A Manifesto for the UK’s Garden Cities of 2050 Joanne Preston U22
CONTENTS Introduction Context Manifesto & Typology Development New Garden City Vision
INTRODUCTION Context Manifesto & Typology Development New Garden City Vision
Lets cut down the hedges that divide communitites
Garden Cities of ‘To-morrow’ Context
Looking towards an alternative to suburbia
Garden Cities of ‘To-morrow’ Context
Project Description Please take a copy
Garden Cities of ‘To-morrow’ Context
Introduction
Context Manifesto & Typology Development New Garden City Vision
Source : Ebanizer Howard ‘Garden Citites of To-morrow’, 1898
The Social Ideal Vs Reality of Howard’s 1898 Garden City Model Howard’s proposal for a network of ‘social cities’ was presented as a movement towards social progress in his influential 1892 text ‘To-morrow: a peaceful path to real reform’ , an idea that architectural critics and theorists such as Ruskin and Morris have supported. Framed in the context of other literature produced around the time of its publication, Howard’s Garden City Model can be understood as part of the wider dissemination of utopian discourse associated with a reconnection of the ideals of community and domesticity and a retreat from the ‘threatening by-products of capitalism [and progress] destitution, urban squalor, materialism, prostitution, crime and class conflict’.
Howard’s Holistic Vision for Welwyn Garden City as a largely self sufficient community of work and home
Garden Cities of ‘To-morrow’ Context
Source : Ebanizer Howard ‘Garden Citites of To-morrow’, 1898
Howard’s Failed Vision to Combine the Best of Town and Country Howards model to combine the best of City and Suburb envisaged that the resultant ‘Garden City’ would be a self sufficient, combiningthe leisure and health benefits of the rural with the job prospects of the city. Though through history this model has been proven to be unsuccessful with few jobs in the suburbs and many people needing to commute to work in the city daily leading to garden citits becoming dormatory towns, in recent years increased rents in city centre locations has resulted in more people choosing to manage businesses from cheaper suburban locations.
Map showing location of Welwyn Garden City -and key rail trainsport connections
Impact of UK Garden City Movementon National Housing Policy
L by ow gr den ee si nb ty elt de ve Pr lo o Ci p pm tie sal en s fo ts, ra co ne nt w ain ge ed ne ra tio n of ‘G ar de n
D
Garden City Mvement Key Dates
W S c GC po hem E lic e sta te yr M ev an isi ag on em 20 en 08 t
W S c GC 19 hem E 72 e sta in te M tro du ana ce ge d m en t ev el Eb opm an en ize t r H of b ‘F ou irs o t G wa rn r vi d a s lle r H ‘T am den 18 oCi 95 ps m ty o t Un ead LT rrro Un G D’ w’ wi ar wi n f d o p ns rm A p en ub ea G ed S lis ce ar he ubu D fu de ev r d lp n b St ‘ e N C d at l op es ot ity W h pr atu i e h e to g a o n T in lw co m to ne t yp re g o y m ot ry d n al f o G pu ed ri by Le lo G a ro g i g lso w h ar n t U y c ed hw for de nw Us ry ith t fo m by n or in ed pu pu r g ’1 Ci t O 1 h 89 rc bl ard i ty n 90 ve 1 ha ic 8 P 9 e D 5 r 0 ub c se loa n c ev 3 ro H l i n e i wd cH lo s a tite C ou pm in nd s t o ty ity ses g’ u en sin po Li we po o b 19 t we e lo nes re g C 12 gi o t r m o so es u b m an sin e f en d g bu ce lo ga ilt s1 w rd o 92 n d Lo en en G 0 -D w sit cit ar ies y de m eri den n en ve si t d ty, fro co m nt th ain e g ed ar b de y g n re cit en y m be ov lt e-
W Fo elw r Li m yn qu ed G id 29 ar d at ed Ap en r C Fi 12 M il 1 ity n 9 sib an a 2 L le ce y 1 0 imi te b a s r 94 d 9 nk es t ru ru pt ct c y ur ed du et o po s-
Welwyn Garden City Handover Dates Showing Failure in ‘Social’ Financial Model
W Fo GC r D m D iss ed e olv 1 vel ed 4 J op 31 une me M 19 nt ar 4 Co ch 8 rp W 19 or 66 at H GC io at n fie Na ld tio to na fo lis C rm ed O om aN & n m 1 A is ew me s pr ion To rged il wn w 19 for ith 66 t h eN ew W To In elw wn An tw yn s d op H 1 A ha at fi pr ses eld il 1 D 19 Ap i 83 ri str l 1 ic 97 t C 8 ou nc il
Estate Management Scheme Designed to protect ‘Garden City Values’
Key Planning Acts
Housing Act 1921 Rural land Program 1913
Public Health Act 1875
Year
1880
1900
New Towns Act 1946
‘Localism’ Bill 2011
Homes Fit for Heroes housing act 1
1920
1940
Eco-Town’s Bill 2007
Leasehold Reform Bill 1969
1960
1980
2000
Resurgence in Garden City Ideals See Following Page
The Garden City’s Impact on UK Housing Policy The social ideals that have been associated with Howard’s Garden City Model through historym, such as closeness with nature, good sanitation and good health have made the model useful as a social political tool. The garden city model is heavily embedded in UK housing policy as it has been used as a political device, geared towards preventing public dissent through the Social housing provision and subsequent privatisation of housing for the emerging middle classes.
Rural Land Program 1913
In the context of the ongoing UK housing shortage the low density, suburban garden city model has come into resurgence once again due to cheaper build costs, the private financial model.
In ‘The Rural Land Program’ low density housing built a ‘safe’ distance from the city was designed to encourage the financially able to move up the ‘property ladder’, enabling the lower social class to be moved into the house vacated by the man of a higher social order and subsequently their emptied, unsanitary dwelling closed.
Furthermore we can see how this coincides with a resurgence in the Welwyn Garden City Estate Management Scheme policiies aimed at protecting garden city ‘values’ through regulating the aesthetcs of individual houses.
Homes fit for Heroes 1935 The garden city model was used as a political device aimed at suppressing public dissent through the mass house-building scheme ‘homes fit for heroes’ 1919, which promised security and suitable family homes following strenuous years of sacrifice during the war.
New Towns Act 1946 Low density suburban Social and Private housing built by development corporation, and surrounded by grenbelt.
Garden Cities of ‘To-morrow’ Context
Planning Policy
‘Labour will kick start the next generation of new towns and garden citites around the capital to ease the pressure on London’
Year
February 2014 Edd Milliband, Leader of the Labour party
2013
2012
N ew an no un ce s nm en t, ov er lG ca Lo
February 2014 David Cameron, Prime Minister & Leader of the Conservative party
an d
“I believe in garden cities and...we are committed to publishing a prostepctus on them.”
M E arc G ric P h 2 ar i 01 de ck 4 n les Ci , S ty e c is re to ta be r y bu of S ilt ta at te Eb for bs C fle om et m ,K u en nit t. ies
January 2014 Nick Clegg, Leader of the Liberal Democrats
N Th ove Re e H mb sc cco ou er ale m si 20 de me ng 11 ve nd Str lo s at pm lo er en cal gy ts’ au for M th E Pl arc or ng a h iti la an nn 2 es nd d in 01 fu g 2 to tu Po co re li m ho cy ef us Fr or in am wa gn e rd w ee or wi d. k, th Ex pl pl an ici sf tly or ad ‘lo vo ca ca lly te pl sg an ar ne de d n lar cit ge ies as am ea ns of m ee tin gc ur re nt
Political & Public Debate
Ju TC ne Re PA 201 im C 1 ag am in p in ai g G gn ar lau Se de n Gr pte n ch Ci e d pl an mb es t S e tie r in ha 2 si n th pp 01 th en s 1 e2 – at th 1s io e tC n n al h M en o p a u D rc r tu es sin av h ry s. id 20 gM ’ Ca 12 i n m i ste er on ra ,g nd iv W ea elw sp yn ee ch H at su fie pp ld or M tin P, gg ch am ar de pi n on c ity sG N pr W ove C i o m pr nc ‘H lf in ip ow son ber ciles 2 wo Ec 01 i n ul on 3 ne d om w yo i de u cs ve d Ja eli Pri lo n ve ze pm N ua r a la “I ick ry en u n n 2 C b t. th el le 01 ew ch em ie g 4 e G d g v .” e i , L ar ba de se n ea ga de n d Ci ar rd r Fe ty ou en of Ed bru ? th nd c iti e ne d M ar th L e y w s a ib eq 2 i to llib 01 nd era ue wn a 4 l . . sti .w D s a nd, e on e m nd Le ar o : e c cr ga ad om ats rd er en of m , itt cit the ed ite L to s a ab pu ro ou un r p bl ish d ar t h ty in e c , ‘L ga ap ab pr ita ou os lt r te o wi pc ea ll tu s e ki so th ck n e p st re art ss th ur e e o ne n xt Lo ge nd ne on rat io ’ n of
“I believe in garden cities and...we are committed to publishing a prostepctus on them.”
2014
+ Aging Population
2013
40% Green Belt
of new homes to be built on
+ Fewer Occupants per Household
+ Net Migration
2014 Resurgence in Garden City Ideals Uk Housing Crisis
The proposal for adopting garden city ideas as a means of tackling the current UK housing shortage has gained significant momentum in recent years. A manifestation of this can be seen through the Coalition Government’s proposal for the development of fifteen thousand new homes at Ebbsfleet in Kent as a precedent for a “new generation of garden cities”. While this movement is consistent with the current Coalition Government’s drive towards ‘locally planned large scale developments,’ in recent months the leaders of all three major political parties have pledged to support a new generation of garden cities as a key aspect of their 2015 election campaigns.
The demand for housing in the SE of England means that 40% new houses will be built on Greenbelt land by 2050. The Coalition government proposes to follow a Garden City financial model which advocates that privatisation of public greenbelt land through allowing private housebuilders and investers to benefit from incremental land value.
‘The supply of new homes can sometimes be best achieved through planning for large scale development, such as new settlements or extensions to existing villages and towns that follow the principles of Garden Cities.’
Garden Cities of ‘To-morrow’ Context
NEWSPAPER ARTICLES
Localism and the Garden City Resurgence: Privatisation Under The Guise of Community Empowerment ““We want to bring about a power Shift, putting more power in people’s hands” David Cameron in a speech made in March 2012
The introduction of the UK Coalition Government’s 2011 ‘Localism Bill’s’ agenda of private ownership and community stewardship of land has lead to a resurgence of garden city ideas. Under the planning reforms set out in the 2011 Localism Bill these ideas have been adopted into national planning policy, with the explicit recommendation that local planning authorities consider the application of garden city principles. From the list of garden city ‘principles’ outlined by the TCPA the key concepts of, ‘long-term community stewardship of assets’ through community land trusts, charitable organisation and co-operative societies and ‘strong community engagement’, echo the 2010 Conservative Party general election campaign’s ‘Big Society’ rhetoric and subsequent planning reforms brought about under the Localism Act 2011. While the Garden City Model is been used in the curent political debate to support the suggest Social progress. contemporary critique argues that it can be seen as a movement towards the privatisation of the public realm.
Garden Cities of ‘To-morrow’ Context
VALUE £170,000 FINANCIAL SUPPORT FOR GROWN UP CHILDREN
26%
e ag
38%
28-299 Age ip sh er
hip Age - 40 ners -4 0 Ow
Ave rag eO wn
Av er People Under 30 relying on wealth from parents to secure their own home +10% since 1996
-
Young People aged 20-34 living with parents +25% since 1996
tatistics
Value £30,000
£158,000 PROFIT IN 24 YEARS
SAVINGS FOR RETIREMENT
When The Smith’s Purchased their council house in 1976 they hoped it would provide them with security in retirememt and
SOLD THROUGH ‘HELP TO BUY’
a means of investment in their children’s future.
2013
1986
BOUGHT THROUGH ‘RIGHT TO BUY’
1959
LET FROM COUNCIL
Paid £12,000
Housing IncreaseeExample based on nationa averages. See diagram below.
Garden City Typology and Social Inequality. As a result of successive government’s drive towards home ownership, through schemes such as ‘right to buy’ 1980, the garden city model has led to the privatisation of the public realm. Jane Rendell (2011) argues that the commodification and privatisation of post war housing developments, marketed today as ‘ideal investments’, has led to social inequalities through benefitting those able to invest.
£170,000
Drawing on this critique, we can see how the sale of the previously state owned dwellings, of garden city typologies has disproportionately benefitted those ‘nuclear family’ households in a more stable position and therefore more able to help themselves through discounted ownership and the subsequent increase in house values.
‘Right to Buy’ Scheme
£12,000
LET
BOUGHT
SOLD
Garden Cities of ‘To-morrow’ Context
The Beau Ideal:
25/01/2014 20:40
Preview | Look for Related Images Item
39
of 75
Preview | Look for Related Images Item
42
of 75
1950s Magazine Covers Showing the association between suburban vernacular and domestic ideals.
Credit: Image Courtesy of The Advertising ArchivesCredit: Image Courtesy of The Advertising Archives
Suburban Vernacular and The Beau Ideal The ambition for consistency in the garden city’s aesthetic features can be seen as an expression of the desire to maintain a homogeneous community and understood as part a of wider movement, which involved the linking of housing design and policy with a set of exclusive family and domestic ideals. Contemporary critique argues that such typology is socially exclusive and encourages the middle classes to live ‘private residential clubs’.
http://www.advertisingarchives.co.uk/en/asset/show_zoom_window_p…,7291,7270,6834,6708,6149,2183,1796,216&basket_item_id=undefined http://www.advertisingarchives.co.uk/en/asset/show_zoom_window_p…,7291,7270,6834,6708,6149,2183,1796,2 Page 1 of 1
Garden Cities of ‘To-morrow’
Context
After Social and Instability of the 1950 - The suburban ideal is strongly linked with notion of the ‘Nuclear family’ and a return to female domesticity: the home is a place of consumption, the female is a ‘housewife’ and husband is breadwinner.
1920s
1960s
1930/40s
1950/60s
1 Person of these 150% Person are over 65
29% 29%
1970s
1980/90s
6% single parents2 people
1 Person
2000s
2 people of these 50% are over 65
29%
35%
1 Person
35%
cohabiting friends
3 people
17%
cohabiting friends
of these 50% are over 65
29%
Garden City Vernacular and the Nuclear Family
of these 29% are childless couples
of these 50% are over 65
1 Person
of these 29% are childless couples
2011 Still from ‘Fairy’ washing up liquid advert. Though Male/Female dometic stereotypes have changed there is still a strong link between the Subur17% 6% single parents ban housing typology and the nuclear 3 people family.
2 people
29%
35%
4+ people
19%
The low density suburban vernacular was designed to support a nuclear family. The idea of the Nuclear family challenged today as over 2/3 of households are people living alone or as a childless couple or single parent
6% single parents
1 Person 2 people
of these 29% are childless couples
of these 50% are over 65
29%
6% single parents
35%
of these 29% are childless couples
of these 50% are over 65
29%
35%
2 people
35%
29%
cohabiting friends
1 Person
2 people
17%
17% of these 50% are over 65
of these 29% are childless couples
1996
3 people
2012
17%
parents The idea of the Nuclear family challenged today as over 2/3 of households are people ofliving thesealone or as a childless couple or single 29% are parent childless couples
3 people
19% 4+ people
3 people 6% single The ideaparents of the Nuclear family challenged
The idea of the Nuclear family challenged 167K MULTI FAMILY HOUSEHOLDS today as over 2/3 of households are people + 30% in 16 Years living alone or as a childless couple or single 281K MULTI FAMILY HOUSEHOLDS parent
4+ people
19%
2 people
3 people
4+ people
6% single 3 people
17%
cohabiting friends
of these 29% are childless couples
35%
19%
Today nuclear families make up a minorityof these of households with more people choosong to co-habit, live orarein extended famUK alone29% 35% Household Size childless couples ilies. 2012
2 people
UK Household Size 2012
of these 50% are over 65
1 Person
6% single parents
19%
The idea of the Nuclear family challenged today as over 2/3 of households are people living alone or as a childless couple or single parent
6% single parents
6% single parents
35%
4+ people
of these 50% are over 65
cohabiting friends
29% 2013 Houshold Demographics
1 Person
17%
cohabiting friends
2 people 1 Person
3 people
29%
4+ people
1996
167K MULTI FAMILY HOUSEHOLDS
2012 The idea of the Nuclear family challenged 281K MULTI FAMILY HOUSEHOLDS today as over 2/3 of households are people living alone or as a childless couple or single parent
+ 30% in 16 Years
Garden Cities of ‘To-morrow’ Context
Areas governed by the Scheme in orange (DNS)
Source:: ‘Management Scheme for Welwyn Garden City,’ (1973)
The Welwyn Garden City Estate Management Scheme: Designed to Protect Garden City ‘Values’ Introduced as part of the 1969 Leasehold Reform Bill, to protect ‘garden city values’, the scheme applies a number of restrictions that are usually associated with leasehold contracts to freehold properties in WGC. Following the town’s merger with Hatfield and the surrounding villages as part of the New Towns Act, the Estate Management Scheme, comprising a list of rules seemingly relating to the aesthetic alterations of properties, is the only piece of policy that distinguishes WGC as different from any other UK town, or in fact the surrounding urban sprawl. Furthermore the scheme only applies to the parts of the town that were under the ownership of the New Towns Commission, thus excluding those areas of the town that were owned by the District Council. These tensions, caused by successive governments’ push towards the devolution of power and more recently the Coalition Government’s ‘localism’ agenda, have manifested in a resurgence of the Estate Management Scheme. This can be seen through the redrafting and re-publicising of the scheme’s policies in 2008 and an ongoing campaign by the towns ‘watchdog’, the Welwyn Garden City Society, for the council to actively enforce these policies.
Commission for the New Towns, ‘Management Scheme for Welwyn Garden City,’ (1973)
Garden Cities of ‘To-morrow’ Context
Suspect Architecture in Welwun Garden City: Alterations and Extensions to Suburban Vernacular The implementation of the Coalition Government’s 2011 Localism Bill is the most recent example of the drive by successive governments towards the devolution of power from central government to local communities. Policies enforced under this agenda, such as those that allow homeowners to extend their properties to certain extents without the need for planning permission, claim to give residents a greater freedom of individual expression. However, we can see that a consequence of ‘localism’ in Welwyn Garden City is the emphasis on community activism, in favour of the enforcement of the Estate Management Scheme, thus an increased activism against anything oter than the status quo. Introduced under the guise of community empowerment, an analysis of the situation in Welwyn Garden City has shown that such policy can lead towards increased community vigilance, thus the vilification and exclusion of those who do not comply with the set of community ideals associated with the aesthetics of the garden city vernacular.
Source EMS Appeal Panel: W6/2012/1796/EM EMS Decision.
Garden Cities of ‘To-morrow’ Context
Community Vigilance Fostered in Welwyn Garden City MUG SHOTS: evidence of ‘Ignorant residents’ parking on grass verges, photographed by the Town’s ‘Watchdog’ The Welwyn Garden City Society and sent to the council for action. Source: www.welhat.gov.uk.
Suspect Activity In Welwyn Garden City: Residents parking on Grass Verges The Estate Management Scheme policies are designed to maintain an ‘appropriate balance between hard and soft landscaping’ through ensuring that permission for hard surfacing for the parking of vehicles is only given where the works ‘do not result in the loss of any existing hedgegrows or landscaping… other than the minimum required to access the hard standing.’ In planning appeals against this policy residents have argued its enforcement leads to locals parking their cars on grass verges, thus causing damage to these features. This situation is particularly problematic in light of the changes made to the funding of public services as a result of the austerity measures that have been imposed by the coalition government, which include the withdrawl of funding for the repair of such garden city features. The result is that members of the community have chosen to privately fund the upkeep of grass verges in the town, keeping a photographic record of those who are responsible for the damage.
Source EMS Appeal Panel: W6/2012/1796/EM EMS Decision.
This highlights the danger the that garden city model leads to privatisation and social exclusion by encouraging those who are more able, to privatly fund communal services that they feel are not adequatly rovided by government. This excludes those members of the community who are unable or unwilling to conform.
Garden Cities of ‘To-morrow’ Context
Introduction Context
MANIFESTO & TYPOLOGY DEVELOPMENT New Garden City Vision
THE
FOUR MAGNETS
LONGER WEEKENDS. REMOTE WORKING. SHARED WORK/WAGES A SPACE TO CALL HOME IN THE CITY. PART-HOME OWNSERHIP. SHARED HOMES- TOO GOOD TO REJECTCONNECTING CHILDREN & NATURE. GROW YOUR OWN. RECLAIM THE PUBLIC GREENBELT ACCESS TO CULTURAL OUTPUT. ACTIVE PUBLIC REALM. OUTDOOR LEISURE PERSUITS SPACES FOR DISTANT COMMUNICATION. SHARED DINING SPACES. RE-INSTATE TRANSPORT LINKS
CITY.
GARDEN SUBURB.
HANCES OF EMPLOYMENT. EXCESSIVE WORKING HOURS.
LONG COMMUTES. EXCELLENT TRANSPORT LINKS.
HIGH RENTS. HOUSING INSECURITY.
CHANCE OF HOMEOWNERSHIP - FOR NUCLEAR FAMILIIES.
Garden Cities of ‘To-morrow’
Manifesto & Typology Development LACK OF JO
NIMBY TERR
‘Private’ Cities of To-Morrow
CITY CONCRETE COUNCIL ESTATES CHILDREN LITTLE ACCESS TO NATURE
GARDEN SUBURB ABANDONED INDUSTRIES DORMATORY TOWNS
RURAL ISOLATED. POOR TRANSPORT LINKS.
SITES NEAR THE RAILWAY NO CAR NEEDED
‘Public’ Cities of To-morrow UNDER ESTIMATED INFILL SITES
MANY GOLFCOURSES, ABANDONED FARMSTEADS AND INDUSTRIES
RECONNECT SUBURB, CITY AND RURAL THROUGH THE MUTUAL DEVELOPMENT OF BROWNFIELD SITES & GIVE EVERYONE A PLACE TO CALL HOME IN EACH
Garden Cities of ‘To-morrow’ Manifesto & Typology Development
1.
3.
HERTFORDSHIRE
2.
ALTERNATIVE BROWNFIELD SITES FOR GARDEN CITY OF 2050
4.
WELWYN GARDEN CITY
5.
ESSENDEN
6.
GERRARDS CROSS BUCKINGHAMSHIRE
LB CAMDEN
COALITION GOVERNMENT’S PROPOSED GREENBELT GARDEN CITY LOCATIONS 2014
7.
EXISTING GARDEN CITIES & NEW TOWNS [IN THE BREENBELT]
1900-1920
1946-1950
1. Letchworth 2. Welwyn
3. Stevenage 4. Hemel Hempstead 5. Harlow
6. Basildon 7. Bracknell
The Greater London Plan 1944 & The beginnings of the ‘Commuter Belt’ A plan for the development and improvement of London the Greater London Plan intended to control and halt London’s expansion by; Establishment of rural environments (the “green belt”) around the city in which the building of new infrastructure and housing was severely restricted.
YALDING KENT
Creation of new towns outside the Greater London area to accommodate the overspill of population. Such towns are Basildon, Bracknell and Harlow. Expansion of existing towns, such as Swindon, Haverhill and Ashford, for the same purpose. limiting the amount of land available for development has lead to increased house prices and lead to the notion of the commuter suburb.
Garden Cities of ‘To-morrow’ Manifesto & Typology Development
EXISTING RAIL CONNECTION
SITE #1 GARDEN SUBURB
SITE #2 GREENBELT
SITE # 3 CITY
London Greenbelt Key Plan
London Metropolitan Greenbelt
Hertfordshire
A Place to Call Home in the City, Suburb and Rural Garden Cities of ‘To-morrow’ 2050 proposes an alternative typology for the tomorrow’s garden cities. Based on a more transient idea of ‘home’, the project imagines a future where everyone can have a place to call home in the city, greenbelt and suburb. This approach allows members of the communty to benefit from the differences of each site and also promotes a more flexible approach to home ownership. Drawing on Howards approah the sites are connected by existing rail networks.
Garden Cities of ‘To-morrow’ Manifesto & Typology Development
E
D N
U
M
L
E W E G L L
D A O
E
W
A Y
B19
UR T CO IN W
80m
TE 0 A100
RO A D
F R E T HE R N E
R
I D
G
A
L
L
O
W
F
IE
E R
Station
W
O
A
L
D
S
D E
W A Y
A
S
F Sta
T
83m F
E N
A L
R L
O
A
D
D
U PP
ROA D
E FI
EN S
E E
80m
IE F
N D S L O N G L A
R
D
R
N
E
R
A
G
A
O
Y
R OA D
D A O R L I E F H C E E
D O A
R
R OA D
D
W
B
R
R
90m
E R T R A E P
FT O CR ND PO
T C P
TH E BY
T
C
E
RO A D
BR O A D W A T E R
C T
AR S E DG
C CR ES WIC K
E
OU
T H E
M
B R O
A
D
W
R A L S O RE E D S
AT E R
M E A D
CR E S C E
N
NS CROF T GD
L A NE
LONG
FO RD W I C H
L O NG C R OF T
RO A D
Y
P A R K WA
C
G
L
R U
EY
D
L L M I
L
87m
A
B
L AT
L HO L W EL
84m
D E L F I Z E
H
S
82m
F UR
UG
T
O OR NB
D
IS
HE
L
R
Seeking Opportunitites from the Failures of Howard’s 1898 Welwyn Garden City Model
Holwell Primary School 85m
W
L
U
Twentieth Mile Bridge
A D
RO A
E
A
N D
H
E
E EA R T R
L
R
D
O
F
EL
L ET H ELRE D C
LA
O
C
O
A1000
R
L W
E L O S
G
O
T
0
R
HO
C
G
A
D U NC A N
RY BU LIS
W
88m
S EY
Y
G
LO N RO
NE
N
SA
A6129
9
12
A6
CL
O
DR
IN
S
K
SH
AU
SP
D
G
E
N
00
A1
BE
L
N
A RO
NE
A ST
B A S SIN G
H
DW
TH
EE
L
A
E
R
EL ATH
T
EL
GR
L E L
O S
WAY
N T
R
W LK
H I L L
INS
GA
R N B U
C
RO O K S
BL
L
R OA D
S
GO
WEL
GR E E N
ROOK
K N
M I L L
NS G R
84m
W I L K I
88m
K W IC L UD
PW
T
M
O NB
GD N S
A
RA
R K Y W A
Peartree Primary School
L
C
PA
A D RO
O
O W
Allot Gdns
Y NL E A R
W R H
Y
OS BO R N
WA
Car P ark
O
U
T
L A NE L O NG C R O F T
PENN
RO A D
U V ER
D AR
PW
RT
A RK F I E L
TERS CLUS THE D
G
E SS E N D O N
R D
A
84m
C
RN
O
T
M
BA
F
Peartree
N
L
D TG
OF CT
EY
RL
R RO
PW BI R D C R O F T
LY
YMCA
A
BA
SUBURBAN SITE Dissused Shreaded Wheat Factory, Welwyn Garden City
C O U
G
P
PA R
B R OA D
m
CL
85
A Y
D
DS
87m W
K
R D
L D IE
R
PA R K W A Y
PA R K W A Y
B
S
Coun Offs
FB HY DE
D
RO A D
Works
84m
N
L
G U E S S E NS
E
GR
I
S
F
Factory
RO A D
PW
N
C H UR C H
B195
I
N
87m
Hunters Bridge
Bus Sta
T
CH RD
Works
R
H O WA R D S G A T E
CHUR
PW
E
R D S G A T E
W A Y
A
91m
S
D
L
E
I
F
M
H O WA
OS BO R N
S T O N E H I L L S
PO
RO A D
Warehouse
RT H
W I G M O R ES N O
94m
T
Gas Holder
5
R U S S E L LC R O F T
N
78m
O W B R
S I N
D
R
BR
L IE
I
D GEF
Mast
85m
S
Pol Sta Coun Offs
94m
OA D
90m
P
A1000
Industrial Estate
O
M
LS
Council Depot
Drain
Liby U
m
95 R
A
L
T
C
Liby
95
B1
97m
B R I D G E
C
E
T
Coll T H E
D
E
E
L
Coll
Woodside House
U N
L
D
O D U N D W O
M
C
O
0
00
A1
D
Rly
IV
1:2500 site plan showing location along railway line R
RO A
I
W
Y L E
Dism
tld
R
C L
S
S
W A L D E N
E
M
A Y
GR ES L E Y
D
N RS
OLA
SCH
W
S
K
L
R
R OA
A
E
P
D
S
L
O
R
R D RA E R S H
P
E
The decline of industry and the failure of the garden city to provide enough jobs for the people who live there has resulted in it becoming a commuter town. The proposed typlogy proposes to take advatange of this current scenareo by proposing an ‘infill’ typology.
Land use map showing the the now largely redundant industrial zone alongside the railway.
Garden Cities of ‘To-morrow’ Manifesto & Typology Development
St Stilas Estate (NW5) Marquis Road (NW1)
RURAL SITE 1 of 2 Golf Courses at Essenden Country Club
URBAN SITE Council owned dissused ‘small sites’ Curently under public consultation regardng their future use, London Borough of Camden
St. Stilas Estate (NW5)
Linking Brownfield Sites in the Greenbelt with London Boroughs Continuing on from previous research the project proposes to link inefficient brownfield sites in the greenbelt with underused brownfield infill sites in the city.
N
Grangefield, Marquis Road (NW1)
Garden Cities of ‘To-morrow’ Manifesto & Typology Development
‘Private’ Cities of To-Morrow
CITY A GARDEN IS UNAFORDABLE. CHILDREN PLAY INDOORS.
GARDEN SUBURB UNDERUSED PRIVATE GARDENS PUBLIC ‘KEEP OFF THE GRASS’
RURAL NO TRESPASSING. PRIVATE GOLF COURSE
SHARED GREEN SPACE
RECONNECTING CHILDREN WITH NATURE
‘Public’ Cities of To-morrow
RECLAIMING PRIVITISED PARCELS OF GREENBELT
NEW IMPROVED LIFE PATTERNS WILL RESULT FROM A MORE FLEXIBLE APPROACH TO HOME OWNERSHIP COMBINED WITH A 4 DAY WORKING WEEK RESIDENTS WILL BENEFIT FROM 50% MORE LEISURE TIME & MANY MINI HOLIDAYS IN THE GREENBELT
Garden Cities of ‘To-morrow’ Manifesto & Typology Development
INITIAL SKETCH MODEL Investigating the densification of the garden cities urban fabric through the creation of a multi level ‘matt’ building whereby public rights of way are combined with communal gardens on multi-levels forming new links and relationships between individual dwellings.
Suburban Groundscape Wes Jones
Garden Cities of ‘To-morrow’ Manifesto & Typology Development
Private Dwellings
Public Groundscape
INITIAL SKETCH MODEL Re publicising the Welwyn Garden City through the creation of a groundscape with dwelings which grow vertically when in use and form public garden landscape when not in use.
Garden Cities of ‘To-morrow’ Manifesto & Typology Development
TYPOLOGY DEVELOPMENT MODEL The proposal suggests a tesselating structural grid with an intergrated rail network connecting to the existing railway lines for the transportation of relivant parts of the dwellings between city, suburb and rural locations.
Raised gardens and planted decks - community access when dwellings are vacant
Rail network connected to existing railway lines
Intergrated grey water collection & distribution system
Garden Cities of ‘To-morrow’ Manifesto & Typology Development
Intergrated rail sysytems connected to existing railway lines for transporation to greenbelt and the city
Verticle Ownership structures free up lower levels for communal functions when they are unoccupied.
Proposal for an Alternative model of Home Ownership and Land Rental Structure. Furnature pieces are owned by the occupants and hoisted into position onto platforms which can be rented from the council as and when they are required. When the dwellings are unoccupied because their inhabitants are in the city rural sites, they can be used for other comunal purposes such as food production, public squares and meeting places.
Howards model for new ‘Social‘ rental structure based was incremental land value capture, whereby a proportion of the profits is given back to the community. This model failed following the 1967 Leasehold Reform Bill which allowed residents to purchased the freehold to their properties, thus keeping profits from increased value for their private gain. Garden Cities of ‘To-morrow’ Manifesto & Typology Development
Huang Quingjin
Surban Comodification of Household Utilities & Broken Promises of Increased Social Mobility. Suburbia lead to the comodification of household goods through its promisse of a improved lifestle and social mobility aimed towards the rising middle classes. The reality of this today is that those who have inveted in such ‘lifestly’have actually decreased their social mobility through being tied to to lengthly mortgages and material assests. Huang Quimgjin photographs families from many cultures with their entire posessions taken outside the house. These highlight how few items a family actually requires to live a comfortable lifestyle.
The ideas of domesticity and an ideal family Suburban lifestyle used to sell goods to the emerging middle classes. Source: The advertising Archives
Garden Cities of ‘To-morrow’ Manifesto & Typology Development
FURNITURE INVENTRY Standardised Modules Plug into Steel Frame Walls
Garden Cities of ‘To-morrow’ Manifesto & Typology Development
KEY PLAN
Daily Dwelling Cycles Improved life patterns are reflected and made possible through the flexibility of the furniture modules. AM
AM
PM
Make the Bed Beds are ‘made up’ into the walls and outdoor fabric privacy screen is dissmantled quickly using the ‘Clip Grip’ mechanism
Work and Childcare at Home Desks with intergrated child play facilitites, virtual meeting rooms and desk buggy attachments make it easier to work from home, cut-
Dine Together Dining tables fold from the walls and transported to spaces which can accomodate communal of private dning experiences inside or out
ting commutes and rebalancing work and life.
Garden Cities of ‘To-morrow’ Manifesto & Typology Development
‘Private’ Cities of To-Morrow
CITY CHANCES OF EMPLOYMENT. EXCESSIVE HOURS.
GARDEN SUBURB LONG COMMUTES. EXCELLENT TRANSPORT LINKS
RURAL LACK OF JOBS. RETREAT IN NATURE
REMOTE WORKING OPPORTUNITIES
‘Public’ Cities of To-morrow LONGER WEEKENDS.
MORE SHARED JOBS/WAGES
CARBON EMISSIONS FROM COMMUTING TO WORK WILL BE REDUCED BY 87%
Garden Cities of ‘To-morrow’ Manifesto & Typology Development
DESK BUGGY Shared Working, Work From Home, Take your desk (and baby) to the City for meetings.
Garden Cities of ‘To-morrow’ Manifesto & Typology Development
City typology Development Sketches
‘City Dweling’ Initial sketch model Rooftop dwellings formed from desk buggies aranged around a central fire at night. Daytime occupation occurs below where open plan floor space allows baby play locations and desks to be arranged as desired.
Floor 1
Dwelling Space for Workers
Flexible Office Space and Childcare using Desk Buggy
Garden Cities of ‘To-morrow’ Manifesto & Typology Development
‘Private’ Cities of To-Morrow
CITY FLOOD RISK. DROUGHT RISK.
GARDEN SUBURB INFERTILE SOIL. WASTED WATER
RURAL FLOOD BUFFER. CROP PRODUCTION.
HEALTH BENEFITS OF NATURE
‘Public’ Cities of To-morrow LOCAL FOOD PRODUCTION
IMPROVED ECOLOGY
30% of LAND FOR PASSIVE AGRICULTURE: GENERATING 2.9 TONS FOOD PER ACRE & REDUCING AVERAGE HOUSEHOLD FOOD BILL BY 18%
Garden Cities of ‘To-morrow’ Manifesto & Typology Development
Verticle Ownership structures free up lower levels for communal functions when they are unoccupied such as food production
Communal infastructures such as shared kitchens adapt their functions depending on seasonal requirements.
Typology Development Food production & Market Stall Typology One of the failures of Howards Garden City Model, which was designed to incorporate allotments is that Welwyn Garden City was built on Chalk Soil and therefore infertile. The new typology ovrcomes this issue by proposing raised platforms which canbe used as growing beds. and the incorporation of a rainwater and greywater dranage system.
External Sheltered Market Stall
Internal Kitchen and Food Store
‘FOOD BANK’ Seasonal Food store and Market Stall Initial concept model exploring internal/external environmental conditions
Garden Cities of ‘To-morrow’ Manifesto & Typology Development
Polycarbonate cladding Polyester insulation allows light to penertrate Intenal glass fibre fabric
External glass fibre fabric Folding Polyester insulated pannels
Fire heats underfloor heating pipes
Choose where to sleep based on temparature
Seasonal Variation in Internal External Environments
Internal decks used as raised planters for food production when unoccupied
External sleeping Kengo Kuma and Associates is an experimental house in Hokkaidō, Japan. The Facade with thick layer of polyester insulation sandwiched between the polycarbonate cladding of the exterior and the glass-fibre fabric of the interior. This insulation was made using recycled plastic bottles and it allows light to pass into the house through the walls
The vertical nature of the furnature movement allows for dwellers to choose to sleep by the fire in winter, or in the room above if the fire becomes too warm. In sumer the Glass fibre fabric facade can be folded into the roof, and the pollycarbonate louvres folded slid back on rails allowing natural cross ventilation to occur. Drawing on Kengo Kumas’s experimental polycarbonate house as a key material precedent, the building is kept heated by two fires which heat the ground, and also from the filteration of natural sunlight through the translucent facade.
Garden Cities of ‘To-morrow’ Manifesto & Typology Development
FLEXIBLE SLEEPING SPACES Choose where to sleep depending on temperature. Sleep outside in Summer, Downstairs by the Fire in Winter or Move up a storey if the fire is too warm. Garden Cities of ‘To-morrow’ Manifesto & Typology Development
INDOOR/OUTDOOR UTILITIES Domestic tasks can be enjoyed outdoors
Garden Cities of ‘To-morrow’ Manifesto & Typology Development
‘Private’ Cities of To-Morrow
CITY
GARDEN SUBURB
FAMILY LIVE ELSEWHERE. PLACES OF AMIUSEMENT
DINNER IN FRONT OF THE TV. DORMATORY TOWNS
RURAL ISOLATED. POOR TRANSPORT LINKS.
SHARED DINING SPACES
DIGITAL CONNECTIONS LINK CITY & BEYOND
‘Public’ Cities of To-morrow DISUSED RAILWAY CONNECTIONS ARE RE-INSTATED
EVERYONE HAS ACCESS TO A PARLOUR
Typical semi-detached house plan at Welwyn Garden City Showing the location ofthe parlour - the best room reserved for entertaiing guests
Garden Cities of ‘To-morrow’ Manifesto & Typology Development
Flexible Metamaterial Surfaces create sense of depth through holograms - allowing user to feel like they are in a virtual reality Japanese love hotels A fantasy reality can be specified by computer app before enterring
Concept model and sketches showing vertcal stacking of nighttime occupation of City infil typology. when open plan working spaces are not in use - dividers form spaces between columns for virtual conversations.
Intial Design Virtual Parlours in the City One of the key aspects of the garden city suburban vernacular which made it so disirable to the emerging middle classes was the addition of a parlour - the ‘best’ room in the front of the house which was reserved for entertaining guests. The proposal aims to give everyone the opportunity to acces a parlour in the city where increasing rents are resulting in smaller living spaces. The city
Daytime occupation Furnature pieces form Virtural meeting rooms around desk spaces for distant communicaion whilst working from home
Garden Cities of ‘To-morrow’ Manifesto & Typology Development
SHARED COOKING/DINING Walls unfold to become tables revealing new access to neighbouring properties. Garden Cities of ‘To-morrow’ Manifesto & Typology Development
‘Private’ Cities of To-Morrow
CITY HIGH RENT HOUSING INSECURITY
GARDEN SUBURB A CHANCE OF HOME OWNERSHIP -FOR NUCLEAR FAMILIS
RURAL NIMBY TERRITORY NO DEVELOPMENT
HOMES DESIGNEDFOR THE COMMUNITY
A SPACE TO CALL HOME IN THE CITY
‘Public’ Cities of To-morrow [PART] HOMEOWNERSHIP
EVERYONE WILL BENEFIT FROM 35% INCREASE IN HOUSING WEALTH OVER A 20 YEAR PERIOD
Garden Cities of ‘To-morrow’ Manifesto & Typology Development
Early Concept MODELS AND COLLAGES The ‘Nest Egg’ A detachable part of the given to the occupants of the house as an investment in their families future
‘NEST EGG’ Under stair storage for Desk Buggy and Removable Caravan Sized ‘NES T EGG ’ as a retirement home/holday home orused Moduke can be sold/ used as University accomodation Under stair storage for Desk Buggy and Removable Cara van Sized Moduke can be sold/ used as a retirement home/holday home orused as University accomodation
Garden Cities of ‘To-morrow’ Manifesto & Typology Development
Introduction Context Manifesto and Typlogy Development
NEW GARDEN CITY VISION
Example Cul-De-Sac arrangements at Weleyn Garden City to form an urban fabric, C1920s. Source: Lois de Soissons ‘Welwyn Garden City: A town designed for health living.’ 1989.
Howard’s Cul-De-Sac Typology The urban fabric of Howard’s 1898 Garden City was largely formed from housing arranged in a cul-de-sac formation. Such arrangement results in a series of external spaces which feel enclosed but also give views into the back gardens through the gaps between the surrounding dwellings, therefore creating a sense of enclosure whilst also feeling connected with nature.
Similar principles applied at a higher density create a series of tree lined enclosed external, communal gardens.
Garden Cities of ‘To-morrow’ New Garden City Vision
Privately Owned Family House
New Social Housing Model
Privately Owned Family House with Extension for Flexible Private Rental Accomodation
Existing model usually involves been tied to a long and hefty mortgage.
Proposes a radical return to the post war social housing model as a means of tackling the ongoing housing crisis.
(Improved rental controls with rent capped at lower avergage rate)
C
B
A
Social housing with minimal rents is not stigmatised no longer exclusivly for those sufferring financial hardship.
Upper Floor Plan
1:250
Proposed Hybrid Typology
Howards ‘Nuclear’ Family Typology
Hetrosexual Married Couple
Future Garden City Typology
Hetrosexual Married Couple Friend
Friend Couple Children
Children
Siblings Buisness Partners
Friend
Friend
Cohabiting
Friends
Child
Lover
Friend
Parent
Married Couple
Separated
Child Child
Parent Children
Couple
4 People NUCLEAR FAMILY
12 People
shared childcare responsibilities
NUCLEAR FAMILY
12 People NON -NUCLEAR FAMILY
+ Alternative Family Relationship Structures
Housing Typology Designed for a community not family
Towards a Non-Nuclear Typology The proposed typology is designed for a community rather than a family. Whereas Howard’s model has been shown to disporpotionatly benefit those in a nuclear family setup and encourage the exclusion of those who do not conform to this stereotype. The proposed typology aims to encourage the formation and acceptance of new types of household bonds, which can be mutually beneficial and efficient. This typology aims to make easier sharing responsibilitites, chores, and reduce commutin time, thus leading to an improved work life balance. .
Garden Cities of ‘To-morrow’ New Garden City Vision
Privately Owned Family House
Privately Owned Family House with Extension for Flexible Private Rental Accomodation
Existing model usually involves been tied to a long and hefty mortgage.
(Improved rental controls with rent capped at lower avergage rate)
Proposes a radical return to the post war social housing model as a means of tackling the ongoing housing crisis. Social housing with minimal rents is not stigmatised no longer exclusivly for those sufferring financial hardship.
C
B
A
New Social Housing Model
Upper Floor Plan
1:250
Examplar Unit plans
Proposed Hybrid Typology
Howards ‘Nuclear’ Family Typology
Future Garden City Typology
1 Hectare
1 Hectare
1 Hectare
Handside Lane 2050 Density 60 dwellings per hectare
Handside Lane 2014 Density 30 dwellings per hectare
1:500 Examplar Urban Fabric Plans & Densitites
Tessellating patternation of proposed typology across brownfield sites such as ex industrial zones achieves 3x no. of habitable rooms compared with Howards 1898 Model.
Handside Lane 2050 Density 60 dwellings per hectare
1:200 Typical Floor Plans 3 bed Nuclear Family Dwelling
1:200 Typical Floor Plans 1989/2050 Hybrid Typology Sleeps Maximum of 12 People
Densification and Adaptation of Howard’s Cul-deSac Typology Howards original model was based on a low density of 30 dwellings per hectare. However the coalition government suggest that future garden citites should be based on a density of 60 dwellings per hectare in order to be viable. Through the extension of Howards existing Cul-de-Sac typology into the existing vast gardens, a density of 60 dwellings per hectare could be easily achieved. Furthermore, drawing on Howard’s Cul-de Sac typology the tesalating patternation of the proposed typology across existing brownfield sites could achieve even greater densitites at full capacity.
Original scheme for Hanside Lane based on Low Density typology of 2630 Dwellings per hectare
Garden Cities of ‘To-morrow’ New Garden City Vision
Lets cut down the hedges that divide communitites
Looking towards an alternative to suburbia
Weekly Schedule of 2050 Garden City Dweller
MON
TUE
WED
THU
FRI
SAT
SUN
KEY Occupied
Occupation Vacant
Live and work communitites in the suburb commute to the city when necessary
Weekly Schedule of 2050 Garden City Dweller
MON
TUE
WED
THU
FRI
SAT
SUN
KEY Occupied
Occupation Vacant
Rural Typology: Work a 4 day week and enjoy many mini breaks in the Greenbelt