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IBooks, chapters, articles and unpublished texts

Abercrombie, N. et al. (1980) The Dominant Ideology Thesis. Allen and Unwin,

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Estudo Estratégicos e Internacionais, Instituto Superior de Relações Internacionais), Maputo. Abrams, P. (1988) “Notes on the difficulty of studying the state (1977),” Journal of

Historical Sociology, 1 (1): 58–89. Accord (1998) The Mozambican Peace Process in Perspective. Conciliation Resources,

London. Adam, Y. (1991) “Historiadores e ideologos,” in A. José and P. Meneses(eds),

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Moçambique. Africa Watch (1992) Conspicuous Destruction: War, Famine and the Reform Process in

Mozambique. Human Rights Watch, New York. Aguilar, P. (2002) Memory and Amnesia: The Role of the Spanish Civil War in the

Transition to Democracy. Berghahn Books, New York and Oxford. Originally published in 1996 as Memoria y Olvido de la Guerra Civil Española by Alianza Editorial, Madrid. Alden, C. (2001) Mozambique and the Construction of the New African State: From Negotiations to Nation Building. Palgrave, New York. —— (2002) “Making old soldiers fade away: lessons from the reintegration of demobilized soldiers in Mozambique,” Security Dialogue, 33 (3): 341–56. Alden, C. and Simpson, M. (1993) “Mozambique: a delicate peace,” The Journal of

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346 Bibliography Alexander, J. (1994) “Terra e autoridade política no pós-guerra em Moçambique: o caso da Província de Manica,” Arquivo (Maputo), 16: 5–95. —— (1995) “Political change in Manica Province, Mozambique: implications for the decentralization of power,” Oxford University, ms. —— (1996) “Things fall apart, the centre can hold: processes of post-war political change in Zimbabwe’s rural areas,” in N. Bhebe and T. Ranger (eds), Society in

Zimbabwe’s Liberation War. James Currey, Oxford. —— (1997) “The local state in post-war Mozambique: political practice and ideas about authority,” Africa, 67 (1): 1–26. Allen, C. (1995) “Understanding African politics,” Review of African Political

Economy, 65: 301–20. Allen, S. (1994) “Nampula diary,” Southern Africa Report (Toronto), 10 (2). Almeida, E.F. de (1957a) See section V, sub-section A. —— (1957b) See section V, sub-section A. Alpers, E.A. (1984) “‘To seek a better life:’ [sic] the implications of migration from

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Democracy: Popular Precedents, Popular Practice and Popular Culture, 13–15

July, University of the Witwatersrand. Appiah, K.A. (1992) In My Father’s House: Africa in the Philosophy of Culture. Oxford

University Press, Oxford. Araújo, M.G.M. de (1985) “Communal villages and the distribution of the rural population in the People’s Republic of Mozambique,” in J.I. Clarke et al. (eds),

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Lourenço, O.A. and Hilário, M.E. (1988a) “Fenómenos da socialização política-cultural; o poder tradicional e seu relacionamento com o poder popular: Distrito do

Eráti-Nacarôa. Primeira Parte,” in Dossier, “O Sistema Tradicional,” DA. Lourenço, O.A. and Hilário, M.E. (1988b) “Fenómenos da socialização política-cultural; o poder tradicional e seu relacionamento com o poder popular: Distrito do

Eráti-Nacarôa. Segunda Parte,” in Dossier, “O Sistema Tradicional,” DA. RM, PN, Direcção do Plano, “Programa geral de reabilitação agrária dos distritos prioritários,” realizado por Abdulcarimo e Dionisio Chereua, n.d., [c.1989], DA.

368 Bibliography Cavala, P. (1990) “Linha do comandamento político do poder tradicional,” 9 de

Agosto, Nampula, DPAC, DA, Nampula, in Dossier, “O Sistema Tradicional,” DA. RPM, PN, Distrito de Murrupula, “Relatório sobre o poder tradicional,” 19 de Novembro de 1990 in Dossier, “O Sistema Tradicional,” DA [the Murrupula report]. RM, PN, Administração do Distrito de Mecuburi, “Levantamento efectuado sobre o poder tradicional (Distrito de Mecubúri),” elaborado por A. Tesoura, Dezembro de 1990 in Dossier, “O Sistema Tradicional,” DA [the Mecubúri report]. RM, PN, Administração do Distrito de Malema, “Informe sobre o poder tradicional,” Malema, 21 de Janeiro de 1991; cover letter: RPM, PN, Administração do Distrito de Malema à Direcção Provincial de Apoio e Controlo, 23/ADM/17.9, 7/2/91 in Dossier, “O Sistema Tradicional,” DA [the Malema report]. RM, PN, ADN, Ano de 1991, Mês de Janeiro, “Relatório,” in Dossier, “Namapa,”

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Dossier, “O Sistema Tradicional,” DA. RM, PN, DN, Ano de 1991, Mês de Maio, “Relatório,” in Dossier, “Namapa,” DA [May 1991 district report]. RM, PN, DN, primeiro semestre 1991, “Relatório,” Namapa, 10 de Julho de 1991 in Dossier, “Namapa,” DA [first semester district report for 1991]. RM, GPN, DPAC, “Informação sobre a situação do Distrito de Namapa,” n.d., attachment to the Namapa administration’s 1991 first semester report. RM, PN, DN, Ano de 1991, Mês de Julho, “Relatório,” in Dossier, “Namapa,” DA. RM, PN, ADN, Ano de 1991, Mês de Agosto, “Relatório,” in Dossier, “Namapa,”

DA [August 1991 district report]. RM, PN, ADN, Ano de 1991, Mês de Outubro, “Relatório,” in Dossier, “Namapa,”

DA [October 1991 district report]. RM, PN, Distrito de Angoche, “Comunicado final,” Angoche, 4 de Dezembro de 1991; cover letter: RM, PN, Administração do Distrito de Angoche à Direcção

Provincial de Apoio e Controlo, Nampula, 383/ADA/18.7, 19/12/91 in Dossier,

“O Sistema Tradicional,” DA. RM, PN, Administração do Distrito de Angoche, “Síntese da primeira reunião com as estruturas tradicionais (Régulos, Chefes das Povoações e Reis),” Angoche, 14 de

Fevereiro de 1992; cover letter: RM, PN, Administração do Distrito de Angoche à Direcção Provincial de Apoio e Controlo, Nampula, 5/ADA/2.5, 31/3/92 in

Dossier, “O Sistema Tradicional,” DA. RM, PN, ADN, Ano de 1992, Mês de Fevereiro, “Relatório,” in Dossier, “Namapa,”

DA [February 1992 district report]. Letter from the Secretariat of the District Committee of the Frelimo Party, Murrupula District, to the Secretariat of the Provincial Committee of the Frelimo

Party entitled “Assunto: informação,” 19 de Março de 1992 in Dossier, “O

Sistema Tradicional,” DA. RM, PN, ADN, Ano de 1992, Mês de Março, “Relatório,” in Dossier, “Namapa,”

DA [March 1992 district report]. RM, PN, ADN, Ano de 1992. Mês de Abril, “Relatório,” in Dossier, “Namapa,”

DA [April 1992 district report].

Bibliography 369 RM, GPN, DPAC, DA, “Análise sobre a reunião havida no Distrito de Angoche com as estruturas tradicionais, realizada nos dias 13 e 14.02.92,” 4 de Maio de 1992 in Dossier, “O Sistema Tradicional,” DA. Lourenço, O.A. 1992, “O poder tradicional macua e o seu impacto na Direcção e

Administração territorial na base,” Projecto Moz/91/002 – PNUD, Malema, Maio in Dossier, “O Sistema Tradicional,” DA. RM, PN, ADN, Ano de (1992) Mês de Maio, “Relatório,” in Dossier, “Namapa,”

DA [May 1992 district report]. Cover letter, RPM, PN, Gabinete do Administrador do Distrito de Monapo à

Direcção Provincial de Apoio e Controlo de Nampula, Nampula, 85/ADM/3.6, 6/6/92 in Dossier, “O Sistema Tradicional,” DA [the Monapo report]. Letter from the district administrator of Lalaua, RM, PN, Administração do Distrito de Lalaua, “Informação circunstanciada sobre o artigo publicado no jornal

Notícias de 16/6/92 com o título ‘Poder tradicional-tribal’ ganha força em Lalaua) [sic] da autoria de Pedro Nacuo da Delegação de Nampula,” Lalaua, 20 de Junho de 1992 in Dossier “O Sistema Tradicional,” DA. Letter from the Director of DPAC to the Governor of Nampula Province (enc: proposed circular), 15/7/92 in Dossier, “O Sistema Tradicional,” DA. Proposed circular, enclosure to letter from the director of the DPAC to the Governor of Nampula Province, 15/7/92 in Dossier, “O Sistema Traditional,” DA [proposed DPAC circular]. RM, PN, ADN, Ano de 1992, Mês de Agosto, “Relatório,” in Dossier, “Namapa,”

DA [August 1992 district report]. RM, PN, ADN, Ano de 1992, Mês de Setembro, “Relatório,” in Dossier,

“Namapa,” DA [September 1992 district report]. RM, PN, Distrito de Mogovolas, Administração do Distrito de Mogovolas,

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Sistema Tradicional,” DA [the 1992 Mogovolas report]. RM, GPN, DPAC, DA, “Apreciação sobre o poder tradicional: Reflexão do Distrito de Mogovolas,” Nampula, 13 de Novembro de 1992 in Dossier, “O Sistema

Tradicional,” DA. RM, PN, Conselho Executivo do Distrito de Angoche, “Reflexão sobre a autoridade/poder tradicional,” Angoche, 16 de Novembro de 1992; cover letter: RM,

PN, Administração do Distrito de Angoche a Exmo. Senhor, Director Provincial de Apoio e Controlo de Nampula, Nampula, 649/ADA/9.12, 3/12/92 in Dossier,

“O Sistema Tradicional,” DA. RM, PN, DN, “Monografia do Distrito de Namapa,” n.d. [c.1992], DA. RM, PN, DN, Ano de 1993, Mêses de Janeiro/Fevereiro, “Relatório,” in Dossier,

“Namapa,” DA [January/February 1993 district report]. RM, PN, DN, “Relatório do primeiro trimestre, Ano de 1993,” 31 de Março de 1993 in Dossier, “Namapa,” DPAC, DA [first trimester district report for 1993]. RM, PN, DN, Ano de 1993, Mês de Março, “Relatório,” in Dossier, “Namapa,” DA [March 1993 district report]. RM, PN, DN, Ano de 1993, Mês de Abril, “Relatório,” in Dossier, “Namapa,” DA [April 1993 district report]. RM, PN, Distrito de Mogovolas, Administração do Distrito de Mogovolas,

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Dossier, “O Sistema Tradicional,” DA [the 1993 Mogovolas report].

370 Bibliography DPAC, DA, “Breve informação sobre o Distrito de Namapa,” Nampula, 7 de Junho de 1993 in Dossier, “Namapa,” DA. RM, PN, ADN, Ano de 1993, Mês de Junho, “Relatório,” in Dossier, “Namapa,”

DA [June 1993 district report]. DPAC, DA, “Breve informação sobre o Distrito de Namapa,” Nampula, 26 de

Agosto de 1993 in Dossier, “Namapa,” DA. RM, PN, ADN, Ano de 1993, Mêses de Julho/Agosto, “Relatório,” in Dossier,

“Namapa,” DA [July/August 1993 district report]. RM, PN, ADN, Ano de 1993, Mês de Setembro, “Relatório,” in Dossier,

“Namapa,” DA [September 1993]. RM, PN, ADN, Ano de 1993, Mês de Outubro, “Relatório,” in Dossier, “Namapa,”

DA [October 1993 report]. RM, PN, ADN, Ano de 1993, Mês de Novembro, “Relatório,” in Dossier,

“Namapa,” DA [November 1993]. DPAC, DA, “Breve informação sobre o Distrito de Namapa,” Nampula, Fevereiro de 1994 in Dossier, “Namapa,” DA.

IVDistrict government sources, Namapa ADistrict Secretariat (Secretaria Distrital)

Coordenador [Brigada Distrital para Assunto de Autoridade Tradicionais], “Autoridade tradicional do Distrito de Namapa,” 2 de Fevereiro de 1993. Secretaria da ADN, 21 de Abril de 1994 [list of gratuities paid to chiefs during the 1993–1994 fiscal year]; signed by the head of the accounting department.

BDistrict Directorate of Agriculture (Direcção Distrital de Agricultura, or DDA)

RM, MOA, DDA de Namapa, “Plano agrícola, Campanha 93/94 – Interno,” n.d. [1993].

CDistrict Court (Tribunal Distrital)

RM, MOJ, PN, DN, Tribunal Comunitário do Posto Administrativo de Alua-Sede,

“Relatório,” Alua, 17 de Dezembro de ano de 1992. RM, MOJ, PN, DN, Tribunal Comunitário da Aldeia Comunal de Namajupa No. 1, ex: Ripiha, “Informação,” Namajupa No. 1., 10 de Março de 1993. RM, MOJ, PN, DN, Tribunal Comunidário [sic] da aldeia comunal de Eduardo

Mondlane, “Relatório anual,” 28 de Março de 1993. RM, MOJ, PN, DN, Posto Administrativo de Namirôa, Tribunal Comunitário de

Napala, “Relatório,” 1 de Julho de 1993. RM, MOJ, PN, DN, Tribunal Comunitário da Localidade de Muanona, “Assunto: informação no. 1/tclm/94,” 25 de Agosto de 1994, letter from the Magistrate of

Muanona to the District Magistrate of Namapa. RM, MOJ, PN, DN, Tribunal Comunitário da Localidade de Muanona, “Relatório de (2) mêses Junho Julho/94,” 25 de Agosto de 1994.

VColonial sources APublished

Bibliography 371

Almeida, E.F. de (1957a) Governo do Distrito de Moçambique, Relatório, 1953–1956.

Vol. I. Agência Geral do Ultramar, Lisboa. —— (1957b) Governo do Distrito de Moçambique, Relatório, 1953–1956. Vol. II.

Agência Geral do Ultramar, Lisboa. Coissoró, N. (1964) “O regime de terras em Moçambique,” Moçambique: curso de extensão universitária, ano lectivo de 1964–1965. Instituto Superior de Ciências

Sociais e Política Ultramarina, Lisboa. Faria Lobo, J.B. de (1962) Distrito de Moçambique: Circunscrição de Erati. Agência-

Geral do Ultramar, MCMLXII, Lisboa. Gerard, P. (1941) “‘Mahimo’ Macuas,” Moçambique (Imprensa Nacional de Moçambique, Lourenço Marques), 26: 5–22. Pegado e Silva, J.R. (1961) “Agrupamentos étnicos e religiões do Erati (Distrito de

Moçambique),” (Separata do Boletim do Instituto de Investigação Científica de

Moçambique, Vol. 1. No. 2, pp. 174–82), Lourenço Marques, AHM, SE, 93.

BUnpublished

A.E. Pinto Correia, Colónia de Moçambique, Província do Niassa, Inspecção dos

Serviços Administrativos e dos Negócios Indígenas, Relatório da Inspecção ordinária às circunscrições do Distrito de Moçambique, 1936–1937. Vol. 1,

AHM, ISANI, Cx. 76. J. de Figueiredo, Relatório – 1938. II Parte, Governo da Província do Niassa, 1938,

AHM, FGG, Cx. 86. A.E. Pinto Correia, Província do Niassa, Inspecção dos Serviços Administrativos e do Negócios Indígenas, Relatório e documentos referentes à Inspecção ordinária feita na Província do Niassa, 1938–1940, Vol. 1, AHM, ISANI, Cx. 94. H.E. de Sousa, Relatório de Inspecção Ordinária ao Distrito de Nampula, da Província do Niassa, 1946–1948, Vol. III, AHM, ISANI, Cx. 77. A. Cotta Mesquita, Relatório das Inspecções ao Concelho e Comissão Municipal do Eráti,

Feitas em 1965, n.d. [1966], AHM, ISANI, Inventário dos Relatórios das Inspecções

Administração Civil, Fundo de Administração Civil de Lourenço Marques, 27. M. Gouveia, “O algodão na economia do Distrito de Moçambique,” Centro de Documentação Económica, C.T.P.I.E., 1968, CEA Documentation Center. J.A.G.M. Branquinho, “Prospecção das forças tradicionais. Distrito de Moçambique,” Governo-Geral de Moçambique, Serviços de Centralização e Coordenação de Informações, Lourenço Marques, 1969, AHM, SE, 20.

VIJosé Bernardo de Faria Lobo’s private archive (JBFL)

J.B. de Faria Lobo, “Extractos de ‘Monografia da Província de Nampula,’” n.d., ms. J.B. de Faria Lobo, “Breve resumo histórico,” in J.B. Faria Lobo, “Monografia do

Cajueiro,” n.d., ms. RPM, IAM, Delegação do Norte, “Relatório suscinto do Instituto do Algodão de

Moçambique, em Nampula, para a reunião Provincial, para estudo e resoluções a

372 Bibliography tomar, na produção individual e colectiva, a prazos imediato e curto,” Nampula, 2 de Novembro de 1975. MOA, DPA de Nampula, Departamento de Arvenses, “Assunto: Recuperação das areas assoladas pela Depressão ANGEL. Proposta para plano de actuação,”

Nampula, 1 de Janeiro de 1979 and related documentation, pp. 59–68, in J.B. de

Faria Lobo, “Contributo para a recuperação de areas afectadas por deficiência alimentar,” in Faria Lobo, Contributos, 1989, unpublished volume. Grupo de Empresas João Ferreira dos Santos, Direcção Geral de Produção, Nampula,

No. 1/DGP/Conf., Ao Estado Maior da Economia, Província de Nampula, 4 de

Setembro (de 1985), “Assunto: Campanhas agrícolas. Contributo para a sua reestruturação” (signed José Bernardo de Faria Lobo) in J.B. de Faria Lobo, Contributos, 1989, unpublished volume. J.B. de Faria Lobo, “Apresentação e oferecimento,” in Faria Lobo, Monografia:

Nampula I, Nampula, 17 de Agosto de 1986, unpublished volume. J.B. de Faria Lobo, “Contributo para a prevenção contra a fome em Moçambique.

Alguns temas, Província de Nampula,” 1989, unpublished pamphlet. Curriculum vitae, José Bernardo de Faria Lobo, Nampula, 12 de Maio de 1993. DPA, Departamento de Estatística, “Produção comercializada de castanha de caju na

Província de Nampula,” Nampula,1993, DPA.

VIIMagazines and other news sources

Agência de Informação de Moçambique (AIM), publishes Mozambiquefile and various news supplements. Domingo, weekly newspaper, Maputo. Expresso, weekly newspaper, Lisbon. mediaFAX, daily facsimile, Maputo. Mozambiquefile (Mf), monthly publication, Maputo. Mozambique Peace Process Bulletin (MPPB), see entry for Mozambique Political Process

Bulletin. Mozambique Political Process Bulletin (MPoPB), formerly Mozambique Peace Process Bulletin; news bulletin published irregularly by AWEPA, European Parliamentarians for Africa (formerly Association of West European Parliamentarians against

Apartheid), Amsterdam and Maputo. News Review, fortnightly news bulletin, Mozambique Information Office (MIO),

London. Notícias, daily newspaper, Maputo. Savana, weekly newspaper, Maputo. Tempo, weekly news magazine, Maputo. The Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU), quarterly and annual reports, The Economist

Publications, London. The New York Times, daily newspaper, New York. Weekly Mail, weekly newspaper, Johannesburg (now the Weekly Mail and Guardian). Weekly Mail and Guardian, weekly newspaper, Johannesburg. Vida Nova, monthly (sometimes bi-monthly) magazine, Centro Catequético Paulo

VI, Anchilo, Nampula.

Bibliography 373

VIIIPersonal correspondence

From José Bernardo de Faria Lobo, Galizes, Portugal, 15 May 1997. From José Bernardo de Faria Lobo, Galizes, Portugal, 15 August 1995.

IXInterviews and meetings

“Zagaia” (“Azagaia”) refers to Renamo’s name for the site of its headquarters in the zone under its control in Namapa District in 1994. In official parlance, the area is known as

Metage. Provincial Coordinator for German Agro Action, Nampula City, 21/4/94. Chief Taibo (Carlos Máquina), Namapa Center, Namapa District, 5/5/94. Cassimo, Namapa Center, Namapa District, 6/5/94. Parishioner/smallholder, Namapa Center, Namapa District, 6/5/94. Missionary, Mirrote, Namirôa Administrative Post, Namapa District, 7/5/94. Chief Vaquina (Vakina), two counselors and heir apparent, Nahopa, Namapa

Administrative Post, Namapa District, 7/5/94. Chief Namiquela (Namikela, Namequela), Mirrote, Namirôa Administrative Post,

Namapa District, 8/5/94. SODAN field agent, Mirrote, Namirôa Administrative Post, Namapa District, 11/5/94. Frelimo party secretary, Nahopa, Namapa Administrative Post, Namapa District, 12/5/94. Chief Namiquela, Nahopa, Namapa Administrative Post, Namapa District, 12/5/94. First meeting of the District Director of the STAE and traditional authorities (four chiefs and fifteen cabos), Namapa Center, Namapa District, 14/5/94. President of the Locality, Odinepa Center, Odinepa Locality, Namapa District, 1/6/94. Male smallholders, settlement, Odinepa Locality, Namapa District, 2/6/94. Twelve cotton growers, including a chief. Frelimo party secretaries, Odinepa Center, Odinepa Locality, Namapa District, 3/6/94. Six men present, including the President of the Locality. Female smallholders, Odinepa Center, Odinepa Locality, Namapa District, 3/6/94.

Eight women present, including three who were elderly. Traditional authorities, Odinepa Center, Odinepa Locality, Namapa District, 4/6/94. Nine men present, including Chief Mepera, two substitute chiefs, two cabos, three mahumu and Frelimo party secretary. Female smallholders, Odinepa Center, Odinepa Locality, Namapa District, 4/6/94.

Three women present, including one who was elderly. Chief Mepera, Nakapa (Nakhapa), Odinepa Locality, Namapa District, 5/6/94. Male elders, Odinepa Center, Odinepa Locality, Namapa District, 6/6/94. Six men present, including a Frelimo party secretary. Chief Taibo (former colonial régulo and colonial capataz), Namapa Center, Namapa

District, 9/6/94. Chief Muhula, Namirôa Center, Namirôa Administrative Post, Namapa District, 11/6/94. Frelimo party secretaries, Namirôa Center, Namirôa Administrative Post, Namapa

District, 11/6/94. Thirteen men present, including the First Party Secretary of

374 Bibliography

Namirôa, a nephew of Chief Muhula, a first cousin of Cabo Mwehiyo, a brother of

Chief Mucarara (Mukarara, Mukharara) and a first cousin of Chief Uantera. Traditional authorities, Nahachari, Muanona Locality, Namapa District, 12/6/94.

Ten people present, including Chief Mucarara, his substitute, Frelimo party secretary, six mahumu and one shéhé. Chief Tubruto, Namirôa Center, Namirôa Administrative Post, Namapa District, 13/6/94. Chiefs Alua, Comala (Komala, Khomala), Saíde and Nametemula, Alua Center,

Alua Administrative Post, Namapa District, 14/6/94. Frelimo party secretaries, Alua Center, Alua Administrative Post, Namapa District, 15/6/94. Fifteen men present, including the First Party Secretary of Alua and the

Secretary for Party Organization. UNAMO members and representatives, Alua Center, Alua Administrative Post,

Namapa District, 15/6/94. Nine people present, including two women, two elderly men, the First Party Secretary of the District and the Secretary for Mobilization and Propaganda. Renamo members, Alua Center, Alua Administrative Post, Namapa District, 16/6/94.

Four men present, including the Secretary of the Youth League and a local trader. Animadores (“animators” or local leaders of the Catholic Church), Alua Center, Alua

Administrative Post, Namapa District, 16/6/94. Twenty-one men present from

Renamo- and government-held zones in Alua Administrative Post. Former EEAN and SODAN capataz, Namapa Center, Namapa District, 17/6/94. Ernesto Mabonhane, former administrator of Ribáuè District, Nampula City, 2/8/94. Functionary of the DA, DPAC, Nampula City, 4/8/94. Shop-owner, Namapa Center, Namapa District, 19/8/94. Naparamas, Namirôa Center, Namirôa Administrative Post, Namapa District, 20/8/94. Seven men present, including the commander, the deputy commander, the political commissar, a sergeant and an adviser to the commander. Male and female elders, Namirôa Center, Namirôa Administrative Post, Namapa

District, 20/8/94. Eight people present including Chief Muhula, an apuiamuene, a cabo and five other men. Cotton growers, Namirôa Center, Namirôa Administrative Post, Namapa District, 21/8/94. Sixteen men and two women present, including Chief Muhula and an apuiamuene. Traditional authorities and Frelimo party secretaries, Muanona Center, Muanona

Locality, Namapa District, 22/8/94. Sixteen men present, including the President of the Locality, Chief Intalia, Chief Uantera, Uantera’s deputy, Cabo Mejua, cabo of Muanona, one capitão, two deputies of capitães, a member of the local secretariat, the Secretary of the Muanona Circle, the Secretary of Napala Circle and four other party secretaries. President of the Locality, Odinepa Center, Odinepa Locality, Namapa District, 22/8/94. Male cotton growers, Muanona Center, Muanona Locality, Namapa District, 22/8/94. Seven men present. Male elders, Muanona Center, Muanona Locality, Namapa District, 23/8/94. Four people present, including Chief Uantera and a humu. Naparamas, Muanona Center, Muanona Locality, Namapa District, 23/8/94. Nine young men (all between fifteen and twenty years old), including the commander.

Bibliography 375 Male elders, traditional authorities and Frelimo party secretaries, Nantoge (Nanthoge, Nantoje, Nantodge, Nantoxe), Muanona Locality, Namapa District, 24/8/94. Thirteen men present, including Chief Muipita, three cabos and two

Frelimo party secretaries. Chief Intalia, Napala, Muanona Locality, Namapa District, 25/8/94. Three female elders and one apuiamuene, Namirôa Center, Namirôa Administrative

Post, Namapa District, 26/8/94. Former residents of 25 de Junho Communal Village, 25 de Junho Communal

Village, Namirôa Administrative Post, Namapa District, 27/8/94. Fourteen men present, including Chief Tubruto, seven mahumu, one capitão, one deputy of the community court, three smallholders and one mechanic. Naparamas, Machicane (Massicane, Mashikane), Namirôa Administrative Post,

Namapa District, 28/8/94. Nineteen men present, including the commander, the deputy commander and the political commissar. District Magistrate and Registrar, Namapa Center, Namapa District, 29/8/94. Naparama major, Namapa Center, Namapa District, 29/8/94. Interview conducted by Pedro Cavala. SODAN engineer, Namialo, Meconta District, 30/8/94. Former administrator of Namapa, Ilha de Moçambique, 31/8/94. Fernando Maela, Renamo Deputy Political Delegate, Nampula Province, Nampula

City, 9/9/94. Administrator of Nacarôa District, Nampula City, 10/9/94. Magistrate of Nampula Province, Nampula City, 15/9/94. Local manager of Casa Salvador, Namapa Center, Namapa District, 21/9/94. Renamo officials, “Zagaia,” Alua Administrative Post, Namapa District, 22/9/94.

Six men present, including the President (the local administrator), the Chief

Justice, the District Director of Education, the Renamo Political Delegate and two mahumu. Male elders and traditional authorities, “Zagaia,” Alua Administrative Post,

Namapa District, 23/9/94. Thirteen men present, including Chief Meliva, Chief

Mepacala (Mepakala, M’pakala), nine mahumu, two cabos and one elder. Male elders and traditional authorities, “Zagaia,” Alua Administrative Post,

Namapa District, 24/9/94. Six men present, including Chief Meliva, two mahumu, one cabo, one elder and a primary school teacher visiting from Alua. Two apuiamuene and one heir apparent, “Zagaia,” Alua Administrative Post,

Namapa District, 24/9/94. Demobilized soldiers, “Zagaia,” Alua Administrative Post, Namapa District, 25/9/94. Eighteen men present: fourteen former Renamo fighters and four former

FAM soldiers. Former Frelimo party secretary (“Vasco”), “Zagaia,” Alua Administrative Post,

Namapa District, 25/9/94. Community court judges, Namapa Center, Namapa District, 27/9/94. Ten men present: eight judges (two of whom were also mahumu), the District Court Magistrate and the Registrar. Frelimo First Party Secretary of Namapa District, Namapa Center, Namapa District, 27/9/94. José de Almeida (former Frelimo First Party Secretary of Muanona Circle and

President of the Locality; also the nephew of “the real” [o próprio] Chief Uantera),

Namapa Center, Namapa District, 28/9/94.

376 Bibliography Former residents of Samora Machel Communal Village, Samora Machel Center,

Samora Machel Locality, Namapa District, 30/9/94. Twenty-eight people present (twenty-four men and four women), including five Frelimo party secretaries, four zone committee members, one OMM secretary, one OMM member, three mahumu (one of whom doubled as a cabo), one shéhé, one capitão, seven Frelimo party members, the coordinator for the local school and the substitute for the President of the Locality. António Gabriel Comala (first cousin of Chief Comala and Frelimo party cell member), Alua Center, Alua Administrative Post, Namapa District, 30/9/94. Chief Comala, Napai, Samora Machel Locality, Namapa District, 1/10/94. STAE Director of Namapa District, Namapa Center, Namapa District, 1/10/94. Chief Taibo (former colonial régulo and capataz), Namapa Center, Namapa District, 2/10/94. Three apuiamuene, Namapa Center, Namapa District, 3/10/94. Frelimo First Party Secretary of Namapa District, Namapa Center, Namapa District, 4/10/94. Missionary, Namapa Center, Namapa District, 4/10/94. Former administrator of Eráti/Namapa District (“Bahia,” 1984–1987), Nampula

City, 9/10/94. Cabo Cumar, Namapa Center, Namapa District, 15/10/94. SODAN engineer, Namapa Center, Namapa District, 15/10/94. Chefe do posto, Namirôa Center, Namirôa Administrative Post, Namapa District, 16/10/94. Chief Khanatepa Ali, Alua Center, Alua Administrative Post, Namapa District, 17/10/94. District Director of Agriculture, Namapa Center, Namapa District, 17/10/94. Frelimo First Party Secretary of Namapa District, Namapa Center, Namapa District, 18/10/94. Frelimo First Party Secretary of Namapa District and former cipaio, Namapa Center,

Namapa District, 18/10/94. Former colonial interpreter, Namapa Center, Namapa District, 19/10/94. Provincial Coordinator of World Vision’s Agricultural Recovery Program, Nampula

City, 22/10/94. Administrator and Deputy Administrator of Murrupula District, Murrupula Center,

Murrupula District, 10/11/94. Chief Adviser, Namapa District Secretariat, Namapa Center, Namapa District, 17/11/94. Bernardo Mussa (former Frelimo party secretary, former cabo and nephew of the late

Chief Nametaramo [Nametarramo]), Namapa Center, Namapa District, 17/11/94. José Luís Cabaço (former Minister of Information), Maputo, 22/12/94. José Bernardo de Faria Lobo, Galizes, Portugal, 9/7/95.