Garden Cities of To-morrow

A Manifesto for the UK’s Garden Cities of 2050 Joanne Preston U22

CONTENTS Introduction Context Manifesto & Typology Development New Garden City Vision

INTRODUCTION Context Manifesto & Typology Development New Garden City Vision

Lets cut down the hedges that divide communitites

Garden Cities of ‘To-morrow’ Context

Looking towards an alternative to suburbia

Garden Cities of ‘To-morrow’ Context

Project Description Please take a copy

Garden Cities of ‘To-morrow’ Context

Introduction

Context Manifesto & Typology Development New Garden City Vision

Source : Ebanizer Howard ‘Garden Citites of To-morrow’, 1898

The Social Ideal Vs Reality of Howard’s 1898 Garden City Model Howard’s proposal for a network of ‘social cities’ was presented as a movement towards social progress in his influential 1892 text ‘To-morrow: a peaceful path to real reform’ , an idea that architectural critics and theorists such as Ruskin and Morris have supported.

Framed in the context of other literature produced around the time of its publication, Howard’s Garden City Model can be understood as part of the wider dissemination of utopian discourse associated with a reconnection of the ideals of community and domesticity and a retreat from the ‘threatening by-products of capitalism [and progress] destitution, urban squalor, materialism, prostitution, crime and class conflict’.

Howard’s Holistic Vision for Welwyn Garden City as a largely self sufficient community of work and home

Garden Cities of ‘To-morrow’ Context

Source : Ebanizer Howard ‘Garden Citites of To-morrow’, 1898

Howard’s Failed Vision to Combine the Best of Town and Country Howards model to combine the best of City and Suburb envisaged that the resultant ‘Garden City’ would be a self sufficient, combiningthe leisure and health benefits of the rural with the job prospects of the city.

Though through history this model has been proven to be unsuccessful with few jobs in the suburbs and many people needing to commute to work in the city daily leading to garden citits becoming dormatory towns, in recent years increased rents in city centre locations has resulted in more people choosing to manage businesses from cheaper suburban locations.

Map showing location of Welwyn Garden City -and key rail trainsport connections

Impact of UK Garden City Movementon National Housing Policy

L by ow gr den ee si nb ty elt de ve Pr lo o Ci p pm tie sal en s fo ts, ra co ne nt w ain ge ed ne ra tio n of ‘G ar de n

D

Garden City Mvement Key Dates

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Welwyn Garden City Handover Dates Showing Failure in ‘Social’ Financial Model

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Estate Management Scheme Designed to protect ‘Garden City Values’

Key Planning Acts

Housing Act 1921 Rural land Program 1913

Public Health Act 1875

Year

1880

1900

New Towns Act 1946

‘Localism’ Bill 2011

Homes Fit for Heroes housing act 1

1920

1940

Eco-Town’s Bill 2007

Leasehold Reform Bill 1969

1960

1980

2000

Resurgence in Garden City Ideals See Following Page

The Garden City’s Impact on UK Housing Policy The social ideals that have been associated with Howard’s Garden City Model through historym, such as closeness with nature, good sanitation and good health have made the model useful as a social political tool. The garden city model is heavily embedded in UK housing policy as it has been used as a political device, geared towards preventing public dissent through the Social housing provision and subsequent privatisation of housing for the emerging middle classes.

Rural Land Program 1913

In the context of the ongoing UK housing shortage the low density, suburban garden city model has come into resurgence once again due to cheaper build costs, the private financial model.

In ‘The Rural Land Program’ low density housing built a ‘safe’ distance from the city was designed to encourage the financially able to move up the ‘property ladder’, enabling the lower social class to be moved into the house vacated by the man of a higher social order and subsequently their emptied, unsanitary dwelling closed.

Furthermore we can see how this coincides with a resurgence in the Welwyn Garden City Estate Management Scheme policiies aimed at protecting garden city ‘values’ through regulating the aesthetcs of individual houses.

Homes fit for Heroes 1935 The garden city model was used as a political device aimed at suppressing public dissent through the mass house-building scheme ‘homes fit for heroes’ 1919, which promised security and suitable family homes following strenuous years of sacrifice during the war.

New Towns Act 1946 Low density suburban Social and Private housing built by development corporation, and surrounded by grenbelt.

Garden Cities of ‘To-morrow’ Context

Planning Policy

‘Labour will kick start the next generation of new towns and garden citites around the capital to ease the pressure on London’

Year

February 2014 Edd Milliband, Leader of the Labour party

2013

2012

N ew an no un ce s nm en t, ov er lG ca Lo

February 2014 David Cameron, Prime Minister & Leader of the Conservative party

an d

“I believe in garden cities and...we are committed to publishing a prostepctus on them.”

M E arc G ric P h 2 ar i 01 de ck 4 n les Ci , S ty e c is re to ta be r y bu of S ilt ta at te Eb for bs C fle om et m ,K u en nit t. ies

January 2014 Nick Clegg, Leader of the Liberal Democrats

N Th ove Re e H mb sc cco ou er ale m si 20 de me ng 11 ve nd Str lo s at pm lo er en cal gy ts’ au for M th E Pl arc or ng a h iti la an nn 2 es nd d in 01 fu g 2 to tu Po co re li m ho cy ef us Fr or in am wa gn e rd w ee or wi d. k, th Ex pl pl an ici sf tly or ad ‘lo vo ca ca lly te pl sg an ar ne de d n lar cit ge ies as am ea ns of m ee tin gc ur re nt

Political & Public Debate

Ju TC ne Re PA 201 im C 1 ag am in p in ai g G gn ar lau Se de n Gr pte n ch Ci e d pl an mb es t S e tie r in ha 2 si n th pp 01 th en s 1 e2 – at th 1s io e tC n n al h M en o p a u D rc r tu es sin av h ry s. id 20 gM ’ Ca 12 i n m i ste er on ra ,g nd iv W ea elw sp yn ee ch H at su fie pp ld or M tin P, gg ch am ar de pi n on c ity sG N pr W ove C i o m pr nc ‘H lf in ip ow son ber ciles 2 wo Ec 01 i n ul on 3 ne d om w yo i de u cs ve d Ja eli Pri lo n ve ze pm N ua r a la “I ick ry en u n n 2 C b t. th el le 01 ew ch em ie g 4 e G d g v .” e i , L ar ba de se n ea ga de n d Ci ar rd r Fe ty ou en of Ed bru ? th nd c iti e ne d M ar th L e y w s a ib eq 2 i to llib 01 nd era ue wn a 4 l . . sti .w D s a nd, e on e m nd Le ar o : e c cr ga ad om ats rd er en of m , itt cit the ed ite L to s a ab pu ro ou un r p bl ish d ar t h ty in e c , ‘L ga ap ab pr ita ou os lt r te o wi pc ea ll tu s e ki so th ck n e p st re art ss th ur e e o ne n xt Lo ge nd ne on rat io ’ n of

“I believe in garden cities and...we are committed to publishing a prostepctus on them.”

2014

+ Aging Population

2013

40% Green Belt

of new homes to be built on

+ Fewer Occupants per Household

+ Net Migration

2014 Resurgence in Garden City Ideals Uk Housing Crisis

The proposal for adopting garden city ideas as a means of tackling the current UK housing shortage has gained significant momentum in recent years. A manifestation of this can be seen through the Coalition Government’s proposal for the development of fifteen thousand new homes at Ebbsfleet in Kent as a precedent for a “new generation of garden cities”. While this movement is consistent with the current Coalition Government’s drive towards ‘locally planned large scale developments,’ in recent months the leaders of all three major political parties have pledged to support a new generation of garden cities as a key aspect of their 2015 election campaigns.

The demand for housing in the SE of England means that 40% new houses will be built on Greenbelt land by 2050. The Coalition government proposes to follow a Garden City financial model which advocates that privatisation of public greenbelt land through allowing private housebuilders and investers to benefit from incremental land value.

‘The supply of new homes can sometimes be best achieved through planning for large scale development, such as new settlements or extensions to existing villages and towns that follow the principles of Garden Cities.’

Garden Cities of ‘To-morrow’ Context

NEWSPAPER ARTICLES

Localism and the Garden City Resurgence: Privatisation Under The Guise of Community Empowerment ““We want to bring about a power Shift, putting more power in people’s hands” David Cameron in a speech made in March 2012

The introduction of the UK Coalition Government’s 2011 ‘Localism Bill’s’ agenda of private ownership and community stewardship of land has lead to a resurgence of garden city ideas.

Under the planning reforms set out in the 2011 Localism Bill these ideas have been adopted into national planning policy, with the explicit recommendation that local planning authorities consider the application of garden city principles.

From the list of garden city ‘principles’ outlined by the TCPA the key concepts of, ‘long-term community stewardship of assets’ through community land trusts, charitable organisation and co-operative societies and ‘strong community engagement’, echo the 2010 Conservative Party general election campaign’s ‘Big Society’ rhetoric and subsequent planning reforms brought about under the Localism Act 2011.

While the Garden City Model is been used in the curent political debate to support the suggest Social progress. contemporary critique argues that it can be seen as a movement towards the privatisation of the public realm.

Garden Cities of ‘To-morrow’ Context

VALUE £170,000 FINANCIAL SUPPORT FOR GROWN UP CHILDREN

26%

e ag

38%

28-299 Age ip sh er

hip Age - 40 ners -4 0 Ow

Ave rag eO wn

Av er People Under 30 relying on wealth from parents to secure their own home +10% since 1996

-

Young People aged 20-34 living with parents +25% since 1996

tatistics

Value £30,000

£158,000 PROFIT IN 24 YEARS

SAVINGS FOR RETIREMENT

When The Smith’s Purchased their council house in 1976 they hoped it would provide them with security in retirememt and

SOLD THROUGH ‘HELP TO BUY’

a means of investment in their children’s future.

2013

1986

BOUGHT THROUGH ‘RIGHT TO BUY’

1959

LET FROM COUNCIL

Paid £12,000

Housing IncreaseeExample based on nationa averages.

See diagram below.

Garden City Typology and Social Inequality.

As a result of successive government’s drive towards home ownership, through schemes such as ‘right to buy’ 1980, the garden city model has led to the privatisation of the public realm. Jane Rendell (2011) argues that the commodification and privatisation of post war housing developments, marketed today as ‘ideal investments’, has led to social inequalities through benefitting those able to invest.

£170,000

Drawing on this critique, we can see how the sale of the previously state owned dwellings, of garden city typologies has disproportionately benefitted those ‘nuclear family’ households in a more stable position and therefore more able to help themselves through discounted ownership and the subsequent increase in house values.

‘Right to Buy’ Scheme

£12,000

LET

BOUGHT

SOLD

Garden Cities of ‘To-morrow’ Context

The Beau Ideal:

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1950s Magazine Covers Showing the association between suburban vernacular and domestic ideals.

Credit: Image Courtesy of The Advertising ArchivesCredit: Image Courtesy of The Advertising Archives

Suburban Vernacular and The Beau Ideal The ambition for consistency in the garden city’s aesthetic features can be seen as an expression of the desire to maintain a homogeneous community and understood as part a of wider movement, which involved the linking of housing design and policy with a set of exclusive family and domestic ideals. Contemporary critique argues that such typology is socially exclusive and encourages the middle classes to live ‘private residential clubs’.

http://www.advertisingarchives.co.uk/en/asset/show_zoom_window_p…,7291,7270,6834,6708,6149,2183,1796,216&basket_item_id=undefined http://www.advertisingarchives.co.uk/en/asset/show_zoom_window_p…,7291,7270,6834,6708,6149,2183,1796,2 Page 1 of 1

Garden Cities of ‘To-morrow’

Context

After Social and Instability of the 1950 - The suburban ideal is strongly linked with notion of the ‘Nuclear family’ and a return to female domesticity: the home is a place of consumption, the female is a ‘housewife’ and husband is breadwinner.

1920s

1960s

1930/40s

1950/60s

1 Person of these 150% Person are over 65

29% 29%

1970s

1980/90s

6% single parents2 people

1 Person

2000s

2 people of these 50% are over 65

29%

35%

1 Person

35%

cohabiting friends

3 people

17%

cohabiting friends

of these 50% are over 65

29%

Garden City Vernacular and the Nuclear Family

of these 29% are childless couples

of these 50% are over 65

1 Person

of these 29% are childless couples

2011 Still from ‘Fairy’ washing up liquid advert. Though Male/Female dometic stereotypes have changed there is still a strong link between the Subur17% 6% single parents ban housing typology and the nuclear 3 people family.

2 people

29%

35%

4+ people

19%

The low density suburban vernacular was designed to support a nuclear family. The idea of the Nuclear family challenged today as over 2/3 of households are people living alone or as a childless couple or single parent

6% single parents

1 Person 2 people

of these 29% are childless couples

of these 50% are over 65

29%

6% single parents

35%

of these 29% are childless couples

of these 50% are over 65

29%

35%

2 people

35%

29%

cohabiting friends

1 Person

2 people

17%

17% of these 50% are over 65

of these 29% are childless couples

1996

3 people

2012

17%

parents The idea of the Nuclear family challenged today as over 2/3 of households are people ofliving thesealone or as a childless couple or single 29% are parent childless couples

3 people

19% 4+ people

3 people 6% single The ideaparents of the Nuclear family challenged

The idea of the Nuclear family challenged 167K MULTI FAMILY HOUSEHOLDS today as over 2/3 of households are people + 30% in 16 Years living alone or as a childless couple or single 281K MULTI FAMILY HOUSEHOLDS parent

4+ people

19%

2 people

3 people

4+ people

6% single 3 people

17%

cohabiting friends

of these 29% are childless couples

35%

19%

Today nuclear families make up a minorityof these of households with more people choosong to co-habit, live orarein extended famUK alone29% 35% Household Size childless couples ilies.

2012

2 people

UK Household Size 2012

of these 50% are over 65

1 Person

6% single parents

19%

The idea of the Nuclear family challenged today as over 2/3 of households are people living alone or as a childless couple or single parent

6% single parents

6% single parents

35%

4+ people

of these 50% are over 65

cohabiting friends

29% 2013 Houshold Demographics

1 Person

17%

cohabiting friends

2 people 1 Person

3 people

29%

4+ people

1996

167K MULTI FAMILY HOUSEHOLDS

2012 The idea of the Nuclear family challenged 281K MULTI FAMILY HOUSEHOLDS today as over 2/3 of households are people living alone or as a childless couple or single parent

+ 30% in 16 Years

Garden Cities of ‘To-morrow’ Context

Areas governed by the Scheme in orange (DNS)

Source:: ‘Management Scheme for Welwyn Garden City,’ (1973)

The Welwyn Garden City Estate Management Scheme: Designed to Protect Garden City ‘Values’ Introduced as part of the 1969 Leasehold Reform Bill, to protect ‘garden city values’, the scheme applies a number of restrictions that are usually associated with leasehold contracts to freehold properties in WGC. Following the town’s merger with Hatfield and the surrounding villages as part of the New Towns Act, the Estate Management Scheme, comprising a list of rules seemingly relating to the aesthetic alterations of properties, is the only piece of policy that distinguishes WGC as different from any other UK town, or in fact the surrounding urban sprawl. Furthermore the scheme only applies to the parts of the town that were under the ownership of the New Towns Commission, thus excluding those areas of the town that were owned by the District Council.

These tensions, caused by successive governments’ push towards the devolution of power and more recently the Coalition Government’s ‘localism’ agenda, have manifested in a resurgence of the Estate Management Scheme. This can be seen through the redrafting and re-publicising of the scheme’s policies in 2008 and an ongoing campaign by the towns ‘watchdog’, the Welwyn Garden City Society, for the council to actively enforce these policies.

Commission for the New Towns, ‘Management Scheme for Welwyn Garden City,’ (1973)

Garden Cities of ‘To-morrow’ Context

Suspect Architecture in Welwun Garden City: Alterations and Extensions to Suburban Vernacular The implementation of the Coalition Government’s 2011 Localism Bill is the most recent example of the drive by successive governments towards the devolution of power from central government to local communities. Policies enforced under this agenda, such as those that allow homeowners to extend their properties to certain extents without the need for planning permission, claim to give residents a greater freedom of individual expression. However, we can see that a consequence of ‘localism’ in Welwyn Garden City is the emphasis on community activism, in favour of the enforcement of the Estate Management Scheme, thus an increased activism against anything oter than the status quo.

Introduced under the guise of community empowerment, an analysis of the situation in Welwyn Garden City has shown that such policy can lead towards increased community vigilance, thus the vilification and exclusion of those who do not comply with the set of community ideals associated with the aesthetics of the garden city vernacular.

Source EMS Appeal Panel: W6/2012/1796/EM EMS Decision.

Garden Cities of ‘To-morrow’ Context

Community Vigilance Fostered in Welwyn Garden City MUG SHOTS: evidence of ‘Ignorant residents’ parking on grass verges, photographed by the Town’s ‘Watchdog’ The Welwyn Garden City Society and sent to the council for action.

Source: www.welhat.gov.uk.

Suspect Activity In Welwyn Garden City: Residents parking on Grass Verges The Estate Management Scheme policies are designed to maintain an ‘appropriate balance between hard and soft landscaping’ through ensuring that permission for hard surfacing for the parking of vehicles is only given where the works ‘do not result in the loss of any existing hedgegrows or landscaping… other than the minimum required to access the hard standing.’ In planning appeals against this policy residents have argued its enforcement leads to locals parking their cars on grass verges, thus causing damage to these features.

This situation is particularly problematic in light of the changes made to the funding of public services as a result of the austerity measures that have been imposed by the coalition government, which include the withdrawl of funding for the repair of such garden city features.

The result is that members of the community have chosen to privately fund the upkeep of grass verges in the town, keeping a photographic record of those who are responsible for the damage.

Source EMS Appeal Panel: W6/2012/1796/EM EMS Decision.

This highlights the danger the that garden city model leads to privatisation and social exclusion by encouraging those who are more able, to privatly fund communal services that they feel are not adequatly rovided by government. This excludes those members of the community who are unable or unwilling to conform.

Garden Cities of ‘To-morrow’ Context

Introduction Context

MANIFESTO & TYPOLOGY DEVELOPMENT New Garden City Vision

THE

FOUR MAGNETS

LONGER WEEKENDS. REMOTE WORKING. SHARED WORK/WAGES A SPACE TO CALL HOME IN THE CITY. PART-HOME OWNSERHIP. SHARED HOMES- TOO GOOD TO REJECTCONNECTING CHILDREN & NATURE. GROW YOUR OWN. RECLAIM THE PUBLIC GREENBELT ACCESS TO CULTURAL OUTPUT. ACTIVE PUBLIC REALM. OUTDOOR LEISURE PERSUITS SPACES FOR DISTANT COMMUNICATION. SHARED DINING SPACES. RE-INSTATE TRANSPORT LINKS

CITY.

GARDEN SUBURB.

HANCES OF EMPLOYMENT. EXCESSIVE WORKING HOURS.

LONG COMMUTES. EXCELLENT TRANSPORT LINKS.

HIGH RENTS. HOUSING INSECURITY.

CHANCE OF HOMEOWNERSHIP - FOR NUCLEAR FAMILIIES.

Garden Cities of ‘To-morrow’

Manifesto & Typology Development LACK OF JO

NIMBY TERR

‘Private’ Cities of To-Morrow

CITY CONCRETE COUNCIL ESTATES CHILDREN LITTLE ACCESS TO NATURE

GARDEN SUBURB ABANDONED INDUSTRIES DORMATORY TOWNS

RURAL ISOLATED. POOR TRANSPORT LINKS.

SITES NEAR THE RAILWAY NO CAR NEEDED

‘Public’ Cities of To-morrow UNDER ESTIMATED INFILL SITES

MANY GOLFCOURSES, ABANDONED FARMSTEADS AND INDUSTRIES

RECONNECT SUBURB, CITY AND RURAL THROUGH THE MUTUAL DEVELOPMENT OF BROWNFIELD SITES & GIVE EVERYONE A PLACE TO CALL HOME IN EACH

Garden Cities of ‘To-morrow’ Manifesto & Typology Development

1.

3.

HERTFORDSHIRE

2.

ALTERNATIVE BROWNFIELD SITES FOR GARDEN CITY OF 2050

4.

WELWYN GARDEN CITY

5.

ESSENDEN

6.

GERRARDS CROSS BUCKINGHAMSHIRE

LB CAMDEN

COALITION GOVERNMENT’S PROPOSED GREENBELT GARDEN CITY LOCATIONS 2014

7.

EXISTING GARDEN CITIES & NEW TOWNS [IN THE BREENBELT]

1900-1920

1946-1950

1. Letchworth 2. Welwyn

3. Stevenage 4. Hemel Hempstead 5. Harlow

6. Basildon 7. Bracknell

The Greater London Plan 1944 & The beginnings of the ‘Commuter Belt’ A plan for the development and improvement of London the Greater London Plan intended to control and halt London’s expansion by; Establishment of rural environments (the “green belt”) around the city in which the building of new infrastructure and housing was severely restricted.

YALDING KENT

Creation of new towns outside the Greater London area to accommodate the overspill of population. Such towns are Basildon, Bracknell and Harlow.

Expansion of existing towns, such as Swindon, Haverhill and Ashford, for the same purpose. limiting the amount of land available for development has lead to increased house prices and lead to the notion of the commuter suburb.

Garden Cities of ‘To-morrow’ Manifesto & Typology Development

EXISTING RAIL CONNECTION

SITE #1 GARDEN SUBURB

SITE #2 GREENBELT

SITE # 3 CITY

London Greenbelt Key Plan

London Metropolitan Greenbelt

Hertfordshire

A Place to Call Home in the City, Suburb and Rural Garden Cities of ‘To-morrow’ 2050 proposes an alternative typology for the tomorrow’s garden cities. Based on a more transient idea of ‘home’, the project imagines a future where everyone can have a place to call home in the city, greenbelt and suburb. This approach allows members of the communty to benefit from the differences of each site and also promotes a more flexible approach to home ownership.

Drawing on Howards approah the sites are connected by existing rail networks.

Garden Cities of ‘To-morrow’ Manifesto & Typology Development

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Seeking Opportunitites from the Failures of Howard’s 1898 Welwyn Garden City Model

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The decline of industry and the failure of the garden city to provide enough jobs for the people who live there has resulted in it becoming a commuter town. The proposed typlogy proposes to take advatange of this current scenareo by proposing an ‘infill’ typology.

Land use map showing the the now largely redundant industrial zone alongside the railway.

Garden Cities of ‘To-morrow’ Manifesto & Typology Development

St Stilas Estate (NW5) Marquis Road (NW1)

RURAL SITE 1 of 2 Golf Courses at Essenden Country Club

URBAN SITE Council owned dissused ‘small sites’ Curently under public consultation regardng their future use, London Borough of Camden

St. Stilas Estate (NW5)

Linking Brownfield Sites in the Greenbelt with London Boroughs Continuing on from previous research the project proposes to link inefficient brownfield sites in the greenbelt with underused brownfield infill sites in the city.

N

Grangefield, Marquis Road (NW1)

Garden Cities of ‘To-morrow’ Manifesto & Typology Development

‘Private’ Cities of To-Morrow

CITY A GARDEN IS UNAFORDABLE. CHILDREN PLAY INDOORS.

GARDEN SUBURB UNDERUSED PRIVATE GARDENS PUBLIC ‘KEEP OFF THE GRASS’

RURAL NO TRESPASSING. PRIVATE GOLF COURSE

SHARED GREEN SPACE

RECONNECTING CHILDREN WITH NATURE

‘Public’ Cities of To-morrow

RECLAIMING PRIVITISED PARCELS OF GREENBELT

NEW IMPROVED LIFE PATTERNS WILL RESULT FROM A MORE FLEXIBLE APPROACH TO HOME OWNERSHIP COMBINED WITH A 4 DAY WORKING WEEK RESIDENTS WILL BENEFIT FROM 50% MORE LEISURE TIME & MANY MINI HOLIDAYS IN THE GREENBELT

Garden Cities of ‘To-morrow’ Manifesto & Typology Development

INITIAL SKETCH MODEL Investigating the densification of the garden cities urban fabric through the creation of a multi level ‘matt’ building whereby public rights of way are combined with communal gardens on multi-levels forming new links and relationships between individual dwellings.

Suburban Groundscape Wes Jones

Garden Cities of ‘To-morrow’ Manifesto & Typology Development

Private Dwellings

Public Groundscape

INITIAL SKETCH MODEL Re publicising the Welwyn Garden City through the creation of a groundscape with dwelings which grow vertically when in use and form public garden landscape when not in use.

Garden Cities of ‘To-morrow’ Manifesto & Typology Development

TYPOLOGY DEVELOPMENT MODEL The proposal suggests a tesselating structural grid with an intergrated rail network connecting to the existing railway lines for the transportation of relivant parts of the dwellings between city, suburb and rural locations.

Raised gardens and planted decks - community access when dwellings are vacant

Rail network connected to existing railway lines

Intergrated grey water collection & distribution system

Garden Cities of ‘To-morrow’ Manifesto & Typology Development

Intergrated rail sysytems connected to existing railway lines for transporation to greenbelt and the city

Verticle Ownership structures free up lower levels for communal functions when they are unoccupied.

Proposal for an Alternative model of Home Ownership and Land Rental Structure.

Furnature pieces are owned by the occupants and hoisted into position onto platforms which can be rented from the council as and when they are required. When the dwellings are unoccupied because their inhabitants are in the city rural sites, they can be used for other comunal purposes such as food production, public squares and meeting places.

Howards model for new ‘Social‘ rental structure based was incremental land value capture, whereby a proportion of the profits is given back to the community. This model failed following the 1967 Leasehold Reform Bill which allowed residents to purchased the freehold to their properties, thus keeping profits from increased value for their private gain.

Garden Cities of ‘To-morrow’ Manifesto & Typology Development

Huang Quingjin

Surban Comodification of Household Utilities & Broken Promises of Increased Social Mobility.

Suburbia lead to the comodification of household goods through its promisse of a improved lifestle and social mobility aimed towards the rising middle classes. The reality of this today is that those who have inveted in such ‘lifestly’have actually decreased their social mobility through being tied to to lengthly mortgages and material assests.

Huang Quimgjin photographs families from many cultures with their entire posessions taken outside the house. These highlight how few items a family actually requires to live a comfortable lifestyle.

The ideas of domesticity and an ideal family Suburban lifestyle used to sell goods to the emerging middle classes.

Source: The advertising Archives

Garden Cities of ‘To-morrow’ Manifesto & Typology Development

FURNITURE INVENTRY Standardised Modules Plug into Steel Frame Walls

Garden Cities of ‘To-morrow’ Manifesto & Typology Development

KEY PLAN

Daily Dwelling Cycles Improved life patterns are reflected and made possible through the flexibility of the furniture modules.

AM

AM

PM

Make the Bed Beds are ‘made up’ into the walls and outdoor fabric privacy screen is dissmantled quickly using the ‘Clip Grip’ mechanism

Work and Childcare at Home Desks with intergrated child play facilitites, virtual meeting rooms and desk buggy attachments make it easier to work from home, cut-

Dine Together Dining tables fold from the walls and transported to spaces which can accomodate communal of private dning experiences inside or out

ting commutes and rebalancing work and life.

Garden Cities of ‘To-morrow’ Manifesto & Typology Development

‘Private’ Cities of To-Morrow

CITY CHANCES OF EMPLOYMENT. EXCESSIVE HOURS.

GARDEN SUBURB LONG COMMUTES. EXCELLENT TRANSPORT LINKS

RURAL LACK OF JOBS. RETREAT IN NATURE

REMOTE WORKING OPPORTUNITIES

‘Public’ Cities of To-morrow LONGER WEEKENDS.

MORE SHARED JOBS/WAGES

CARBON EMISSIONS FROM COMMUTING TO WORK WILL BE REDUCED BY 87%

Garden Cities of ‘To-morrow’ Manifesto & Typology Development

DESK BUGGY Shared Working, Work From Home, Take your desk (and baby) to the City for meetings.

Garden Cities of ‘To-morrow’ Manifesto & Typology Development

City typology Development Sketches

‘City Dweling’ Initial sketch model Rooftop dwellings formed from desk buggies aranged around a central fire at night. Daytime occupation occurs below where open plan floor space allows baby play locations and desks to be arranged as desired.

Floor 1

Dwelling Space for Workers

Flexible Office Space and Childcare using Desk Buggy

Garden Cities of ‘To-morrow’ Manifesto & Typology Development

‘Private’ Cities of To-Morrow

CITY FLOOD RISK. DROUGHT RISK.

GARDEN SUBURB INFERTILE SOIL. WASTED WATER

RURAL FLOOD BUFFER. CROP PRODUCTION.

HEALTH BENEFITS OF NATURE

‘Public’ Cities of To-morrow LOCAL FOOD PRODUCTION

IMPROVED ECOLOGY

30% of LAND FOR PASSIVE AGRICULTURE: GENERATING 2.9 TONS FOOD PER ACRE & REDUCING AVERAGE HOUSEHOLD FOOD BILL BY 18%

Garden Cities of ‘To-morrow’ Manifesto & Typology Development

Verticle Ownership structures free up lower levels for communal functions when they are unoccupied such as food production

Communal infastructures such as shared kitchens adapt their functions depending on seasonal requirements.

Typology Development Food production & Market Stall Typology One of the failures of Howards Garden City Model, which was designed to incorporate allotments is that Welwyn Garden City was built on Chalk Soil and therefore infertile.

The new typology ovrcomes this issue by proposing raised platforms which canbe used as growing beds. and the incorporation of a rainwater and greywater dranage system.

External Sheltered Market Stall

Internal Kitchen and Food Store

‘FOOD BANK’ Seasonal Food store and Market Stall Initial concept model exploring internal/external environmental conditions

Garden Cities of ‘To-morrow’ Manifesto & Typology Development

Polycarbonate cladding Polyester insulation allows light to penertrate Intenal glass fibre fabric

External glass fibre fabric Folding Polyester insulated pannels

Fire heats underfloor heating pipes

Choose where to sleep based on temparature

Seasonal Variation in Internal External Environments

Internal decks used as raised planters for food production when unoccupied

External sleeping Kengo Kuma and Associates is an experimental house in Hokkaidō, Japan.

The Facade with thick layer of polyester insulation sandwiched between the polycarbonate cladding of the exterior and the glass-fibre fabric of the interior.

This insulation was made using recycled plastic bottles and it allows light to pass into the house through the walls

The vertical nature of the furnature movement allows for dwellers to choose to sleep by the fire in winter, or in the room above if the fire becomes too warm. In sumer the Glass fibre fabric facade can be folded into the roof, and the pollycarbonate louvres folded slid back on rails allowing natural cross ventilation to occur.

Drawing on Kengo Kumas’s experimental polycarbonate house as a key material precedent, the building is kept heated by two fires which heat the ground, and also from the filteration of natural sunlight through the translucent facade.

Garden Cities of ‘To-morrow’ Manifesto & Typology Development

FLEXIBLE SLEEPING SPACES Choose where to sleep depending on temperature. Sleep outside in Summer, Downstairs by the Fire in Winter or Move up a storey if the fire is too warm.

Garden Cities of ‘To-morrow’ Manifesto & Typology Development

INDOOR/OUTDOOR UTILITIES Domestic tasks can be enjoyed outdoors

Garden Cities of ‘To-morrow’ Manifesto & Typology Development

‘Private’ Cities of To-Morrow

CITY

GARDEN SUBURB

FAMILY LIVE ELSEWHERE. PLACES OF AMIUSEMENT

DINNER IN FRONT OF THE TV. DORMATORY TOWNS

RURAL ISOLATED. POOR TRANSPORT LINKS.

SHARED DINING SPACES

DIGITAL CONNECTIONS LINK CITY & BEYOND

‘Public’ Cities of To-morrow DISUSED RAILWAY CONNECTIONS ARE RE-INSTATED

EVERYONE HAS ACCESS TO A PARLOUR

Typical semi-detached house plan at Welwyn Garden City Showing the location ofthe parlour - the best room reserved for entertaiing guests

Garden Cities of ‘To-morrow’ Manifesto & Typology Development

Flexible Metamaterial Surfaces create sense of depth through holograms - allowing user to feel like they are in a virtual reality Japanese love hotels A fantasy reality can be specified by computer app before enterring

Concept model and sketches showing vertcal stacking of nighttime occupation of City infil typology. when open plan working spaces are not in use - dividers form spaces between columns for virtual conversations.

Intial Design Virtual Parlours in the City One of the key aspects of the garden city suburban vernacular which made it so disirable to the emerging middle classes was the addition of a parlour - the ‘best’ room in the front of the house which was reserved for entertaining guests.

The proposal aims to give everyone the opportunity to acces a parlour in the city where increasing rents are resulting in smaller living spaces.

The city

Daytime occupation Furnature pieces form Virtural meeting rooms around desk spaces for distant communicaion whilst working from home

Garden Cities of ‘To-morrow’ Manifesto & Typology Development

SHARED COOKING/DINING Walls unfold to become tables revealing new access to neighbouring properties.

Garden Cities of ‘To-morrow’ Manifesto & Typology Development

‘Private’ Cities of To-Morrow

CITY HIGH RENT HOUSING INSECURITY

GARDEN SUBURB A CHANCE OF HOME OWNERSHIP -FOR NUCLEAR FAMILIS

RURAL NIMBY TERRITORY NO DEVELOPMENT

HOMES DESIGNEDFOR THE COMMUNITY

A SPACE TO CALL HOME IN THE CITY

‘Public’ Cities of To-morrow [PART] HOMEOWNERSHIP

EVERYONE WILL BENEFIT FROM 35% INCREASE IN HOUSING WEALTH OVER A 20 YEAR PERIOD

Garden Cities of ‘To-morrow’ Manifesto & Typology Development

Early Concept MODELS AND COLLAGES The ‘Nest Egg’ A detachable part of the given to the occupants of the house as an investment in their families future

‘NEST EGG’ Under stair storage for Desk Buggy and Removable Caravan Sized ‘NES T EGG ’ as a retirement home/holday home orused Moduke can be sold/ used as University accomodation Under stair storage for Desk Buggy and Removable Cara van Sized Moduke can be sold/ used as a retirement home/holday home orused as University accomodation

Garden Cities of ‘To-morrow’ Manifesto & Typology Development

Introduction Context Manifesto and Typlogy Development

NEW GARDEN CITY VISION

Example Cul-De-Sac arrangements at Weleyn Garden City to form an urban fabric, C1920s.

Source: Lois de Soissons ‘Welwyn Garden City: A town designed for health living.’ 1989.

Howard’s Cul-De-Sac Typology The urban fabric of Howard’s 1898 Garden City was largely formed from housing arranged in a cul-de-sac formation. Such arrangement results in a series of external spaces which feel enclosed but also give views into the back gardens through the gaps between the surrounding dwellings, therefore creating a sense of enclosure whilst also feeling connected with nature.

Similar principles applied at a higher density create a series of tree lined enclosed external, communal gardens.

Garden Cities of ‘To-morrow’ New Garden City Vision

Privately Owned Family House

New Social Housing Model

Privately Owned Family House with Extension for Flexible Private Rental Accomodation

Existing model usually involves been tied to a long and hefty mortgage.

Proposes a radical return to the post war social housing model as a means of tackling the ongoing housing crisis.

(Improved rental controls with rent capped at lower avergage rate)

C

B

A

Social housing with minimal rents is not stigmatised no longer exclusivly for those sufferring financial hardship.

Upper Floor Plan

1:250

Proposed Hybrid Typology

Howards ‘Nuclear’ Family Typology

Hetrosexual Married Couple

Future Garden City Typology

Hetrosexual Married Couple Friend

Friend Couple Children

Children

Siblings Buisness Partners

Friend

Friend

Cohabiting

Friends

Child

Lover

Friend

Parent

Married Couple

Separated

Child Child

Parent Children

Couple

4 People NUCLEAR FAMILY

12 People

shared childcare responsibilities

NUCLEAR FAMILY

12 People NON -NUCLEAR FAMILY

+ Alternative Family Relationship Structures

Housing Typology Designed for a community not family

Towards a Non-Nuclear Typology The proposed typology is designed for a community rather than a family.

Whereas Howard’s model has been shown to disporpotionatly benefit those in a nuclear family setup and encourage the exclusion of those who do not conform to this stereotype. The proposed typology aims to encourage the formation and acceptance of new types of household bonds, which can be mutually beneficial and efficient. This typology aims to make easier sharing responsibilitites, chores, and reduce commutin time, thus leading to an improved work life balance. .

Garden Cities of ‘To-morrow’ New Garden City Vision

Privately Owned Family House

Privately Owned Family House with Extension for Flexible Private Rental Accomodation

Existing model usually involves been tied to a long and hefty mortgage.

(Improved rental controls with rent capped at lower avergage rate)

Proposes a radical return to the post war social housing model as a means of tackling the ongoing housing crisis.

Social housing with minimal rents is not stigmatised no longer exclusivly for those sufferring financial hardship.

C

B

A

New Social Housing Model

Upper Floor Plan

1:250

Examplar Unit plans

Proposed Hybrid Typology

Howards ‘Nuclear’ Family Typology

Future Garden City Typology

1 Hectare

1 Hectare

1 Hectare

Handside Lane 2050 Density 60 dwellings per hectare

Handside Lane 2014 Density 30 dwellings per hectare

1:500 Examplar Urban Fabric Plans & Densitites

Tessellating patternation of proposed typology across brownfield sites such as ex industrial zones achieves 3x no. of habitable rooms compared with Howards 1898 Model.

Handside Lane 2050 Density 60 dwellings per hectare

1:200 Typical Floor Plans 3 bed Nuclear Family Dwelling

1:200 Typical Floor Plans 1989/2050 Hybrid Typology Sleeps Maximum of 12 People

Densification and Adaptation of Howard’s Cul-deSac Typology Howards original model was based on a low density of 30 dwellings per hectare. However the coalition government suggest that future garden citites should be based on a density of 60 dwellings per hectare in order to be viable.

Through the extension of Howards existing Cul-de-Sac typology into the existing vast gardens, a density of 60 dwellings per hectare could be easily achieved.

Furthermore, drawing on Howard’s Cul-de Sac typology the tesalating patternation of the proposed typology across existing brownfield sites could achieve even greater densitites at full capacity.

Original scheme for Hanside Lane based on Low Density typology of 2630 Dwellings per hectare

Garden Cities of ‘To-morrow’ New Garden City Vision

Lets cut down the hedges that divide communitites

Looking towards an alternative to suburbia

Weekly Schedule of 2050 Garden City Dweller

MON

TUE

WED

THU

FRI

SAT

SUN

KEY Occupied

Occupation Vacant

Live and work communitites in the suburb commute to the city when necessary

Weekly Schedule of 2050 Garden City Dweller

MON

TUE

WED

THU

FRI

SAT

SUN

KEY Occupied

Occupation Vacant

Rural Typology: Work a 4 day week and enjoy many mini breaks in the Greenbelt