical condominium space

Parking

The bottom four floors contain all of the parking for the condominiums on the upper levels. The concrete structure of the parking garage is exposed through the floor to floor glass walls that mimic the towers upper levels.

Residential

Each floor of the Contemporaine is laid out with at least four condominium units. Each of the buildings 28 units has a private outdoor balcony. Each unit is between 950 and 27,00 square feet and features open floor plans with large windows to optimize natural lighting conditions.

Commercial

Retail spaces on the first four floors assist in creating the pedestrian scale that the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s fabric demands.

residentail parking retail

PRECEDENT: THE CONTEMPORAINE HITCH

PRECEDENT: MANITOBA HYDRO PLACE ELY

Manitoba Hydro Place

Project

Area

Manitoba Hydro Place

695,250 sf.

Architect

Stories

KPMB Architects

Location

Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada

Year 2009

Building Type

Commercial office, Community, Assembly

Structural System Concrete

Scale vs. Elgin site

PRECEDENT: MANITOBA HYDRO PLACE ELY

Formal Composition

Splayed open building plan toward south for optimal exposure to sunlight and constant southern wind pattern The two towers and core rest on top of a podium that connects to city street scape. Mimicking the city block scale of the site and adjacent building heights.

PRECEDENT: MANITOBA HYDRO PLACE ELY

Solar, Geothermal Energy and Ventilation

Solar Chimney can draw air out for ventilation and exhaust air in and recover heat from exhaust air to warm parkade and preheat the 3 southern atria settled within the splay of the building. Closed loop geothermal system circulates glycol that is cooled in the summer and heated in the winter. Field heat exchange occurs internally within radiant slabs and externally via ground source

100%

fresh outside air, circulated 24/7, inside is pre-conditioned by a 78â&#x20AC;&#x2122; waterfall features within each winter garden atrium.

PRECEDENT: MANITOBA HYDRO PLACE ELY

Section

Additional Information

Cladding

The previous site vacant buildings were carefully deconstructed, with 95% of the components either recycled or reused.

Maximized penetration of light within the core of the building using narrow floor plates and tall floor to ceiling spacing. Double facade curtain-wall with exterior double glazed and interior single glazed low iron glass. Exterior has automated wall vents and interior has manually operated windows.

64.9% energy savings by harnessing passive solar, wind, and geothermal energy

Sources: http://www.buildinggreen.com www.kpmb.com

PRECEDENT: THE TOWER AT THE PNC PLAZA ELY

THE TOWER AT THE PNC PLAZA

Project

Area

The Tower at PNC Plaza

800,000 sf

Architect

Stories

Gensler

Location

Pittsburgh, Pennsilvania

Year 2015

Building Type Commercial office,

Structural System Steel, Exterior Curtain Wall

Scale vs. Elgin site

PRECEDENT: THE TOWER AT THE PNC PLAZA ELY

Solar Collector

Fresh Air

Solar Collection

Mechanical Core Cladding

The structure is wrapped in a glazed double curtain wall that includes automated windows on the exterior and flaps on the interior to bring in fresh air

Formal Composition

Sloped roof to optimize solar collection. West facing double height atria become community space and daylighting buffer zone. Work zones along the SE to SW portion of the building are properly clad filtering in efficient daylight limiting the need for artificial lights.

Solar, Geothermal Energy and Ventilation

Below downtown Pittsburgh there is an aquifer, which makes it a perfect source for geothermal heating and cooling. The Tower at PNC Plaza will tap into the river as a source for geothermal energy.

Roof

Capped with a green roof and a gray water retention system that will collect rainwater. Solar collector roof exhaust warm air out and cladding louvers let fresh air in, up and back out through a mechanical core.

DESIGN RESIDENTIAL Overview

A multi-family residential building is composed of several elements that will produce a successful design. For this design project, 2/3rds of the upper floors of the building will be composed of residential units where 1/3 of the total units shall be studio/microunits and 2/3 of the total units shall be one and two bedroom units. Depending on the needs of residents, some residential spaces are better than others. Studios and micro units are typically designed for a single user or a bachelor who may not need as much space or is living within a budget. 1 bedrooms may work better for single users or couples. Couples with children may find it better to live in a 2 bedroom unit. Organizing the floor plan in a multi-family residential building is a major contributor to good building design. Living, dining, and kitchen areas may be better located near shared community spaces and circulation. Private spaces like bedrooms and bathrooms may be pushed to more quiet areas like the corners of the building. Designers should promote occupant comfort, productivity and health. The core and main circulation are better situated near the center of the building, where natural daylight isnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t as important to a space. Good residential design provides views to pedestrian activity and green spaces as well as bringing in natural light into rooms that are normally occupied during daylight hours. Also, strategically designing residential units with balconies, light shelves, louvers, and vertical fins conserve energy, reduce glare, and block the sun at certain seasons and times of the day.

DESIGN: RESIDENTIAL BUTLER, WILLIAMS

Above

In apartments short on living and sleeping space, interior solutions such as trundle, Murphy, and hide away beds are very advantageous.

Below

Any piece that can serve more than one function is ideal in apartment living. The ability to be â&#x20AC;&#x153;stowedâ&#x20AC;? or put away, and then pulled out during use also is key.

http://www.resourcefurniture.com/

Left & Right

http://dornob.com

Storage is an essential consideration to take when designing apartments. Many developers take advantage to the media center. This specific example has turned the piece into a walk in closet and day bed.

DESIGN: RESIDENTIAL BUTLER, WILLIAMS

Info

Name of Project: Skybridge Condominiums Architect: Perkins+Will Place: Chicago, IL Year: 2004 Sq Ft: Unknown Stories:39 Winner of the 2003 bronze Emporis Skyscraper award, Skybridge is one of the many impressive residential mixed use building in the Chicago skyline. Its key features include, its namesake glass pedestrian bridges that connect floors over the void between the two towers, as well as an outdoor trellis and supermarket. The central void in the structure allows for 8 corner exposures, which is desirable in residential unit planning. Typical floor to floor heights range between 10 and 11 feet.

DESIGN: RESIDENTIAL BUTLER, WILLIAMS

Info

Name of Project: 860-880 Lake Shore Drive Architect: Mies van der Rohe Place: Chicago, IL Year: 1951 Sq Ft: 52,270 sf Stories: 26 The main concept of this project was to design a building that appeared to be separate from the site. The building is a reflection of the times -- the industrialization of architecture. The 2 floating towers were designed on a triangular site and organized on a 21 foot grid where steel columns intersect points in the grid. The grid allows for flexible floor plans so that the apartment layouts may be combined to compose larger units.

DESIGN: RESIDENTIAL BUTLER, WILLIAMS 1 Bed

1 Bed

Open Studio

Corridor

21’ Open Studio

Open Studio 21’

Open Studio

DESIGN: RESIDENTIAL BUTLER, WILLIAMS

Micro Unit Apartment Micro units are the new big idea spanning from downtown New York all the way to San Fransisco. Cities everywhere seem to be addressing the affordable housing crisis in our urban centers with micro unit apartment units. They are usually between 200-400 square feet in total area and feature two rooms. The entire living space is completely adaptable and required due to its size, to be the home of many daily life functions. These include lounging, preparing food, eating meals, working, sleeping and even entertaining. Pieces such as the couch or table may function as a bed or desk if folded or manipulated a different way. -http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/newser-loves-living-bloombergmike-ros-article-1.1447228

Studio Apartment Not dissimilar to the micro unit, studio apartments are essentially “one room apartments.” The living room serves in many cases as of course the living room as well as the bedroom, dining room, and even kitchen/kitchenette. These types of units have been also referred to as bachelor or efficiency apartment. The usually range from 300-500 square feet. One thing to remember when planning studio’s and all types of residence spaces is access to views.

DESIGN: RESIDENTIAL BUTLER, WILLIAMS 1 Bedroom Apartment A one bedroom apartment includes one private space that functions as a bedroom where the bedroom has access to natural daylight. A one bedroom apartment may include a living room connected to a dining room, a full kitchen, a bathroom and storage space. Larger one bedroom units may have a den or office space. The difference between a den and a bedroom is that the den usually does not have access to natural daylight. The example on the right is approximately 621 sq ft.

Living/Dining 12’-0”x19’-0”

Bedroom 11’-0”x14’-0”

Kitchen 8’-0”x8’-0”

Bath

2 Bedroom Apartment A two bedroom apartment has twin private spaces that functions as bedrooms where the bedrooms have access to natural daylight. There is general a larger bedroom that is considered the “Master Suite”. A two bedroom apartment may include a living room connected to a dining room, a full kitchen, storage space, and at least one full bathroom. The example on the right is approximately 900 sq ft.

Kitchen

Dining 9’-5”x12’-0”

Bedroom 2 12’-0”x11’-

Closet Bedroom 2 12’-0”x11’-

Balcony

Bath

Bedroom 1 14’-0”x12’-

DESIGN: RESIDENTIAL BUTLER, WILLIAMS

http://homeimprovementbasics.com/bed-sizes-are-confusing-the-hospitality-hotspot.html http://www.comfort-sleeper.com/

DESIGN: RESIDENTIAL BUTLER, WILLIAMS

8’-0”x3’-0”

7’-0”x5’-0”

5’-0”x5’-6”

8’-0”x7’-6”

THREE QUARTER

9’-0”x7’-6”

14’-0”x9’-0”

12’-0”x13’-0”

5’-0”x8’-0”

12-0”x9’-0”

When designing bathrooms in a multi family residence, one must consider the type of bathroom that is necessary when there is limited square footage. A micro studio, studio, and one bedroom unit will only need 1 full or three quarter bathroom. Two bedroom units may have a variety of options. A two bedroom may have only 1 full, 1 full + 1 half, or 2 full bathrooms depending on the needs of the user.

DESIGN: RESIDENTIAL BUTLER, WILLIAMS

BASIC

Chopping counter

to 7’

Dish washer

Cooking Center 4’

Mix Center Cleanup Center

7’

Dish storage

Dirty dishes

Heatproof counter

WORK TRIANGLE

4’

4’ to 9’ Pantry

STANDARD To the table

3’ to One Wall

Galley

U-Shaped

L-Shaped

Island

L-Shaped

DESIGN: RESIDENTIAL BUTLER, WILLIAMS

Typical Ceiling Height

DOOR CLEARANCE

Typical Wall Cabinet Height

Typical Base Cabinet Height

WALKWAYS

Typical Base Cabinet Depth

DIMENSIONS

Typical cabinet widths are made in 3” increments where the smallest width starts at 9” wide. They increase to 12, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30, 33, 36, 39, 42, 45 and 48 inches. The most common sizes are between 18” and 36”. Studios should have at least 4 linear feet of counter space, 1 bedrooms should have 6 linear feet, and 2 bedrooms should have 8 linear feet. Visit http:// starcraftcustombuilders.com/kitchen.design.rules.htm for more information.

DESIGN: RETAIL HAVLICEK

RETAIL

Street scape

The street scape needs a wide range of things to sell and a variety of personal services. Shoppers have patterns of behavior. When they first enter a store, they take a moment to gain their bearings, so merchandise presented during the time they are transitioning into the store is ignored. Drawing shoppers to the back of a store is beneficial, because the trip there and back to the front of the store moves consumers by a lot of products.

Merchandise halfway down aisles is easily missed because shoppers often do not walk the entire length of an aisle after they find what they are looking for. Products that are displayed at eye level also sell more than those displayed at waist height.

DESIGN: RETAIL HAVLICEK

Retail for Building Residents

The retail for building residents will need to be on the lower levels. The retail space will want to be inviting to attract customers. When people spend a lot of time in a retail space, such as a coffee shop, they come to feel that it is an extension of their home territory, increasing loyalty to that particular retail establishment.

People in retail spaces need to restock their mental energy from time to time. Views of nature, fish tanks and the natural fractal patterns help shoppers mentally refresh. Prospect and refuge are valued in retail spaces.

DESIGN: RETAIL HAVLICEK

Ambient

Spot

Lighting

People move more slowly in spaces that are more dimly lit, and their attention is focused on items that are spotlight. Bright lighting leads shoppers to look and touch more merchandise, but not to buy more or to spend more time in the store. People tend to walk closer to light sources. Sunlit stores sell more merchandise and retail environments with skylights seem more spacious and cleaner to shoppers.

Retail Atmosphere

Task-focused shoppers need quick and efficient shopping. Recreational shoppers enjoy a more amusing and arousing environment. If recreational shoppers and task-focused shopper will be in the same store at the same time, it is best to design for a moderately energizing environment. Use moderately saturated and moderately bright colors on the walls. There has to be a balance between exciting but not so highly energetic that shoppers leave without purchasing.

wood

stone

concrete

Material

There is a wide variety of materials to choose from. Materials come in many different colors and textures to create different atmospheres in the space from natural, modern, chic, relaxing, or energetic.

metal

glass

DESIGN: RETAIL HAVLICEK Warm

Cool

Warm Colors

Warm colors attract shoppers and cause them to make more rapid decisions than cooler colors. In restaurants theses warm tones make diners feel more boisterous and increase caloric intake. But too many saturated and bright colors can make it too energetic to eat.

Cool Colors

Spaces around items that require more careful consideration such as computers and electronics should be predominantly less energizing, less saturated, cooler colors so that shoppers can effectively review production options.

DESIGN: RETAIL HAVLICEK

CATALOG OF RETAIL TYPES APPAREL: 700-900 sq ft CHANGING ROOMS

RACKS DISPLAY

20’ INVENTORY

CASHIER

RACKS

40’ JEWELRY: 500-700 sq ft

OFFICE REGISTER

15’

DISPLAY

35’ TECHNOLOGY STORE 500-800 sq ft

OFFICE

25’

DISPLAY

35’

DESIGN: RETAIL HAVLICEK GIFT SHOP 600-800 sq ft CASHIER

20’

DISPLAY GLASS DISPLAY CASE

SHELVING

30’ DAY SPA

500-800 sq ft MASSAGE ROOM

20’

MASSAGE ROOM

FACIAL ROOM

RESTROOM OFFICE

WAITING AREA

35’ BAKERY/ CAFE 500-700 sq ft

SERVICE AREA

DISPLAY CASE

20’ SEATING AREA KITCHEN

30’

DESIGN: RETAIL HAVLICEK

COFFEE SHOP: 300-600 sq ft

PREP AREA

SERVICE AREA

20’ MERCHANDISE

30’ SALON:

400-600 sq ft

DISPENSARY

20’

STYLING SHAMPOO DRYING

RECEPTION

35’

DRY CLEANERS/ALTERATIONS: 300-500 sq ft

RACKS

15’

ALTERATIONS DRY CLEANING

30’

CASHIER

DESIGN: RETAIL HAVLICEK CONVENIENCE STORE: 500-800 sq ft FROZEN GOODS

SOFT DRINKS

SANDWICHES

FRESH FOOD DRY GOODS

20’

CASHIER

HOUSEHOLD

35’ DAYCARE CENTER: 600-900 sq ft

STORAGE RESTROOM

25’

PLAY AREA

FOYER

45’ BOUTIQUE: 400-600 sq ft

RACKS

INVENTORY

20’

CASHIER

DISPLAY

CHANGING ROOM

RACKS

30’

DESIGN: CONFERENCE CENTER MOLINA-AYALA

CONFERENCE CENTER History

Conference centers have been in existence for a century now as sites for meetings or retreats, it was not until 1950 that a facility dedicated to high-level professional meetings was created. After the Harriman family donated the Arden estate north of New York City to Columbia University, the school renovated the main house, constructed additional guest rooms and an amphitheater, and established an operational program to provide the types of services conferees now except.

Planning Considerations

There are significant physical differences between the designs of conference centers and those of more traditional hotels and resorts. Many of these differences are related to the conference center’s principal planning objective, which is to separate the conference and training areas from the other functions in order to eliminate distractions and intrusions during a meeting. Architects must design a particularly efficient building: given the extra floor area devoted to conference and recreational facilities in comparison with hotels, it is essential that a conference center be tightly planned. Planning and design distinctions are specific to the conference core. They include the following: • The meeting space, whether in the form of classrooms, breakout rooms, amphitheaters , or other special-purpose rooms, is exclusively dedicated to conferences.

Arden Estate, New York

• The conference room is specifically designed and equipped to enhance the meeting purpose: spacious, day lit, high-ceilinged rooms incorporate the ideal types of lighting, audiovisual systems, furnishings, and individual climate controls to support a productive meeting. • Assembly and refreshment areas are provided throughout the conference core, providing opportunities for frequent informal gathering and allowing the meeting planner and instructor great flexibility in scheduling breaks. • In addition, such support functions as restrooms, telephones, and offices for the conference services staff are conveniently located nearby.

DESIGN: CONFERENCE CENTER MOLINA-AYALA Conference Center Criteria: • • • • • • •

Multipurpose lecture hall, meeting room, dining room for a minimum of 200 people. Food Service area (warming kitchen versus a preparation kitchen) (6) Breakout rooms for 20 each (4) Conference rooms for 12 each Storage Lobby Office Suite

CONFERENCE CENTER PROGRAM

DESIGN: CONFERENCE CENTER MOLINA-AYALA

Establishing the Conference Center Space

The difference with hotel conference areas is obvious. Convention hotels contain one or more large ballrooms and a number of smaller meeting and banquet rooms, usually multipurpose and subdivisible; not much space is dedicated to highquality small and mid-size meetings. The current standard for conference centers, on the other hand, s to provide small breakout rooms for working groups, and such dedicated rooms as auditoriums, and computer facilities. In addition, assembly and refreshment spaces, conference services staff offices, and projection and audiovisual needs are essential to meeting customer expectations.

Auditorium conference room

Types of Conference Center Spaces: (3000 SF) â&#x20AC;˘ Auditorium: sloped floor, theater-like room for formal presentations, sometimes with additional balcony seating. Generally includes a stage and front screen projection capabilities. Space requirements are 10 to 12 square feet per person.

Multipurpose conference room

â&#x20AC;˘ Multipurpose Conference Room: This room is a large, flexible meeting room, often with subdivisible partitions. Most incorporate either front- or rear-screen projection. Space requirements are 16 to 24 square feet per person

Conference room

DESIGN: CONFERENCE CENTER MOLINA-AYALA Support Areas Program • Conference Rooms: these dedicated

conference rooms for about twelve people form the majority of the meeting facilities. They include simple built-in systems, projection screens, and presentation rails.

• Breakout Rooms: These are rooms located immediately outside the main conference room, and fit for up to twenty people with limited features. They are demanded for when large conferences have to break into small problemsolving or case study sections during the day.

Breakout room

• Food Service Area: recommended location near the main conference rooms. This area is used as a break room for eating. Not intended as a food prep area, with basic equipment such as a refrigerator, microwave, and beverage dispenser. • Storage: Located near the main conference center, used to store equipment for conference events such as extra chairs, tables, etc. • Lobby: Believed to create the greatest single impact on the guest because it is the first thing they see as they enter the conference center. Must provide a comfortable setup for guests.

Food Service Area

• Office Suite: Office spaces for conference center employees and event planners.

Lobby

DESIGN: CONFERENCE CENTER MOLINA-AYALA

One Floor vs. Multiple Floor Plans

Conference operators prefer a plan with most or all of the meeting space spread over a large area on one floor, rather than a more compact plan on two or three floors. The single-floor organization provides easy access among the rooms and between the conference area and other functional elements. If the conference area is built on grade, this plan imposes few structural or mechanical constrains, and permits total freedom in the planning of the rooms. A multiple-floor plan on the other hand offers a more compact scheme but puts guest at the mercy of stairs and forces service functions to be dependent on elevators. There are some advantages to consider, the additional floors help define the separation between large and small conference rooms. Additionally, multiplefloor rooms provide for the opportunity to create higher-ceilinged rooms, and locate break rooms over lower foyers.

Conference Room Lighting • • • • • •

Overall room illumination Dimming capabilities Wall washers highlighting room perimeter Task lighting on the writing board Accent lights equipment Control of unwanted light

AIA Conference

DESIGN: CONFERENCE CENTER MOLINA-AYALA

One floor conference room

Multi-floor conference room

DESIGN: FITNESS/SPA A. MOORE

FITNESS/SPA

Design

There are several aspects that are imperative to consider when designing a fitness floor/spa. One should first consider the size of the space, 3,000 square feet, and how orientation will affect movement through that space. Then one should take into consideration the person who will be using the space and how various program will be enjoyed by the occupants. Finally, one should consider the various structural, HVAC and reverberation needs for that particular space.

Initial Thoughts

In the creation of a fitness space, one should try and design a place where occupants can be free to relax. One can do this by designing an open, easy to navigate space with plenty of room to navigate around various machines. This space should have access to the outdoors and natural daylighting, as well as, have “a minimum 12’ ceiling height”. Also, consideration as to the system of entrance into the fitness/spa space should be considered, for example, a magnetic swipe card system or pin code system.

DESIGN: FITNESS/SPA A. MOORE

Shape

The shape of the fitness space will be strongly influenced by the shape of the design, butâ&#x20AC;? ideally should aim to be broadly rectangular with a length to width ratio below 3:1.â&#x20AC;?

Centralized Plan

Having a Centralized plan in a gym allows for the heart of the gym to be community. The fitness floor is the center of the space and various rooms, such as locker rooms and spa, then, radiate around the fitness floor. This design leads to a simple, easy to navigate plan.

R1 Fitness Area

Studio

Changing Rooms

Reception Spa

Vending

DESIGN: FITNESS/SPA A. MOORE

Free Weights: Design

The free weights section of the fitness floor is an area of high risk. “Injuries from weight lifting have been on the rise steadily due to increased popularity in physical fitness, especially strength training.” This area should have high viability from all areas of the gym, so as, to allow for help if required. Here, machines should be laid out to allow for easy passage from machine to machine. Free weights are normally placed against a wall for convenience, and a small number of movable benches may be dispersed in this area so as to be flexible to occupant needs. Also here one should find rubber flooring for comfort and for impact resistance, as well as, one should find mirrors to allow for light to reflect into the space and to allow occupants to check their form while performing lifts.

Equipment Sizing Best Fitness Bench

$122.10 : 54.5” x 18” x 17” Body Solid Smith Machine $519.00 : 44” x 76” x 81” Adidas Fitness Olympic Bench $294.97 : 76” x 50” x 61” Best Fitness Vertical Knee Raise $209.99 : 54.5” x 48” x 85.25” XMark Leg Press Hack Squat $1300.99 : 87” x 36.5” Free Weight Set $229.99 : 59” x 22” x 32” Dimensions based on a L x W x H layout and are subject to change slightly based on make and model.

DESIGN: FITNESS/SPA A. MOORE Designing the Space

A multi-purpose space should be present. This space can be individualized to function for a number of specific activity such as yoga, dance aerobics, pilates, kickboxing, etc. Special considerations should be taken for each activity, however.

Yoga

For example, in the case of this space functioning as a small yoga studio, mats and light free weights should be easily available. The space should have “good acoustic separation to allow for quiet concentration.” The illuminance of the space should be controllable, and, if possible, “blinds to all glazing should be considered.”

Dance Aerobics

Dance aerobics is a general term encompassing all other dance based aerobics routines and classes. For classes such as these, aside for space, little is necessary apart from the ability to play music in the space.

Pilates

Pilates is a “low impact stretching and conditioning exercise that builds core strength, improves posture & flexibility through small repetitive movements.” More intensive sessions of pilates can require permanent equipment; however, a small studio could include mats, free weights, and should be void of most noise.

Kickboxing

Kickboxing or “body-aerobics” are high intensity but require very little aside from light free weights and access to gloves, pads and, occasionally, punching bags.

DESIGN: FITNESS/SPA A. MOORE

Cardiovascular: Design

The cardiovascular area should be filled with a few different types of machines. From treadmill to bike to upper body ergometers, there should be a number of options for occupants to choose from. Along with these machines, access to a television or to audio output is also an option. All these machines require a lot more energy that the rest of the fitness floor. This being said, there should be a good number of outlets located in this area. “Power and data should be provided through local inset floor boxes arranged in a grid” over this area. The cardiovascular area is “generally planned so the equipment is arranged in multiple tiered rows facing one direction, with the lowest equipment at the front.” Another consideration is the impact certain machines, such as the treadmill, will have with the floor. “load transfer and acoustic isolation” should be accounted for.

Equipment Sizing Sole F85 Treadmill

$1799.99 : 80” x 35” x 58” Bodyflex Magnetic Dual Trainer $379.98 : 54” x 22” x 34” Exerputic 900XL Recumbent Bike $169.00 : 54” x 22” x 34” ProForm 990 CSE Elliptical $999.99 : 75.6” x 28” x 63” Dimensions based on a L x W x H layout and are subject to change slightly based on make and model.

DESIGN: FITNESS/SPA A. MOORE Materials

In a spa, “non-corrosive”, “easy to clean” and “moisture resistant materials should be used.”

Visuals

“Create a sense of the outdoors indoors by using waterfalls, bamboo, and stone” while, also, allowing for natural daylight and a connection to nature through use of windows.

Colors

One should “create environments that engage the senses. Splashes of color enliven our spirits; luxurious textures engage our touch; aromas tantalize our sense of smell. All aspects of design contribute to the overall experience and ultimately the success of a spa.”

Storage

“Smaller rooms can have built-in storage space for linens, towels, etc.” If space in smaller rooms can not be found, “storage directly outside is necessary.”

Lighting

“Indirect lighting with dimmer control on wall.”

Entryways

“Pay attention to doors and entryways: they signify a ‘crossing-over’ to a place where people can leave their everyday lives behind.”

DESIGN: FITNESS/SPA A. MOORE

Changing Rooms: Design

In order to calculate the necessary size of the locker room space, one needs to first calculate the “normal maximum occupancy level.” From here, the necessary lockers/changing spaces should be roughly as follows:

Locker Sizing:

Width: 9”, 12”, 15”, 18”, 24” Depths: 12”, 16” 18”, 22” Opening Height: 24”, 30”, 32”, 36”

Fitness Space:

In the case of a smaller fitness space “one changing space should be provided for each item of equipment.” Also, If required, the addition of shower spaces should be one shower to every six changing spaces.

Multi-purpose Space:

In the case of rooms/spaces used for yoga, etc., one should allow for “one changing space for each 16 square feet of studio floor area.” Also, “allow for 1.5 lockers for each person using the studio(s) over a one hour period.”

Other Considerations:

In the planning of changing spaces, they should be kept same sex and an extra are should be created for unisex purposes; for family use or for people needing assistance. Bench seating is common and a good solution to seating in changing areas; however, access to lockers by disabled should be taken into consideration.

DESIGN: FITNESS/SPA A. MOORE Structural

When designing the structure for the fitness/spa space, one generally uses “increased structural steel” in order to strengthen, as well as, reduce vibration transmission. “Exercise and weight rooms, including equipment storage rooms, should be designed for a 150 LB/SF live load.”

Reverberation

Areas of high activity should all have added rubber flooring for the absorption of vibrations. Also, certain machines supply systems to damper vibrations, these can be used when necessary. Finally, “include sound baffles at all acoustically rated partitions, in particular, exercise and weight rooms and tenant demising partitions.”

HVAC

One should “employ measures to reduce moisture and odor migration to other spaces - assume this space type requires a 20% increase in cooling capacity above the overall building shell and core.” Also, “Provide a separate AHU for exercise areas.”

DESIGN: OFFICE GAUSS, VILLALPANDO

OFFICE 18’

15’

9’

20’ 15’

Office Modules

Building depth is limted by the threshold values forf natural lighting and ventilation. At a room height of 3meter, this allows at all events at a 4.5 (~15 ft) metre deep zone along the facades. The reapeating facade unit width grid of 1.35 (4.5 ft) metres. So following this approach when you combine two facade grids you get a total of 2.7 (~9 ft) metres in width per office module. From their you can combine office thorugh out the module grid as seen in the following examples.

DESIGN: OFFICE GAUSS, VILLALPANDO

Cell-like Office

This Office Floor plan is an example of how to break up individual offices that could be used for single businesses. The office either are single following the module or they take up 2 modules to make up the office

Business Club

This is Office Floor plan is an example of an open floor plan which is usually occupied by a private or larger business that requires a bigger footprint. But the module is still in place, but they are usually not enclosed like earlier examples.

DESIGN: OFFICE GAUSS, VILLALPANDO Workplace Lighting

The beneficial effect of light are undisputed. From an economic point of view, however, opinions differ: • Daylight helps to save energy. If a lighting level 500 lux can be achieved through the incidence of daylight, artificial light can be switched off or reduced. • Daylight intensifies feelings of wellbeing. Being able to experience daylight changing with the time of day and to have a view outside are perceived as positive components of daylight. Most lighting systems in offices today are executed according to standards, but frequently do not meet with the occupants’ acceptance. Office Buildings: A Design Manual Pg. 58

DESIGN: OFFICE GAUSS, VILLALPANDO Workplace Design

Office work ranges from design activities through routine duties to informative functions, and it can be divided into different fields of activity such as “logistics and information,” “transactional knowledge exchange,” and also “projects.” Depending on the position and function of the employee, the different fields of activity The basic module of the universal computer workplace and the one most used today is the workstation, even if it will change because of future IT developments. The floor area requirement per workplace remains an important basis for all planning decisions just as it always has been.

26-32 ft2

39-50 ft2

36 ft3 15 ft2

22-32 ft2 19-39 ft2

CUBICLE SIZE: W: 6’6”-7’6”

DESIGN: OFFICE GAUSS, VILLALPANDO

Office Considerations Determine Core Configuration Center-core: mechanical services located in the center of the floor Side core building: usable area is homogeneous the core can open to the environment Multi-core building: this allows for shorter distances to cores but also further breaks up the space Determine Floor-to Floor Height Typically 13’ to 13’ 6” but can be greater if there is a need for natural daylight An additional 10” of depth are required for reflective ceiling lights An additional 3” of depth for Sprinkler System

DESIGN: OFFICE GAUSS, VILLALPANDO

Determine Floor Plate Size and Shape Decide depth from core to outside wall consider distance for someone to walk from office to core, longer distance requires more structure Determine Structural System Choose Type of Construction typically Steel and Concrete Determine placement of columns in consideration of office spaces Core is a good place to hide the column placement

DESIGN: OFFICE GAUSS, VILLALPANDO

11 Chater Road

Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates; LPT Architects Core Configuration: Central Core Workspaces: 23, 760 sq ft floors; leasing depth 44 ft Height: 28 floors with 13’7” floor to floor height Structural System: Concrete and Steel

DESIGN: OFFICE GAUSS, VILLALPANDO

Ernst & Young Building

Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates Core Configuration: Central Core Workspaces: leasing depth of 50 ft Height: 38 floors Structural System: Steel hybrid structure; moment frame

DESIGN: PARKING STRUCTURES MEDELLIN

PARKING STRUCTURE DESIGN ZAC Porte de Valenciennes: Site Area

9,800 sqm (105,486 sf)

Architect

Coldefy & AssociĂŠs Architectes Urbanistes

Location

Euralille, France

Year 2013

Project Summary

Symbol of rebirth of a neighborhood, the Arboretum project is a continuation of the development along Hoover Boulevard and the very metropolitan Euralille 2, articulating of the future Porte de Valenciennes neighborhood. This strategic position induces a sense of transition from the economic heart Euralille to the mixed-use neighborhoods of housing, commercial, and amenity programs, in which the quality of life takes precedent over monumentality. The project marks a step, an initiation, a hyphen between two neighborhoods. The program distribution responds to this contextual duality: 2800 sqm of offices are exposed on the boulevard Paul PainlevĂŠ, taking advantage of the strategic situation of available frontage on a major urban boulevard. The 68 units are inserted on the interior of the block, in contact with the neighboring residential fabric. The ground floor serves as a base of 5.60 m that unites the composition into a coherent whole while

Type D: Express Ramp providing 900 sqm of retail space. These retail spaces (divided into cells of 150 to 300 sqm) are all directly accessible from the major boulevard with the most pedestrian traffic. Additionally, certain spaces contain mezzanines that allow for specific layouts of service programs, for example. Source: http://www.archdaily.com/461881/larboretum-coldefy-and-associes-architectesurbanistes/

DESIGN: PARKING STRUCTURES MEDELLIN

Grid and Module

The facade on the boulevard takes the form of a grid of an infinitely extensible module. Applied as a “plug-in”, it responds to the function within, expanding to form loggias or expanding to develop a double height – exposing the duplex apartments that form the “skyline” of the block. Sometimes taut, sometimes porous, the module allows all functions to coexist harmoniously, revealing only the texture of its material.

DESIGN: PARKING STRUCTURES MEDELLIN

DESIGN: PARKING STRUCTURES TYPES RIGG

PARKING STRUCTURES TYPES Two Way Single Helix

Central Two Way Ramp

The Two Way Single Helix or, Type A parking garage continuously rises one whole level every 360 degrees. It is not the most efficient garage on account of the single ramp causing Type A to have two way traffic. In turn wider parking modules are needed because of the tight turn a person would have to make in order to successfully park their car on the right side of the isle. This aspect makes the garage not intended for higher volumes of traffic. The corners of the garage are unusable so most of the time they are used for vertical pedestrian circulation (elevator/stairwell).

The Central Two Way or, Type B is typically constructed three isles wide with the middle isle being the ramp that allows for traffic to traverse the different levels. The central ramp may or may not need to accommodate for parking, depending on if the width of the garage allows for it. Without the parking on the central ramp, this garage is not intended for a high volume of traffic, although, parking on the ramp, can greatly increase its efficiency. The unusable corners are typically used for vertical pedestrian travel.

90 degree stalls are best suited for two way traffic.

Many type B garages do not have parking on the middle isle becuase of the steep slope.

DESIGN: PARKING STRUCTURES TYPES RIGG

One Way Double Helix

Split Level

The One Way Double Helix or, Type C garage is composed of two type A ramps that connect in the middle. A large benefit of the Type C garage is that traffic can enter and exit the garage without ever having to retrace their path. This also allows for one way traffic direction, this means less traffic incidents and easier pulling in and out of parking modules. This makes the garage very efficient for high volumes of traffic coming through the garage. However the design is not very intuitive for infrequent visitors, so it should be planned for an area with regular users. Vertical pedestrian traffic is usually placed in the unusable corners on the flat portions.

The Split level or Type D garage is comprised of two levels positioned in a staggered pattern in elevation. The Type D garage can be constructed on a site with strained footprint regulations. Like Type A, it is easy to navigate by unfamiliar visitors. This garage does not do well with higher volumes of traffic. Two way traffic creates greater driver conflicts and limits the garage to 90 degree parking stalls most of the time. Vertical pedestrian circulation is most often placed in the center of the garage although it can be done at the corners but will not be able to reach every tier. If it is done at the center, it makes things awkward because the elevator must stop at every level.

Crossover isles between the adjacent ramps provide shortcuts when exiting.

DESIGN: PARKING STRUCTURES TYPES RIGG

Express Ramp

The Express Ramp, or Type E garage is constructed with large parking levels connected by some sort of external or internal ramp to traverse the different tiers. The Type E garage offers high parking capacities with high peak traffic flow capabilities. The garage is very easy to maneuver . The major downfall of this garage is the ramps that it uses are only used for circulation alone. Vertical circulation can be located anywhere because of the large flat floor pates, although it is always most efficient to use the unusable corners in the garage where cars are unable to park.

Non-parking Ramp with Pedestrian Circulation

Ramps with a max slope of 12% can be a maximum of 30’-0” in length and are not considered an accessible route for pedestrians with disabilities. -See ‘Ramping Transitions’ for ramps over a 10% slope and coordinate with turning radius dimensions where turning occurs on ramping.

Non-parking Ramp without Pedestrian Circulation

Ramps with a maximum slope of 15% have no constraint to a maximum distance, however, are not considered an accessible route for pedestrians. -See ‘Ramping Transitions’ for ramps over a 10% slope and coordinate with turning radius dimensions where turning occurs on ramping.

Ramp Transitions

Where a difference in slope of 10% or more occurs between two sections of surface, a transition slope is required. A transition slope of 1/2 the slope difference must be provided.

On-Ramp Parking

Accessible on-ramp parking can be a maximum of 1:20 (5%). The slope of the ramp should not exceed 6.67% at the most when parking on ramp without accessible parking

DESIGN: PARKING STRUCTURES TYPES RIGG Non-parking Ramp with Pedestrian Circultaion

Non-Parking Ramp without Pedestrian Circulation

Ramp Transitions

On-Ramp Parking

DESIGN: PARKING STRUCTURES TYPES RIGG

Sources: http://issuu.com/ neuarchitecture/ docs/parking http://parkandgo. org/media/ parking_studies/ appendI.pdf

DESIGN: PARKING STRUCTURES TYPES RIGG

CODES IBC 12 Occupancy Groups Assembly Group A-2

Food / Drink Consumption

303.3

Assembly Group A-3

Worship, Recreation, Amusement, Other

303.4

Business Group B

Offices, Banks, Professional Services

304.1

Mercantile Group M

Markets, Shops, Drug Stores

309.1

Residential Group R-2

Apartments

310.4

Storage Group S-1

Moderate-Hazard Storage

311.2

Storage Group S-2

Low-Hazard Storage

311.3

CODES: IBC 12 DORSINVILLE, LONG Construction Types Type I

Construction Materials Are Non-Combustible

602.2

Type II

Construction Materials Are Non-Combustible

602.2

Type III

Exterior Walls are Non-Combustible

602.3

Type IV

Heavy Timber Construction

602.4

Type V

Any Material Allowed by Code

602.5

Requirements

All Building Elements Must Comply with the Minimum Required Fire-Ratings

602.1 602.1.1

Each Separated Occupancy Group Only Needs to Meet the Minimum Construction Requirements Necessary Per Occupancy Group

Minimum Building Element Fire-Ratings Type I

Type II

Type III

Type IV

Type V

Primary Structural Frame

Exterior Bearing Walls

In terior Bearing Walls

In terior Non-Bearing Walls

Floor Construction

Roof Construction

CODES: IBC 12 DORSINVILLE, LONG

A B H o S rinA er S ste Allowable Building Height and Area (No Sprinkler System) TYPE I

A-3

-2

TYPE III

TYPE IV

TYPE V

Height

160

Stories

Area

15,500

9,500

14,000

9,500

15,000

11,500

6,000

Stories

Area

15,500

9,500

14,000

9,500

15,000

11,500

6,000

Stories

Area

3 ,500

23,000

2 ,500

19,000

36,000

1 ,000

9,000

Stories

Area

21,500

12,500

1 ,500

12,500

20,500

14,000

9,000

Stories

Area

24,000

16,000

24,000

16,000

20,500

12,000

Stories

Area

4 ,000

26,000

1 ,500

26,000

1 ,500

25,500

14,000

9,000

Stories

Area

9,000

39,000

26,000

39,000

26,000

3 ,500

21,000

13,500

Fire-Rating

A-2

TYPE II

,000

n- i ite

Sprinkler System Increases

Frontage Increases

Height = + 20 feet

504.2

Number of Floors = + 1

504.2

Floor Area = 300% Increase

506.3

Depends on Specific Design

506.2

CODES: IBC 12 DORSINVILLE, LONG Fire Safety Requirements

Secondary Water Supply

403.3

Smoke Detectors

403.4.1

Fire Alarm System

403.4.2

Standpipe System

403.4.3

Voice Communication System

403.4.4

Operable Windows Around Perimeter of Each Floor at <50â&#x20AC;&#x2122; Spacing With >40 sf Area per 50 Linear Feet

403.4.7

CODES: IBC 12 DORSINVILLE, LONG

Multiple Occupancies Separation

Different Occupancies Must Be Separated by the Appropriate 508.4 Fire-Rated Wall

If Not Separated

All Spaces Must Comply to the Limits of the Most Strict Occupancy Group Involved If Not Separated

508.3.2

Construction If Separated

Each Separated Occupancy Group Only Needs to Meet the Minimum Construction Requirements Necessary Per Occupancy Group

602.1.1

Required Hour Separation Required Hour SeparationBetween BetweenOccupancies Occupancies: A-2

A-3

R-2

S-1

S-2

A-2

A-3

R-2

S-1

S-2

NS = no sprinkler system

CODES: IBC 12 DORSINVILLE, LONG Egress : Occupant Loads Basics

No less than 7 sf/ occupant of occupiable floor space

OCCUPANCY GROUPS

OCCUPANT LOAD

A-2

15 sf/occupant

A-3

15 sf/occupant

100 sf/occupant

60 sf/occupant

R-2

200 sf/occupant

S-1

300 sf/occupant

S-2

300 sf/occupant

PARKING GARAGES

200 sf/occupant

EXERCISE ROOMS

50 sf/occupant

1004.2

CODES: IBC 12 DORSINVILLE, LONG

Egress : General Specifications 90” minimum ceiling height

1003.2

80” minimum head room cannot be more than 50% of the means of egress.

1003.3.1

Protrusions

Objects cannot project horizontally from either side more than 4 inches over any walking surface between the heights of 27” and 80” above the walking surface.

1003.3.3

Flooring

Walking surfaces must have a slip-resistant surface

1003.4

Continuity

The path of egress must be continuous

1003.6

Size

Means of Egress Capacity = [occupant load served] x 0.2”

1005.3.2

Where egress from different floors converge, the capacity of the means of egress must be at least the sum of the required capacities for the two floors

1005.6

Where two or more occupancies use portions of the same means of egress system, the most stringent occupancy requirements must be used

1004.5

The means of egress must be illuminated at all times by at least 1 foot-candle of illumination at floor level

1006.1

Heights

Lighting

CODES: IBC 12 DORSINVILLE, LONG Egress: Exits Visibility

Exits must be obvious and unobstructed

1015.2

Amount

Must have 2 exits when the minimum allowed occupant load is exceeded in an occupancy space

1015.1

<500 occupants = 2 exits 500 - 1,000 occupants = 3 exits >1,000 occupants = 4 exits

1021.2.4

Distribution of Capacity

When multiple exits, the loss of any one exit, shall not 1005.5 reduce the available capacity to less than 50% of the required capacity.

Door Specifications

32” - 48” width

1007.2.1

80” minimum height

1007.3

Egress doors shall be of the pivoted or side-hinged swinging 1007.4 type

CODES: IBC 12 DORSINVILLE, LONG

Egress: Travel Distance Specifications

Apartments cannot exit through other apartments

1014.2.1

Exit travel distance cannot exceed the minimum allowed length per occupancy group

1016.2

Exit travel distance can be an additional +100 feet if the path uses an exterior balcony

1016.2.1

Exits must exist towards a street or sidewalk unobstructed

1027.5

Egress Travel Distance Through Atrium Cannot Exceed 200 feet

404.9

Travel Distance to Exit a Space

Travel Distance to Exit the Building

OCCUPANT LOAD <30

>30

A-2

A-3

100

A-2

200

250

A-3

200

250

100

200

300

200

250

R-2

125

R-2

200

250

S-1

100

S-1

200

250

S-2

100

S-2

300

400

S = sprinkler systemN

S = no sprinkler system

CODES: IBC 12 DORSINVILLE, LONG Egress: Travel Distance

CODES: IBC 12 DORSINVILLE, LONG

Egress: Stairways Basics

Must be enclosed

403.5.4

Must lead to the exterior of the building at ground level

1009.7.2

There must be flooring at the top and bottom of each stairway 1009.8.1 Must have handrails Amount

All Floors Above the First Floor Need at Least 2 Exist Stairways Buildings of 4+ stories must have one stairway to the roof surface

Separation

Capacity Specifications

Distance Between Stairways Need to be >30’ apart OR >1/4 of the Longest Diagonal Length of the Floor; Whichever Is Shortest Stairways Capacity for each story = [occupant load served] x 0.3” 4” - 7” riser height 11” minimum tread depth 48” minimum wide

Elevators

At least, one elevator is required as means of egress in buildings with 4+ stories. Floors Higher than 120’ Need to Have At Least 2 Fire Service Access Elevators

1009.8.2 403.5 1009.9.2 403.5.1

1005.3.1 1009.2 1009.7.2 1007.3 1007.2.1 403.6.1

CODES: IBC 12 DORSINVILLE, LONG Egress: Ramps Specifications

Where changes in elevation is less than 12”, sloped surfaces shall be used. If slope >1/20

1003.5

Ramps used for egress cannot have a slope steeper than 1/12

1010.3

There must be flooring at the top and bottom of each ramp

1010.7

Ramps must have at least 1 handrail

1010.7.1

Ramps with a rise greater than 6’ must have 2 handrails

1010.9

Where changing directions the landing must be at least 60”x60”

1010.7.4

Every required area of refuge shall be accessible from the space it serves by an accessible means of egress.

1007.6

Areas of refuge shall accommodate one 30”x48” wheelchair for every 200 occupants

1007.6.1

Each area of refuge shall be separated from the remainder of the story by a smoke barrier

1007.6.2

Egress : Areas of Refuge Areas of Refuge

Exterior Area for Assisted Rescue Exterior areas for assisted rescue (with access to outside air) 1007.7

shall be accessed by an accessible route from the area served.

CODES: IBC 12 DORSINVILLE, LONG

Open Parking Garage

Allowable Building Heights and Area Height (In Tiers)

Type I

Type II

Type IV

FireRating

Area Per Tier

Ramp Access

50,000

UL = un-limited S = sprinkler systemN S = no sprinkler system

Increases

Having 3 Walls With Openings Allows A 25% Increase in Tier Area, and an Extra Tier

406.5.5

Having 4 Walls With Openings Allows A 50% Increase in Tier Area, and an Extra Tier

406.5.5

CODES: IBC 12 DORSINVILLE, LONG Open Parking Garage Specifications

Ventilation

Fire-Safety Requirements

Must Have Clear Ceiling Height of At Least 7 Feet

406.4.1

Vehicle Barriers At Least 2’ 9” tall Need to be Placed At Ends of Driving Lanes and Parking Spots

406.4.3

Slopes Shall Not Exceed 1:15 Slope

406.4.4

Parking Surfaces Need to be Concrete

406.4.5

Parking Surfaces Need to be Sloped To Accommodate Drainage

406.4.5.1

Must be Separated From Other Occupancies by a 2-Hour Wall

406.4.6

Cannot Open Directly Into A Bedroom

406.4.8

Must be Type I, II, or IV construction

406.5.1

At Least 2 Sides Need To Have Uniformly Distributed Openings

406.5.2

Total Openings Area, per Tier, Must Be At Least 20% of the Total Perimeter Area per Tier

406.5.2

Total Openings Lengths, per Tier, Must Be At Least 40% of the Total Perimeter Length per Tier

406.5.2

Must Have At Least 2 Exist Stairways

406.5.7

Exit Stairways Must Be At Least 36” Wide

406.5.7

Needs to Have A Standpipe System

406.5.8

CODES: IECC COY

IECC International Energy Conservation Code (2012)

A subset to building codes to set minimum efficiency requirements to assure energy usage reduction and to mitigate dependency on foreign oil with support from Department of Energy (DOE). http://www.energycodes.gov/about-building-energycodes

Common Building Materials All buildings in Illinois must comply with IECC by law other than: -One and two family residences -R-2, R-3, R-4 buildings that are three story or less Thermal Envelope includes -Roof/Ceiling Assembly -Wall Assembly -Vertical Fenestration and Skylights -Floor Assembly -Slab Edge -Below Grade Wall Assembly

http://www.energycodes.gov/sites/default/files/ becu/2012iecc_commercial_envelope_BECU.pdf

Material

Concrete Wood Insulation -Blanket -Loose Fill -Rigid Boards -Sprayed/Blown

Glazing

R-Value per Inch

1 1

3.5 3 8 6

U-Factor per Inch

Single Pane Glass Block Storm Window Double Glazing with Low-E Coating Triple Glazing with Low-E Coating Quadruple Glazing with Low-E Coating Super Windows**

**http://superwindows.eu/en/ Lechner, Norbert. Heating, Cooling, Lighting

1 .5 .45 .35 .27 .17 .08

CODES: IECC COY

Regional Requirements Windows

Fenestration U-Factor Skylight U-Factor Glazed Fenestration SHGC*

Roof

Roof R-Value

Walls

Wood Frame R-Value Foundation Wall- Continuous Foundation Wall- Batt R-Value Mass Wall R-Value

0.32 (R-3.125) 0.55 (R1.82) NR 49 20 / 13+5** 15 19 13 / 17

*SHGC (Solar Heat Gain Coefficient) ** 20 / 13+5 is an either/or option to install R20 insulation in the cavity or R13 in the cavity plus a continuous layer of R5 foam on the exterior.

Floor

30 Floor R-Value Basement 15 / 19 Basement Wall R-Value 10, 2â&#x20AC;&#x2122; Slab R-Value & Depth 15 / 19 Crawl Space Wall R-Value 75% EnergyStar Light Fixtures >R3 Domesticated Hot Water Pipe Insulation ASHRAE 62.2 Mechanical Ventilation

http://publicecodes.cyberregs.com/icod/iecc/2012/index.htm

ADA ENTRANCES/PASSAGES Where a ramp gives a frontal approach the platform should be minimum 4â&#x20AC;&#x2122;0â&#x20AC;? deep

Where a ramp gives a lateral approach platforms

Where the entrance door opens out the platform

ADA: ENTRANCES/PASSAGES ALAHMADI Ramps

Slop :1:10 / 1:12 Cross slop : 1:48 Width : 36” (915 mm) Landing width : at least as wide as the widest ramp run leading to the landing Landing length :60” (1525 mm )

ADA: ENTRANCES/PASSAGES ALAHMADI

Width

The 36-inch wide fully accessible route must connect with the clear floor space outside the primary entry door of each covered dwelling unit. As the accessible route passes into the unit it may be reduced to 32 inches minimum clear width at the door. Note: 36 inches wide minimum accessible route.

Changes in Level

Within single-story dwelling units the maximum vertical floor level change is 1/4 inch, except when a tapered threshold is used, the maximum height is 1/2 inch.

Doorway Width and Depth

Accessible doors in public and common use spaces and primary entry doors of dwelling units must provide a clear opening of 32 inches minimum. In both public and common use spaces and within dwelling units, the wall thickness of all cased openings must be no greater than 24 inches if the width of the doorway or passage is the minimum 32 inches. Doorways with a depth greater than 24 inches must be widened to provide the 36-inch minimum clear width for an accessible route.

ADA: CIRCULATION SPACE ALAHMADI

CIRCULATION SPACE Clearance

Clear floor space. 30” x 48”

Forward Movement

The minimum clear width need to propel the chair in a straight line is 2’6” (760 mm)

Turning Factors

Wheelchairs with main wheels at the front require less maneuvering space than wheelchairs with the main wheels at the rear.

Forward turn through 90

Forward turn through 180

ADA: KITCHEN ALAHMADI

KITCHEN Clear Floor Space at Fixtures and Appliances

30-inch x 48-inch clear floor space be provided at each kitchen appliance or fixture, and that each of these clear floor spaces adjoin the accessible route that must pass into and through the kitchen.

Clearance Between Counters and All Opposing Elements

At least 40 inches between all opposing base cabinets, counter-tops, appliances, and walls. The 40-inch clearance is measured from any counter-top or the face of any appliance (excluding handles and controls) that projects into the kitchen to the opposing cabinet, counter-top, appliance, or wall.

ADA: KITCHEN ALAHMADI

U-shaped Kitchens A 60-inch diameter turning circle is required in a U-shaped kitchen that has a sink, range, or cooktop at its base. This turning diameter is necessary to provide adequate maneuvering space for a person using a wheelchair to approach and position themselves parallel to the appliance or fixture at the base of the U. In addition to the turning space, the kitchen must be arranged so there is a 30-inch x 48-inch clear floor space for a parallel approach centered on the sink, range, or cooktop. The centerline of the fixture or appliance must be aligned with the centerline of the clear floor space.

An Exception Less than 60 inches between the legs of the U only when removable base cabinets are provided under the cooktop or sink. A clearance of at least 40inches is required. Since knee space cannot be provided below a range, kitchens with a range at the base of the U must have the 60-inch minimum turning diameter.

ADA: KITCHEN ALAHMADI

Kitchen Types

Parallel Wall Kitchen

Small L-Shaped Kitchen

Larger L-Shaped Kitchen

ADA: KITCHEN ALAHMADI

Broken U-Shaped Kitchen

Spacious U-Shaped Kitchen

Pantries

Shallow storage closets, such as pantries, may have doors that do not provide a 32-inch clear width since they do not require the user to pass through the door to reach the contents.

ADA: TOILET ALAHMADI

TOILET Knee Space Design

In Specification A bathrooms, knee space must be at least 17 inches deep, but only 19 of the 48 inches of clear floor space required for the perpendicular approach may extend under the lavatory.

Clear Floor Space at Bathtubs/Showers

ADA: TOILET ALAHMADI Floor Space Required

48” x 66” clear floor space

48” x 56” clear floor space

60” x 56” clear floor space

100

ENCLOSURE SYSTEMS ROOF Types of roofing is different than roofing materials. The type of roofing is defined by the pitch of the roof and the type of materials that are commonly used for that pitch range. The slope or pitch of a roof is defined as the ratio of the rise to the run of the rafters. For an example a 4â&#x20AC;? rise in a 12â&#x20AC;? run is expressed as 4:12.

(1) Flat Roofing generally refers to roofs with slopes less than 1:12. However many, including myself, consider anything under a 2:12 pitch as Flat Roofing since only rolled or sheet roofing products and some Standing Seam Metal Roofing Materials are permitted on this low of a pitched roof. (2) Steep-Sloped Roofing generally refers to roofs having slopes of 1:12 and over. There are three sub-categories of Steep-Sloped Roofing: Low-Sloped Roofing is generally considered below a 4:12 pitch down to a 2:12 pitch. A 1:12 pitch is sometimes included in this category. Applying SteepSloped roofing materials on a Low-Sloped Roof usually requires additional underlayments and in some cases different attachment methods. High-Sloped Roofing is generally considered from 4:12 up to 21:12 pitch. This is the standard slope that most Steep-Sloped roofing materials are designed for.

Mansard Roofing is generally considered 21:12 pitch and over. This very steep slope usually requires additional fastening methods for Steep-Sloped roofing materials. The term Mansard Roofing, over the years, has come to mean a very steep roof to roofers, although its true definition describes a type of architecture.

Resources

-http://www.gaf.com/Commercial_Roofing_Systems/Self_Ad hered_Single_Ply_Roofing/Roof_Design_Considerations.pdf -http://www.roofkey.com/types-of-roofing.html

ENCLOSURE SYSTEMS: ROOF RHOADARMER

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Metal Panel Roofs These systems typically are water-shedding roof systems; and require continuous or closely spaced substrates. For a panel to shed water rapidly, a roof must have adequate slope. The system performs well on slopes of 1:4 or greater; for lower slopes climatic conditions must be carefully considered. Historically, copper, light-gauge aluminum, lightgauge stainless steel, zinc, tin, light-gauge galvanized steel, lead and lead-coated copper sheets used for roofing have been considered nonstructural, or architectural, metal panel roof systems and, therefore, require a continuous or closely spaced substrate. Structural metal panels typically are constructed from steel, galvanized or stainless steel, or aluminum. Similar construction and thought for a metal shingle is used for slate and tile roof system; these options are more classic. Slate is actually one of the longest-lasting roofing materials on the market. Postives: -Commononly used on sloped roofs -Aestheticly pleasing -Allowable on both low and steep sloped roofs -Can be architectual or structural

Options include: paneled, shingled, steep sloped, low sloped, curved panel or even canopies. Panels range usually from 12 to 24 inches.

Negatives: -Field fabricated -More expensive -Extra money needed for lightning protection

Applications:

Resources

http://www.metalsales.us.com/commercial/projects#. Utg24vRDtWV

Products:

http://www.metalsales.us.com/commercial/products#. Utg1lvRDtWV

Images:

NRCA Roofing Manual 2012

http://www.crowther.net/images/sheet_metal_photo.jpg http://www.cccontracting.com/metal-re-roof http://www.metalsales.us.com/commercial/projects/uc-san-diego-east-campus-office-building#.Utg8ovRDtWU NRCA Roofing Manual 2012

103 ENCLOSURE

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Metal Panel Roofs

Fixed Points

Typical metal roof systems need to be fixed to resist drag loads but must allow for movement because of panel expansion and contraction. This is accomplished by providing a fixed point of attachment either at the hip and ridge or eave and valleys.

Seams

ENCLOSURE SYSTEMS: ROOF RHOADARMER

104

Single-Ply Roofs This type of roofing like Thermoplastic (TPO) Roofing, Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Roofing, Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer (EPDM) Roofing, or Hypalon Roofing, is flexible, lightweight, easy to install and can (depending on the specific material and the color of the roof) reduce energy usage, making them greener too. Single-ply roof membranes are a category of roof membranes that are field-applied using just one layer of membrane material, either homogeneous or composite, rather than multiple layers. There are two broad types of single-ply membranes based on their chemistry: thermoset single-ply membranes and thermoplastic single-ply membranes. For thermoset roof membranes, the materialsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; principal polymers are chemically cross-linked. This chemical crosslinking of thermoset membranes means the membrane sheet material is cured or vulcanized. Thermoset single-ply membranes, such as ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM), are cured or vulcanized during manufacture, or they cure on the roof during weathering, such as chlorosulfonated polyethylene (CSPE). Unlike thermoplastic materials, once fully cured, thermoset polymers can only be bonded to like material with a liquid-applied adhesive (glue) or adhesive seam tape because new molecular linkages may not be formed. Positives: -Commonly used [pvc, tpo] -Lightweight -Cheaper -Basic roofing Negatives: -Not aesthicly pleasing -Can wear down faster

Single-ply membrane roof systems are typically designed and installed in three configuration types: loose-laid ballasted, mechanically attached and adhered. Loose-laid, ballasted systems seldom require field-membrane securement other than perimeter and base flashing attachment. As the systemâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s name implies, the weight of the ballast and force of the gravity serve to secure the entire roof system. Mechanically attached systems use a variety of fasteners and fastening patterns to secure a membrane to a substrate. Adhered membrane systems are generally applied using a liquid-applied contact adhesive. Some membranes are made with a factory-laminated fleece backing that allows adhesion with alternative types of adhesives, such as hot asphalt and low-rise polyurethane foam.

Resources

Manufacturers

-http://www.specjm.com/commercial/roofing/singleply.asp -http://www.nrca.net/roofing/Single-ply-membranes-895

Images

http://www.pacerepresentatives.com/sustainable-single-ply-roof ing/ http://www.gaf.com/Roofing/Commercial/Products/Single_ Ply_Roofing/

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SYSTEMS: ROOF RHOADARMER

Single-Ply Roofs

These roofs allow applications of other systems on top of them. Mechanical equipment and PVs are common items to be placed on these roofs with other considerations taken to the roof such as high UV ratings or top protective coating. Sprayed Polyurethane Foam Roofs (having similar makings of a single-ply roof) are constructed using a layer of polyurethane foam insulation, made of isocyanate and polyol, topped with protective coating. The protective coat is spray-applied elastomeric coating, though in some cases, it is hand-rolled.

Image:

http://ledegarroofing.com/assets//images/CommercialContentImages/FlatRoofing-ballasted-adhered-mechanical.png

ENCLOSURE SYSTEMS: ROOF RHOADARMER

106

Built Up Roofs Built-Up (BUR) Roofs have been in used in U.S. commercial roofing for over a century, and are often the most economic commercial roofs available. They’re composed of layers of bitumen and reinforcing fabrics (called ply sheets), and come in varying thicknesses, depending on the application. The application has been used for over 100 years and is a well known method to make a watertight roof. The multiple layers are cost effective because if one layer is damaged, there are many more to do the job well. The product can be used on shallow sloped roofs as well as flat. The components used to construct this system are bitumens, reinforcement layers, such as felts and ply sheets, membrane flashings, and accessories. Positives: -Commononly used -Good in extremes -Durable -Able to be coated [allows reflective paint to reduce cooling/heating costs or gravel to protect layers] Negatives: -Traditional BURs are not flexible at low temperatures and therefore need modifications

•Well-maintained BUR systems can be expected to last 20 to 30 years. •A minimum design slope of 0.25 inches per foot is recommended for all membrane roof systems •Smooth roofs weigh 1 to 2 psf and aggregate roofs at 4 to 5 psf •Roofs can be adhered with either hot or cold adhesion.

Resources: Applications-

http://www.metalsales.us.com/commercial/projects#. Utg24vRDtWV

Products-

http://www.metalsales.us.com/commercial/products#. Utg1lvRDtWV

Images:

http://www.crowther.net/images/sheet_metal_photo.jpg http://www.cccontracting.com/metal-re-roof http://www.metalsales.us.com/commercial/projects/uc-san- diego-east-campus-office-building#.Utg8ovRDtWU NRCA Roofing Manual 2012

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Built Up Roofs

(1) Primer: Apply primer to wood and concrete surfaces directly adhered with hot asphalt. (2) Asphalt (3) Four-Ply Built-Up Roof Membrane: Four plies of No. 15 asphalt-saturated perforated felt in moppings of hot asphalt. Carry to top of cants. 4) Three-Ply Membrane Flashing: Three plies of No. 15 asphalt-saturated perforated felt in moppings of hot asphalt (cont.) for several layers. Mechanically fasten top ply along top or outside edge.

(5) One-Ply Mineral Surfaced Membrane Flashing: Granulated minimum 2 mm reinforced SBS modified bituminous membrane, adhered in a full mopping of hot asphalt, extend from 50 mm (2”) on roof deck to top of cants. (6) Pour Coat and Gravel: For slopes up to 1:24 (1/2” in 12”) a double pour coat and gravel, modified double pour coat and gravel, or alternate method, is required; 1:24 (1/2” in 12”) up to 1:5 (2 ½” in 12”) a

108

ENCLOSURE SYSTEMS: ROOF RHOADARMER Glazed Roofs A glazed roof has the the main benefit letting in natural light, reducing the buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s reliance on electricity to generate artificial light. This sunlight can also help to warm the building in the winter months, reducing its dependence on air-conditioning. Though, the use of a high performance glass is crucial, additional sun shading devices can be fitted above the glass roof to reduce the amount of heat reaching the glass. These applications can be counted as an entire roof system or beplaced in specific areas with pre designed specifications to your building. The Variability of stucture can create both modern and classical forms. Positives: -Durable -Aestheticly pleasing -Natural light -Can be very modern Negatives: -Higher maintenance -Heat gain http://www.agpgroup.com.au/Products/FeatureGlazing/GlassRoofs.aspx

Timber

The frame is not prime for applications not easily accessible. This application is not good for large spans.

Resources

Applications-

-http://www.cpidaylighting.com/gallery.php -http://wwglass.com/pilkington/Products/Roofs- and-Skylights -http://www.stellaglasshardware.com/canopies skylights-http://www.wascoskylights.com/commercial/configurations/glass

Construction-

-http://www.raico.de/en/Products/THERM/Glass- roofs.php

Tips-

-http://continuingeducation.construction.com/arti- cle_print.php?L=72&C=454

Images

http://www.raico.de/en/Products/THERM/Glass-roofs.php http://www.coastlinewindows.net/site_images/connies/conser vatory_roofs.jpg http://mastersil.ru/en/structural_glass_cover/types/ http://openbuildings.com/buildings/zlote-tarasy-profile-4099/ media

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Glazed Roofs The frame when added to a steel structure can create a cohesive look. This is the most stuctural framing system and can resist high loads. There is very little maintenance required for this system.

thompson center, chicago

Steel

The frame is light weight and not as structural as other options, and therefore requires other structure sometimes. Thermal bridging sometimes occurs causing condensation in cold weather. Used on smaller applications.

guangzhou stadium, china

Aluminum

The system allows the the least blockage of sun light and view. Structure usually consists of steel members or cables in tension directly below the roofline. The system allows many different shapes to be formed in a sleek and modern way.

apple store, nyc

Frameless

ENCLOSURE SYSTEMS: ROOF RHOADARMER

110

Green Roofs A Green Roof, sometimes called a Living Roof, is a commercial roof thatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s partially or completely covered with a growing medium and vegetation of some kind. Green Roofs absorb rainwater, provide insulation, create a habitat for wildlife, and even help to lower urban air temperatures. The system is usually placed on top of a built up roof with a larger structure to support soil and water and drainage schemes. Positives: -Variety [extensive, semi-intensive, intensive] -Storm water management -Energy efficient -Greatly reduce heat gain -Gain amenity space Negatives: -Larger structure needed -Failure of the system has greater consequences

Resources

-http://www.vegetalid.us/faq -http://liveroof.com/ -http://www.fussypainting.com/pdf/GreenRoof.pdf

Planting

-http://www.greenrooftechnology.com/green-roof-types

Construction

-http://www.hydrotechusa.com/assemblies/garden-roof-as sembly -http://www.langley.co.uk/technical/-/green-roofing/ -http://www.caddetails.com/2004/main.asp?feature search=1&itm=search&search=green+roof&txt SearchInput=&btnSearch.x=0&btnSearch.y=0 -http://buildingmaterials.cetco.com/Left-Side-Navigation/ CAD-DETAILS/GreenScapes-Greenroof

Structure

-http://www.bae.ncsu.edu/topic/lidconference07/Post%20 Conference%20Green%20Roof/3.Jones.Green%20 Roof%20Structural%20Design.pdf

Images

-http://www.hydrotechusa.com/projects/550-west-adams -http://www.langley.co.uk/technical/-/green-roofing/

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ENCLOSURE SYSTEMS: ROOF RHOADARMER

Green Roofs Extensive

Of all the types, this requires the least maintenance. They can be used on a roof with a pitch of up to 12:12 or 45°, provided the appropriate measures are taken to cope with the shear forces and soil retention. The depth can be anywhere from 3” to 6” and can be installed over metal roof decks.

Semi-intensive

Also known as a lawn, hardscapes and lush green spaces can be incorporated into the design. Maintence would be the same as a lawn at ground level. The depth can be anywhere from 8” to 12”.

Intensive

Regular maintenance is needed. The depth allows a variety of trees and shrubs to be planted in the medium as well as hardscapes to be introduced. The typography can be changed and other recreational elements can be added. The depth can be anywhere from 6” to 36”.

Sloped

This type allows irregular or undualting rooflines to be covered green. The depth can be anywhere from 3.5” to 13” and a specially engineered confinement system has to be used when the depth becomes too large.

ENCLOSURE SYSTEMS: ROOF RHOADARMER

112

Solar Roofs Solar panels (or photovoltaic panels) are used to convert sunlight into electricity using solar cells. Solar roofs are an excellent renewable energy resource, and pay for themselves in utility savings. PVs can be in form of shingles, panels or come as an afterthought to a roof design. A system can last up to 25 years for a building. They can be placed on any type of roof and can be rigid or flexible.

Positives: -Variety [shingles, panels, roll on] -Save money long term -Sustainablle and renewable source of energy Negatives: -Expensive -Requires abundant space -Could compromise the waterproof barrier

Resources Application-

-http://inhabitat.com/worlds-largest-solar-energy-office-build ing-opens-in-china/ -http://www.sharpusa.com/SolarElectricity/SolarProducts/ CommercialSolarProducts.aspx

Images

http://hinessolarroof.com/solar.html http://www.igra-world.com/engineering/solar_energy.php http://www.simplifiedbuilding.com/blog/solar-panel-frame/ http://davebuemi.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/mod ule.exploded.bmp

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ENCLOSURE SYSTEMS: ROOF RHOADARMER

Considerations Before final decisions a number of criteria need to be carefully considered, including: • Climate and geographic location • A building’s intended use and design life expectancy • Exterior and interior temperature and humidity conditions • Code requirements • Type of roof deck • Slope and drainage • A roof ’s configuration • Building movement • Fire, wind and impact resistance • Type and amount of insulation needed • Need for ventilation • Maintenance, repair and re-roofing • Compatibility with adjacent components, including potential material discharge onto a roof • Construction sequencing • Worker safety • Potential building additions • Odors, noise and dust generated by certain system application methods • Rooftop traffic • Reflectivity or emissivity • Environmental impact

NRCA Roofing Manual 2012

ENCLOSURE SYSTEMS: WALLS CASHMAN, GUERRERO

WALLS The most basic purpose of an enclosure is to protect its inhabitants from the elements. The wall system should provide insulation and protection from water and unwanter air infiltration. The wall systems shown in this section are those that have the ability to apply to our high rise building project. Precast Concrete Panels EIFS Composite Panels Suspended Glazing System Aluminum Curtain Wall Continious Supported Sheet Metal Profile Metal Cladding Green Wall System

114

â&#x20AC;&#x153; The perfect wall has the rainwater control, air control layer, the vapor control layer and the thermal control layer on the exterior of the structure.â&#x20AC;? - Joseph W. Lstiburek

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ENCLOSURE SYSTEMS: WALLS CASHMAN, GUERRERO

Pre-cast Concrete Panels Precast concrete panels can be either structural or non-structural. For high-rise buildings non-structural is more practical, and can be fastened to the structure of the building. From companies such as High Concrete, there is pre-cast concrete that includes insulation, and products such as CarbonCast that have carbon fiber reinforcement to cut the weight down by 50%, making them suitable for high rises and steel framed structures. Advantages: -Durable -Fire-resistant -Acoustical insulation -Low maintenance -Some incorporate insulation -Some incorporate factory installed vapor retarders Disadvantages: -Heavy -Pricey to get lightweight panels -Thickness -Consider additional insulation Weight: 25-55lbs/sq’ Weight of CarbonCast w/ Insulation: 55-75lbs/sq’ Thickness: 7”-12” R-Value: 6-13 Price: Expensive (for lightweight panels)

Resources

http://www.highconcrete.com http://www.highconcrete.com/resources/technical/ upload/Hi_ArchBro16.pdf

ENCLOSURE SYSTEMS: WALLS CASHMAN, GUERRERO Composite Panels Composite panels come in several different varieties. One such as architectural insulated metal panels (known as IMPs), have continuous insulation, are moisture resistant, and keep the insulation external to the building structure. They are energy efficient and sustainable and are recyclable; some companies such as Kingspan even make their panels with partial recycled metal. They allow for some design flexibility, such as different profiles, colors, and some options in sizes and curves. Kingspan also has Integratable window systems. They attach with fasteners to the structural steel in a building. There are also metal and High Pressure Laminate (HPL) composite panels that do not have insulation built in, from companies such as Sobotec and Alucobond. Advantages: -Environmentally friendly/ sustainable -Some design flexibility -Insulation external to the building structure Disadvantages: -Can become pricey Weight: 3lbs/sqâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Panel Thickness: 2-3â&#x20AC;? (IMPs) R-Value: 9-20 (IMPs) Exterior Surface: Aluminum, Steel, or HPL Price: Varies

Resources

http://kingspanpanels.us/benchmark http://sobotec.com/home http://www.nichiha.com CAD drawings: http://kingspanpanels.us/benchmark/technical/ benchmark-resource-center/cad-details

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Panels on Structural Steel

Panels on Concrete or Masonry

ENCLOSURE SYSTEMS: WALLS CASHMAN, GUERRERO EIFS EIFS (Exterior Insulation and Finish System) is a nonload-bearing exterior wall cladding system. It consists of insulation board, often EPS, that is attached either mechanically or adhesively (or both) to the substrate, then a water resistant base coat with reinforcing mesh, and a textured protective finish coat.

Advantatges: -Extreme design flexibility -No thermal breaks -Insulation external to the building structure Disadvantages: -Once moisture gets in it is hard to get out -Sometimes finicky installation Weight: roughly 10lbs/sqâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Thickness: varies w/ insulation thickness R-Value: 11-16 (can be more with greater insulation) Price: usually inexpensive

Resources

http://www.eima.com/about-eifs.shtml

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Suspended Glazing Systems The system is mainly used for tall walls of glass in which tempered glass are supported by structural sealant and counter sunk stainless-steel point fittings. The fittings act as wind stabilizers suspended from vertical or horizontal structural members. These structural members can be glass, tube steel or steel cables.

Advantages -Light and elegant system -Flexible design medium -Can be used for frameless entrances - Limitless possibilities with glass selection, performance, color, thickness and size range including multiple color PVB laminate. Disadvantages - Special consideration must be given to building movement, live load deflections and environment loads such as wind and seismic -Limited height to the system -Important that they are engineered accordingly and that glass is specified for appropriate use -System can be personalized and often complex

Resources

http://www.thermosash.co.nz/c23_Structual GlassSystems.aspx#&panel1-3 CAD drawings: http://www.pilkington.com/europe/uk+and+ire land/english/products/bp/bybenefit/ glasssystems/planar/technical/technical+-+pdfs.

Detail connection to structure

ENCLOSURE SYSTEMS: WALLS CASHMAN, GUERRERO Aluminum Curtain Wall System is non-structural, mainly use to keep water and air out. Curtain wall systems are typically designed with extruded aluminum members. The aluminum frame is typically infilled with glass panels. The wall transfers horizontal wind loads that are incident upon it to the main building structure through connections at floors or columns of the building. Advantages -Can be made of a lightweight material reducing construction costs -Natural light can penetrate deeper within the building -Can be designed to span multiple floors Disadvantages -Thermal efficiency -Thermal expansion

Resources

Contemporary Curtain Wall Architecture by Scott Murray CAD drawings: http://www.kawneer.com/kawneer/north_america/ en/cad_spec.asp?prod_id=3185&area=prod

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Continuous Supported Sheet Metal The system can be use for cladding a wide range of building types. It consists of structural frame of steel ribs, covered with 5 inches of reinforced concrete to create the basic form. A wire mesh is welded to the ribs to define the form and then a stainless steel mesh is stapled to act as a baking for the shotcrete. The steel ribs are tied to the shotcrete with studs and steel reinforcing. Also welded to the steel ribs are the pedestals that hold the curtain wall to the structure. Water barrier is applied to the concrete shell along with a layer of polyurethane foam. Advantages -A variety of color, texture and pattern can be applied to the skin -Complex shapes and expressive architectural forms can be designed Disadvantages -Longer planning -Higher cost -Thermal expansion -Difficult to produce materials Thickness 9” for pedestal, 5” for concrete, 4” for flashing. 18” plus structural members. Depending on the complexity of the wall.

Resources

Designing the Exterior Wall by Linda Brock

ENCLOSURE SYSTEMS: WALLS CASHMAN, GUERRERO Profile Metal Cladding This type of wall utilizes metal cladding with trapezoidal or half round profiles fixed to the steel structure of a building. Panels can be produced in different profiles which can be laid horizontally or vertically and can be manufactured from prefinished steel or aluminum. Profiles are induced into sheets of material which are fed through banks of forming rollers. Thermal insulation can either be sandwich together by comprising two steel sheets or bonding either side with an insulating core of foam, mineral fiber or a semi-rigid slab insulation material. The normal method of attachment is by self-drilling, self-tapping screws, or interlocking panels. Advantages -Wide range of profiles, materials, colors and orientations -Can be integrated with similar system used for cladding the roof -Cost effective -Huge choice of aesthetic finish -Impermeable -Rapid construction -Excellent fire and acoustic properties -Capable of long spans Disadvantages -Thermal expansion -The industrial characteristic of the material can be difficult to incorporate in certain settings

Resources

http://www.euroclad.com/wall-systems/profiled.aspx CAD drawings: http://www.flexospan.com/cad_drawings.htm

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SYSTEMS: WALLS CASHMAN, GUERRERO

Green Wall

Green wall is a wall partially or completely covered with panels of plants grown vertically. It includes a growing medium, such as soil, and most green walls also feature an integrated water irrigation system. Green wall structures can be either free-standing or attached to walls. Living green walls are also referred to as, green walls, living walls, biowalls, or ecowalls. A common example is an ivy wall. Advantages -Improves aesthetics -Regulates temperature and reduce carbon footprint -Can increase the R-value of walls -Protects building façades -Provides wildlife habitats -Improves air quality -Deters graffiti -Reduces noise -Positive impact on occupants’ psychological health Disadvantages -Used on lower levels -Plants take a long time to cover the wall -Climbers can do permanent damage -Aerial roots can penetrate small cracks as they grow and expand jeopardizing the structural integrity of building -Limited of number of plant species that can be used -Proper maintenance is needed -High cost for construction and maintenance -High technical effort -High loads on façades Weight: roughly 15 lbs/sqf Thickness: 6”-1’1” Price: Varies

Resources

http://livewall.com/pro/technical/specifications/ CAD drawings: http://gsky.com/cad-specs/

ENCLOSURE SYSTEMS: WALLS CASHMAN, GUERRERO Green Wall

Types of systems Structural Wall System -Designed for the outdoor environment, is flexible, modular consist of proprietary panels and growth media. It is the most widely used and broad system and any plant design can be created. Interior Wall System -The system is specifically for the interior environment or it can be placed outdoors seasonally. It is comprised of a patented tray system that supports 4â&#x20AC;?-5â&#x20AC;? pots and waters the plants. Easy to maintain system that is 100% water efficient green wall system available, zero water waste when used with a recirculation tank system. Basic Wall System -Simple system with vines trained over integrated trellises that are attached to the building facade. Good for large outdoor green walls without a pattern.

Plan section

Elevation section

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Green Wall

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GLAZING To begin choosing the most effective glazing for your project, you must understand the three measures of performance. This is key in order to create an energyefficient building. The three measures are U-value (1/R-value), the Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC), and the Visible Transmittance (VT). The U-value is the reciprocal of the R-value. A U-value of 0.33 is an R-value of 3 for example (this value may include the effect of surface films or polymers). As the climate becomes either very cold or very hot, a low U-value becomes very crucial. [Reference 01] The Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC) is the fraction of solar radiation that hits the glazing that then passes through it and becomes heat on the interior. The lower the SHGC is, the greater its shading ability. A low SHGC is beneficial for buildings in hot climates [Reference 02]; however, a high SHGC is desired for a building in a cold climate, or one that utilizes passive solar heating. Some modern office buildings have a high SHGC, which causes overheating on some over-glazed elevations. In this instance, exterior shading may be added to alleviate solar heat gain. This exterior shading provides more control, but entails significant design efforts.

The third measure is visible transmittance, or VT. This number shows what percentage of visible light is transmitted through the glazing. A typical clear double-glazed window will have a VT of 0.60, meaning it admits 60% of the visible light. As more daylight is needed, a higher VT is needed. Low VT glazings will have a reflective film on them. It is said that any glazing with a VT of less than 0.40 seems to make the view outward a bit gray. The most modern windows are spectrally selective, as they only allow certain light in, and allow for both a high VT and a low SGHC. They allow for significant daylighting and psychological benefits while avoiding overheating on sunny days. In a nutshell, the balance of thermal comfort, energy efficiency, and light quality (requiring small glazing areas), with the desire for views, daylight, and connectivity with the outdoors (requiring large glazing areas), are components of the large design equation to deal with. Since the project is located in Elgin, IL, a re latively cold climate, here are some numbers to go by: SGHC of 0.42 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 0.55 U-value of 0.30 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 0.39 Local codes for glazing: 0.32 U, 0.55 U for skylights. For refference codes in Illinois for walls: R-20 (U-value 0.05) Roofs: R-49 (U-value 0.02)

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Glazing Matrix Image

Single glazing

Glass block

Double glazing or storm window

Double glazing with Low-E coating

Triple glazing

U-Value 1.2

0.51

0.48

0.38

0.37

SHGC 0.81

0.38

0.70

0.35

0.34

Notes

Precedent

http://windows.lbl. gov/daylighting/ designguide/section4.pdf http://www.builditgreen.org/attachments/wysiwyg/3/ Windows.pdf

Crystal Brick Micro Home

[Reference 03], http://www.greenbuildingadvisor.com/ blogs/dept/musings/windows-perHazlemere form-better-walls Commercial HWC [Reference 03], http://www.double-glazing-info.com/ Choosing-your-windows/Types-of-glass Hazlemere Commercial HWC

[Reference 03], http://www.wbdg. org/resources/windows.php The Crystal: Schmidt Hammer Lassen

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ENCLOSURE SYSTEMS: GLAZING BEALS, BARAJAS

Image

Triple glazing with One Low-E coating

Quadruple glazing

Quadruple glazing with Low-E

2Âžâ&#x20AC;? [7cm] translucent insulated composite panel with fiber glass (10% Light Transmittance)

U-Value

0.27

0.16

0.14

SHGC

0.38

Notes

Precedent

[Reference 03], http://www.greenbuildingadvisor. com/blogs/dept/ musings/choosing-triple-glazed-windows Wicona

[Reference 04], http://blog.advancedglazings. com/2010/06/07/ xenon-filled-sextuple- GlassX AG glazed-units-withlow-e-on-all-lites-orsolera/

0.30

[Reference 04], http://energyoptionsexplained.com/tripleand-quad-pane-windows/

0.24

http://www. daylighting-solutions. com/nm_ kalwall.htm

Long-Span Quadwall Ferris High School, Ferris TX

Kalwall

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ENCLOSURE SYSTEMS: GLAZING BEALS, BARAJAS

Image

1” [2.5cm] Translucent Composite Panel with Aerogel (50% Light Transmittance)

Quadruple Glazing, Multiple Low-E coatings, and Argon or Krypton (50% Light Transmittance)

U-Value

0.11

SHGC

0.19

Notes

Precedent

[Reference 05], http://www.cabotcorp.com/Aerogel/ Daylighting Kalwall

0.1

0.16

Super Windows 0.08

0.15

[Reference 06], http://c.ymcdn.com/ sites/www.nibs.org/ resource/resmgr/ BEST/best3_paszkowski.end.pdf

Joggins Fossil Cliff Museum

http://www.kawneer.com/kawneer/ north_america/en/ product_browse.asp

Bligh, AU

2 ¾ [7cm] translucent Aerogel Panel (20% Light Transmittance)

[Reference 05], http://www.kalwall. com/aerogel.htm 0.05

0.12 Kalwall

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Glazing Types Annealed Glass

Annealed glass is a piece of float glass that has been cooled in a slow and controlled manner. This slow cooling process reduces the internal stresses within the sheet of glass so that it becomes stronger. Due to safety concerns, annealed glass is rarely used in buildings.

Decorative Glass

Ceramic frit silk screening allows for virtually any color, pattern or design to be applied to glass. It is waterproof, scratchproof and highly durable.

Float Glass

Float glass gets its name from the modern process used to create large, thin, flat panels from molten glass. The molten glass is passed onto a pool of molten tin. This process produces a very smooth piece of glass with a highly consistent thickness.

Fire Resistant Glass

A laminated assembly consisting of four or more sheets of glass stacked alternately with layers of a transparent plastic resin, then bonded under heat and pressure.

Fully Tempered Glass

Tempering is a process that takes a piece of annealed glass and makes it four times as strong. Fully tempered glass is a safety glass that will shatter into small granular pieces, which reduces the risk of injury. Tempered glass is ideally used as a safety glass where the glazing may need to be broken out of the frame in an emergency.

Glass Flooring

Designed with safety and aesthetic appeal in equal measure, three glass sheets laminated together to create a glass floor panel. Depending on the assessed risk, two finishes, both have a unique pattern design on the surface that significantly reduces slip potential. The patterned glass is made with a rolled glass process. The semi-molten glass is squeezed between two metal rollers.

Heated Glass

Capable of bringing effective and controlled room temperatures up to 104째F, glass removes the need for unsightly radiators with its innovative, invisible, space saving and eco-efficient properties. These transparent glass plates can be controlled automatically or manually to run at variably high temperatures. Additionally, the glass heat plates are an ideal heating solution when moisture, condensation and fogging are a concern; all are eliminated leaving a completely unobstructed view.

Heat Soaked Tempered Glass

Heat soaking is a method of testing tempered glass for unstable nickel sulfide inclusions, which are imperfections in the glass that may cause spontaneous breakage of the pane. The idea is to force any unstable glass panes to break before they have a chance to fail in the field. This can be quite important where the glass pane is critical for safety - for instance, in a glass railing.

Heat Strengthened Glass

Heat strengthened glass is made from a sheet of annealed glass that is reheated beyond its annealing point of about 1200 degrees Fahrenheit and then cooled rapidly, but not as rapidly as tempered glass. Heat strengthened glass is not considered to be safety glass. Heat strengthened glass is rarely used in buildings except when it is laminated.

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Insulated Glass Unit (IGU)

Laminated Glass

Insulated glass units (IGU) are built-up assemblies where two pieces of glass are separated by a spacer - this is referred to as double-glazing. The spaces between pieces of glass can be filled with air or an inert gas, such as Argon. Argon is most common, but Xenon and Krypton are more efficient (and considerably more expensive). The sheets of glass are tempered or laminated for safety, and are generally 1/4â&#x20AC;? thick with a 1/2â&#x20AC;? air space. Finally, the most critical component of an IGU is the desiccant, which removes humidity from the cavity to prevent condensation within the IGU. Laminated glass is made by fusing two or more layers of glass with inter-layers of polyvinyl butyral (PVB) through the use of heat and pressure. The process creates a safety glass. Laminated glass is best used as a safety glass where the glazing must remain intact if it is broken - either for safety or security.

Low-Emissivity Glass

Low-emissivity (Low-E) glass is glass that has a special coating that reflects the infrared portions of light, while letting the visible light spectrum through. Low-E coatings often have a slight blue-green tint, which many architects find unacceptable. Newer Low-E coatings are produced with less tint.

Privacy Glass

LCD Privacy Film is made of two layers of transparent conductive film sandwiched with PDLC material. The film is then laminated between two pieces of glass. When electricity is applied to the film the liquid crystals line up and the glass becomes transparent. When the power is turned off, the liquid crystals return to their normal scattering positions and turn the glass from optically clear to opaque.

Security Glass

A laminated assembly consisting of four or more sheets of glass stacked alternately with layers of a transparent plastic resin, then bonded under heat and pressure.

Solarchromic Climate Control Glass

SCCG is not simply a tinted glass. The intelligent glazed system uses electrical impulses to adopt new tones, instantly controlling the transmission of heat and light into a building. As an ideal adjustable solar controlled glass for windows, conservatories, loft conversions and glass roofs, it provides maximum comfort whilst saving a substantial amount of energy. With its electronically controllable tint, the glass not only reduces a buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s energy consumption, it is also an attractive design feature for any window, conservatory, velux or rooflight. Available in manual or automatic control, panels can be controlled individually or as a multiple panel system.

Wire Glass

Wire glass is generally thought to be stronger than annealed glass; however, this is not true. Wire glass is not considered to be safety glass. Wire glass is most often used as a fire resistant glass because the wire holds the glass in place if it shatters due to high heat.

ENCLOSURE SYSTEMS: GLAZING BEALS, BARAJAS New Technology Numerous studies have proven connections between natural daylighting and health and productivity. The downside is that windows were a major source of heat loss and condensation issues. The year 1990 left us with $20 billion in debt due to energy loss in residential and commercial buildings [Reference 07]. Relatively recently technology has been inspiring and informing new glazing technologies. The new high performance glazing cuts unwanted solar heating as well as unwanted heat loss, while offering products that increase safety and privacy. Plus these new forms of glazing are offered in hundreds of different colors, finishes, and textures! Listed below are major glazing system-types and companies that offer them: Curtainwall systemsVistawall, EFCO Corp, and Viracon. Skylight systemsVelux , Solatube, Sun-Tek, and Daylighting Technologies. Pilkington Profilit –Translucent linear channel glass system. Available in sections up to 23’ long and has multiple surface texture options. Popular coatings include: Low-E, which improves u-values (U-value of 0.40 and light transmission of 70%), and Antisol, which improves solar heat gain (U-value of 0.49 and light transmission of 41%). Other coatings include Amethyst (decorative slight blue transparent hue), Metallic Color Coating (opaque custom-blended, high performance colors), and sandblasted (improves privacy while allowing light transmission). The aluminum frames may have one of three finishes: mill, anodized, or a painted coating. [Reference 08] Pilkington Profilit and Kalwall –Lumira aerogel panels. This glazing system reaches R20 insulation value! The 25mm system has a U-value of 0.19 and a light transmission of 38%. SHGC is 0.31, and an added benefit of Sound Transmission Coefficient of 44 (quite good). The panels are also lightweight and quick to install. A section cut below and example can be seen to the right.

Pilkington Profilit Translucent Linear Channel Glass System

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Eastman (Southwall Energy Technologies) –heat mirror windows and XIR film glazing (R20 insulated). This product is produced when a thin spectrally selective coating is applied to clear polyester, resulting in XIR solar control film. It’s used in solariums, large glass facades, aircraft control towers, and numerous other applications. 70% light transmittance, U-value of 0.98- 0.96 (depending on thickness and desired color of film), an SHGC of 0.41, blocks 99% of harmful UV radiation, and has a uniform appearance. A simple section and example is seen below [Reference 08].

[Ref 09] Eastman Heat mirror windows and XIR film glazing

Essex Safety Glass [Reference 11] is a company with a vast array of products worth expounding upon. ESG produces advanced safety glass, but they have many different types of products. The company recently launched a new range of controllable intelligent glass systems. Their safety glass has a laminate layer within it, offering anti-shattering properties. *Must specify “attack and fire sides when ordering”. ESG Thermic Heatable Glazing is, well heatable; therefore cutting down on the space needed to be taken by other heating elements. ESG Switchable LCD Privacy Glazing can be switched from transparent to a frosty translucency electronically. This can be done right from your iPad. An example is shown below.

ESG Pyrotech Fire Resistant Glazing provides proper partitioning where needed to comply with code regulations. ESG Solarchromic Climate Control Glazing is tinted through electronic impulses as either individual units or as a whole. It can also be combined with the LCD privacy, security, or fire resistant glazing solutions. It can be either manually or automatically controlled, and individually or as a multiple panel system. ESG Acoustic Glazing offers sound hinders sound of up to 50 decibels, which is the level of very loud shouting. Other processes may be combined with this glass, such as mirroring and other finishes, including fire resistance.

[Ref 10]

ENCLOSURE SYSTEMS: GLAZING BEALS, BARAJAS ESG Decorative Glazing can be produced in many colors and styles, as well as opacities for great solar heat control. It can be tempered and laminated as well. Some examples of use would be: balustrades, interior/exterior canopies, flooring, stair treads, cubicles, and furniture.

[Ref. 12]

Resources:

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[01] http://www.buildingscience.com/ [02]http://www.commercialwindows.umn.edu/images/3_15.jpg [03]http://www.viracon.com/images/triple_vs_ig.jpg [04]://buildaroo.com/news/article/insulated-glass-windows-energy-efficient/ [05]http://www.kalwall.com/aerogel.htm [06]http://www.idealwindow.com/images/ArgonKrypton_Diagram.jpg [07]http://www.wbdg.org/resources/windows.php [08] http://www.tgpamerica.com/structural-glass/ pilkington-profilit/#Specifications [09]http://www.glas-pro.com/images/xir.gif [09]http://www.eastman.com/Literature_Center/ Misc/XIR_72-47_Data_Sheet.pdf [10]http://media.buildingsmedia.com/images/A_0908_FocProdSouthwall.jpg [10]http://www.eastman.com/Brands/XIR/Architectural/Pages/Arch_Overview.aspx [11]http://www.essexsafetyglass.co.uk/ [12]http://esguk.files.wordpress.com/2011/04/coloured-glass1.jpg

STRUCTURE STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS RESEARCH High Rise Structures Before deciding what structure to implement into a building, the structural elements need to be configured and sized to form a stable structure under any possible load conditions. The system should be designed to carry both vertical and lateral loads. The image below shows basic mechanisms for ensuring lateral stability. Horizontal Diaphragm: rigid floor structure acts similar to flat beam

Braced Frame: timber or steel frame

Rigid Frame: steel or reinforced concrete

Shear Wall: wood, concrete, or masonry

Tall buildings are susceptible to lateral forces. As itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s height increases, it is necessary to supplement with a rigid frame along with additional bracing mechanisms. The least efficient way to achieve lateral stability is by using solely a rigid frame, which is appropriate only for low to medium rise structures. The most efficient way to achieve lateral stability is a tube structure that is internally braced. This type of structure essentially acts as a box to resist lateral forces.

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Structural Systems Rigid: Steel Pre-cast Concrete Lateral Stability

Common Material Use

Uneconomical due to number of connections. Increases the number of beams and columns. Best used in combination with shear walls and/or braced frames. 20-25 Stories

Rigid Core:

Steel Pre-cast Concrete Lateral Stability

Improves shear stiffness in resisting lateral forces, but better when additional bracing is added. Core structures integrate circulation and mechanical systems .

Common Material Use

35-40 Stories

Rigid Core with Hat:

Steel Pre-cast Concrete Lateral Stability

Common Material Use

Usually desiged as braced frames. The added truss can influence the location of mechanical floors. Hat trusses invovle the perimeter columns in resisting lateral loads. Perimeter columns may need to increase in size. ~ 55 Stories

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Rigid Tube: Most tall buildings are designed as tube structures. Leaves layout of itnerior unrestricted by considerations of lateral stability.

Steel Pre-cast Concrete Lateral Stability

Beams may need to be deeper and columns larger and more closely spaced.

Common Material Use

50-55 Stories

Braced Frame: Most structurally efficient lateral load resisting configuration. In steel, it uses bolted connections.

Steel Pre-cast Concrete Lateral Stability

Common Material Use

55 - up Stories

Rigid Frame Tube with Belt: Trusses can be located at various levels in the structure. Steel

It can influence location of mechanical floors. Note there are many variations of tube structures.

Pre-cast Concrete Lateral Stability

Common Material Use

55 - up Stories Allen, Edward . Architectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Studio Companion, 44-45.

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CONCRETE SLABS:

One Way Slab

A one way slab is uniformly thick as it is cast integrally with supporting beams Best for: + light to moderate loads + short spans 6’ - 18’

Tensile Reinforcement To estimate thickness: + span/30 for floor slabs + span/20 for roof slabs (4” minimum required) Span ratio = 2:3

One Way Joist Slab A joist slab is supported by a parallel set of beams. Best for: + heavier loads + spans 15’ to 36’ (longer possible with posttensioning)

3” to 4.5” depth estimate: span/24

5” to 9 “ joist width

Span ratio = 1:5

Two Way Slab and Beam A two-way slab that is reinforced in two directions. It is cast integrally with beams and columns. Best for: + medium spans + heavy loads + need for high resistance to lateral forces. Two Way Waffle Slab A two-way concrete slab, reinforced by ribs in two directions. Best for: + heavier loads + span longer distances than flat slabs.

4” min slab depth estimate: slab perimeter/180 Most efficient spanning square bays. Spans over 15’ - 40’ Span ratio = 1:4 5” or 6” rib width

3” to 4.5” slab depth estimate: span/24

Tensile Reinforcement Span ratio = 1:8

Most efficient spanning square or nearly square bays. Spans of 24’-54’, longer possible with posttensioning. Ching, Frances. Building Construction Illustrated, 105-6.

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PRE CAST UNITS AND CONNECTIONS: Precast Slabs Structural precast concrete wall panels.

Solid Flat 4”, 6”, 4’ 0” typical width Span range: 12’ - 24 ‘ Span ratio = 1:3

Steel dowels for structural continuity.

Hollow Core

Minimum bearing length not less than 2 for solid or hollow core slabs. 1’4”, 2’, 3’4”, 4’, 8’

Precast Slabs

Span range: 12’ - 40’

Steel plate welded to plates cast into precast slabs

Span ratio = 1:2

Single Tees 8’ and 10 ‘

High-density plastic bearing strip.

Precast Beams

1 1/2” 3”

Span range: 30’ to 120’ Depth 20” - 48”

Steel angle welded to steel plates.

Double Tees 8’ and 10 ‘ 12”

Synthetic rubber bearing pad. Haunch cast with concrete column.

Span range: 30’ to 100’ Ching, Frances. Building Construction Illustrated, 113-4.

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STEEL FRAMING: One Way Beam Lateral Forces are more critical in the short direction.

Each pair of external columns support long-span beam or girder. This system is best suited for long, narrow buildings and also if desiring a column-free space. Two Way Beam Girders Beams

Typical span: 20’ to 32’ (if above, open-web steel joints are an economical alternative for their reduced weight). Beam spacing: 6’ to 15’ (dependent on magnitude of applied load and spanning capability of floor

Framing beams into girders minimizes floor depth.

Triple Beam

2 layer system increases floor depth and provides some space for mechanical services.

Primary Beam Secondary

This system is best used if requiring a large, column free space. Use long spanning plate girders or trusses to carry primary beam, which also supports the secondary layer of beams.

Long Spanning Members

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Steel Beam Connections

Rigid Frame: Beam and Girder

Beam to Column Stiffener plates welded to column

Top and bottom flanges welded to column Shear Bolts

Beam welded to stiffener plates and bolted to tab

Girder

Welded Web Stiffeners

Small openings in web for small mechanical needs.

Backing Bar

Simple Frame: Tab plate welded to column.

Top of flange coped or cut away so that it is flush with the top of the girder. Angles welded to beam web

Semi-rigid Frame End plate welded to beam all around and bolted to column.

All-welded connections are more aesthetically pleasing. They are also very expensive for fabrication.

Ching, Frances. Building Construction Illustrated, 118-9.

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STEEL FRAME with PRECAST

Pre-cast slab span

Precast concrete slabs act as one-way spanning units that are usually supported either by a concrete or steel frame units. Steel frames can also allow for an attached or suspended ceiling that makes space for mechanical services. Refer back to steel members for spans Concrete floor slab

Support options include structural site cast concrete beams and girders or strcutural steel. frame

Metal Decking

Steel Beam

Section: Concrete floor Metal Decking Steel Beam Column

Source: Ching, Francis. Building Construction Illustrated, 4th Edition. p. 112

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METAL DECKING: The most commonly used slab system is a sitecast concrete slab poured over corrugated decking. If using the deck as a structural diaphragm to transfer lateral loads to shear walls, then its perimeter should be welded to steel supports.

Concrete floor slab

Beam or steel joist

Continous bearing angle; supports deck edge. It’s usually achor bolted to a masonry wall.

Form Decking: Spans: 1’ -> 1’6 to 3’ 2” -> 5 to 12’

Permanent formwork for a reinforced concrete slab until it can support itself and its life load.

Composite Decking: Tensile reinforcement for concrete slab. Usually bolted to the beam. Spans: 1.5” -> 4 to 8’ 3” -> 8 to 15’

Source: Ching, Francis. Building Construction Illustrated, 4th Edition. p.123

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HVAC HVAC SYSTEMS RESEARCH HVAC Systems: HVAC systems provide both termal comfort and ventilation necessary for healthy and productive environments. Mechanical equipment rooms and vertical distribution shafts typicaly occupy between 3% and 10% of the floor plan area, and an even greater percentage in highrise buildings with substantial mechanical cores. Architect, at the early design phase, should consider the number, size, and location of ducts, air intake/exhaust louvres and equpment.

Major equipment spaces for large buildings: Boiler room and chimney; Chilled water plant; Cooling towers (outside of the building); Electrical service entrance, transformers, switchgear, and emergency/standby power zone; Fan rooms and outdoor air louvres; Loading dock; Single/split-packaged units.

Crossection of HVAC system (learnhvac.org)

Buildings can have multiple mechanical equipment rooms and on various floor levels. Also, one building can handle different types heating/cooling distribution systems.

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HVAC SYSTEMS RESEARCH VILUTIENE

Designing the ceiling/floor plenum space Ductwork, which is often too large and bulky to fit above or within the structural floor, is ordinarily best located above the ceiling. The ducts, which are usually 8 to 10 in. deep, run between the lighting layer and the beams and girders. There is a great economical pressure to reduce this height to a practical minimum in a tall buildings. In the average tall office building, the height of the ceiling/floor assembly is about 46in.

Ducts; (plantingacorns.com)

Source: “The Architect’s Studio Companion”, Edward Allen and Joseph Iano Hvac System Space Requirements as a Percentage of Gross Building Floor Area Gross Floor Area (ft2)

Domicile-related Occupancies

Institutional Occupancies

Assembly-based Occupancies

Laboratory Occupancies

10,000

11%

50,000100,000

10%

500,000

HVAC space requirements tend to increase with increased load density and complexity; percentage space requirements tend to decrease with increased building size. Derived from Architect’s Studio Companion.

147 HVAC

SYSTEMS RESEARCH VILUTIENE

HVAC SYSTEMS RESEARCH VILUTIENE

148

149 HVAC

SYSTEMS RESEARCH VILUTIENE

Source: “The Architect’s Studio Companion”, Edward Allen and Joseph Iano

HVAC SYSTEMS RESEARCH VILUTIENE

150

151

HVAC SYSTEMS RESEARCH VILUTIENE

Outdoor air requirements for ventilation Application

Estimated Max* Occupancy P/1000 ft² or 100 m²

cfm/person

cfm/ft²

Comments

Retail stores, Sales Floors, and Show Room Floors Basement and street 30 0.30 Upper floors 20 0.20 Storage rooms 15 0.15 Dressing rooms 0.20 Malls and arcades 20 0.20 Shipping and receiving 10 0.15 Warehouse 5 0.05 Smoking lounge 70 60 Normal supplied by transfer air, local mechanical exhaust; exhaust with no recirculation recommended. Specialty Shops Barber 25 15 Beauty 25 25 Reducing salons 20 15 Ventilation to optimize plant growth may dictate requirements. Florists 8 15 Clothiers, furniture Hardware, drugs, fabric 8 15 Supermarkets 8 15 Pet shops 1.00 Sports and Amusement Spectator areas 150 15 When internal combustion engines are operated Game rooms 70 25 for maintenance of playing surfaces, increased Ice arenas (playing areas) 0.50 ventilation rates may be required. Swimming pools (pool and deck area) Higher values may be required for humidity Playing floors (gymnasium) 30 20 control. Ballrooms and discos 100 25 Bowling alleys (seating areas) Theaters 70 25

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HVAC SYSTEMS RESEARCH VILUTIENE Ticket booths 60 20 eliminate Lobbies 150 20 mists, etc.) Auditorium 150 15 Stages, studios 70 15

Special ventilation will be needed to special stage effects (e.g., dry ice vapors,

Transportation Waiting rooms 100 15 Ventilation within vehicles may require special considerations. Platforms 100 15 Vehicles 150 15 Workrooms Meat processing 10 15 Photo studios 10 15 Installed equipment must incorporate positive exhaust Darkrooms 10 0.50 Pharmacy 20 15 Bank vaults 5 15 Duplicating, printing 0.50 Education Classroom 50 15 Laboratories 30 20 Special contaminant control systems may be required for processes Training shop 30 20 Music rooms 50 15 Libraries 20 15 Locker rooms 0.50 Corridors 0.10 Auditoriums 150 15 Normally supplied by transfer air.

SITE RESEARCH SUSTAINABILITY

Relative Humidity

100% 80%

60%

Psychrometric Chart:

This psychrometric chart shows the the average temperatures and air-moisture content of Chicago. The comfort zone that buildings should try to stay in is 70-75째F. When outdoor temperatures drop below 32째F, air needs to be heated inside the building.

.028

.004

.020 Winter Comfort Range

.016

.012

.008 Building Balance Point Temperature

.004

Dry Bulb Temperature, 째F

100

110

Humidity Ratio

Summer Comfort Range

SITE RESEARCH: SUSTAINABILITY PUFFER, LARA

153

Sustainability Plan for Elgin

Since 2010, the city of Elgin has created a plan to implement sustainable strategies.

Sustainability Plan Alternative Energy

Evaluating opportunities to supplement the city of Elginâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s traditional electrical supply sources with renewable power.

Economic Development

Considering economic and demographic trends, forecast employment and opportunities for job growth; and projected residential, retail, and office development to support a more vibrant city.

Green Building Technology

Exploring green building technologies, discussing opportunities for reducing energy consumption and replacing carbon-based energy with renewable sources - in particular, energy efficiency opportunities within existing buildings.

Green Infrastructure

Discussing opportunities for recreation while protecting and restoring sensitive habitats, expanding native planting and wildlife corridors, as well as improving the overall livability of the city of Elgin.

Healthy Living and Community Education

Focusing on collaborative efforts to reach all interested stakeholders and fostering excitement and knowledge about sustainable efforts, programs and healthy lifestyles.

Recycling and Waste Management

Exploring and educating the community-at-large about a variety of alternative recycling and reuse options, proper household hazardous waste disposal, and finding new uses for recycled items - ultimately reducing the amount of trash being sent to a landfill.

Transportation and Mobility

Focusing on sustainable transportation networks and resources; amenities for pedestrians and bicyclists; a strong connection between land use, transit, and nontransit modes of transportation; low-emission vehicles; and car sharing.

Urban Design

Considering development patterns over time in Elgin and elsewhere, the interconnected nature of planning and development, and opportunities to encourage future development in Elgin.

Water Resources

Studying, educating and recommending to stakeholders a range of sustainable strategies for the management of potable water, storm water, and wastewater.

Information from the City of Elgin website

154 SITE

RESEARCH: SOLAR PUFFER, LARA

December 31, 11:00 am

December 31, 9:30 am

Sun Shadows: These images show the shadows

cast from surrounding buildings and how they will affect the site. At 11:00 am, the shadow is 150 ft into the site. Winter months are the only times when the shadow from the tower could become a problem.

December 31, 1:00 pm

155

SITE RESEARCH: SOLAR PUFFER, LARA Orientation Orientation is an important variable affecting energy performance in a building. Building orientation will have impacts on the building’s heating, cooling, and lighting, as well as relating it to the natural environment in terms of access to daylight, ventilation and views.

This sun path diagram of Chicago illustrates how the path of the sun changes throughout a year. The angle of the sun is much higher in the summer months and lower in the winter.

According to the chart, in December, the sun will be at an angle of 27° from the horizon. In June, the sun will be at a 72° angle from the horizon. The sun moves along with the celestial sphere on any given day, but follows different circles at different times of the year: most northerly at the June solstice and most southerly at the December solstice.

At the equinoxes, the sun’s path follows the celestial equator. The below diagrams are for a 12:00pm situation.

72°

27°

Sun angle on East - West lots.

72°

27°

Sun angle on Noorth - South lots.

156 SITE

RESEARCH: SOLAR PUFFER, LARA

Window area Window area or window-to-wall ratio (WWR) is an important variable affecting energy performance in a building. The window-to-wall ratio is the measure of the percentage area determined by dividing the buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s total glazed area by its exterior envelope wall area. This image shows the comparative results of 5 scenarios for a south-oriented office zone in Chicago. The results illustrate that using a large window with high performance glass has energy performance that is better or equal to a small window with poor performing glass.

From http://www.commercialwindows.org/

SITE RESEARCH: CLIMATE DATA PUFFER, LARA Wind Rose

January

March

February

April

157

158

SITE RESEARCH: CLIMATE DATA PUFFER, LARA

May

July

June

August

SITE RESEARCH: CLIMATE DATA PUFFER, LARA

September

November

October

December

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160 SITE

RESEARCH: CLIMATE DATA PUFFER, LARA

Temperature Data 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 -10

Jan

Feb

Recorded HighAverage HighMeanAverage LowRecorded LowComfort Zone Summer Winter

(50% Relative Huminity)

Mar

Apr

May

Recorded: Direct Normal Global Horizontal

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

161

SITE RESEARCH: CLIMATE DATA PUFFER, LARA Illumination Range 11000 10000 9000 8000 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0

Jan

Feb

Recorded HighAverage HighMeanAverage LowRecorded Low-

Mar

Apr

May

Recorded: Direct Normal Global Horizontal (foot candles)

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sept

Oct

Nov

Dec

162 SITE

RESEARCH: CLIMATE DATA PUFFER, LARA

Sky Cover Range 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%

Jan

Feb

Mar

Total Cloud Cover- 100% Recorded HighAverage HighMeanAverage LowRecorded LowClear Skies- 0

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

163

SITE RESEARCH: CLIMATE DATA PUFFER, LARA Wind Velocity Range 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

Jan

Feb

Recorded HighAverage HighMeanAverage LowRecorded Low(mph)

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

164 SITE

RESEARCH: ACCESSIBILITY PUFFER, LARA

Road Direction

Doors

(with bus stops =

)

These two diagrams show the road direction and number of doors in the surrounding area of our site. Both of these aspects of the site could affect design desicions.

550

S State St

SITE RESEARCH: ACCESSIBILITY PUFFER, LARA

165

Pace Bus

Elgin T.C.

The Pace Bus is the main means of transportaion other than by a personal vehicle. The Pace Bus can go as far at Woodfield in Schamburg. The Pace Bus schedule can be found at http://www.pacebus.com/sub/schedules/search_results. asp?TYPE=community&KEYWORD=Elgin&SHOW_ALL=Y

166 SITE

RESEARCH: DEMOGRAPHICS PUFFER, LARA

Demographic Facts People QuickFacts Population, 2010 Persons under 5 years, percent, 2010 Persons under 18 years, percent, 2010 Persons 65 years and over, percent, 2010 Female persons, percent, 2010 White alone, percent, 2010 (a) Black or African American alone, percent, 2010 (a) American Indian and Alaska Native alone, percent, 2010 (a) Asian alone, percent, 2010 (a) Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander alone, percent, 2010 (a) Two or More Races, percent, 2010 Hispanic or Latino, percent, 2010 (b) White alone, not Hispanic or Latino, percent, 2010 Foreign born persons, percent, 2008-2012 Language other than English spoken at home, pct age 5+, 2008-2012 Bachelor's degree or higher, percent of persons age 25+, 2008-2012 Mean travel time to work (minutes), workers age 16+, 2008-2012 Housing units, 2010 Homeownership rate, 2008-2012 Housing units in multi-unit structures, percent, 2008-2012 Median value of owner-occupied housing units, 2008-2012 Persons per household, 2008-2012 Per capita money income in past 12 months (2012 dollars), 2008-2012

Green Spaces In this Diagram Major Green are represented by the color green . It is important to be observe that in the macro scale the city of Elgin doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t have many major Green Spaces. A sustainable approach, with green spaces could bring a more pleasant aesthetic to this area.

Elgin 108,188 8.8% 28.5% 8.6% 50.2% 65.9% 7.4% 1.4% 5.4% Z 3.6% 43.6% 42.6% 26.2% 46.5% 23.6% 28.3 37,848 70.8% 27.2% $190,700 3.05 $23,601

Illinois 12,830,632 6.5% 24.4% 12.5% 51.0% 71.5% 14.5% 0.3% 4.6% 0.0% 2.3% 15.8% 63.7% 13.8% 22.2% 31.1% 28.1 5,296,715 68.0% 32.9% $190,800 2.62 $29,519

167

SITE RESEARCH: ACCESSIBILITY PUFFER, LARA

Commercial State Farm Elgin Art Showcase Mhn PR & Marketing Elgin Art Showcase Millenium Investors Attorney’s Office La Quebrada La Puesta del Sol Keeny’s Sporting Goods Villa Verone Ristorante Italiano Pastigel Bakery Bella’s Fashions Cat Custom Guitars Razor’s Edge Salon Camic Johnson Parga Attorney’s at Law

PNC Bank Fifth Third Bank Andersen’s Artistic Framing Supplies Elgin superprint Primerica Attorney’s Office Associated Bank Raven Heart Coffee Bella’s Fashions Robert M Mikulski & Co Accountant Shanghai Restaurant Central Barbershop Chase Bank Fadez Bladez Hairsalon Mortgage Service

Charles Fast Foods Hair Salon Goverment Elgin Police Department Center City Place City of Elgin United States Post Office Civic Center Plaza The Henmens Cultural Plaza Illinois Apellate Court Second District Elgin Tower Building Residential Highland Lofts

168 SITE

RESEARCH: MODEL CLARK, P. MOORE, OBERHEIM, SOEHREN,

MODEL

Process

1. Scale selection 2. 3. 4. 5.

-Large enough to understand Boundries of model Google Earth > CAD -Site plan -Elevations CAD > Laser Cutter -Templates Assemble

Materials Base Buildings Streets

1 @ 1/2 “ x 4’ x 8’ MDF (1/2”) $23.98 4 @ 1/2” x 2” x 3’ RED OAK $11.48 4 @ 1/16” x 12” x 36” BASSWOOD $12.00 1 @ .093” x 18” x 24” ACRYLIC $9.78 1 @ 24” x 36” MATTE BOARD_WHT $5.59 2 @ 24” x 36” MATTE BOARD_ GRY

$11.18

+ + + + =

$ 73.91

SITE RESEARCH: MODEL CLARK, P. MOORE, OBERHEIM, SOEHREN,

White Matte

Building Footprints

Street View

Street View > CAD

Grey Matte

Basswood

169

170 SITE

RESEARCH: MODEL CLARK, P. MOORE, OBERHEIM, SOEHREN,

SITE RESEARCH: MODEL CLARK, P. MOORE, OBERHEIM, SOEHREN,

171