Kiruna Culture House

IDS REPORT KIRUNA CULTURE HOUSE Jonas Bertlind Unit 04 2017-18 Module code AR6026

Design statement The town of Kiruna is moving 3km east of its present location. The town was funded by Hjalmar Lundbohm in early 1900. Lundbohm was also the CEO of the mining operations who started at the same time. Thus the town of Kiruna came into existence because of the mine. Now the mine has eaten its way under the town and the only way to keep mining is to move the town. Without mining in Kiruna there is no Kiruna (interview, newspaper), they are mutually dependent on each other, and the people have lived with that relation throughout the towns existence.

That is also why people do not consider this town move as a total disaster, but something inevitable, and indeed they have been aware that this might happen in the future for many decades.

But when the old town is demolished, a lot of the 120 years of history of Kiruna will be lost. It is my conviction that this does not have to happen. The new town seeks to fix problems that has arisen with slow organic growth of the urban fabric, and a car free and dense town centre with much better connections is sought for. I believe there is a possibility to create a centre of culture that can consolidate the history of the town, while respond to the new urban model. I’m an concerned with the design of the culture house which has had the project name Agoruna through the design phase - obviously a combination of Kiruna and Agora. Agora because it was the western civilisations first centre of culture, and it had spatial origins that was later adopted by Rome. Unit 4 has during this year also studied Piranesi’s speculative plan of the area Campo Marzio in Rome as an alternative to the modernist town plan winch the new town of Kiruna is based on - a model that favours the car.

Moreover I believe that climatic strategies in the proposed town plan are insufficient, and that an opportunity to respond to this must be seized. This is also a reason why Unit 4 also studied Ralph Erskine’s climatic strategies developed in Sweden to respond to Arctic, and Sub-Arctic climate. Erskine came to Sweden from London to study the Swedish functionalism (the Swedish equivalent to Modernism) and the welfare society, characterised by the close connection of form, architecture & social responsibility.

This project seeks to find the link between a welfare society and consolidation of the Folkhemmet culture, whilst question to validity of modernist master-planning in a contemporary context.

DIGITAL SOFTWARE Emerging Techniques Manifesto/Motivation - Death of the Architectural Drawing?

It is not much more than 30 years since CAD softwares was introduced in architectural offices. Nowadays it is hard to imagine an office without it. Increasingly BIM softwares are now overtaking practices as the main go-to tool, but what does the future hold? That is what we are speculating on with great enthusiasm.

Just like the business is still demanding 2D line drawings for construction, this university module is demanding the same. Mario Carpo, however, sees these traditions becoming less and less important; ‘Architects tend to be late in embracing technological change’ 1 he says.

Carpo is an architectural historian, and professor at UCL The Bartlett. In his book ‘The Second Digital Turn’, he questions the relevance of the architectural drawing along with a range of established praxis in architecture, now that emerging techniques are pushing preferred experiences, and our ever more powerful machines are at the same time pushing the boundaries of handling point clouds, images, and the infinite Big Data; ‘[But] the competitive edge that projected images enjoyed for centuries over 3D models was as much due to physical lightness as to data lightness: from Alberti until recently, projected images were the easiest way to capture, record, transmit, and replicate all sorts of full-round originals, because projections (perspectival or other) compress a lot of spatial information into small and portable planar files - most of the time, as small as a piece of paper. That still holds true, but it matters less and less, because data is now so easy to gather and so cheap to keep and copy.’ 2 Does this mean the Death of the Architectural Drawing? Perhaps not yet. But a special situation has occurred now that we are working inside the virtual world - how do you present books and drawings of a project when engaging in techniques that are trying to phase out this very part? It sounds counter-productive and I sincerely belive we students of Unit 4 are asked to do twice the work for many tasks. How do you show a project meant to be examined in VR, in a book format?

Carpo uses the father of the perspective drawing, Leon Battista Alberti (1404-1472), as an example of the last time we saw a shift in the art of recording/representing.

His techniques have been valid for centuries, but even Alberti tried to invent a ‘scanner’ for models, albeit a mechanical one.3 ‘With parallel projections, the art of compressing big 3D objects onto small flat sheets of paper reached the apex of modern quantitative precision: parallel projections do not even try to look like the objects they represent, but they aim at recording and transmitting the measurements of their volumes in space as precisely and economically as possible. Crucial until recently, such data chepness is increasingly unwarranted today: 1._Carpo, M. 2017, The second digital turn. p.1 2._Carpo, 2017. p.127 3._Carpo, 2017. p.115 4._Carpo, 2017. p.117 5._See Logbook Chapter 1 & 2 6._Carpo, 2017. p.102 7._Carpo, 2017. p.129 8._ Branit, B. 2009. World Builder. [ONLINE] 9._Aish, F. 2018, Presentation at Foster + Partners

using digital technologies we can already keep not only a huge number of planar drawings but also full 3D avatars of buildings on a single memory chip - including all the data we need to simulate that building in virtual reality, or build it in full.’ 4 Recording the Context This year we have engaged in many different softwares to develop and present our projects. One of the most important one is photogrammetry. This is the art of ‘scanning’ objects and environments to get closer to the truth of the context rather than represent it with texture-less volumes in VR, drawings, or as white blocks in a physical model. The grittiness of the meshes practically photo-realistic 5, and it is easy to see that with Big Data, it won’t be long before Google Maps have the world represented in a very detailed way. How long will it take before you can stroll down a scanned street in Kiruna, in full VR? Its not far off.

‘A 3D scan can evidently capture much more information than any perspectival picture ever could - and today, at almost the same cost. It is easy to predict that soon and almost inevitably, as has occurred many times before in the history of cultural technologies, ceci tuera cela.’ 6

‘Three-dimensional models have replaced text and images as our tools of choice for the notation and replication, representation and quantification of the physical world around us: born verbal, then gone visual, knowledge can now be recorded and transmitted in a new spatial format.’ 7 Designing from within The project has also involved us sketching and modelling while inside virtual reality. The new town plan was modelled in 3D volumes, and terrain data gave us the topography of the site and its surroundings. We have thus been able to sketch out ideas and changes to our projects from within it - in any scale (‘God-mode, or first-person perspective). This is a very powerful tool that seamlessly allowed us to change views in a few seconds, if that.

The way we have been working with these techniques looks like a primitive (early) version of the speculative short film World Builder, by filmmaker Bruce Branit, which shows a man designing a world (in this case a small street possibly in a French village) for the woman he loves.8 In fact we have spent many many hours developing a whole workflow to get to this primitive stage. But this too will soon be more accessible, and commonly used in architectural practices, and infact it already is to some extent.9 Architectural Practice Another change in practice is the one going from CAD B-Splines to BIM systems. It was supposed to bring more collaboration and participation between the different parties involved with designing and constructing architecture. However, it is only participatory of invited parties (communities and end-users are excluded) and is indeed mostly intended to deal with managerial matters, rather than concerned with design. Carpo 10._Carpo, 2017. pp.141-142 11._ Wilson, M. 2018. RIBA: ABB - Robotics: the Role of AI in Architecture and Fabrication.

12._Carpo, 2017. p. 4 13._Carpo, 2017. p. 68 14._Runberger, J., Magnusson, F., Zboinska, M. and Onjejcik, V. 2018. “Digitalisering kan stödja arkitektens kreativa arbete” - Arkitekten.se. [ONLINE]

here concludes that BIM solutions mostly become bureaucratic and finds only generic solutions on a middle-ground, rather than highly customized and innovative solutions that today’s techniques can actually offer, and the participatory concept of Web 2.0 was supposed to bring.10 Death of the Author: Carpo sees a change in the role of the architect (or contractor), a new Duty of Care - a possibility in the future for the architect to work as a curator, or mentor for open source design. This, he says, is likely to ‘show some signs of the approximation, redundancy, patchiness, and disjointedness that are the hallmark of all that is designed by many hands.’10 New design technology and digital software also bring about more 3D printing possibilities and robotic manufacturing. But most of the architects at the RIBA lecture ‘Robotics: the Role of AI in Architecture and Fabrication’ that I attended, seemed to think this means more mass-produced repetitive elements, when in fact what the ABB representative Mike Wilson was saying in this presentation was that mass-customisation is now at our doorstep.11 As Carpo puts it; ‘the mass production of variations is the general mode - the default mode’ 12 In-fact the whole industry of producing, manufacturing, constructing, and excavating (i.e. mining) is becoming ever more automated. This will be further discussed under the ‘Engineered Timber’ and ‘LKAB & Kiruna’ sections.

Climate & Generative Design The open source software Grasshopper has revolutionised design. Anyone with programming skills can script plug-ins and make them available for users, who can then combine different components to create virtually any type of form, with any type of complexity, consisting of any amount of parts. But these forms can also relate very much to real-world variables, such as natural forces and climate. Today’s Big Data brings opportunities to make use of computational power to adopt design that responds to specific parameters on a scale previously unprecedented. We can choose on what level we are part of the form outcome, but the optimum form will be presented by the computer.

With accessible local climatic data made available by meteorological institutes, Ladybug & Honeybee can show which part of the building is exposed to most radial heat for example. In my project I have generated a script which creates a scale gradient of a pattern based on a black and white image of my own interpretation of what a town plan could look like in the Arctic in response to the local climate, and precedent studies of cultural significance. With this definition I have been in control of how much I adopt the outcome, but I did not drew it myself (digitally, or other). This formed the base for the new proposed town-plan I have modelled.

‘Computers can work better by following their own logic. We can make computers sort before searching, the way we do. But computers already achieve much better results when we let them search without sorting, the way we don’t and can’t do.’ 13 Moreover an advocacy written in the 2018 in the Swedish architects union’s weekly newspaper Arkitekten - argues that new digital tools can liberate the architect in creative design processes. The authors underline that this is not about standardising, but about customising. They call for more programming in architecture, and that we should embrace the inevitable paradigm shift in the design professions, rather than to resist it. The authors points to the many online forums where students, programmers, and practicing architects meet, discuss, and together evolve new tools that often are free to use.14

Jonas Bertlind | JEB0634_UNIT 04 2017/2018_London Metropolitan University_Professional Diploma in Architecture | RIBA part II

Culture and history of Architectural Communication It seems fitting to start this report by making clear that we in Unit 4 have engaged in plenty of emerging techniques and tools of design. We are interested in how the design work undertaken in architectural practices will be made in the future, and we have a particular interest in, not just new tools of representation, but more so tools used in the design process. We believe we are currently in a paradigm shift where the boundaries between real world perception and the digital 3D world we design in are increasingly being blurred. Or rather - they merge.

ENGINEERED TIMBER Restitution of Timber An old material in a new way Why timber makes sense - in Kiruna

Town centres, on the other hand, have since long been built from stone, concrete, and brick due to the risk of fire spreading in these more dense areas. Engineered Timber now has the opportunity to change that due to ‘recent’ fire resistance classification, and unlike steel, keeps its structural properties for a longer period of time (wall up to 120 minutes, floor up to 90 minutes).2 Just like the name suggests cross-laminated Timber is made from many smaller panels glued together in layers, every second layer in the perpendicular direction.Fig 2 CLT elements are made of three, five, or seven layers.Fig. 3 Because these elements are made up from many smaller boards, and does not necessary require typically high quality timber, there is little waste when producing them.

CLT weighs 500 kg/m3 compared to the weight of concrete, 2450 kg/m3. This means it requires a lot less deliveries to construction site and thus makes it cheaper while having a lot smaller carbon footprint than the equivalent building made from concrete. Moreover it can reduce construction time with as much as 50% which also has positive impact on the economy of the project.3 As an example Dalston Lane, in Hackney, London, by Waugh Thistleton Architects, required 100 delivery trucks and it weighs only 1/5 of what it would have if it was constructed from concrete, which would have required 750 deliveries.4

heating rate.8 The Swedish forest is to a large extent owned by individuals, rather than big corporations or the stateFig. 4, and consists to 93% of pine, spruce, and birch.9, Fig. 5

Fig. 1

The forest release CO2 from when planted until its around 30 years old, but after that starts to absorb and bind CO2 for the rest of its growing life, until its fully grown roughly at year 80.10 Felled timber keeps the absorbed CO2 until it starts to decompose. One m3 of CLT holds 900kg of CO2 , and is the only structural material that stores carbon.11, Fig. 6 Digital Design & Automated Production Several Swedish examples have lately highlighted the benefits of the possibility of late changes to the design, in the manufacturing process of CLT projects.12, 13 But factories for CLT has not existed in Sweden until this year, when Stora Enso will complete their third CLT factory - the first one in Sweden.14 Sweden has a history of large limited companies (often state owned, ABB and LKAB for example), and this has led to a lot of standardisation and bureaucracy. The timber and pulp industry is no different. But emerging digital techniques are being adopted in the Timber industry now due to new demands pushed by digital design. For instance Carpo explains that X-ray log scanning is (in some cases I presume) performed before felling; ‘Each tree could then be felled for a specific task: a perfect one-to-one match of supply and demand that would generate economies without the need for scale - which is what digital technologies typically do when they are used the right way.’ 15

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

With CNC-milling techniques more complex forms are now becoming feasible to manufacture, but this is an almost automated process, which in the long run can lead to less work opportunities than expected in the growing timber industry.

Fig. 4 25% 50%

14%

6%

‘Mass timber panel products have opened up this entirely new arena of buildings, which can be grown by the power of the sun, sequester carbon, and be renewable, changing our relationship with the forests and starting to help us address the economics of deforestation.’ ... ‘But it’s not just about sustainability on the environmental side; it’s also about making things that have a tremendous life-cycle potential... That’s the real concept of sustainability. It’s about things you care about that will last for generations.’5

3%

2%

50% Individual owners 6% Other private owners 25% Privately owned limited companies 3% State 14% State-owned limited companies 2% Other public owners

Fig. 5

Domestic & National Forestry This is also a reason why forestry can be used quite far north in Sweden, where trees grow slower due to less sunlight, and shorter growing season. The volume of the boreal Swedish forest has increased with 200% since the 1950’s due to the Forestry Act, and today cover at least 57% of the country’s area. Other reliable sources claim its as much as 70%.6 More forest is being planted than what is felled, however it is important to fell forest, and to uphold forestry maintenance, which can otherwise lead to less natural diversity due to mono-culture, ultimately affecting biodiversity which is a huge threat to mankind.7 Nadia Unger, an assistant professor of atmospheric chemistry at Yale, wrote an article in New York Times (2014) where she highligted that planting many new trees could potentially increase the global

Fig. 6

1,000 500 0 -500

Steel frames

Lightweight concrete blocks

Clay brick

Concrete

-1,000 1._Arkitekten.se. ,2018. Digitalt och trä blir svenskt tema på Venedigbiennalen - [ONLINE] 2._Clt.info. 2015. CLT | Stora Enso. [ONLINE] 3._Kutnar, A. and Muthu, S. (2016). Environmental impacts of traditional and innovative forest-based bioproducts, p. 178 4._Roca Gallery 2018. Timber Rising.

5._Michael Green Architecture (2018). Timber Rising.

6._World Bank (2018). Forest area (% of land area) | Data. [ONLINE] 7._Carrington, D. (2018). What is biodiversity?. [ONLINE] the Guardian 8._Unger, N. 2014. New York Times | To Save the Planet, Don’t Plant Trees. [ONLINE] 9._Sveaskog.se. 2018. Brief facts 1. [ONLINE] 10._Swedish Wood. 2018. The forest and sustainable forestry - Swedish Wood. [ONLINE]

11._Roca Gallery 2018. Timber Rising.

12._Svenskt Trä. 2016. Trätorn Norra Länken [ONLINE] 13._Runberger, J., Magnusson, F., Zboinska, M. and Onjejcik, V. 2018. “Digitalisering kan stödja arkitektens kreativa arbete” - Arkitekten.se. [ONLINE] 14._Jauk, G. and Höfler, S. 2017. Stora Enso to build CLT factory in Sweden. [ONLINE] 15._Carpo, M. 2017, The second digital turn. p. 52 Fig. 1._RM Fönster, 2018. fonster-i-rott-hus. [IMAGE]

-1,500 CO2 emission during manufacture (g/kg)

Stored carbon (g/kg)

Jonas Bertlind | JEB0634_UNIT 04 2017/2018_London Metropolitan University_Professional Diploma in Architecture | RIBA part II

Historical Aspects & Future Prospects The trend of Engineered Timber in construction is growing ever stronger. For instance; Sveriges Arkitekter (the union for Swedish architects) will have it’s own exhibition at the Venice Biennale 2018 focusing on timber and digital design.1 Sweden has a long tradition of building with timber and a typical vernacular house in Sweden is still single family detached villa made in timber with (often) red timber panels.Fig. 1 These houses are common in Kiruna as well as all over the country, including larger city suburbs.

Fig. 3

CLIMATE Climatic Context The Arctic and Norrland, the northernmost region in Sweden

During our visit at the Abisko Scientific Research Station we were showed a few timber poles which had been piled down into the permafrost around 100 years ago, and just recently taken up. This is a very good example of how the permafrost works; if the timber poles had not been in frozen soil conditions, it would have decomposed and would be rotten, if it would still exist in one solid at all. These poles however is in a great condition - the same condition they would have been in if they stored in a dry place for 100 years, which is essentially what they have have.Fig 1 The changing climate in the Arctic polar region affect not only the Arctic, but the whole planet. In a study published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences in 2015, scientists claim climate change was the main cause of the extreme drought that lead to urbanisation in Syria, ultimately leading to tension and civil war.3 This was also argued by Keith Larson during his lecture for us at the Abisko Science Research Station visit.4 And there is reason for much concern of future mass-migration in many regions globally due to rise of sea levels and drought caused by the raising temperatures in the polar regions.5, 6 Another issue that further accelerates the spiralling climate change is retreat of the Arctic ice cover. The ice and snow reflect the solar radiation, sending it back into space and help keeping the globe cool. But when the ice covered area grow smaller every year, the deep blue surface of the ocean is being exposed. This surface does not reflect solar radiation however, but absorbs it, leading to increased temperatures.7 The rapidly retreating ice in the Arctic has now lead to a race to claim areas in the natural resource-rich region. Russia, US, Canada, Norway, and Russia are all planning and preparing for new extractions of gas, oli and minerals in the region, and even China have plans for Arctic expeditions to investigate possibilities of extracting natural resources.8 Decreased ice coverage has also led to new, more feasible, and less dangerous sea-routs and transport possibilities between Asia and Europe, which has led to high hopes of a regained importance to coastal towns, such as Murmansk, 540km to the north-east of Kiruna.9, 10

‘Overall, the way in which climate change threatens both Arctic polar bears and Bengal tigers is indicative of the global implications of current Arctic issues.’ 11 Local climate Kiruna sits on the south hillside of the mountain Luossovaara. This position of the town allows for maximum exposure to the low Arctic sun as possible. On the website SMHI, the Swedish Meteorological & Hydrological Institute we learn the following about Kiruna; The yearly average temperature in Kiruna is -20C, and snow cover the ground 193 days a year on average.

The average snow depth is 600-800mm and the yearly precipitation is around 600mm Fig 2, amongst the least in Sweden, and most of it falls as rain between May September. Average temperature in May is -10C, and 10C in September.12 SMHI also writes; ‘Towards the centre of the country, the wind direction is determined by the topography. For example, in the inner parts of Norrland, the wind turns so that it often blows along the valleys. Most of the valleys have a north-west - south-east direction, which means that the wind directions in the central parts of Norrland often blows in a north-west or south-east direction.’13

Fig. 2 Kiruna

That means that most of the snow that cover the ground in Kiruna drifts there from the north-west, which makes sense since we can also see that the mountains to the west, on the Norwegian border gets most precipitation in the country. This was also confirmed by Keith Larson in his lecture.14 This scanFig 3 of a boulder from Riksgränsen shows quite clear how snow-drifting behaves.

Vernacular Architecture Traditionally it has been common to raise the building off the ground to allow the wind to blow the snow past the building. Fig 3 Pitched roofs have also been common, to allow the snow to slide off, to ease load, but also the result of structural practicalities - it was simply harder to make a flat roof without having structure running through the living space, but also a way of getting precipitation off the building, rather than having water trickle in via less airtight constructions to what we have today.Fig 4 Snow clearance of roads and roofs is a constant part of daily life in Kiruna and in the rest of Sweden winter-times.Fig 5 Sweden is a large country with a relatively small population and this task is a huge expense, and it involves some hazardous moments, but so does keeping it, and icicles, clinging on to gutters above sidewalks. Severe injuries, and even casualties have happened because of falling snow and ice.

Fig. 4

Fig. 5

Perhaps Teemu Palosaari, researcher at Tampere Peace Research Institute (TAPRI), Finland, summons up the situation best;

1._Associated Press (2017). Arctic permafrost thawing faster than ever, US climate study finds. [ONLINE] 2._Luhn, A. (2016). Slow-motion wrecks: how thawing permafrost is destroying Arctic cities. [ONLINE] 3._Fountain, H. (2015). Researchers Link Syrian Conflict to a Drought Made Worse by Climate Change. [ONLINE] 4._Larson, K. (2018). Evolutionary Ecologist.

5._Carrington, D. (2016). Climate change will stir ‘unimaginable’ refugee crisis, says military. [ONLINE] 6._Harvey, F. (2017). Devastating climate change could lead to 1m migrants a year entering EU by 2100. [ONLINE] 7._Larson, K. (2018). Evolutionary Ecologist.

8._Dillow, C. (2018). Russia and China vie to beat US in the trillion-dollar race to control the Arctic. [ONLINE] 9._Vidal, J. (2014). Russian Arctic city hopes to cash in as melting ice opens new sea route to China. [online] 10._Walker, S. (2016). Murmansk’s silver lining: Arctic city expects renaissance with ice melt. [ONLINE] 11._Palosaari, T. (2017). Climate change and natural resources in the Arctic. [ONLINE]

Fig. 3

12._SMHI (n.d.). Nederbörd | SMHI. [ONLINE] 13._SMHI (n.d.). Vind i Sverige | SMHI. [ONLINE] 14._Larson, K. (2018). Evolutionary Ecologist.

Fig. 1._Larson, K. (2018). Evolutionary Ecologist.

Fig. 2._SMHI (n.d.). Nederbörd | SMHI. [IMAGE] Fig. 4._Tham, B. and Videgård, M. (2017). RIBA | EUROPA 3: NORDIC COUNTRIES.

Jonas Bertlind | JEB0634_UNIT 04 2017/2018_London Metropolitan University_Professional Diploma in Architecture | RIBA part II

The Arctic climate, its importance, and its characteristics The two poles (Arctic and Antarctic) are very important zones to keep the global climate stable. The industrial revolution brought manifold carbon emissions from the expanding societies on the planet, and these greenhouse gases are increasingly preventing solar radiation to escape our atmosphere, leading to a warmer climate. The poles are our make-weight to keep the climate steady, but also the climatic zones that are most sensitive to increased temperatures, seeing twice as much rise in temperatures as the rest of the planet.1 Increased global temperatures are leading to thawing permafrost in the Arctic tundras, causing the release of methane gases that further speed up the global heating. It is also causing slow collapse of buildings in the Arctic tundra, since many building foundations sits directly on top of the previously structurally sound permanently frozen soil.2

Ralph Erskine & Climatic Strategies The British/Swedish architect Ralph Erskine did extensive research and analysis of Nordic climate. He developed several strategies to deal with the harsh climate. A few of these are represented in the Kiruna Culture House. I have put emphasis on the fact that dry snow (about 7 months a year in Kiruna) actually does not weigh more than 30-100kg/m3 Fig 1, and that it is an ‘excellent insulator’.Fig 6

Fig. 1

We were told that ‘it is fifteen degrees colder on the site for the new town’ in an interview with a local resident in Kiruna.1 Although that is most likely in extreme situations, this man has a point. Sometimes, when the wind is weak, the temperatures on the highland can be higher than in the valleys. A reason for this is that the low sun reaches the mountain top first. An ‘inversion’ can happen, and the two air-masses cannot blend.Fig 2,3 Thus the colder air stays trapped in the valley. This can cause very bad pollutions in an urban area, until the wind increases and force the air out of the valley.2

Fig. 2

Now that Kiruna moves to a ‘valley’ between the three mountains Kiirunavaara, Luossovaara, and Tuollovaara, I seek to provide an artificial ‘hillside’ for the Culture House, much like Eskine’s sketch.Fig 4 I also seek to find another layout of the town centre, as I do not think the proposed town-plan responds to natural snow-drifting, and there is still plans to keep up the snow clearance in a traditional way. The aim from the planning department is to have a car-free town centre, and I mean that the snow clearance is unnecessary, and could instead serve as insulation for buildings (See sketch by ErskineFig 5), especially since CLT present the possibility of having strong load-bearing structural properties despite being laid as a flat roof.

Fig. 4

Fig. 5

Fig. 6

1._Petterson, K. (2018). What do you think about the new town plan?.

2._Hidden Architecture. (2015). Ralph Erskine. [ONLINE] Fig. 1._SMHI (n.d.). Densitet hos snö. [IMAGE] Fig. 2._SVT (2017). Kallare nere i dalen än uppe på fjället?. [video] Fig. 3._SVT (2017). Kallare nere i dalen än uppe på fjället?. [video] Fig. 4._Shepard, L. and White, M. (2017). Ralph Erskine. [IMAGE] Fig. 5._Hidden Architecture. (2015). Ralph Erskine. [IMAGE] Fig. 6._Hidden Architecture. (2015). Ralph Erskine. [IMAGE]

Jonas Bertlind | JEB0634_UNIT 04 2017/2018_London Metropolitan Univeristy_Professional Diploma in Architecture | RIBA part II

Frei Otto, with his Arctic City concept, but even more so Erskine, had ideas about climatic buffer-zones within their mega-structures.2 This is also something I find could be both practical and feasible for an Arctic town as Kiruna. I hope to present such a concept in my final design.

Fig. 3

SAMI Culture of Locals Democracy and restitution of aboriginal population Sami, Arctic Life & Reindeer Husbandry Increased temperatures in the Arctic is causing the thawing of permafrost. This has caused the release of prehistoric bacteria which has been frozen for millions of years.1 In 2016 an anthrax outbreak in Russia killed 2,500 reindeer and a twelve year old boy. Traditionally indigenous groups living in the tundra does not bury their dead deep in the ground due to permafrost.

Dead frozen animals and people that gets affected by thawing permafrost raises the risk for infectious diseases and the spread of bacteria. The outbreak in Russia led to reindeer being culled, which affect the economic situation for the indigenous people who often lives off herding reindeers.2 In the other side of the border, in Norway more than 100 reindeer were killed by a train in what was referred to as a ‘bloodbath’,3 and its not uncommon that these animals falls victims to accidents with, mostly trains,Fig 1 but also other vehicles.

Consolidating Culture The new Kiruna town plan incorporates a new Sami Parliament building.Fig. 6 It is planned to sit on the hillside of the Tuollovaara hill, overlooking the new plan. In the meeting with White Architect’s ethnologist Viktoria we learned that a large part of the population in Kiruna actually is genetically related to Sami.7 Therefore the local culture is blood-bound not just to Swedish traditions, but also Sami. There should therefore be a link, a bond between these two new public buildings.

Fig. 1

The land north of Kiruna is a migration routeFig. 7 for Sami reindeer husbandry. The new Parliament will sit on the southern border of this territory and will be the last outpost of the new town towards this vast area.

Architecture & Culture Ofelas, or Pathfinder, is a film by Sami director Nils Gaup. Here we can see the typical every day life and tasks of the Sami people historically. The Sami traditional dwelling is called Lavvu. These Sami huts are traditionally temporary, and mostly used inland. And as Sami people have traditionally followed the reindeer’s natural cycles, these have been used because they are easy to erect, deconstruct, and move. As can be seen in the imageFig. 2, only small birches grows in these northern parts of the taiga, close to the tree-line, which also historically have prevented larger dwellings. But there are also more robust, permanent dwellings, often by the coast, called GoathiFig. 3, which can be regarded as the ‘home base’, even though a lot of the year is spent on the move, following the reindeer’s. Because of the gulf-stream, temperatures are higher, and larger trees grow in coastal areas, that allows for the construction of larger dwellings.4

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Democracy & Society The Sami has a long tradition of reindeer husbandry, but originally only followed the natural annual migration cycle of the reindeer, from lowlands forest in winter, and highland in summer. It was not until country borders were drawn up, and nationalities were forced upon them, they had to turn reindeer husbandry into a business. The state ‘needed’ to tax them, thus forcing a corporate business model upon the Sami.

Swedes started migrating north into Sami-land the Sami has been exposed to surreptitious racism, or even open racism. At the end of the nineteenth century they were being measured and anatomically analysed under very humiliating circumstances. These days the attitude has since long changed, but the gain of democratic and cultural rights was not fully gained until the Swedish Sami Parliament was founded in 1993. This was when the Swedish state for the first time acknowledged the Sami people as aboriginal, and not an ‘ethnic minority in Sweden’.6 1._Sarfaty, M. (2016). Climate change is thawing deadly diseases. Maybe now we’ll address it? [ONLINE] 2._Luhn, A. (2016). Reindeer to be culled in Russia’s far north due to anthrax outbreak. [ONLINE] 3._France-Presse, A. (2017). More than 100 reindeer killed by freight trains in Norway ‘bloodbath’. [ONLINE] 4._Ofelas (Pathfinder). (1987). [FILM] 5._Swedish Lapland (n.d.). Jokkmokk Winter Market. [ONLINE] 6._Samidiggi (2016). Organisation - Sametinget. [ONLINE] 7._Viktoria, W. (2018). White Arkitekter: Kiruna 4-ever.

Fig. 2._Ofelas (Pathfinder). (1987). [FILM] Fig. 3._Ofelas (Pathfinder).

Fig. 6._Murman, H. (2012). Sami Parliament Building, Sweden. [IMAGE] Fig. 7._Rudesjö, M. (2017). Renvandring. [IMAGE]

Fig. 4 Fig. 5

Jonas Bertlind | JEB0634_UNIT 04 2017/2018_London Metropolitan University_Professional Diploma in Architecture | RIBA part II

There is of course a range of practical and culturally important tools, textiles and symbols relating to the Sami culture and life style. Since 1605, the nearby town of Jokkmokk (km from Kiruna) hosts a Winter Market annually on the first Thursday in February, where these crafts can be seen and bought. Attracting tens of thousands of visitors from around the world, the market remains the foremost meeting place for Sámi peoples across the entire Sápmi region.5

R EI

Fig. 6

ND EER M IG RA TIO

Jonas Bertlind | JEB0634_UNIT 04 2017/2018_London Metropolitan University_Professional Diploma in Architecture | RIBA part II

Fig. 7

NA R EA

New Kiruna Town

New Sami Parliament

LKAB & KIRUNA Founded by Iron Ore Kiruna is eating itself - that’s not good.

Precious Foundation The state-owned limited company LKAB was founded 1890, and has been digging in Kiirunavaara mountain since then. But the first written words reporting of ore findings dates back to 1642, when the farmer Lasun Lassi found a peculiar black stone that turned out to identified as iron ore.

The first LKAB manager (later managing director), Hjalmar Lundbohm,Fig. 1 founded the town and was a strong driving force for the mining expansion, and the development of the new town and the region. LKAB has been delivering the most refined iron ore product in the world throughout its existence. 1902 the railway tying Luleå on the east coast, by the Baltic Sea to Narvik in Norway, on the west coast, by the Atlantic Ocean.Fig. 2,3

Fig. 1

Today LKAB is producing iron ore pellets in an energy efficient pelletising plant that keeps the carbon footprint at amongst the lowest in the business.Fig. 4 A new main level was established at the depth of 1,365m into the ground, to a cost of $1.7bn. The mine employs around 1,800 people in Kiruna, roughly 10% of the population.1 Following the ore body, the worlds largest underground mine has dug so close to the town that the ground it sits on is starting to crack and sink, not entirely without irony. Kiruna is quite literary eating itself - that’s not good.Fig. 6 But necessary.

The Move According to the Swedish Minerals Act, LKAB is responsible to fund the move if they wish to keep mining, but no house owner can refuse moving due to legislations of expropriating. However, this does not seem to be a big issue since there seem to be a unified consent from practically all inhabitants in Kiruna. In the interviews we conducted, and the presentations we were given

by White Architects, Planning director Goran Cars, in a meeting with the planning architects, and in all online articles, films, and reports the message from the Kiruna residents is they understand they must move, and they accept it.

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Narvik Kiruna Svappavaara

Atlantic Ocean Gällivare/Malmberget

Norway

Fig. 4

Sweden

Luleå Baltic Sea

Fig. 5

Around 40 listed buildings have and will be moved to the new siteFig. 5, but approximately one third of the town will have to move, and most buildings will be demolished. In numbers that means around 5,000 homes and some 700,000m2 of housing and business premises, ultimately affecting 10,000 citizens.

One of the biggest losses is the old Town Hall. It had to be de-listed in order to demolish it, which will happen this summer when the municipality office is being moved to the new Town HallFig. 7 - the first completed building in the new town.

The budget is set to 2bn Euros, but there is concerns this will not be sufficient, and apparently some well-founded speculations says as much as $10bn, or 8.5bn Euros.4 LKAB is a profitable company, but this springs global turmoil in the steel import/export global market, with the US threatening to impose a 25% tariff on imported steel from the EU5, could potentially affect the project.

1._LKAB (n.d.). LKAB - It starts with the iron. [ONLINE] Fig. 1._LKAB (n.d.). LKAB - Hjalmar Lundbohm. [IMAGE] 2._Dean, J. (2017). The Audacious, Complicated Plan to Move a Swedish Mining Town. [ONLINE] Fig. 2._Gubler, D. (n.d.). Malmbanan. [IMAGE] 3._Petterson, M. (2018). What do you think about the move?.

Fig. 5._Kiruna Municipality (2017). How Sweden’s arctic ‘millipede town’ Kiruna is slowly moving. [IMAGE] 4._Dean, J. (2017).

Fig. 6._Franzén, I. (2014). Ny rapport ger andrum i flytten av Kiruna. [IMAGE] 5._Inman, P. (2018). The war over steel: Trump tips global trade into new turmoil. [ONLINE] Fig. 7._kirunabilder (2018). Snart är den den klar. Kirunas nya stadshus.. [IMAGE] 6._Vidal, J. (2014). Mining threatens to eat up northern Europe’s last wilderness. [ONLINE] 7._Balch, O. (2017). Automated mining will cost jobs and tax income: it’s time for governments to act. [ONLINE]

Jonas Bertlind | JEB0634_UNIT 04 2017/2018_London Metropolitan University_Professional Diploma in Architecture | RIBA part II

For example, life-long resident Sune Stralberg, 66, said; ‘I know we have to move the town,’ ... ‘We need the mine. Without the mine, there is no Kiruna.’ to Bloomberg reporter Josh Dean in November 2017.2 Another member of the community told us in an interview he was very displeased with how the issue had been handled, but was also accepting the move itself.3

Fig. 6

On a longer term it might also be necessary to consider the number of employment positions LKAB is currently providing. New mines are being planned in the Arctic Scandinavia by companies from Australia, UK, and Canada6, which potentially could provide more job opportunities, but at the same time automation in the mining industry is fast becoming a reality,7 which could potentially lead to fewer jobs and deprivation.

Fig. 7

Ore body approximate size - Thickness: 80-150m - Width: 4km - Depth: 2km

Luossavaara

Tuolluvaara

New Kiruna Town

Jonas Bertlind | JEB0634_UNIT 04 2017/2018_London Metropolitan Univeristy_Professional Diploma in Architecture | RIBA part II

New Town Hall

Estimated reach of Deformation zone, year 2023

Fig. 2

2033

Kiirunavaara LKAB

2050

2100

Fig. 2

Airport

Jonas Bertlind | JEB0634_UNIT 04 2017/2018_London Metropolitan Univeristy_Professional Diploma in Architecture | RIBA part II

A drone scan by Unit 4 of the old Town Hall.

Demolishing is scheduled autumn 2018.

Jonas Bertlind | JEB0634_UNIT 04 2017/2018_London Metropolitan Univeristy_Professional Diploma in Architecture | RIBA part II

FOLKHEMMET The Concept that Founded Kiruna And the concept to preserve.

Fig. 1

Life Quality, and Equality The concept of Folkhemmet was originally invented by labour parties in Germany in the mid 1800’s, and it was first adopted by the Swedish labour party, Socialdemokraterna (The Social Democrats) and their leader Per Albin Hansson, in 1928. It is a metaphor for a society, politically organised to care for their citizens, and to provide them with a good basic social and financial safety net. It means ‘the people’s home’, but is perhaps better explained with ‘a home for all the people’. It means that the people should live in collusion and equality. Hansson said; ‘The cornerstone of the home is commonality and togetherness. The good home does not know of any pedigrees or underprivileged, no favoured and no stepchild. There no one looks down upon another.

There nobody tries to take advantage on others’ expense, the strong does not hold down and plunder the weak. In the good home equality, care, collaboration, and respect rules. Applied to the great public- and people’s home, this would mean the destruction of all social and economic barriers, which is now separating citizens into favoured and underprivileged, into ruler and dependent, into robbers and dispossessed.’1 Throughout the 1930-1970’s the concept was as strong as the Social Democrats rule, and during these years many social reforms were instated, and labour unions grew strong. The difference from previous advocated policies from the Social Democrats was that rather than having the state owning companies, it instead regulated the market, and steered the economy by laws.

Fig. 2

Here there is also a clear link to Ralph Erksine, and his climatic strategies for Arctic towns. Erskine came to Sweden partly because he wanted to study the welfare state2, and in his sketches it is clear he was trying to provide for a socially responsible lifestyle, and well functioning communal spaces. And indeed a few of his projects in this region of Sweden were designed to house miners in a socially sustainable and communal way, such as Ormen Långe (Snake long) in Svappavaara. But the project’s finances fell through, and very little of Erskine’s design was realised. The labour housing units were supposed to be interconnected to the free standing houses where the management was housed, but because this was never was realised, it led to tension between the miners and the management, and ultimately had a significant part in the infamous Great Mining Strike in Kiruna (the LKAB-conflict) in 1969-1970, where more than 4,500 miners took part.3,4 This cultural legacy must be a priority to consolidate, even as a large part of the town is being demolished.

Folkhemmet still has a physical form in Kiruna. It must be preserved, and the mistakes that were made with Erskine’s project must not be repeated. The world is watching.5 1._Wikipedia (n.d.). Folkhemmet. [ONLINE] 2._Wikipedia (n.d.). Ralph Erskine (architect). [ONLINE] 3._Wikipedia (n.d.). Ormen Långe (hus, Svappavaara). [ONLINE] 4._Wikipedia (n.d.). Alkvist, L. (2014). Den stora gruvstrejken skakade om. [ONLINE] 5._Dean, J. (2017). The Audacious, Complicated Plan to Move a Swedish Mining Town. [ONLINE] Fig. 1._Riksantikvarieämbetet (2008). Det byggda kulturarvet i framtidens Kiruna. 2008:8. [IMAGE] Fig. 2._Wikipedia (n.d.). Alkvist, L. (2014). Gruvarbetare i Kiruna strejkade. [IMAGE] Fig. 3._Wikipedia (n.d.). Ormen långe mot norr, cirka 1966. [IMAGE] Fig. 4._Wikipedia (n.d.). Ormen långe mot solsidan, cirka 1965.. [IMAGE]

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

Jonas Bertlind | JEB0634_UNIT 04 2017/2018_London Metropolitan University_Professional Diploma in Architecture | RIBA part II

LKAB is state owned, and has been so for a very long time. But even before it was fully owned by the state, it held very tight bonds to it. Kiruna is without a doubt built on these very political conceptions, and it is reflected in the culture, which is clear when you visit the town. Founder Hjalmar Lundbohm was a man full of authority, but was of a social democratic stance of policy and with the buildings he had erected, he sent a clear message to the employees that the company did not deal with slavery, but wanted its members of staff to be able to live a good life, and provided for this.

RECORDING KIRUNA Preserving Memories & Culture What does culture look like and how is it perceived?

What is Kiruna?

In a summary report named ‘Det byggda kulturarvet i framtidens Kiruna’ (The constructed cultural heritage in the future Kiruna) by Riksantikvarieämbetet (The Swedish National Heritage Board), under a section called Vad är Kiruna värt? (What is Kiruna worth? - A cultural value assessment), habitation antiquarian Jennie Sjöholm, presented the result of a survey she conducted. In this survey, which holds more than 600 replies, it is clear that what people value highly is ‘my home’, but also that there is a positive attitude towards the move, and that people think the culture will be preserved, even though it has been unclear to what extent buildings would actually be moved. What is also useful information is that the older buildings are associated with certain core values, whereas the mid-century, and new buildings are seen as separate objects. Notable is also the opinion that ‘a moved building, is a preserved building’.1

1._Riksantikvarieämbetet (2008). Det byggda kulturarvet i framtidens Kiruna. 2008:8. [ONLINE] P. 12

Jonas Bertlind | JEB0634_UNIT 04 2017/2018_London Metropolitan University_Professional Diploma in Architecture | RIBA part II

A New Way of Recording & Experiencing With the help of the photogrammetry technique we were able to record both buildings that will be moved (the church) and buildings that will be demolished. With VR these buildings can be experienced in scale 1:1, a far more rich experience than a photograph.

THE FIRST TOWN PLAN(S) Fig. 1

The Design of the Foundations Arts, crafts and quality legacy.

What was Planned Not To Be Planned.

In the report named ‘Det byggda kulturarvet i framtidens Kiruna’, under a section called Mönsterstaden Kiruna – historia och framtid (Model Town Kiruna - history and future), Lasse Brunnström, professor of design-history, talks about the very first town plans of Kiruna. Yes, plural. There were two, but more proposals and suggestions were encouraged by town funder Hjalmar Lundbohm.

It started with dispersed sheds around the mining area and soon it was decided that there needed to be a plan for future construction of labour housing. It was not desirable to get a shanty-town, like the one in the small town of Klondike in Canada, close to the Alaska border, that had grown randomly around gold-findings.

But Lundbohm was also well aware of the failure of the one-man’s vision of an “American Utopia”. George M. Pullman tried to develop this idea for ‘his’ factory workers outside Chicago. He was so unwilling to consider anyone elses opinion, that after a violent strike, governmental interference had to be imposed, and Pullman eventually was forced to sell the houses to the families living in them, after a court-ruling.1,2 Lundbohm also studied factory model-towns in Essen, Germany, but was not fully pleased with their concept either. He wrote; ‘There is a system in every possible condition that is admirable but also, along with the strict discipline, is extremely boring. The “Hausordnung” contains 48 paragraphs and prohibits everything, even throwing snowballs. Fuck these people are boring. Is it not an injustice of providence that they still feel so good and are so pleased?’ 3

Per O. Hallmans and Gustaf Wickman’s plan for the new mining town Kiruna from 1899-1900.

The LKAB premises to the south.

Hjalmar Lundbohm’s Duty of Care Legacy Lundbohm’s own house Fig 2 was of modest measures and not at all flamboyant, considering his position and status. This highlighted his solidarity, and helped unite the inhabitants. Throughout his engagement to LKAB and Kiruna, he was personally engaged in the expansion and construction of the town. He was an art collector himself, and put high value of details, and quality, and with his influence he managed to get architects to help form even smaller parts of the town. His legacy ensured that LKAB hired architects, such as Ferdinand Boberg, Artur Schmalensee (designed the old Town Hall), Alvar Alto (in competition with Schmalensee for the Town Hall commission), Ralph Erskine, and Hakon Ahlberg, but also colour consultant Pierre Olofsson and other artists for projects in the Model Town Kiruna.5

1._Riksantikvarieämbetet (2008). Det byggda kulturarvet i framtidens Kiruna. 2008:8. [ONLINE] pp. 15-16 2._Wikipedia (n.d.). George Pullman. [ONLINE] 3._Persson, C. (2015). Hjalmar Lundbohm - En studie om ledarskap inom LKAB 1898-1921. pp. 83-84 4._Riksantikvarieämbetet (2008). p. 17 5._Riksantikvarieämbetet (2008). p. 17 Fig. 1._Riksantikvarieämbetet (2008). Det byggda kulturarvet i framtidens Kiruna. 2008:8. [IMAGE] pp. 15 Fig. 2._Kiruna.se (2017). Hjalmar Lundbohmsgården. [image]

Fig. 2

Jonas Bertlind | JEB0634_UNIT 04 2017/2018_London Metropolitan University_Professional Diploma in Architecture | RIBA part II

The Plan Hjalmar Lundbohm’s solution instead became to split the area for the planned town in two, and to appoint two town-planners. The two town-planners were the unofficial town architect Gustaf Wickman, and the paramount Nordic town-planner Per O. Hallman. And indeed the two areas of the town plan looks very different; one was more central European inspired, and more ‘town-like’, whereas the other was a more picturesque area inspired by an Anglo-Saxon garden society4 (around the LKAB premises).Fig 1

EXQUISITE COLLAGE CITY Piranesi, and A Surreal Concept Townplanning reimagned, modernist rejection

Piranesi’s Campo Marzio Piranesi’s speculative and imagined perspective etchings of ancient Rome has been discribed as “precise, specific, yet impossible”Fig 1. In the plan over Campo Marzio he rearanged all landmarks of Rome, apart from the Pantheon1, while weaving these together with a pourus urban fabric. Indeed there is order and coherency, but unlike a modernist town plan, Piranesi’s plan of Rome contains gradients while being a patchwork of patterns, and there is no sight of boulevards or major streets cutting through the city. ...‘for Piranesi, archaeological ruins were not part of history, but of a present that he could recombine and reconfigure, thereby turning the “truth” of mapmaking on its head.’2 The Interrupted Rome - A Model Town Colin Rowe’s book Collage City became hugely influential for new ideas of town planning since its publication in 1978. It opposes the utopian modernist idea of a through and through coherent city, with clear layout and transportation routs. Instead Rowe argued that a city grows slowly and organically, and should be allowed to do so. Different styles from different epochs will meet, overlap, and collide quite crudely and violently within the city, which will actually enrich it. Architecture should thus ‘engage the existing fabric of the city and respond to its textures and heterogenity’.3

Fig. 1 Fig. 2

Andre Breton, in his book Surrelasim and Painting, highlights the quality of the outcome of the exquisite corpse concept, that Colin Row argued could be adopted in town-planning; ‘What, in fact, excited us in these composite productions was the conviction that, at the very least, they were stamped with a uniquely collective authority and that they were endowed powerfully with that power of drifting with the current which poetry should never undervalue.’4

This format of reimagining the city was again revisited in 2012 by Peter Eisenman, along with Yale students, Jeffrey Kipnis with his colleagues and students of the Ohio State University, and Belgian architecture practice Dogma.6

1._Rosenfield, K. (2012). Venice Biennale 2012: The Piranesi Variations / Peter Eisenman. [ONLINE] 2._Rosenfield, K. (2012).

3._Haddad, E. and Rifkind, D. (2015). A critical history of contemporary architecture 1960-2010 4._Breton, A. (1972). Surrealism and Painting.

5._Haddad, E. and Rifkind, D. 6._Rosenfield, K. (2012).

Fig. 1._Graphicine (2018). 04_giovanni_battista_piranesi_graphicinepiranesi.jpg. [IMAGE] Fig. 2._wikimedia.org (2018). Piranesi-10013.jpg. [IMAGE] Fig. 3-6._Breton, A. (1972). Surrealism and Painting. [IMAGE]

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

Fig. 5

Fig. 6

Jonas Bertlind | JEB0634_UNIT 04 2017/2018_London Metropolitan University_Professional Diploma in Architecture | RIBA part II

In 1978 Colin Rowe took part in Roma Interrotta, a project that directed critique at modernist planning of 19th and 20th century Rome. In this project a dozen critiques and architects re-imagined the tiles that made up the 1748 map of Rome by town planner Nolli and etcher Piranesi. Roma interrotta was executed in the format of Exquisite Corpse, and lead to wide-spread discussions of contemporary and future town planning, historical public and urban space, and manipulation and conservation of urban interactions in the city.5

SITUATION The mine is eating its way underneath Kiruna.

The new plan The site for the new town is rational; there was practically nowhere else it could move, without interfering with complex conditions, or end up further away. Here the new town centre is superimposed on a map.

Aims The new town is meant to be much more dense than the old one. A compact centre will offer shopping, lots of lesiures including several new public buildings and a long green space, a ‘corridor’ through the urban fabric that will host many activites. There is also a concept

Jonas Bertlind | JEB0634_UNIT 04 2017/2018_London Metropolitan University_Professional Diploma in Architecture | RIBA part II

An Over-view of Planned Events

Site for New Kiruna

Jonas Bertlind | JEB0634_UNIT 04 2017/2018_London Metropolitan Univeristy_Professional Diploma in Architecture | RIBA part II

vision of reusing, or recycling parts of old Kiruna buildings that will be demolished. The town centre is meant to be practially car-free and the proximity to nature is arguments for its location and the layout of the town plan.

THE PROPOSED TOWN PLAN A Master-Plan for New Kiruna Can local culture be saved?

LARGE MAP SCALE 1:15,000 The new masterplan by Ghilardi+Hellsten Arkitekter / White Architects was pronounced winners in 2013 by the jury for the new Kiruna.

Alternative site Wintersport Centre

The Portal

Jonas Bertlind | JEB0634_UNIT 04 2017/2018_London Metropolitan University_Professional Diploma in Architecture | RIBA part II

Watersport Centre

Jonas Bertlind | JEB0634_UNIT 04 2017/2018_London Metropolitan Univeristy_Professional Diploma in Architecture | RIBA part II

New Sami Parliament

Wintersport Centre

Kiruna Culture House

New Town Hall

SITE GENERAL A Master-Plan for New Kiruna Can local culture be saved?

The new site for Kiruna is quite flat. The land has not been used for much since the mining stopped in the Tuolluvaara open cast mine, and there is little that has to be demolished or cleared in order to start ground work.

The old train tracks that ran through site towards southwest and Kiirunavaara has since long been removed.

Fig. 2. View of Kiruna Golf Club north of site Fig. 3. Aerial photo from Tuolluvaara hill to the north-east Fig. 4. Recycling Centre west of site will be removed Fig 5. Photo of site from ground level.

Fig 6. Aerial image of site taken from the north-east Fig 7. Aerial photo of site from south-west (2015). Ongoing ground-work of new Town Hal. Underground infrastructure (electric grid, sewer system, long-distance district heating) is finished.

Fig. 2

Kiruna återvinningscentral (Recycling centre)

Kiruna Golf Club (Will not be affected)

Fig. 2 3

Tuolluvaara mining towers (closed down)

Stena Recycling AB (Recycling centre)

Fig. 4

Fig. 1._Google Earth (2018). Google Earth. Silicon Valley: Google._Wikipedia (n.d.). George Pullman. [ONLINE] Fig. 2._Kiruna Golfklubb (n.d.). Kiruna Golfklubb. [IMAGE] Fig. 3._Electric Eye (2016). Lavarna i nya Kiruna. [IMAGE] Fig. 4._Google (n.d.). Google maps. [IMAGE] Fig. 5._Google (n.d.). Google maps. [IMAGE] Fig. 6._Electric Eye (2016). Nya Kiruna. [IMAGE] Fig. 7._Electric Eye (2016). Stadshus och Tuolluvaara 2015. [IMAGE] Ebrahimabadi, S. (2016). Attraktiva, hållbara livsmiljöer i kallt klimat (Attract C). 2016:14. Luleå: Luleå Tekniska Universitet, pp. 17-19.

View towards southwest and site

Fig. 5

Jonas Bertlind | JEB0634_UNIT 04 2017/2018_London Metropolitan University_Professional Diploma in Architecture | RIBA part II

Fig. 1

Fig. 6

Fig. 6

EXQUISITE CAMPO KIRUNA A Townplan Pattern Gradient

The new masterplan by White Architects has been worked through by the municipality and a general arrangement consultation plan has been made. It was published in December 2017, and comes in the form of a report called Plan Description. Nine goals, or visions of the town centre has been pinned down by the municipality:1

Fig. 1-2._Kiruna Town Planning Authority (2017). Planbeskrivning. [online] Kiruna: Kiruna, p.12

Jonas Bertlind | JEB0634_UNIT 04 2017/2018_London Metropolitan University_Professional Diploma in Architecture | RIBA part II

1. Architectural qualities that communicate pride 2. A dense centre 3. A mix of functions and use 4. Attractive clusters and paths that tie the centre together 5. Active environments and ‘open’ ground floors (i.e. visual connection) 6. High design quality of squares and public spaces 7. Public and private social places 8. Highly walkable 9. Safety and security

TILE 4 - TOWN CENTRE An Old Model Town?

Gradients and porosity

This new plan seeks to provide for more protection from bad weather, whilst creating an interesting environment, and where the boundary between inside and outside is blurred. I try to provide for different zones; Inside the culture house, the programs are not strictly separated by walls, materials and door, but rather by divisions of space in height.

Outside the fine grain of the stone shingle on the square starts to grow in size, while becoming more and more erected from the ground, until you can sit on them, or walk inside them. Further in is the entrance to the large grain where you find the essence of Kirunas history, and the people who has made it.

Jonas Bertlind | JEB0634_UNIT 04 2017/2018_London Metropolitan University_Professional Diploma in Architecture | RIBA part II

The concept sketch shows section gradients of functions in the programme.

West Elevation - Tuolluvaara mining towers on the hillside

Jonas Bertlind | JEB0634_UNIT 04 2017/2018_London Metropolitan University_Professional Diploma in Architecture | RIBA part II

MASTERPLAN

Scale 1:2,000

Jonas Bertlind | JEB0634_UNIT 04 2017/2018_London Metropolitan Univeristy_Professional Diploma in Architecture | RIBA part II

East Elevation - View towards old Kirna hillside and Kiirunavaara Mine

Using/User & Dwelling Advocacies

SITUATION

Finances

Cultural, Social, & Economical Context

New Town Hall

Establishing context of acknowledged cultural issues recognised via research.

Culture House Block contains Hotel

Cultural issues that need response in the project Culture House.

Culture lost in demolition: - Views of landscape and town.

- ‘Gränden’ (meaning The Alley) - Central activity

Users - Citizens of Kiruna & Tourists Margareta, 55

Rebecka, 35

Man, 60

Visitors/Tourists

Culture missing from the beginning: - Events and activities, and spaces for these

- Sad that the nice views will disappear when town moves to ‘the pit-hole’.

Architects & Planners

- Dip in busiess in the town - Town moves to worst poscentre because prevailing sible location; the old dump move has led to less activity site of the city. A lot colder in and flux. More people stay at the valley. home.

- Teenagers favourite hang-out place, ‘Gränden’ (meaning The Alley), will disappear.

Planning Director, Professor Göran Cars - “As the old city is built on hills and you have surrounding views of the mountains, but not in the same way in the new city.“ - ...“it was a tough decision to place the city centre here. And it was a bit problematic, because this used to be the city dump.

There was a factory there processing dump and all sorts of activities. And the next thing is the cemetery of the church. And people call it – the valley of death.”

- At one point he met some girls who did their dissertation over the renewal of Kiruna. One of them said that young women in Kiruna either get pregnant or move to Stockholm and she asked what should we do about that? – and another girl answered: we need meeting places and some of them should be gender neutral. What is a meeting place?

Krister Lindstedt - Project Architect, White - ...“it is an interesting good mix of people there, lots of ideas, for being a mining town it’s not at all just miners. There are people with ideas, artists, and fun people. But the town needs good meeting places, it needs a good central square, there isn’t a square today, it’s just a big parking space in the middle.”

- “And now they’re losing the beautiful view, of the mine, of the mountains, so what could we do about that? We wanted to have a close relationship, interrelationship with nature, so those were our two main models – a compact town with meeting places, and a close relationship with nature.”

- They have cinema at the people’s house, for pictures, once a week or something, I mean there’s really nothing to do and thier friends get bored. All the tourists that come to Kiruna stay for one day maximum and then they continue, to Jukkasjarvi, Abisko and those kinds of places.

They want to keep the tourists there, so we need to attract not only specifically younger women, but also tourists to stay and offer them a lot more than they have today..

- Of course we understand that we need culture because we loose a lot of people, especially young women, because there’s nothing new to do, so we need to cater to other things, we need to have services, we need to have a down town’.

- ...so we thought about the Biennale, one year we do an extrovert event, and invite the world, ‘Come here, come to us, come to new Kiruna’, we’re not only mining, we also research, we have all of these things, so a big festival.

Client & Stakeholders SPECULATION (backed up by Professor Göran Cars presentation) It would be easier to attract investors for the planned hotel if the Culture House became an attractor point. I imagine that potential investors would like to see active spaces, public events, and plenty of flux.

Investors (Hotel)

LKAB

Kiruna Municipality, 14 Political parties, Socialdemokraterna (equivalent to Labour) in majority, with Centerpartiet (Agriculture & Countryside) as second largest party.

Jonas Bertlind | JEB0634_UNIT 04 2017/2018_London Metropolitan University_Professional Diploma in Architecture | RIBA part II

Victoria - Anthropologist, White

PROXIMITIES Adjacent Spaces of Activity & Flux Location and flux between the new public centralities The proposed new public building are leisure/recreation centres and are meant to activate the town centre. Therefore it is likely that there will be a certain flux between them. Moreover the new central long park, the portal (recycling centre for the buildings that has to come down), and the proposed hotel must also be regarded as key points.

Culture House

Wintersport Centre - Alternative location

Wintersport Centre

Sami Parliament

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Main shopping street Culture House Entrance Cemetery

Important link to Town Hall Culture House Entrance rk

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Crematorium & Chapel

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Portalen

Watersport Centre

Town Hall

Transport Centre

Hotel

Jonas Bertlind | JEB0634_UNIT 04 2017/2018_London Metropolitan University_Professional Diploma in Architecture | RIBA part II

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PROGRAMME Spaces Needed Establishing spaces and activities to fulfil an adequate Culture House.

Collection of spaces needed according to research.

- Library, Learning spaces & Administration office - Auditorium/Concert hall 1500 persons - Theatre/Cinema/Smaller Stage 150-250 persons

New ‘Gränden’: Learning support and leisure activities Office, Info & Administration

- Workshops - Art spaces EXHIBITIONS: - 2-3 Temporary galleries - Permanent exhibition: LKAB & Kiruna - Permanent exhibition: Climate & Climate Change - Permanent exhibition: Sami & Kiruna

Learning Spaces

PUBLIC HOUSE - Kiruna Living-room - Board games - Cafe - Bar - Gift shop - Work spaces

Library

- Restaurant - Event-space ‘GRÄNDEN’ - Youth Leisure centre: Games, Books & Activities - Learning assistance

Sound Studio Music Studio Photo & Film StudioDance & Performance Studio

STUDIOS - Music & Audio - Film & Photo - Dance & Performance Auditorium

Permanent Exhibition: Sami & Kiruna

Cinema/Stage

Workshops

PUBLIC HOUSE Enclosed work spaces

Restaurant

Cafe

Event Space

Board & Card Games

Bar

Permanent exhibition: Climate Exhibition Space

Art Studios

Gift Shop Permanent Exhibition: LKAB & Kiruna

Jonas Bertlind | JEB0634_UNIT 04 2017/2018_London Metropolitan University_Professional Diploma in Architecture | RIBA part II

Exhibition Space

PROGRAMMATIC SIZE Areas Estimation & Vertical Distribution Location along ramp.

Jonas Bertlind | JEB0634_UNIT 04 2017/2018_London Metropolitan University_Professional Diploma in Architecture | RIBA part II

The proposed new public building are leisure/recreation centres and are meant to activate the town centre. Therefore it is likely that there will be a certain flux between them. Moreover the new central long park, the portal (recycling centre for the buildings that has to come down), and the proposed hotel must also be regarded as key a point.

For position (3D diagram) of programmatic space, see IDS Diary.

A NEW CULTURE HOUSE The Culture House - The dense Agora of Kiruna The aim for with the new master plan is to get it dense, with short, walkable distances in the town centre, and little to no traffic.

The programme is stacked in the new town grid pattern. The result is a tightly packed terraced volume.

Main centre atrium & permanent exhibition space - LKAB & Kiruna. Can also be used for markets and events

Indoor rooftop restaurant and small Sami exhibition - visual contact with the new Sami Parliament to the North-East Main auditorium with possible panorama view towards Sami Parliament and northern lights

Gallery space for temporary art exhibitions

Art Studios Permanent exhibition; Arctic Climate & Climate change

Studios Library

Performance & Dance studios Changing rooms & WC Music & Film studios Performance & Dance studios WC The Alleyway - youth centre Venue & Cinema - connected to the Hotel block Restaurant Maintenance - connected to The Portal (Recycling old building parts) Gallery space for temporary exhibitions Workshops Office Giftshop

Kiruna Public House

Jonas Bertlind | JEB0634_UNIT 04 2017/2018_London Metropolitan University_Professional Diploma in Architecture | RIBA part II

Stacking Culture

AN OLD CULTURE HOUSE? Densely Stacked Culture Precedent

Jonas Bertlind | JEB0634_UNIT 04 2017/2018_London Metropolitan University_Professional Diploma in Architecture | RIBA part II

Medieval town often sit on hills or mountain sides. They are almost always very dense and the section is very similar to that of Erskine, and they do offer very good protection from bad weather. The small winding streets allow for social interaction, and they are practically carfree.

KIRUNA PUBLIC HOUSE Recycling Culture & Memories Good for the environment to recycle culture?

Jonas Bertlind | JEB0634_UNIT 04 2017/2018_London Metropolitan University_Professional Diploma in Architecture | RIBA part II

The Public House is the first of the programmatic spaces in the Kiruna Culture House. It should have the qualities of the people that built Kiruna and now have to move. I propose to re-use as much as possible and even put old facade panels as floor if suitable and possible. Old furniture that gets thrown in the move can serve as pub seating and dining furniture.

BRIEF SUMMARY Further Contextual Factors

Summary of project The design seeks to respond to my initial chapters where I have stated what I feel is relevant to the project; - Digital software; what we use them for, and what we can achieve with it’s help.

- Engineered Timber; why it is the most sustainable structural material, sourced locally, and is supporting democracy and the economy of Sweden and its citizens more than any other structural material.

- Climate; How the Arctic climate relates to global climate at large, and ultimately to existing and potential political and cultural conflicts and mass-migration. How it has informed vernacular architectural design, and how it behaves. I also state the impact of changing Arctic climate on the local landscape, nature and how it can affect local residents including the Sami.

- Sami; how the Sami culture must be respected and how their culture is part of the culture of Kiruna, not separated from it.

- LKAB; what cultural and political background the company has, and how that has informed much of the culture of the town. Here I also bring up the concept of Folkhemmet, which is very relevant historically for the industrial society from a social and democratic point of view.

Aim of the project & the brief Unit 4 means to engage in first hand design from within VR, not just to use VR as a tool of representation. We using our recordings as part of the design explorations, and in the final outcome, as well as sketching tools in VR. Each student has engage in the design of one of the six tiles of the new town plan and interpret it in their own way. From research and design means a programme has been devolved.

The Agoruna seeks to consolidate local culture, and not let it get lost in the translation from the historical Model Town to the New Kiruna Town. It seeks to reuse and/or recyle some of the materials from the part of town that will get demolished. This I mean will be beneficial from an environmental point of view, at the same time as it blends physical memories in one new public space. A space made from everyone in Kiruna, for everyone in Kiruna.

Through collaboration with peers, course readings, research, exhibitions and lectures, I have formed my project as I see fit to match the evolved brief. These are collected in my Research File, and my Illustrated Diary, as well as in this Report, and referred to when appropriate.

Brief and Development The brief has been adopted from the original brief of a culture house by Kiruna Municipality. It has then evolved with my own research about local culture, as well as considering the other core essentials for the unit (see Summary of project).

1.4 Client The client is Kiruna Municipality & the State-owned limited company LKAB (funding). See section on LKAB and Kiruna.

As the project means to consolidate the community, the culture house seeks to reach as many of the inhabitants of Kiruna as possible. These are the real stakeholders of this project, along with LKAB who ‘needs’ to present a satisfactory project to keep their cultural status, and to keep providing for the town they have founded. That they are state-owned makes it perhaps less ‘personal’ in their stance towards the citizens, but at the same time Sweden has a history of social and financial safety-net, and Kiruna is no exception. It simply could not cancel the move, leaving the people of Kiruna in limbo the same way a private company in theory could. LKAB also needs to be treated respectfully as they have been providing for the town for many years, and their relationship to the inhabitants is worth trying to strengthen in order to upkeep good relations between them.

But the inhabitants of Kiruna are also the users of the building, and I aim to provide social spaces that responds to as many of their social needs as possible, but especially teenage- and younger women, since it has been confirmed that they have expressed unsatisfactory opinions of the cultural and social life in Kiruna, and many move away.

Other users are tourists that the town wants to attract, and residents of surrounding towns in the municipality of Kiruna.

Site & Cultural Context This section is mainly treated in the first sections of this report (see Climate, and Site sections) As this project seeks to support and consolidate local culture for all, it must also seek to meet the request of local residents. When investigating demographics, two particular groups stands out as underprivileged; the Sami and young women. Sami people are normally no longer subject to racism, and well integrated into the town and society; i.e. most of them live as ‘normal’ Kiruna citizens. There is perhaps some stigma that affects some of them, and it is important to strengthen their position as integrated citizens and the recognition of them as aboriginal. But this is mostly the task of the new Sami Parliament building. The function of the culture house is first and foremost to consolidate and preserve culture of the town of Kiruna, but as Sami people are integrated here, and have been so for a long time, they are included in the preservation of Kiruna, and represented in the design of the new building.

Younger women more often than any other demographic group leaves Kiruna, as can be seen in the table from Central Bureau of Statistics.Fig. 1 This is due to less political attention, historically resulting in less support in terms of facility investments and platforms for desired leisure activites.1,2 For more information on demographics, see chapter Sami, LKAB & Kiruna, and Folkhemmet.

New space for young people, including young women are provided in the design of the culture house, along with studios for, photo/video, music, and performance/ dance, as well as studios for arts & crafts. (See chapter programme)

Jonas Bertlind | JEB0634_UNIT 04 2017/2018_London Metropolitan University_Professional Diploma in Architecture | RIBA part II

Cultural Context and Communication is mostly covered in the initial sections of this report.

Younger women more often than any other demographic group leaves Kiruna, as can be seen in the table from Central Bureau of Statistics.Fig. 1 This is due to less political attention, historically resulting in less support in terms of facility investments and platforms for desired leisure activites.1,2 For more information on demographics, see chapter Sami, LKAB & Kiruna, and Folkhemmet.

New space for young people, including young women are provided in the design of the culture house, along with studios for, photo/video, music, and performance/ dance, as well as studios for arts & crafts. (See chapter programme) Moving-net, domestic moves 2011 Women

Men

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Economic and Financial Context LKAB’s tax revenue was 1.3bn Euros in 2016. They produce 78% of all iron ore in the EU, and employ around 4,500 people in total.

LKAB has a role in the creattion of job opportunities for 17,000 people in Malmfälten (16 mines in total, most of them in the North of Sweden). For further information see section LKAB & Kiruna.

The project is not resolved to the point where a proper cost estimate can be made. However one reference is the new culture house in Skellefteå, built from CLT, about 25% bigger, and located in Norrland (see IDS Diary). This project will cost 59m Euros, or 600m SEK to build.2 It is however likely that Kiruna culture house will be more expensive than that since it is a more complex design, and that Kiruna is located further north (i.e. longer transports, and less competition for the project).

Another reference is the new Kiruna Town Hall which will cost around 49m Euros (500m SEK) to complete. LKAB is paying 470m SEK, and the municipality around 30m SEK.3 It is known that because of little competition for the job, ground work has been heavily overpriced, as well as other construction work. Krister Lindstedt, in the presentation at White Architects office explained: ‘Generally, the conflict as we see it is that they’re used to this not being a very attractive place to build economically, there aren’t many contractors here.’

Procurement, CDM and Tender For this project I will suggest a Design Build Contract procurement route, as I feel it is important to have a contractor appointed under these conditions explained above.

LKAB is a limited company, but wholly owned by the state. They fund the project, but the client in this case is the local municipality/government. Hence the project falls under the Public Procurement Policy, which aims to give ‘the best mix of quality and effectiveness for the least outlay over the period of use of the goods or services bought’. This policy means to uphold certain non-discriminating obligations, commonly agreed by all actors on the market, and is subject to a legal framework.

Procedures of the Public Contracts Regulations 2015 must be followed, since tender for construction services (contractor, and sub-contractor tendering) is on behalf of the government, or local government.

I will also suggest to the client to appoint an appropriate Principle Designer who will prepare a CDM package as denoted in the 2015 CDM guidance package, that highlights Health & Safety criteria for the project.

This should include scope, client H&S brief, project timescale, pre-construction information, project leadership, procurement strategy, and communication strategy.

These are important aspects that needs to be clearly communicated and agreed upon, in order to get to a successful project and avoid misunderstandings and tearing relationships, as well as lawsuits. A Project Roles Table should come into place at a very early stage.

I will be working closely with the principal designer throughout the project.

1._Cars, G. (2018). Nya Kiruna - Att flytta en stad.

2._Viktoria, W. (2018). White Arkitekter: Kiruna 4-ever.

Fig. 1._Statistikdatabasen. (n.d.). Flyttningar efter region, ålder och kön. År 1997 - 2017-Statistikdatabasen. [IMAGE] Fig. 2._Cars, G. (2018). Nya Kiruna - Att flytta en stad. [IMAGE]

Jonas Bertlind | JEB0634_UNIT 04 2017/2018_London Metropolitan Univeristy_Professional Diploma in Architecture | RIBA part II

Demographics As this project seeks to support and consolidate local culture for all, it must also seek to meet the request of local residents. When investigating demographics, two particular groups stands out as underprivileged; the Sami and young women. Sami people are normally no longer subject to racism, and well integrated into the town and society; i.e. most of them live as ‘normal’ Kiruna citizens. There is perhaps some stigma that affects some of them, and it is important to strengthen their position as integrated citizens and the recognition of them as aboriginal. But this is mostly the task of the new Sami Parliament building. The function of the culture house is first and foremost to consolidate and preserve culture of the town of Kiruna, but as Sami people are integrated here, and have been so for a long time, they are included in the preservation of Kiruna, and represented in the design of the new building.

Present Land Use We learned in a presentation by Planning Director, Professor Göran Cars that Kiruna municipality owns less than 1% of the land in the worlds second largest municipality. The state own 80% of the land, but most of it is protected, and classified as national park, especially around Kiruna. It was therefore a quite simple decision to locate the new town at this site.4 Any other possible location would have meant a new town had to be built - completely detached from the part that will not be demolished.

south side of the site of the new town, there are some automobile and mechanical workshops, car rentals, offices and small-scale industrial businesses. A typical business can be seen in the smaller image.Fig. 2 These will be affected, and most of them probably moved when the new transport hub will be built. The train line will pass through this area, and there are plans to have new bus parking, possibly gondolas and/or tram.

The electric grid was completed in 2008 on the new site, and in 2009 a sewer system was also completed.1 The main underground infrastructure has been in place for some time, and construction of new houses are about to begin. This photo from 2015 show the new site snow-covered.Fig. 1 South of the main road, Malmvägen, that runs on the

SITE NEW KIRUNA

NEW TOWN HALL BUILT HERE

SITE NEW KIRUNA CULTURE HOUSE

AREA AFFECTED BY TRANSPORT CENTRE

Fig. 2

Fig. 1 1._LKAB (n.d.). Där Gruva Möter Stad. [ONLINE] Kiruna: LKAB, p.19 2._Iversen, E. (2017). Kulturhuset blir 100 miljoner dyrare. [ONLINE] 3._Linder, A. (2015). Nya stadshuset i Kiruna dyrare för kommunen - P4 Norrbotten. [ONLINE] 4._Cars, G. (2018). Nya Kiruna - Att flytta en stad.

Fig. 1._Google Earth (2018). Google Earth. Silicon Valley: Google.

Fig. 2._TT Trading AB (n.d.). TT Trading AB Kiruna. [IMAGE]

Jonas Bertlind | JEB0634_UNIT 04 2017/2018_London Metropolitan Univeristy_Professional Diploma in Architecture | RIBA part II

LOCATION FOR NEW TRANSPORT CENTRE

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Political Context 14 different parties are represented in the Kiruna council. This could normally lead to politically complex situations regarding the move of Kiruna. However, the move of the town is so grounded in the public opinion that this situation is fairly straight forward, and council members agree with one another in most issues regarding the move.

Kirunas coat of arms includes the chemical symbol for iron for its mining industry. Kiirunavaara means ‘white grouse mountain’ (Kiiruna means grouse in Finish), which is why there is also a white grouse depicted on the emblem.

Hjalmar Branting, the Social Democratic Party leader, was in 1906 a summer guest at Hjalmar Lundbohms home. He was impressed with Lundbohms work with the newly established town, and praised his engagement in the expansion, and Lundbohms involvement in art exhibitions in the town, which attracted many people from the region.1 The ties between Kiruna and this political party are many, and in fact present Swedish prime minister Stefan Löfven is the former international secretary of the union Metall (Metal), which was formed to strengthen the rights of mineworkers in Sweden.

The Social Democratic Party has always been the largest party in Kiruna, only challenged under 12 years by the Kiruna Party (1994-2006). There are a total of 45 municipality seats in Kiruna. The year the Kiruna Party was founded it got one more vote (15) than the Social Democratic Party (14), but has since 2006 lost support, and in 2014 only had one vote.

Unit 4 scan of old Town Hall, Kiruna

For more information on the political influence and cultural importance of the Social Democratic Party in Kiruna, see chapter Folkhemmet.

Samelistan political party has most support from the north-west region in the municipality, and it focuses on representing the indigenous Sami people. They have since 2006 had two votes. For more information of the link between Samelistan Political Party and Kiruna Culture House, see chapter Sami.

Unit 4 scan of new Town Hall, Kiruna

Fig. 1

New spaces for art exhibitions, as well as public political debate and presentations are provided in the new culture house (see chapter Programme).

LKAB Fastigheter AB is the largest local property owner and landlord in Kiruna. From the very start of the mining operation, LKAB have built affordable houses for its emplyees. Now there is concern in the community that the new houses that LKAB Fastigheter will build will be more expensive to live in, and LKAB has confirmed this. They will give discount for the first 9 years, but it will increase by the year until full rent is being paid.Fig. 4

1._Persson, C. (2015). Hjalmar Lundbohm - En studie om ledarskap inom LKAB 1898-1921, p. 129 2._Wikipedia (n.d.). Kiruna kommun. [ONLINE] Fig. 1._Socialdemokraterna (n.d.). Socialdemokraterna. [IMAGE] Fig. 2._Samelistan (n.d.). Samelistan. [IMAGE] Fig. 3._Kiruna Kommun (n.d.). Kiruna Kommunvapen. [IMAGE] Fig. 4._LKAB Fastigheter AB (n.d.). Hyrestrappning. [IMAGE]

Jonas Bertlind | JEB0634_UNIT 04 2017/2018_London Metropolitan Univeristy_Professional Diploma in Architecture | RIBA part II

The division between male, and female of the 45 municipality seats have evened out more and more since the 1970’s, when there were only 5 female representatives. In 2014 this number was 19. This is a good sign as it is likely that younger women will gain more influence in the political debate (for relevance, see Demographics).2

ACCESSIBILITY Vertical Flux and Circulation in the Culture House

Stairs The circulation through the building is either via the ramp that climbs through the building, or via stair cases.

These needs to be clear of flammable material, so a naked timber surface is proposed.

Design in accordance to UK building regulations: Approved Document M - Building other than dwelling Handrails of steel is mounted 1000mm from the floor, and above the pitch line. There are 12 steps in each flight and they rise 170mm. Step depth is 290mm.

Each flight is made form one CLT slab - type AirStairs by producer XLamFig. 1, or similar.

- Good fire rating - Quicker to install than equivalent concrete or steel - 1/5 the weight of concrete - CNC milled to high precision.

700 mm

170 mm 290 mm

50 mm

700 mm

1000 mm

1000 mm

Ă˜50 mm 1500 mm

Jonas Bertlind | JEB0634_UNIT 04 2017/2018_London Metropolitan University_Professional Diploma in Architecture | RIBA part II

1700 mm

Ramp Part of the concept is to recreate topological change while moving through the building between programs.

The aim is to reconnect to the old town, where inhabitants are walking between different locations, and experiences the visual connection with the landscape as well as the buildings.

This ramp is 5m wide, each flight is 10m long, and the incline is 1:10, according to Building Regulations. And as such it also pass the requirements for escape routes and exits in case of fire.

Fig. 1._XLam (n.d.). AirStairs. [image]

Jonas Bertlind | JEB0634_UNIT 04 2017/2018_London Metropolitan University_Professional Diploma in Architecture | RIBA part II

Fig. 1

ACCESSIBILITY An Inclusive Culture House XXXX

Accessibility and Circulation Entry points are located all around the building, and some entries are through connected other buildings (the hotel, and commercial facilities.

45 meter

Fire In accordance with Approved Document B (Fire Safety) there should not be more than 45m in one direction when access to more than one route out of a public building of this sort is possible (see circle).

The culture house is attached to commercial facilities, The Portal (recycling building material), and the hotel.

At these points there needs to be a close collaboration between the two parties, contracts needs to be established, and security, maintenance, and responsibilities needs to be clarified and agreed on an early stage.

Access point Disabled access point Non-Public access point

Note: Entrance not part of the Culture House

Note: The Portal is attatched to the culture house.

Note: Entrance not part of the Culture House

Jonas Bertlind | JEB0634_UNIT 04 2017/2018_London Metropolitan University_Professional Diploma in Architecture | RIBA part II

Note: Entrance not part of the Culture House

Jonas Bertlind | JEB0634_UNIT 04 2017/2018_London Metropolitan Univeristy_Professional Diploma in Architecture | RIBA part II

CLIMATIC STRATEGY Snow as Insulation Roof design

Section Cut N1 Just like Erskine points out, snow is an excellent extra insulation wintertimes, and not too heavy for the structure. Kiruna has a snow depth of 600-800mm usually. All but one roof spaces are not meant to serve as walkable terraces. The culture house has one large outdoor area on the roof (see below). This space is elevated to get more sunlight, and faces south.

Jonas Bertlind | JEB0634_UNIT 04 2017/2018_London Metropolitan University_Professional Diploma in Architecture | RIBA part II

Section from facade facing south-west (see below)

Section Cut N1 Scale 1:50 Tapered roof insulation system of type Rockwool Hardrock Multifix DD, or equivalent. Insulation is not meant to be walkable, but can be walked on during service or similar. It is covered in waterproof membrane roof felt, or equivalent.

Recycled/renovated window Sheet metal cover Timber panel cladding Water-proof membrane Overflow drain 1:60 Drain Hardrock Multifix DD insulation Metal bracket anchored in CLT slab

Snow

Jonas Bertlind | JEB0634_UNIT 04 2017/2018_London Metropolitan Univeristy_Professional Diploma in Architecture | RIBA part II

Water collected and used

SUNPATH STUDIES Town Plan Studies Kiruna Culture House in the new town plan

In December the sun never rises in Kiruna. In June there is still some light, however because the old town is located on a south-facing hillside, midnight sunlight can not be experienced in the present town. In the new town however, there is a chance that it is.

Jonas Bertlind | JEB0634_UNIT 04 2017/2018_London Metropolitan University_Professional Diploma in Architecture | RIBA part II

March, 31 A 08:00 B 13:00 C 18:00 18

Jonas Bertlind | JEB0634_UNIT 04 2017/2018_London Metropolitan Univeristy_Professional Diploma in Architecture | RIBA part II

June, 30 A 08:00 B: 13:00 C: 18:00

Jonas Bertlind | JEB0634_UNIT 04 2017/2018_London Metropolitan Univeristy_Professional Diploma in Architecture | RIBA part II

Jonas Bertlind | JEB0634_UNIT 04 2017/2018_London Metropolitan Univeristy_Professional Diploma in Architecture | RIBA part II

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29LKAB (n.d.). LKAB - It starts with the iron. [online] Lkab.com. Available at: https://www.lkab.com/en/ about-lkab/lkab-in-brief/it-starts-with-the-iron/ [Accessed 28 May 2018].

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Jonas Bertlind | JEB0634_UNIT 04 2017/2018_London Metropolitan Univeristy_Professional Diploma in Architecture | RIBA part II

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Jonas Bertlind | JEB0634_UNIT 04 2017/2018_London Metropolitan Univeristy_Professional Diploma in Architecture | RIBA part II