Resolution Booklet - Braga 2016 by Joana Gordinho

RESOLUTION BOOKLET BRAGA 2016 | EURO-IBERO-AMERICAN YOUTH FORUM

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 Programme 2 Procedure 4

Committee on Organised Crime

Committee on Urban Development

Committee on Taxation and Customs

Committee on Public Health

Committee on Gender Equality

Committee on Energy and Technology

Committee on Employment and Training

Committee on International Trade

Committee on Civil Liberties

PROGRAMME FRIDAY, AUGUST 26TH, 2016 09:30–10:15 General Assembly Procedure 10:15–13:15 General Assembly Preparation 13:15–14:15 Lunch-break 14:15–14:30 Settling in 14:30–14:45 Opening of the General Assembly 14:45–15:50 Committee on Organised Crime 15:50–16:55 Committee on Urban Development 16:55–17:20 Coffee-break 17:20–17:25 Settling in 17:25–18:30 Committee on Taxation and Customs 18:30–19:30 Committee on Public Health

SATURDAY, AUGUST 27TH, 2016 09:00–10:20 General Assembly Preparation 10:20–10:50 Coffee-break 10:50–11:00 Reopening of the General Assembly 11:00–12:05 Committee on Gender Equality 12:05–13:10 Committee on Energy and Technology 13:10–14:10 Lunch-break 14:10–14:20 Settling in 14:20–15:25 Committee on Employment and Training 15:25–16:30 Committee on International Trade 16:30–17:35 Committee on Civil Liberties 17:35–17:50 Coffee-break 17:50–18:00 Settling in– 18:00–19:00 Closing Ceremony

PROCEDURE GENERAL RULES The wish to speak is indicated by raising the Committee placard. The authority of the Board is absolute.

PROCEDURE AND TIME SETTINGS 0. Topic-related video-clip. 1. Presentation of the Motion for a Resolution: a) the Board member chairing the Debate reads out the topic and introduces any Friendly Amendments – these amendments are automatically accepted and become part of the Motion for a Resolution; b) the Board member then introduces any Unfriendly Amendments – these amendments are defended, refuted, debated and voted on as follows: i. a member of the Committee/group of Delegates proposing the Unfriendly Amendment makes a Defence Speech (from the floor; maximum duration: 1 minute), ii. a member of the Committee proposing the Resolution refutes the amendment (from the floor; maximum duration: 1 minute), iii. Open Debate on the amendment (maximum duration: 3 minutes), iv. voting on the amendment (by show of hands) – if accepted, the amendment becomes part of the Motion for a Resolution; c) a member of the Proposing Committee reads out the Operative Clauses (from the stand; no time limit); 2. Points of Information (asked for by any Committees and answered to by the Proposing Committee). 3. Defence Speech (from the stand; maximum duration: 3 minutes). 4. Attack Speeches (from the stand; maximum duration: 2 minutes each). 5. Open Debate on the Motion for a Resolution (minimum duration: 40 minutes). a) First point of Open Debate made by the

Proposing Committee, in response to the Attack Speech/es (one speaker; from the floor; maximum duration: 1.5 minutes). b) There will be a maximum of six rounds of debate; each will be answered by either one or two members of the Proposing Committee. 6. Summation Speech (one or two speakers; from the stand; maximum duration: 3 minutes). 7. Voting on the Motion for a Resolution (Chairpersons collect votes). 8. Announcement of the voting results.

FRIENDLY AMENDMENTS Put forward by the Proposing Committee, these are last-minute modifications aiming at improving the Resolution. Amendments are to be handed to the Board on a specific form (distributed to the Chairpersons) two Resolutions in advance – or as early as possible for the first Debate of the day.

UNFRIENDLY AMENDMENTS Put forward by one or more Committees or by a group of no less than four Delegates from Committees other than that proposing, these last-minute modifications (also aiming at improving the Resolution,) are to be handed to the Board on a specific form (distributed to the Chairpersons) two Resolutions in advance – or as early as possible for the first Debate of the day.

POINTS OF INFORMATION These are requests: i) for brief explanations of the meaning of specific words or abbreviations, ii) that some context be provided with regard to references in treaties or other documents/ legislation explicitly referred to in the Resolution. Please note that translations are not Points of Information. Points of Information can, in addition to their place in the order of the General Assembly (after the reading of the Operative Clauses, before the Defence Speech), also be raised during the Debate. There will,

however, be no specific placard for these and, if used during the Debate, these points will count as one intervention.

POINTS OF PERSONAL PRIVILEGE These are requests for a Delegate to repeat a point that was inaudible. They cannot be used to ask for translations or any other clarifications.

POINTS OF ORDER These can be raised by the Chairpersonif a Delegate feels the Board have not properly followed Parliamentary procedure. Ultimately, the authority of the Board is absolute.

DIRECT RESPONSES Twice per Debate, each Committee may use the Direct Response sign. Should a Committee member raise the Committee Placard and the ‘Direct Response’ sign during the Open Debate, he/she will immediately be recognised by the Board and given the floor as soon as the point being made is concluded. A Direct Response can only be used to refer to and discuss the point made directly beforehand. If two or more Direct Responses are requested at once, the Board will decide which Committee to recognise. In this case, the second Direct Response has to refer to the Direct Response made directly before it. Priority will be given to Delegates from Committees making their first Direct Response over those making their second. In the case of Direct Responses to a point made by the Proposing Committee while answering a round of debate, the placard should be raised immediately as the point is heard, but the Delegate will only get the floor at the end of the intervention. In these cases, the point will have to be clearly identified once the Delegate begins to speak.

DEFENCE SPEECH The Defence Speech is delivered from the stand by one member of the Proposing Committee. It

is used to explain the rationale of the overall lines of the Resolution and convince the Plenary that the Resolution is worthy of being adopted. This speech can last a maximum of 3 (three) minutes.

ATTACK SPEECHES Attack Speeches are delivered from the stand by individual Delegates from a Committee other than that proposing the Resolution at hand. Furthermore, they reflect individual opinions and should only be made when the Delegate fundamentally disagrees with/opposes the overall direction of the Motion for a Resolution. In addition to pointing out the flaws of the approach taken by the Proposing Committee, the speakers should also propose alternative solutions. Attack Speeches are often concluded with an appeal to the Plenary not to adopt the Resolution in its present form. For each Debate, up to two Attack Speeches will be allowed, with each lasting no longer than 2 (two) minutes.

SUMMATION SPEECH The Summation Speech is delivered from the stand by one or two members of the Proposing Committee – in the latter case, the microphone shall be passed only once. It is used to summarise the Debate, respond to main, selected criticism and to once more explain why the chosen approach is the most sensible. It typically concludes with an appeal to vote in favour of the Resolution. This speech can last a maximum of 3 (three) minutes.

VOTING PROCEDURE Each Delegate is allowed one vote (in favour, against or abstaining) per Resolution. Being individual, the votes are still collected within Committees by the respective Chairperson, who will input them into the GA Statistics platform. The results will be compiled automatically and immediately announced by the Board.

MOTION FOR A RESOLUTION BY THE COMMITTEE ON ORGANISED CRIME War on drugs: is brute force the way? Considering the collateral damage of a mostly militarised intervention in the area, how can the EU and the CELAC further cooperate within and beyond the framework of the COPOLAD II to better respond to safety concerns and socio-economic factors, and more accurately target the roots and consequences of international drug trafficking? Submitted by: Anna Fonts Picas (ES), Belén Blanco (ES), Francisco Branquinho (PT), Jefte Filho (BR), Maria João Carneiro (PT), Renata de Carvalho (BR), Sebastian Ritter (DE), Serena Tavares Firmino (UK), Viktoriya Hristova (BG), Siebe Geerts (Chairperson, BE)

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The Euro-Ibero-American Youth Forum,

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A. Acknowledging that the ‘war on drugs’ has not accomplished a reduction in drug demand and supply but has rather led to unintended consequences such as human collateral damage, increased violence rates and a shift in established drug-trafficking routes,

B. Convinced that decades of militarised law enforcement have created a hostile environment for inhabitants of drug-affected areas, which has made local populations reluctant to collaborate with police forces, C. Concerned that attempts to eliminate drug plantations through aerial fumigation and the deployment of chemicals have led to deforestation and damaged local agriculture, D. Realising that a unified EU–CELAC approach is required to respond to the specific needs of the Member States, something that is rendered particularly difficult, especially due to the political and social differences amongst them, E. Fully convinced that drug trade has reached a larger scale due to its close ties with other criminal domains, including terrorism, F. Conscious that drug restrictions have allowed the emergence of an illicit drug market currently generating upwards of €24 billion per year in the European Union (EU) alone, providing a strong incentive for employment in the drug trade, G. Aware that the aforementioned restrictions have led to the presence of low-quality drugs in the black market which pose added health risks for drug consumers, H. Alarmed by the fact that drug cartels have gained social, political and economic influence in fragile

________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ regions where national governments fail to support their citizens, namely by providing a social welfare system and sufficient employment opportunities,

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I. Believing that effective enforcement of national drug policies is hindered by political and judicial corruption amongst government officials,

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J. Emphasising the fact that local police forces often do not possess the military means and funds required to decrease the influence of drug cartels equipped with more advanced weaponry, K. Observing that most national legislations treat drug addiction as a crime rather than an illness, which may lead to the marginalisation of the consumer and their exclusion from society, L. Taking into account that the globalisation of the drug market has created opportunities for drug traffickers to remain anonymous through: i. the emergence of the dark web as a tool for online drug trade, ii. the rise of alternative trafficking routes in the Balkans and Africa, iii. offshore banking systems, M. Affirming that Africa has become an important transit zone for drug trafficking, thus forming a trade triangle with Europe and Latin America, N. Noting with regret that Europe has moved from being a mainly consuming region to a key producer of amphetamines and New Psychoactive Substances (NPSs);

1. Strongly supports a decriminalising approach toward drugs, following the example of Portugal, by:

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a. decriminalising small amounts of drug possession,

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b. differentiating between drug consumption and drug trafficking,

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c. increasing the accessibility of rehabilitation programmes and improving their quality,

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d. providing post-treatment monitoring of the rehabilitation of drug consumers;

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2. Encourages peaceful cooperation between police officers and local populations in drug affected areas through increased dialogue and community policing; 3. Urges the Member States of the EU and the CELAC to consider more sustainable ways of eliminating the cultivation of illicit drug crops, such as their replacement by legal crops;

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4. Suggests that programmes such as the EU Development Cooperation Instrument and EUROsocial and future ones better explore the nature of Latin American societies in order to provide more efficient responses to their specific needs; 5. Congratulates the efforts of Interpol and the Paris Pact Initiative in tackling trans-border drug trafficking, respectively by: a. exchanging and providing data and coordinating cross-border operations, b. strengthening links between anti-drug actors; 6. Supports the legalisation of ‘soft’ drugs with a view to:

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a. regulate the soft drug market,

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b. introduce drug quality standards,

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c. remove drug consumers from the illegal circuit;

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7. Welcomes initiatives such as ‘Energy Control’ that strive toward the supervision of the quality and composition of drugs in addition to the provision of self-drug testing kits such as ‘dance safe’; 8. Recommends the establishment of vocational programmes for unemployed citizens in order to facilitate their access to the labour market and decrease their dependence on illicit activities;

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9. Endorses the provision of stable salaries for public officials and law enforcement agencies in order to make them less vulnerable to bribery;

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10. Invites national legislators to consider drug addiction as an illness and treat it accordingly;

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11. Considers appropriate action against cryptomarkets for drug trafficking through:

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a. the introduction of cyber crime units,

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b. cooperation and knowledge exchange between hackers;

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12. Calls upon the EU–CELAC Coordination and Cooperation Mechanism on Drugs to improve the efficiency of COPOLAD II through closer collaboration with African countries in order to exchange information on local drug trends and the nature of drug trade between the EU, the CELAC and Africa; 13. Congratulates the efforts of the European Monitoring Centre on Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) in exchanging knowledge in light of the emerging European amphetamine and NPS markets, in order to facilitate the readaptation of national drug policies.

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INFORMATION SHEET Dark Web: the so-called â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;dark webâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; is the deepest part of the Internet/World Wide Web. It can only be accessed with specific software which makes its content invisible to standard search engines. In recent years, the dark web has emerged as an online marketplace for drugs. Crypto markets are domains within the dark web where drugs could be purchased or sold by making use of crypto coins or bitcoins. New Psychoactive Substances (NPSs) are a range of drugs that have been designed to mimic established illicit drugs, such as cannabis, cocaine, ecstasy and LSD. In 2001, Portugal decriminalised all drugs. This means that drugs are still illegal but that getting caught with a small amount will only result in a small fine and a possible rehabilitation programme. The EU Development Cooperation Instrument has the prime objective of reducing poverty. It fosters, amongst other things, sustainable economic, social and environmental development. EUROsociAL is a programme of the European Commission for cooperation between Europe and Latin America. Its objective is to contribute to changes in public policies that improve social cohesion through peer-to-peer learning and experience exchanges between counterpart institutions in the two regions.

Energy Control offers a drug checking service that provides users with information about the composition of drugs and advice on lower risk consumption.

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DanceSafe is a public health organisation promoting health and safety within the nightlife and electronic music community. Founded in the San Francisco Bay Area in 1998 by Emanuel Sferios, it provides self drug testing kits.

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MOTION FOR A RESOLUTION BY THE COMMITTEE ON URBAN DEVELOPMENT Smart cities: The way towards a greener and more inclusive future? With two-thirds of the world population projected to live in urban settlements by 2050, and in the follow-up of the COP21 Agreement, how can the EU and the CELAC take advantage of new technologies and cooperate in making cities more sustainable?

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Submitted by: Afonso Loureiro (PT), Andrea Montoya Giraldo (CO), Carolina Freitas (BR), Cristina Flora (IT), Laura Mendes (PT), Maria do Carmo Marrana (PT), Natalia Valencia (CO/EC), Pedro Ferreira (PT), Rui Maciel (PT), Lewin Schmitt (DE, Chairperson).

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The Euro-Ibero-American Youth Forum,

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A. Taking into account existing discrepancies between individual countries’ as well as cities’ respective needs and problems, such as gentrification in more developed cities as opposed to slums and favelas in less developed cities, B. Fully believing that citizen participation in the process of urban development projects and policies is indispensable, C. Aware of the need for adequate indicators to measure a city’s progression toward becoming a sustainable and smart city, D. Bearing in mind that over 70% of global CO2 emissions are emitted in urban areas, E. Alarmed by the fact that there is an estimated total of 160 million people living in slums in the EU and the CELAC, F. Further alarmed by the unequal resource distribution between formal and informal settlements, resulting in scarcity of supplies for basic human needs, such as access to clean water, food and sanitation, G. Regretting that social exclusion in urban settlements can be aggravated by the concentration of services and employment opportunities in the city centres, H. Observing that the provision of fast, efficient and reasonably priced transport networks is instrumental in making cities sustainable and inclusive, I. Fully aware that internet access is key for urban areas within cities to develop, and deeply concerned about the resulting, ever-growing gap between connected areas and those lagging behind,

________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ J. Having identified a global shortage of qualified design professionals and the insufficient availability of software for the development of net-zero energy buildings,

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K. Noting with regret the reluctance of private stakeholders to spread green urban technologies due to high initial costs and often longer-term return on investment,

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L. Convinced that successful urban development and regeneration cannot rely on public funding alone, M. Conscious of cases of undesirable gentrification which may result in the displacement of lower-income citizens and small businesses, thus worsening the issue of social exclusion, N. Noting with deep concern that fragmented knowledge sharing between cities results in a lack of expertise in tackling urban planning problems;

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1. Emphasises the need for holistic solutions that employ a combination of top-down and bottom-up policy designs aimed at engaging citizens in shaping the development of their cities;

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Fostering citizens participation and smart governance

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2. Encourages cities to create digital applications that allow citizens to:

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a. promote participative budgeting by engaging its citizens in consultative roles to discuss the allocation of municipal funds, b. strengthen transparency and accountability of public spending, c. inform city governmentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; decision-making processes by providing a platform for project discussion, feedback and evaluation;

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3. Endorses a more direct relation between local governments and citizens through interactive open source and open data applications, which inform citizens about local policies and provide municipal services;

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4. Sustainable and socially inclusive urban development;

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5. Urges urban development planners to maximise the usage of existing brownfield land for further construction instead of destroying existing greenfield land; 6. Draws attention to policies designed to stimulate â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;greenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; private investment through: a. tax benefits for the construction of energy-efficient housing and net-zero energy buildings, as well as for upgrading existing buildings,

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b. public–private partnerships and initiatives such as Agere or GreenInvest, which enable significant flows of private sector capital to complement scarce public funding and drive inclusive ‘green’ growth, particularly in emerging markets; 7. Proposes the establishment of national targets on sustainable mobility, focused on reducing individual transport, incentivising carpooling and carsharing options, and making public transport more accessible and efficient; 8. Further proposes the provision of free – or at least subsidised – public transport, potentially facilitated through public–private partnerships, to connect slum populations with other parts of the city; 9. Recommends decongestion of city centres by devising sensible policies that promote service decentralisation and mixed-use public spaces throughout the cities and suburban areas; 10. Calls for the transformation of deprived informal parts of cities into formal ones by considering them in urban planning, especially in the extension of public services and infrastructures;

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11. Urges local authorities to foster social inclusion and sustainability in urban development projects by establishing a cultural agenda encompassing the construction of public libraries, schools, theatres and museums, as well as cultural events, particularly in underprivileged neighbourhoods;

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Education

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12. Advises the cultivation of skills to anchor ‘green economy’ teachings in formal and informal education by:

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a. appealing to universities to update their architectural, urban planning and engineering course curricula to include sustainable practices, b. implementing merit-based scholarships in Master’s degrees directly related to ‘green’ subjects and fulfilling the labour market demand for ‘green’ experts; 13. Encourages an institutional partnership between stakeholders such as the United Nations University and Youth Fund for hosting international contests envisioning the creation of affordable smart solutions to urban development issues; Promoting cooperation 14. Invites the EU and the CELAC to use the Smart Sustainable Cities Indicators to adequately measure a city’s progression into smart sustainability; 15. Congratulates summits, such as the World Cities Summit (WCS), whose structural approach and working procedures, together with the inclusive approach of the European Summit of Regions and Cities, can serve as a guideline for possible EU–CELAC summits on the issue of urban development;

________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ 16. Emphasises the importance of multilateral capacity-building actions and cooperation between the EU and the CELAC in fulfilling the goals expressed in Article 11 of the Paris Agreement.

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INFORMATION SHEET Sustainable development: “Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.”

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Smart city: “A high-tech intensive and advanced city that connects people, information and city elements using new technologies in order to create a sustainable, greener city, competitive and innovative commerce…” Slums: UN-Habitat defines a slum household as a group of individuals who, living under the same roof in an urban area, lack one or more of the following: • durable housing of permanent nature; • sufficient living space; • easy access to adequate sanitation; • security of tenure that prevents forced evictions. Gentrification: The process of renewal and rebuilding accompanying the influx of middle-class or affluent people into deteriorating areas that often displaces poorer residents. Brownfields: Land or buildings in urban areas that require redevelopment efforts to be usable again. Greenfields: Areas available for development, commonly on the edges of urban areas. GreenInvest: A dialogue platform mandated by the G20 to mobilise private capital, in particular from institutional investors, for inclusive green investments in emerging markets. Smart Sustainable Cities Indicator: Designed for the United Nations Economic Council by a consortium of partners under the umbrella of the Environment Agency Austria, the 72 indicators are organised into three pillars:

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MOTION FOR A RESOLUTION BY THE COMMITTEE ON TAXATION AND CUSTOMS SwissLeaks, LuxLeaks and Panama Papers: Just the tip of the iceberg? With billions of euros in state revenue being lost to opaque offshore schemes each year, how best can the EU and the CELAC work together to streamline the exchange of fiscal data aimed at facilitating judicial cooperation and curbing tax evasion internationally?

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Submitted by: Bernardo Alves (PT), José Miguel Anjos (PT), Guilherme Maciel (PT), Karla Isunza (MX), Laura Caramel (IT), Petronela Halamova (SK), Soraia Pires (PT), Yunus Berndt (DE), Onur Can Uçarer (Chairperson, TR)

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The Euro-Ibero-American Youth Forum,

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A. Aware of the fact that tax income constitutes the largest portion of governmental revenue, allowing public investment in economic development, infrastructure, education and healthcare,

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B. Sharing the vision of economic sustainability through fair taxation amongst taxpayers and commitment to worldwide cooperation on tax transparency in financial operations, C. Alarmed that in 2014 tax evasion resulted in a loss of revenues amounting to $78 billion in Europe and $21 billion in Latin America, D. Further alarmed by the fact that the revenue lost due to tax evasion has increased in the last decade, E. Noting with deep concern that the EU–CELAC Action Plan fails to properly address the issue of tax evasion, F. Having examined the Foreign Accounts Tax Compliance Act (FATCA) as an international model of information exchange in the field of taxation, G. Welcoming the efforts by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the G20 to foster international cooperation regarding tax information exchange through establishing common standards, such as: i. the Exchange of Information on Request (EOIR), ii. the Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) Project, iii. the Common Reporting System (CRS), iv. the Automatic Exchange of Information (AEOI), H. Noting with regret that, since 2009, the work of the OECD and the G20 has failed to provide an effective international framework within which to curb tax evasion,

________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ I. Concerned by the overwhelming complexity of the BEPS project, especially with regard to the sizeable amount of personal data that taxpayers are required to share with tax authorities,

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J. Further concerned by the fact that the aforementioned complexities render the national authorities incapable of effectively using the project,

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K. Fully alarmed by tax evasion schemes used by multinational enterprises, such as transfer mispricing and the illegal use of hybrid entities, L. Acknowledging the importance of information technology to national tax authorities, which record and exchange taxpayers’ data, M. Deeply concerned by the ineffectiveness of CRS and the European Union (EU) Directive on Administrative Cooperation (DAC) due to: i. a lack of common reporting methodology and mutual electronic database, ii. the signatories’ uneven technological development, which results in insufficient and asymmetric cooperation in information sharing, N. Conscious that opposing national interests regarding tax legislations in opaque jurisdictions makes it harder to establish a common standard on information exchange,

O. Fully aware that international agreements must respect national sovereignty on tax legislation,

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P. Emphasising the importance of data security and privacy while exchanging data;

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1. Requests that the EU and the CELAC negotiate and sign a multilateral agreement, which:

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a. fosters tax transparency and tax information exchange,

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b. imposes sanctions against third countries who refuse to share tax information;

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2. Urges all the Member States of the EU and of the CELAC to be parties to the Tax Information Exchange Agreements (TIEAs) of the OECD, which adopt AEOI in accordance with the CRS;

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3. Invites all Member States of the EU and of the CELAC to take FATCA mechanisms as a model on how to levy fines against non-cooperative foreign financial institutions regarding tax matters;

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4. Calls upon all Member States of the EU and of the CELAC to eliminate hybrid entities’ mismatches between opaque and transparent domestic jurisdictions, namely by: a. exchanging information on differences between their taxation laws,

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b. cooperating to close the legal loopholes that allow hybrid mismatches;

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5. Proposes the OECD establish an international label that monitors and promotes companies complying to fair tax behaviour;

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6. Recommends the OECD establish a database for AEOI, which:

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a. adopts a common methodology of reporting to avoid discrepancies between different authorities in sharing tax information, b. includes account information from the previous five years;

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7. Calls on the OECD to endorse the EU guidelines on data protection while establishing the aforementioned AEOI database;

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8. Notes that the EU guidelines on data protection focus on:

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a. guaranteeing a maximum data retention period,

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b. ensuring transparent and fair processing of data,

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c. assessing the proportionality and necessity of data usage;

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9. Requests the OECD supports developing countries in the implementation of the AEOI database by providing technological assistance and staff training; 10. Further requests the OECD monitors transfer pricing by comparing the expenditures of multinational companies to average market prices of the goods and services.

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INFORMATION SHEET

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KEY TERMS Hybrid entities are entities that are treated as transparent in one country and non-transparent in another. These entities are being used by multinational companies under certain arrangements to exploit the loopholes of tax legislation in different states to claim tax deductions or exemptions more than once over the same contractual obligation. Transfer pricing refers to the buying and selling of goods or services between related legal entities within an enterprise. Under certain jurisdictions, these transactions are not being taxed, whereas some countries tax the transactions within an enterprise as well. According to the OECD, this concept is a major tool for tax evasion. The illegal use of it is also called as transfer mispricing.

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The European Union maintains an internal market in which the European citizens and businesses have the freedom to move and invest without any extra tariffs. Yet, the taxation remains a national competence. The heterogeneity of fiscal disciplines provides a useful tool for tax evaders to minimise their tax liabilities. The Directive on Administrative Cooperation in the field of taxation (DAC) was adopted in 2011 aiming to tackle this issue, namely by enabling better cooperation between the tax authorities of the various Member States.

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United States of America

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In 2010, the US Congress passed the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (FATCA), forcing foreign financial institutions to share the account balances of US citizens with its tax authority (the Internal Revenue Service – IRS), otherwise facing heavy fines.

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OECD

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The OECD is the leading international actor working to create a worldwide system for the exchange of taxrelated data. The Exchange of Information on Request (EOIR) mechanism provides its signatories with a communication system through which national authorities can request information about their citizens’ assets being held in another signatory country.

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The G20 and the OECD have been working together to come up with a plan to tackle tax evasion, having created the Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) project, which identified 15 actions to stop tax evasion and curb international tax avoidance. This project is based on three fundamental pillars, including one to improve transparency, as well as certainty for businesses and governments. In May 2014, under the leadership of the OECD, 47 countries agreed on a Common Reporting Standard (CRS) to share information about tax matters. This standard uses a system of automatic information exchange on citizens’ assets transferred within the states party to the agreement. Following up on that, the OECD has created a second action plan, the Automatic Exchange of Information (AEOI) standard, which will provide the countries that implement it with automated sending and receiving of previously agreed information each year, without having to issue a specific request. The AEOI is not in force yet, but is scheduled to be implemented from September 2017 onward. As of July 2016, 104 jurisdictions have pledged to adopt it.

MOTION FOR A RESOLUTION BY THE COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC HEALTH H1N1, Ebola and Zika viruses: A new wave of global epidemics? With rising criticism to the inadequate reaction of world authorities and overall lack of international coordination, how best can the EU and the CELAC cooperate to ensure more effective support to the affected regions, and greater concertation in research to mitigate the consequences of current epidemics and minimise the spread of new ones? Submitted by: Alice Fonseca (PT), Alexandra Sundmark (SE), Caterina Valenzuela (ES), Martina Sapia (AR), Mariana Benevides (BR) Adriana Modrego (ES) Marcel Graell (ES) Raúl Márquez (PT), Carolina Flores Gallo (CL), José Eduardo Feio (Chairperson, PT)

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The Euro-Ibero-American Youth Forum,

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A. Noting with deep concern the severe gaps in international cooperation on policies aiming to tackle global epidemics leading to a worldwide inadequate response,

B. Alarmed that there currently is no organised cooperation between the World Health Organization (WHO) and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) such as Doctors Without Borders to rapidly dispatch medical professionals in significant numbers to affected areas, C. Regretting that national health interests influence WHO funding thus presenting a barrier to worldwide cooperation, D. Considering the negative consequences that travel restrictions have on the willingness of medical personnel to travel to the affected regions, E. Noting with deep concern that interventions are delayed due to the lack of guidance in defining which plans of action to use in specific crises, F. Deeply convinced that the spread and consequences of global epidemics are exacerbated in developing countries due to:

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i. insufficient technical and health capacities,

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ii. underdeveloped systems of water sanitation, education, nutrition and food security,

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G. Noting with deep concern that, while all WHO Member States have approved International Health Regulations (IHR), only 30% have implemented them,

H. Alarmed by the short and long-term economic consequences in regions affected by global epidemics,

________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ I. Alarmed by recent cuts to the WHO budget, especially since 2008,

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J. Acknowledging that public misinformation caused by governments and media leads to disproportionate concerns over health crises in developed countries, especially to the detriment of developing countries,

________________________

K. Believing that the impact of foreign interventions is limited by the superficial understanding of cultural traditions and practices from the personnel on the field,

________________________

L. Concerned by the discrepancy in the number of vaccines available in developed and developing countries due to excessive stockpiling by the former,

________________________

M. Convinced that the lack of pre-approved medical protocols slows down research on global epidemics;

________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________

International cooperation

________________________

1. Urges the EU–CELAC to discuss exempting medical personnel working in emergency responses to epidemic outbreaks from travel restrictions;

________________________

2. Expresses its hope that, in the long-term, the aforementioned exemption may be adopted by other member countries of the WHO;

________________________

3. Encourages the EU–CELAC to agree on policies, such as the implementation of quotas, aimed at preventing unnecessary stockpiling of vaccines during periods of epidemic outbreak;

________________________

________________________ ________________________

4. Invites the WHO to continue working toward a more effective global distribution of vaccine supplies;

________________________

5. Strongly affirms the need to increase partnerships between the WHO and NGOs such as Doctors Without Borders to allow for the more effective deployment of medical personnel to affected areas;

________________________

6. Requests that, in the long-run, the aforementioned partnership also supports the deployment of specialists to train medical personnel on how to react to epidemics in areas of the world where health systems are particularly fragile;

________________________

7. Calls on the WHO to assemble a group of independent specialists and medical professionals to, in the cases of epidemics, be deployed together with members of the aforementioned NGOs;

________________________ _______________________ _______________________ ________________________

Plans of action

________________________

8. Calls upon the EU–CELAC to pursue the development of software designed to enable the automatic

________________________ 19

________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________

selection of an optimal plan of action that would:

________________________

a. be, based on up-to-date datasets about the occurring epidemic,

________________________

b. be revised by experts as soon as possible,

________________________

c. be proposed to WHO members in case it is proven effective in the EU–CELAC region;

9. Recommends that the EU–CELAC and the Pan-American Health Organization cooperate to create shared action plans at different levels of governance based on the characteristics that are common to countries in both blocs; Finance and budgets 10. Recommends that the WHO stops allowing its members to decide on the full allocation of the resources they provide, thus ensuring the financial freedom of the WHO to act during epidemic outbreaks; 11. Calls upon the World Bank and the WHO to provide developing countries with financial and technical support in order to ensure a more widespread and successful implementation of the IHR; 12. Welcomes the substantial financial aid distributed by the World Bank to countries in need of support following an epidemic; Information and culture

________________________

13. Recommends that the EU–CELAC encourages Member States to, wherever possible, carry out instructional public health campaigns to minimise the negligent spread of epidemics;

________________________

14. Encourages the WHO to carefully address cultural traditions in the affected areas by developing:

________________________

a. native advertising in the local media of the affected regions,

________________________

b. cultural sensitivity training for all dispatched personnel;

________________________

Research

_______________________

15. Calls upon the EU–CELAC to set up a database holding ongoing epidemics’ patient data, aiming to provide public access for all types of research organisations, subject to:

_______________________ ________________________ ________________________

a. the mandatory use of consent forms (except in emergency situations), b. future evaluation of its efficiency;

________________________

16. Supports the implementation of the EU–CELAC Common Research Area and encourages the inclusion of countries outside the EU–CELAC framework;

17. Requests that, to minimise bureaucratic delays, the EU–CELAC Joint Initiative on Research and Innovation critically analyses the Member States’ national research protocols.

________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________

INFORMATION SHEET H1N1 related deaths – As of June 2012, an estimated 284,000 deaths had been related to the H1N1 virus. Ebola cases – As of March 27 , 2016, 28,646 cases of Ebola had been reported all around the globe. th

The World Health Organization (WHO) – the WHO is an organisation under the United Nations that aims to coordinate health policies at an international level.

________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________

WHO Funding – The current budget from the WHO has two main sources. First, the United Nations, whose provided resources can be allocated by the World Health Organization. Secondly, its Member States, who define the allocation of the funds.

________________________

International Health Regulations (IHR) – IHR is a legally binding document signed by all Members of the WHO. It aims to help the international community prevent and respond to acute public health risks that have the potential to cross borders and threaten people worldwide.

________________________

Pan-American Health Organization – The Pan-American Health Organization is an international public health organisation that works to improve health and living standards in the Americas.

________________________

Travel Restrictions – Travel restrictions are sporadic bans or decreases on the travels between two countries. In the case of global epidemics, the most common travel restrictions come from countries that have not yet been infected toward countries that have. Medical Protocol – a medical protocol is a guideline provided to health workers on how to treat a condition or to proceed in a medical study.

MOTION FOR A RESOLUTION BY THE COMMITTEE ON GENDER EQUALITY Education and empowerment: The way to break the poverty trap? With girls and young women accounting for the majority of out-of-school children and illiterate adults worldwide, what measures can the EU and the CELAC implement to close the gender gap in education and help pave the way to more dignified lives and more inclusive societies? Submitted by: Ana Raquel Vieira (PT), Carolina Reis (PT), Darwin Faruth Hoyos (CO), Francisca Torres (CL), Johanna Schiffers (DE), Konstantina Simaioforidou (GR), Leslie Chavira (MX), Mariana Oliveira (PT), Tatevik Mkrtumyan (AM), Anastasiia Ianovytska (Chairperson, UA)

________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________

The Euro-Ibero-American Youth Forum, Values and goals guiding the Motion for a Resolution

________________________

A. Aiming to help achieve the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals 4 and 5 by promoting an inclusive society through education with no gender biases at all levels,

________________________

B. Seeking to remove the systemic barriers that exist in education for both men and women,

________________________

C. Wishing to achieve respect for the rights, freedoms and guarantees of education regardless of sex or gender,

D. Recognising that gender is a social construct that has a strong influence on life choices, experiences and opportunities for both men and women, E. Believing that empowerment holds the key to equal opportunities for the development and strengthening each individualâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s capabilities, as well as alleviating gender inequalities, Negative Consequences of the lack of proper education F. Realising that the lack of proper education leads to: i. a significant decrease of possibilities to access and accumulate capital, thus limiting the opportunities of escaping poverty and locking individuals in a vicious circle for generations, ii. an increase in the rates of domestic violence, teenage pregnancy, early marriage and early entry into the labour market, becoming the main reason for school dropouts, thus feeding the poverty trap,

________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ Benefits of educating women

________________________

G. Emphasising the many benefits of educating women, ultimately leading to breaking the poverty trap, namely:

________________________

i. the possibility of increasing a young womanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s income by 15â&#x20AC;&#x201C;25% for every extra year that she stays in secondary school,

________________________

ii. increasing the GDP per capita by an average of 35% for each additional year of education, iii. decreasing the chances of early marriage by six times when the woman completes secondary education,

________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________

iv. improving healthcare provision to family and children, including prevention of avoidable diseases,

________________________

v. raising the chances of a child to live past the age of five by 50% if the mother can read,

________________________

Systemic barriers to accessing and completing education

________________________

H. Fully aware that regional discrepancies between countries with regard to gender parity in education at the expense of both boys and girls are based on social, economic and cultural country profiles,

________________________

I. Having identified poverty and low socioeconomic status as one of the main systemic barriers to access and complete education for boys and girls, leading to: i. increased school dropout rates, with boys often entering the labour market at an early age and girls staying at home to take care of domestic needs,

________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________

ii. poor health and nutrition,

________________________

iii. inability to sustain the high actual and opportunity costs of schooling,

________________________

J. Having further identified the following general systemic barriers to education: i. i nsufficient material supply of schools, lack of adequate sanitary facilities for girls and long distances to schools, particularly in rural areas, ii. unsafe conditions related to high crime rates in communities, gender-based violence at school and on the way to school, iii. belonging to vulnerable groups, such as ethnic, religious, racial and sexual minorities, as well as persons with special needs, K. Recognising the following gender-specific barriers to education: i. traditional gender norms and family structures, which put emphasis on the family caretaker role of the girl and breadwinner role of the boy,

________________________ ________________________ _______________________ _______________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ 23

________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________

ii. prioritisation of boys over girls in education placement, especially in families with several children,

________________________

iii. early marriage and teenage pregnancies, which are amplified by the lack of incentives and support from educational establishments for young mothers to resume education after giving birth,

________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________

iv. lack of gender parity amongst teaching staff and, consequently, lack of positive role models of different sexes for school students, v. lack of gender mainstreaming and gender sensitivity in school curricula, vi. lack of political will to implement gender parity, Horizontal and vertical gender segregation L. Fully aware that horizontal gender segregation is a phenomenon that exists throughout the education process and is characterised by and leads to:

________________________

i. societal and cultural attitudes, prejudices and norms related to gender,

________________________

ii. different rates of participation of men and women in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM), and humanitarian subjects,

iii. inequitable access to the labour market, where feminised occupations tend to have less prestige, earn lower wages and have fewer career opportunities than men-dominated occupations, M. Deeply concerned that the persistent wage gap between women and men causes a lower socioeconomic status of women leading to, e.g., a man in Germany earning 22% more than a woman for the same job, N. Taking into consideration that only 32.9% of the leadership positions in the EU private and public sectors are occupied by women, which contributes to the phenomenon of vertical segregation, O. Expressing its appreciation for affirmative action toward women, including the creation of quotas for women in the national parliaments of certain countries, P. Noting with concern the perception of such quotas as superficial solutions to tackle the underrepresentation of women in decision-making bodies, and as one that does not remove the systemic barriers to gender inequity, Q. Fully conscious that low representation of women in legislative bodies undermines fair representation of needs, interests and ideas of half of the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s population in decision-making processes;

________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ Mentorship and peer-to-peer programmes

________________________

1. Designates the EU and CELAC national governments to establish mentorship and peer-to-peer programmes for children and young adults in educational establishments of all levels, aimed at empowering young people, which shall include:

________________________

a. the promotion of positive leadership roles from successful young men and women who challenge traditional gender roles, b. psychological support and training for victims and aggressors of gender-based violence,

________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________

c. raising awareness and understanding of rights and opportunities for children and young adults;

________________________

2. Requests that the EU and CELAC national Education Ministries include mandatory sexual education classes in national school curricula, tailored to the needs and challenges of particular communities, which shall include general information related to sexual health, planned parenthood, contraception methods and free distribution of high quality condoms;

________________________

3. Suggests the promotion of existing online platforms on women empowerment and gender issues, such as that of Maria Capaz in Portugal, and the establishment of new support platforms in consultation with the civil society and experts on the national and regional levels;

________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________

Gender mainstreaming

________________________

4. Requests that the national governments establish ministries or executive bodies responsible for gender equality, such as the Ministry for Women and Gender Equality in Chile or the General Secretariat for Gender Equality in Greece;

________________________

5. Further requests that gender mainstreaming be implemented by national governments across all policy areas; 6. Calls upon the EU and CELAC Ministries on Social Affairs or other relevant national bodies to develop social advertising that promotes equal distribution of duties between men and women in families, such as domestic chores, taking care of family members and contributing to the family budget; 7. Calls for national Ministries of Education to incorporate gender mainstreaming in education through: a. the implementation of a reform of teachersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; training to include gender sensitising components in coordination with education establishments, national expert non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and intergovernmental organisations (IGOs), such as UNESCO and the Ibero-American Organisation for Education, Science and Culture (OEI), b. the removal of gender-typed practices and images from textbooks in schools;

________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ _______________________ _______________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________

8. Encourages the local governments and communities in both the EU and the CELAC to establish pilot projects of gender-neutral kindergartens based on successful practices in Sweden and Finland, and to designate local think tanks and community councils to monitor and evaluate their efficiency and effectiveness; 9. Invites regional and local NGOs in the EU and the CELAC to inform parents and communities about gendertyped content to engage them in actively monitoring the implementation of gender mainstreaming in the classrooms and allow for accountability; 10. Requests that national executive bodies responsible for gender equality and national Ministries of Economy cooperate in sensitising large companies about the negative consequences of gender stereotyping in advertisements and media products through National and International Chambers of Commerce and Summits of Chief Executive Officers (CEOs); 11. Requires that national bodies responsible for statistics in Ibero-American States ensure the maintenance of a comprehensive and regularly updated system of gender parity data across all sectors and areas in education and employment, which would act as a driving force for gender mainstreaming across all public sectors; Alleviating the systemic barriers to gender inequality in education 12. Requests that the Ministries of Education and Infrastructure of the EU and the CELAC provide affordable and, in certain cases, free-of-charge public transport to schools in rural communities and communities with high crime rates; 13. Further requests that the aforementioned Ministries, in cooperation with UNESCO, volunteer organisations and NGOs, establish programmes to prepare and support visiting teachers who will be allocated to isolated communities; 14. Further invites local communities and councils in those areas to put forward initiatives of carpooling for students; 15. Calls for the establishment of national and regional partnerships between higher educational establishments and private sector companies in STEM areas, aiming to provide scholarships for women who wish to complete studies in these subjects; 16. Calls upon national Education, Gender Equality and Health Ministries or relevant executive bodies to encourage young mothers to continue and complete their education by: a. facilitating the availability of flexible school schedules for young mothers,

________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ b. creating pre-school facilities at schools in communities with high teenage pregnancy rates, to be used also for the placement of teachersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; children and improving social cohesion of communities;

________________________

17. Requests National Education Ministries of the EU and the CELAC to, in cooperation with the IberoAmerican Youth Organisation (OIJ), establish or further expand work and study programmes, with a particular focus on:

________________________

a. providing accessible evening school programmes for working adults, b. creating part-time job placements for students to work at educational establishments in return for alleviating education fees where they exist; 18. Further requests that the EU and the CELAC national Ministries of Labour and Employment, in coordination with the International Labour Organisation (ILO) and the OIJ, implement the mandatory coding of curricula vitae of job applicants to limit the possibilities of initial prejudice based on identity characteristics of the applicants, including gender and ethnicity.

________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ _______________________ _______________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ 27

________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________

INFORMATION SHEET

DEFINITIONS Sustainable Development Goal 4: “Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all.” Sustainable Development Goal 5: “Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls.” Gender mainstreaming: “A globally accepted strategy for promoting gender equality,” which “involves ensuring that gender perspectives and attention to the goal of gender equality are central to all activities – policy development, research, advocacy/dialogue, legislation, resource allocation, and planning, implementation and monitoring of programmes and projects.”1

GLOBAL AND REGIONAL STATISTICS

________________________

As of 2016, 31 million girls of primary school age are excluded from learning. Almost 32% of 187 countries have at least 15% of teenage girls out of school. In addition, another 32% of the countries have an out-of-school rate of less than 5%. In Europe, Italy, Norway and Sweden have dropout rates of 1 to 5%. In Latin America, Chile, Ecuador, Paraguay, Uruguay and Venezuela have a dropout rate of 15 to 20%, while those of Bolivia, Colombia and Peru are between 1 and 5%. Female enrolment ratio in secondary education has improved in Latin America, raising from 27% in 1970 to 93% in 2009. Between the end of 1980 and 1990, most countries in the region experienced a favourable context for education improvement. Economic growth, global development, reduction of poverty rates and demographic change in most countries allowed the expansion of education in all stages, despite high inequity rates and poverty. Amongst the 187 countries with data on enrolment ratios, 43% have an enrolment rate of less than 80%; 27% have rates of 98% or more, which approaches universal secondary enrolment (UNESCO, World Atlas of Gender and Education, 2012).

_______________________

Gender representation in STEM subjects

_______________________

Only 14% of young women who enter university in countries of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) chose STEM subjects in 2012. In Greece and Germany, 80% of graduates in humanitarian studies are women, while in STEM they constitute only 37.8%. In Chile, 76% of STEM students are men, while the majority of women are divided amongst healthcare (73%), education(66%) and social sciences (64%).

________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________

________________________ ________________________ ________________________ 28

1. Source: UN Women

________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ As of June 1st, 2016, Bolivian and Cuban women constituted 53.1% and 48.9% of their respective parliaments, with 2nd and 3rd places worldwide. WIth only 9.9%, Brazil is ranked 153rd in the world.

________________________

Statistics on early pregnancies

________________________

The proportion of births taking place during adolescence in Latin America and the Caribbean is at 18%. In Nicaragua, for example, 17% of adolescent girls gave birth at the age of 13 and 14. In England, 70% of young mothers are not in education.

________________________

STUDIES AND BEST PRACTICES

________________________

________________________ ________________________ ________________________

Relationship between traditional gender roles and school attainment

________________________

Research done in 14 schools in England and Wales has shown that girls who see themselves following traditional gender roles and supporting them are likely to be low achievers (academically) and to leave school at the end of year 11. Conversely, girls who are high achievers and who stay in school are more likely to show rejection toward traditional gender roles, both individually and for society as a whole.

________________________

Similar performance of boys and girls in international exams (PISA)

________________________

Shanghai and Hong Kong (China) have been amongst the top performing countries in PISA 2009 and 2012. In the latter, results showed no significant differences between girls and boys in mathematics, and boys did not underperform in reading compared to girls. The Shanghai school system began a process of reform in 1985, attempting to abandon exam-based education and increase the quality of education. Students were encouraged to independently explore research topics, with a focus on ‘learning to learn’ rather than memorising information. In addition, top performing schools were assigned a weak school, whose results they helped improve through assistance and orientation. Shanghai was the first city in China to achieve universal primary and junior school attendance. Hong Kong also experienced a reform in education (2001/02) that encouraged independent learning by building on children’s strengths and experiences.

2. Source: J. M. Whitehead (1994). Academically successful schoolgirls: a case of sex-role transcendence. Research Papers in Education, 9(1), 53-80.

________________________

3. Asia Society (2016). Shanghai: The best school system. 4. Gov HK. Hong Kong: The Facts

MOTION FOR A RESOLUTION BY THE COMMITTEE ON ENERGY AND TECHNOLOGY Renewable energy: Too expensive to market? Following the COP21 Agreement, and considering the difficulty to secure private investment for renewable energy technologies at early-stage commercial readiness, how can the EU and the CELAC work together to foster the market uptake of such technologies, especially those in later-stage readiness levels? Submitted by: Ana Isabel Maia (PT), Catarina Gomez (PT), José Pedro Rompante (PT), Jully Nakao (BR) Laura Teixeira (PT), Ludovico Avellino (IT), Rebeca Leal (PT), Raphael Bek (Chairperson, AT)

The Euro-Ibero-American Youth Forum,

________________________

A. Basing itself on Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 7 (“Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all”) and SDG 9 (“Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation”),

________________________

B. Alarmed by the fact that CO2 emissions are predicted to peak in 2026,

________________________

C. Deeply concerned by the global decrease in the price of fossil fuels in 2015,

________________________

D. Taking note of the fact that the EU imported €400 billion of energy (mostly fossil fuels) in 2011, while many Member States of the CELAC are net exporters,

________________________

E. Alarmed by the fact that, even though pollution reductions may be beneficial for societies in the long run, governments are only willing to reduce pollution if the short term net benefit of decline is positive from a national perspective, F. Fully alarmed by the fact that, in 2011, subsidies for renewable energy technologies represented only a sixth of the financial support given to fossil fuels, G. Bearing in mind that a new record for investment in renewable energy was set in 2015 by developing countries, exceeding the investment in similar technologies in developed countries, H. Bearing in mind that Latin America and the EU only use 20% of their hydropower potential, I. Observing that, though more expensive than fossil fuels in the short term, wind energy is less expensive to produce in the long term, J. Acknowledging wind power as the most affordable renewable energy source and pointing out that one fifth of viable global inland wind resource equaled seven times the world’s electricity consumption in 2000,

________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ K. Keeping in mind that the EU’s 2020 energy target requires €100 billion in investment per year and the EU has increased the amount of public funds made available, while private investment has shown no increase, L. Conscious that internal rates of return and tax equity financing models both benefit low-risk and short term projects, M. Noting with concern the 8% decline of renewable energy investments in developing countries in 2016, as well as the 21% decline in the EU,

________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________

N. Pointing out that insurance could help lower total project costs of renewable energy technology deployment by a calculated 10–20%,

________________________

O. Profoundly concerned by the failure of most renewable energy projects due to high costs, high risk, and the consequential absence of funding from investors between the stages of demonstration and commercialisation on the path to commercial success,

________________________

P. Noting with regret that the lack of data regarding renewable energy technology projects results in less investment, Q. Pointing out that renewable energy technologies are often vulnerable to performance risks, which include technical difficulties, production shortfalls, quality problems or unexpected operational and maintenance costs;

________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________

1. Congratulates the EU for its Horizon 2020 programme’s budget of €5.9 billion for the creation and improvement of energy projects between 2014 and 2020; 2. Welcomes the existence of the EU’s Energy Efficiency Fund dedicated to providing debt and equity instruments to local, regional and national public authorities;

________________________ ________________________ ________________________ _______________________

3. Recommends that Member States of the EU and the CELAC create efficacy insurances for renewable energy technologies;

_______________________

4. Urges the European Commission’s Directorate-General for Internal Market, Industry, Entrepreneurship and SMEs and further recommends CELAC members to create a training programme focused on the development of a viable business model for researchers and business owners in the renewable energy sector;

________________________

5. Advises the Member States of the CELAC to establish exchange programmes with the above-mentioned training programme in the EU;

________________________ ________________________ ________________________ 31

________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________

6. Encourages EU Member States and CELAC members to stop financing fossil fuel companies by 2050;

________________________

7. Expresses its hope that the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) will globally collect and make available data about developing renewable energy technologies performance and quality;

________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________

8. Further invites the UNâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Subsidiary Body for Implementation (SBI) to give financial incentives to projects rated as high-quality by WIPO, therefore covering the financing gap between those projects and less expensive ones; 9. Calls upon the European Investment Bank and the CELAC members to create credit guarantee schemes for renewable energy technology insurance companies.

INFORMATION SHEET Internal rate of return: the internal rate of return on an investment or project is the annualised effective compounded return rate or rate of return that makes the net present value of all cash flows (both positive and negative) from a particular investment equal to zero. The International Energy Agency (IEA) estimated consumer subsidies increased to $523 billion in 2011, a 30% increase from 2010. Efficacy insurance is insurance against the legal liability for injury to third parties or damage to third party property arising from a product or service failing to perform its intended function. The Subsidiary Body for Implementation (SBI) is one of two permanent subsidiary bodies to the Convention established by the UNâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s COP/CMP. It supports the work of the COP and the CMP through the assessment and review of the effective implementation of the Convention and its Kyoto Protocol. The SBI also advises the COP on budgetary and administrative matters.

________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ _______________________ _______________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ 33

MOTION FOR A RESOLUTION BY THE COMMITTEE ON EMPLOYMENT AND TRAINING Technologisation and automation: A high-tech railway towards human obsolescence? With a growing number of NEETs and a shrinking ratio of low to high-skilled jobs, how can the EU and the CELAC cooperate to ensure their citizens are equipped with the skills to remain relevant in an increasingly knowledge-based economy? Submitted by: Catarina Silva (PT), Filippo Spaliviero (IT), Francesco Pegoraro (IT), Helena Gomes (PT), Isabel Cunha (PT), Julián David Rodríguez Sastoque (CO), María Eugenia Nuñez (AR), Yuliia Matviichuk (UA), Chairperson (Elisa Martinelli, IT) The Euro-Ibero-American Youth Forum,

________________________

A. Fully aware that employees are being replaced by automated systems in an increasing number of sectors,

________________________

B. Realising that, while an automated workforce is now outcompeting human labour in many assignments, others still require human control,

C. Bearing in mind that in more economically developed countries such as Germany, automation co-exists with low unemployment rates, D. Acknowledging that despite technological progress, certain knowledge-based skills are to remain relevant within the labour market, E. Alarmed by the lack of awareness amongst citizens of the European Union (EU) and of the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC) in what concerns educational opportunities, projects and programmes across the different countries, F. Noting with concern that the skills required by the modern labour market are not being provided by traditional educational programmes, training programmes for employees, internships or workshops for youngsters, G. Recognising the existence of a technological and social gap between and amongst the Member States of the EU and the CELAC with different socio-economic backgrounds, resulting in inequalities in communication, educational and work opportunities, and digital infrastructures, H. Taking into consideration that the United Nations 2030 Agenda has specific targets for youth employment and education, I. Observing the 2015 EU–CELAC Action Plan includes measures regarding:

________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ i. students’ and teachers’ mobility in education,

________________________

ii. job stability since the first experience,

________________________

iii. bi-regional programmes in technical educational and training courses,

________________________

J. Supporting EU initiatives aimed at the digitisation of the labour market, such as the ‘Digital Skills and Jobs’ agenda;

________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________

1. Urges educational institutions to focus their programmes on career opportunities that require interpersonal skills and psychological knowledge;

________________________

2. Proposes the creation of a free-access platform for all Member States of the EU and the CELAC which gathers information on technological development and related educational and job opportunities;

________________________

3. Invites private corporations to advertise knowledge-based job opportunities through the use of the aforementioned platform and transparent in-house communication;

________________________

4. Encourages private companies to cooperate with educational institutions in providing ‘soft skills’ and up-to-date resources for a digitised work environment;

________________________

5. Suggests that the aforementioned cooperation be focused on: a. alternative teaching methods in middle and high schools, b. in-house training courses for employees, c. free courses for those who are not engaged in education; 6. Further suggests that the Member States of the EU and the CELAC governments offer fiscal incentives to employers who provide training modules on the most required skills in the labour market; 7. Recommends both major corporations and small and medium enterprises (SMEs) to include in their internship applications the specific technological skills and theoretical knowledge to be acquired by interns; 8. Further invites NGOs to initiate programmes, such as the one operated by ‘One Laptop per Child’ and ‘Close the Gap’, which are to focus particularly on the CELAC; 9. Further encourages the Member States of the EU and the CELAC to include the ‘Youth Employment Initiative’ in their labour market policies; 10. Supports the EU–CELAC achievements in education, employment and technologies through the full

________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________

implementation of initiatives such as ALCUE NET; 11. Further recommends the EU–CELAC governments to follow the example of the EU Horizon 2020 programme, which allocates funds to:

________________________

a. technologically advanced infrastructures in developing countries,

________________________

b. job opportunities for NEETs in the field of automation;

12. Further supports the governments of the EU Member States and of the CELAC to fully implement initiatives such as the one proposed by UN institutions, such as, inter alia: a. ‘Decent Work Country Programme’, by the International Labour Organization (ILO), b. ‘Centre of Excellence’, by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), c. ‘Education 2030 Framework for Action’ by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO).

________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________

INFORMATION SHEET UN 2030 AGENDA This is a plan of action for people, planet and prosperity. It also seeks to strengthen universal peace in larger freedom. “We recognise that eradicating poverty in all its forms and dimensions, including extreme poverty, is the greatest global challenge and an indispensable requirement for sustainable development.”

EU–CELAC 2015 ACTION PLAN

________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________

This Action Plan includes a number of initiatives consistent with the priorities established at the VI EU–LAC Summit, tackling problems in key areas such as science, innovation, technology, employment and education.

________________________

DIGITAL SKILLS AND JOBS

________________________

A EU initiative aimed at increasing training in digital skills for the workforce and for consumers, modernising education across the EU, harnessing digital technologies for learning and for the recognition and validation of skills as well as anticipating and analysing skills needs.

________________________

SOFT SKILLS This expression describes those personal attributes that indicate a high level of emotional intelligence.

ONE LAPTOP PER CHILD This NGO aims to increase technologisation in developing countries by distributing an inexpensive laptop designed for children in the above-mentioned area.

CLOSE THE GAP It is an international NGO aiming at bridging the digital divide by offering high-quality, pre-owned computers donated by European companies to educational, medical and social projects in developing and emerging countries.

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YOUTH EMPLOYMENT INITIATIVE

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It is an initiative that provides support to young people aged below 25 and living in regions with high youth unemployment rates. It typically supports the provision of apprenticeships, traineeships, job placements and further education leading to a qualification.

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ALCUE NET

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ALCUE NET supports the EU and the CELAC Policy Dialogue process on Science and Technology, which aims to bring together actors involved in Research and Innovation.

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HORIZON 2020

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It is the biggest EU Research and Innovation programme ever established, with nearly â&#x201A;Ź80 billion of funding available over seven years (2014 to 2020). By coupling research and innovation, Horizon 2020 is helping achieve smart, sustainable and inclusive growth and jobs, with an emphasis on excellent science, industrial leadership and tackling societal challenges.

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DECENT WORK COUNTRY PROGRAMMES

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These programmes work as both a key component of development policies and as a national policy objective of governments and social partners. It represents a medium-term planning framework that guide the work of the International Labour Organization in a country, in accordance with its priorities and objectives.

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CENTRES OF EXCELLENCE

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It is the key strategy of the International Telecommunication Union for delivering education, training and information in different regions of the world. Moreover, it is a global cooperative network of institutions and partners sharing expertise and resources.

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UNESCO EDUCATION 2030 FRAMEWORK FOR ACTION This framework addresses the current and future global and national education challenges, trying to propose feasible solutions and reduce the education gap worldwide.

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MOTION FOR A RESOLUTION BY THE COMMITTEE ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE The FAO’s Codex Alimentarius and the WTO’s Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures and Technical Barriers to Trade Agreements: Too many rules, not enough trade? In light of the controversies surrounding the TPP, the TTIP and the recently relaunched talks for an EU–Mercosur Association Agreement, how can the EU and the CELAC promote the adoption of binding, unified international food standards that safeguard consumer rights without creating unnecessary trade barriers, especially for low and middle-income countries? Submitted by: Afonso Viana (PT), Diego Senra Martinez (PRY), Diogo Rodeiro (PT), Norina Poetter (DE), Paride Prati (IT), Ruben Felicio (PT), Rita Portugal (PT), Sofia Mojica Baquero (CO), Timotheus Riedel (DE), Léa Le Coq (Chairperson, FR)

The Euro-Ibero-American Youth Forum, A. Bearing in mind that technical barriers to trade are usually introduced by government authorities with the objective of protecting human health and safety, safeguarding the environment and defending consumers from deceptive practices, B. Convinced that trade barriers between two countries are unnecessary when: i. they do not serve a legitimate objective of protecting consumers’ rights,

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ii. the aforementioned goal could be addressed in a less restrictive manner,

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iii. they are not mutually accepted despite achieving the same safety outcome,

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C. Understanding that unnecessary technical barriers to trade lead to considerable economic losses,

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D. Noting with deep concern that most Member States of the CELAC have difficulties to comply with the Codex Alimentarius and the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS Agreement),

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E. Further noting that the European Union (EU) often sets its food safety standards higher than the recommendations given by the World Trade Organization (WTO) in the SPS Agreement,

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F. Recognising that EU–CELAC trade between 2004 and 2014 is characterised by:

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i. a 110% increase of the EU’s exports to the CELAC, ii. a 60% increase of the CELAC’s exports to the EU,

iii. a negative balance of trade (BOT) for the Member States of the CELAC,

________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ G. Considering “the lack of normative and financial conditions in order to develop the CELAC space” as highlighted during the EU–CELAC Summit 2015,

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H. Supporting the Coordinating Committee for Latin America and the Caribbean (CCLAC) Report 2014 which deplores:

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i. the need for improved infrastructure and trained staff such as reference laboratories for food safety, ii. the lack of recognition and application of the Codex Alimentarius by decision-makers, iii. the absence of effective educational programmes aiming to raise consumers’ and producers’ awareness of foodborne diseases, I. Learning from the controversies surrounding the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership and the lack of support by many citizens in various EU Member States;

1. Requests the active participation of the WTO in bilateral and multilateral agreements to: a. determine whether two or more different standard procedures with the same safety outcome are de facto equivalent, b. decide if the standards follow a legitimate, objective principle, c. prioritise, in case two or more different standards are deemed equivalent, the one with the less traderestrictive outcome; 2. Encourages the EU to establish a Generalised Scheme of Preference (GSP) such as a temporary system of positive discrimination in favour of CELAC Member States regarding alimentary products on which they have a comparative advantage by:

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a. lowering the tariffs on these products in order to ease their access to the EU market,

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b. enforcing this measure under the purpose of making the sector competitive on an international level;

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3. Asks the EU to establish a project-oriented fund aiming to even out the technological gap between CELAC Member States and the EU’s; 4. Calls for the active participation and direct investment in said fund of innovative European small and medium enterprises (SMEs) chosen, considering the following criteria:

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a. relevance to agricultural production, 41

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b. technology-oriented vision,

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c. strategic know-how,

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d. commitment in following both EU and CELAC quality standards;

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5. Calls for greater knowledge exchange between the CELAC and the EU and for the promotion of meetings of sustainable development and international trade experts aimed at sharing best practices, knowledge and experience in the EU–CELAC Summit;

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6. Encourages exchange programmes between the CELAC region and the EU for scientists, workers and university students to share their knowledge and profit from foreign experience;

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7. Advises the AL-INVEST fund for Latin American SMEs to:

a. financially support educational projects and information material on food safety standards for agricultural producers in the CELAC, b. cooperate with non-governmental organisations as well as local unions and local development projects, c. promote media campaigns to raise awareness of the issue of food safety amongst the population of the CELAC; 8. Urges the European Commission and the European Council to further lobby for the implementation of the Food and Agriculture Organisation’s Codex Alimentarius in the dialogue with decision-makers from the CELAC, especially in the context of the EU–CELAC summit with a view to promoting market access for low and medium-income countries.

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INFORMATION SHEET The FAO’s Codex Alimentarius: “Codex standards ensure that food is safe and can be traded. The 188 Codex members have negotiated science based recommendations in all areas related to food safety and quality [...].” Its main work is the development of international food standards, guidelines and codes of practice to protect the health of consumers and ensure fair practices in food trade. Promoting the coordination of all food standards work undertaken by international governmental and non-governmental organisations is also a task of the Codex Alimentarius’ Commission (CAC).

________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures: “The Agreement [...] sets out the basic rules for food safety and animal and plant health standards. It allows countries to set their own standards. [...] regulations must be based on science. They should be applied only to the extent necessary to protect human, animal or plant life or health. And they should not arbitrarily or unjustifiably discriminate between countries where identical or similar conditions prevail.” Balance of trade: The balance of trade is the difference between a country’s imports and its exports for a given time period. Coordinating Committee for Latin America and the Caribbean: The Coordinating Committee is responsible for defining problems and needs concerning food standards and food control of all Codex member countries of the region. The Generalized System of Preferences (GSP): a preferential tariff system which provides for a formal system of exemption from the more general rules of the World Trade Organization (WTO), (formerly, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade or GATT). Specifically, it is a system of exemption from the most favoured nation principle (MFN) that obliges WTO member countries to treat the imports of all other WTO member countries no worse than they treat the imports of their “most favoured” trading partner(s). AL-INVEST: The programme promotes inclusive growth and aims at creating opportunities by facilitating the internationalisation of thousands of Latin American SMEs in collaboration with their European partners.

140 Imports

120

Exports

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100

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0 2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

MOTION FOR A RESOLUTION BY THE COMMITTEE ON CIVIL LIBERTIES Terrorism 2.0: Time for next-level countermeasures?In light of the exponential surge in worldwide attacks since 2011 despite increased security measures, and bearing in mind new jihadist recruitment strategies, how can the EU and the CELAC cooperate to ensure the international community adapt their response to global extremism in the digital age? Submitted by : Anna Zalavári (HU), Beatriz Herbert (PT), Cecilia Brancher (BR), Christina Georgia Zacharaki (EL), Francesca Romana D’amico (IT), Inês Francesca Bento Consonni (PT), José Pedro Oliveira Pinto (PT), Manuel Rodríguez (ES), María Guillermina Muñoz de Toro (AR), Mariam Chaduneli (Chairperson, GE) The Euro-Ibero-American Youth Forum, A. Bearing in mind that the transnational nature of the crime of terrorism calls for a universally agreed, binding definition, B. Considering that the failure of the International Law Commission to reach a consensus upon a definition of terrorism has hindered the global response to said crime, C. Noting the biased approach by the media when reporting about terrorism fosters misconceptions, stereotypes, racism and discrimination,

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D. Alarmed by the tendency of governments to justify radical responses against terrorism with the threat it poses to the civil society,

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E. Deeply concerned by the obstacles in identifying potential terrorist recruits,

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F. Recognising that a plurality of financial sources (such as private donations, smuggling of goods, oil trade and money laundering) enable terrorist organisations to operate,

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G. Observing that the strategies of extremist groups entail the occupation of strategic territories and the exploitation of technological resources and social media, H. Concerned by the widespread use of social media for fundraising, recruitment and training, I. Acknowledging that the inequality amongst countries regarding financial, legal, technical and human resources hindering effective counter-terrorism response, J. Understanding that the lack of cooperation amongst the EU and the CELAC is caused by, inter alia, the different extent to which their communities are affected by direct acts of terrorism, fear of retaliation and the fact that, in these matters, relations between the two blocs are quite recent and only loosely defined,

________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ K. Realising the potential risks posed by European citizens travelling to Syria and returning to Europe as foreign fighters,

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L. Observing with appreciation systems such as the Swiss Waste Disposal and Recycling System, which makes recycling a more viable option than landfills;

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1. Calls for the EU and the CELAC to agree on common elements of a definition of terrorism incorporating the following: a. political, religious or ideological motives, b. the unlawful use of threat of violence,

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c. the aim of spreading terror amongst the civil population with the intention of disintegrating the social fabric and exerting pressure on institutional stakeholders;

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2. Recommends that the EU Member States and the CELAC invest in creative positive campaigns and social media advertising, such as ‘Operation Christmas’ in Colombia (2011), with the intention of:

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a. emphasising the non-connection between Muslims, other communities and extremists, b. revealing the misleading promises spread by terrorist organisations; 3. Urges the Member States of the EU and the CELAC to develop a common vulnerability assessment procedure, employing local, regional and transnational-level approaches to support people at risk of being radicalised; 4. Recommends the strengthening of the cooperation between the EU and the CELAC based on the European Commission’s Action Plan to strengthen the fight against terrorist financing with training, exchange of intelligence on terrorism financing, money laundering and sharing a common agenda; 5. Encourages EU–CELAC cooperation through information exchange and sharing of good practices based on the European Union Internet Referral Unit (EU IRU) and the EU Internet Forum;

6. Advises the Member States of the EU and the CELAC to draft an agreement on not purchasing oil from terrorist occupied territories;

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7. Proposes that the EU Internet Forum, in cooperation with the CELAC, adopts the ‘PhotoDNA’ technology to identify terrorist content on social media;

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8. Calls for the development of a marketing strategy addressed to emotionally vulnerable people in

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cooperation with major websites and online companies, such as Facebook, Twitter, Apple, Microsoft and Google; 9. Calls for the EU and the CELAC to provide financial, humanitarian, technological and legal support to the Members States that require help in case of imminent terrorist threats; 10. Strongly encourages solidarity amongst countries, namely through the promotion of cultural and social events open to all the citizens; 11. Advises the EU and the CELAC to adopt post factum measures to control, limit liberty, provide psychiatric treatment and social reintegration programmes directed to foreign fighters who return.

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INFORMATION SHEET ‘PhotoDNA’ is a signature-based, image matching technology developed by the Microsoft that enables the creation of a unique digital signature of an image which can then be used to compare against signatures of other photos to find copies of the same image. It was originally designed to help find, report and eliminate some of the worst known images of child pornography on the Internet. Vulnerability assessment, also known as vulnerability analysis, is a process that defines, identifies and classifies the security holes in a computer, network or communications infrastructure. ‘Operation Christmas’ is a campaign launched by the Ministry of Defence of Colombia to encourage the FARC Guerillas to demobilise.

On April 28th, 2015, the European Commission presented a European Agenda on Security for 2015–2020 to support Member States in tackling security threats and step up their common efforts in the fight against terrorism, organised crime and cybercrime.

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The EU Internet Referral Unit (EU IRU) was launched by the Europol in July 2015. They will work together to combat terrorist propaganda and related violent extremist activities on the Internet and to support the Member States with strategic and operational analysis.

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WITH THE SUPPORT OF: