Rethinkig Sabarmati

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Rethinking Sabarmati Strategic Framework for the Future of the Sabarmati Riverfront Project

Summative Essay for “City-Making�

Jorge MartĂ­n Sainz de los Terreros April 2012

Task Students are expected to write up in 5,000 words a design brief /strategic framework for the future development of the Sabarmati Riverfront. All students will be expected to develop a strategic framework for the riverfront development. You may choose to focus on a specific site or develop in more detail the strategy for the urban riverfront as a whole.

Lenth 5000 words

Jorge Martín Sainz de los Terreros September 2012 Master in City Design and Social Science 2011-2012 London School of Economics and Political Science All images are the author’s own unless otherwise stated.

Copyright (c) 2012 Jorge Martín Sainz de los Terreros.

This work is licenced under Creative Commons Attribution - Noncommercial - No Derivative Works 3.0 Unported License. To see a copy of this license, refer to http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/

Contents 1. Introduction

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2. Ahmedabad’s Challenges

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2.1. Recognise the importance of informal economy in public realm 2.2. Provide basic amenities and housing for the urban poor 2.3. Reduce external environmental dependency and promote closed metabolic cycles 3. Site Context

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3.1. The Sabarmati River 3.2. The Sabarmati Riverfront Project 4. Sabarmati Challenges

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4.1. The Sabarmati as an inclusive open space 4.2. The Sabarmati as a common ground for all 4.3. The Sabarmati as a traditional seasonal river 5. Stakeholders

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6. Policies

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6.1. National level 6.2. State level 6.3. Municipal level 7. Strategic Framework

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7.1. Methodological strategies 7.2. Socio-spatial strategy 7.3. Financial strategy 8. Key deliverables

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8.1. Team proposal 8.2. Methodology 8.3. Socio-spatial proposal 8.3. Socio-spatial proposal 9. Bibliography and references

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Rethinking Sabarmati

1. Introduction The Sabarmati Riverfront Development Corporation Lt (SRFDCL), under the supervision of the Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation (AMC) has requested new innovative proposals for the further development of the Sabarmati Riverfront Project. On behalf of the SRFDCL, this report reframes the developmental priorities of the original project to match the City Development Plan for Ahmedabad 2006-2012.

The present document is a strategic framework and principle guideline to lead the process of rethinking the Sabarmati Riverfront Project. The aim is to develop proposals for the future of the project in order to establish a common ground among all the interested groups, stakeholders and actors, including local authorities, developers, institutions, civil society and residents.

Especially, the proposal should advocate for those that are less represented and disempowered in the decisionmaking processes of the city.

This brief will request for proposals to be submitted by multidisciplinary teams for the development a pioneer vision of the Sabarmati Riverfront Project as a whole.

The submission will provide alternative and imaginative proposals dealing with the relationship of the project with the different scales, from the city and the broader hinterland to the local realms and communities, tackling social, economic, political and environmental issues.

The submission will be part of a wider participatory process divided in phases, being this the first one. At the end of each phase an evaluation and consultation programme will take place in order to inform the process in an iterative manner and to develop subsequent phases.

Sabarmati River passing through Ahmedabad.

Source: Google Maps.

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2. Ahmedabad’s Challenges Ahmedabad.

Source: Google Maps.

Ahmedabad is the biggest city in the State of Gurajat and the 7th biggest city in India, representing the 8% of Gurajat’s population(1). Among Indian States, Gurajat is the second most urbanized with more than 44% of the population living in an urban environment in 2008(2). The Greater Ahmedabad (GA) had a population of 5.5 million inhabitants (Census 2001)(3) and it has been growing steadily since the 1980’s. The urban conurbation covers around 4200 Km2 and it is governed by different political bodies of the different areas. The Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation (AMD) covers the central city with a population of 3.5 million inhabitants and 350 Km2. The rest of the GA is represented by the Ahmedabad Urban Development Authority (AUDA) (with several municipalities and villages) and the city of Gandhinagar(4).

Even if Ahmedabad economic performance is remarkable in the Indian context, the city faces very important challenges for the future. Below, the most relevant challenges for the purpose of this project have been identified.

(1) AMC, AUDA and CEPT University (2005) (2) McKinsey & Company (2010) (3) AMC, AUDA and CEPT University (2005) (4) ibid 3.

2.

1.

Great Ahmedabad.

Political boundaries: 1. AMC / 2. AUDA / 3. Gandhinagar Source: AMC, AUDA and CEPT University 2005.

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2.1. Recognise the importance of informal economy in public realm Historically, Ahmedabad has been one of the most important trade centres in the western India. During the past century, its economic performance has been relying mainly on textile industries with almost 80% of its workforce being employed by this sector(5).

After the textile crisis, in the late 80’s, a shift has been observed, with a significant growth of chemical and petrochemical industries and, also, an important growth of the tertiary sector – mainly service, commerce, transportation and communication. Overall, the city of Ahmedabad represents the 17% of the Gurajat State income(6).

However, the industrial crisis also provoked that most of its workforce entered into the informal sectors, representing nowadays the 75% of the total workforce of the city(7), generation around the 50% of the total city income(8).

One of the most important characteristics of this informalisation of the economy in India is that it mainly happens in the public spaces and streets, having important implications in planning decisions. That is why the rethinking of the street and the public realm should be approached. The street should be thought as a productive space and the public realm as a place for complex relationships, where productivity, consumption and leisure are blurred.

‘While the informal sector is quite differentiated, the vast majority of the poor, particularly women work on the streets and in open areas in activities such as vending/hawking, shop keeping, small manufacturing, repairing, paper and waste recycling, diamond polishing, sandal stitching, garment making, bag-making, kite-making, food processing, embroidery, domestic services, and as auto and cycle rickshaw drivers, barbers, cobblers, artisans, shopkeepers, head-loaders, donkey herders and cart-pullers.’ (Mahadevia and Mathur 2010, p.6)

(5) Our inclusive Ahmedabad (2010) (6) AMC, AUDA and CEPT University (2005) (7) Our inclusive Ahmedabad (2010) (8) AMC, AUDA and CEPT University (2005)

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2.2. Provide basic amenities and housing for the urban poor Regarding urban poverty, the 15.6% of urban population in Ahmedabad were living under the poverty rate in 2000(9). This affects large groups of the population whose livelihoods are mostly dependent on very low income rates and live basically for survival.

Coupling poverty, the increasing urbanization of cities has provoked a great proliferation of slums.

The slums are very low quality built development, illegal occupation of undeveloped land, publicly or privately owned. In many cases, slums are built in places where either natural and environmental disasters may occur - floods, landslides – or in sites close to very unpolluted and unhealthy areas - such as landfills.

In Ahmedabad, despite the city was ranked with the 7th most liveable city India(10), almost 25% of the population were living in slums in 2001(11). In general, slums present the following characteristics: • Lack of legitimacy to access ownership of the land.

• Lack access to basic amenities and infrastructure, such as clean water supply, electricity supply and proper sewage.

• Lack of municipal services, such as solid waste collection and health amenities in the area.

(9) AMC, AUDA and CEPT University (2005).

(10) Quality of Life Index in the Liveability Index 2010 Report. CII and IC (2010) (11) AMC, AUDA and CEPT University (2005).

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2.3. Reduce external environmental dependency and promote closed metabolic cycles.

Ahmedabad has a semi-arid climate with a clear difference between wet and the dry seasons. The average annual rainfall is around 800mm and mainly concentrated in the monsoon season (June to September). With these very different rainfall patterns through the year, the way to manage, collect and store water has been always interwoven with the capacity, knowledge and imagination to deal with access to resources, and deeply linked to Ahmedabad’s culture and rituals.

2.3.1. Water supply Different ways of provision for water have been historically used: • Rainwater fall collection, during the monsoon season - between June and September.

The collection of this water was (1) individual, in the buildings for human consumption and cooking, and (2) collectively, in reservoirs in the vicinity of the villages for feeding the animals, cleaning and for agricultural watering.

• Ground water supply by different typologies of wells – stepped wells and bore wells.

• Sabarmati River French wells. During the monsoon season, the water is directly collected, but during the dry season the river is provided with water from the Narmada Canal.

Left. Historic Ahmedabad, villages and water bodies Right. Naroda village Source: Chhaya 2012

French well in Sabarmati River

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Ahmedabad, as many cities in India, faces issues of scarcity of water resources. The big infrastructural works constructed by the Gujarat’s government - the Narmada Canal - depicts the importance of the problem. The growth of urban population and the dependence of ground water resources threaten natural recharge of the ground water reservoir and the ecological balance of the region. Data regarding the depletion of the water table in the city area, deepening an average of 2-3 m. per year, serve to highlight the scope of the problem. The city currently relies on the Narmada Canal and the Raska Canal, collecting the water from 300 km and 60 km away respectively.

In addition, lack of storage capacity in the city is an issue, being around 85% the proportion between the total supply per day and the storage capacity. The inadequate coverage for the population (currently covering only the 86% of the areas), especially the urban poor, makes water supply one of the most important issues to be tackled.

2.3.2. Water waste Drainage systems are another important challenge. Both the sewerage and the storm water drainage system have had several problems in the past being especially important accessibility to sewerage and toilet facilities for the urban poor. More than 25% of the areas are not covered by the system, and more that 20% of the sewage is disposed without treatment(12).

Big infrastructural projects have been delivered during the last 5 years, including the sewage system along the Sabarmati river, been part of the Riverfront project. However, the scale of these projects compromise great amounts of energy and rely on external resources provoking and unbalanced situation between the urban and the rural areas.

(12) AMC, AUDA and CEPT University (2005).

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Table 1 Depletion of Water Table. in Ahmedabad.

300 Depth in Feet

Source: AMC, AUDA and CEPT University 2005.

350

250 200 150 100 50 0 1960

1970

1980

Central Zone

1990 1995 Year West Zone

1998

1999

2000

East Zone

Table 2 Water Supply Sources Source: AMC, AUDA and CEPT University (2005).

Source

Installed capacity (mld)

Average Drawal (mld)

Surface water (Raska canal)

460

360

Underground water

80

60

Sabarmati River (Narmada Canal) 182

128

Total

548

722

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3. Site Context 3.1. The Sabarmati River The Sabarmati River is a non-perennial river with a changeable flow throughout the year.

It runs along 371 km from the Dhebar Lake in the Rajasthan to the Gulf of Cambay.

Along its course, there are several dams built to storage water and control river floods.

120 km upstream from Ahmedabad the Dharoi Dam controls the main catchment area from the mountains. In the southern part of Ahmedabad, the Vasana Barriage was built in the river to storage water for agricultural proposes for the areas further south.

As a seasonal river, it is almost dry during most of the year, allowing traditionally different types of uses and events taking place in its riverbed. Cleaning, drying cloths, watering the animals and agriculture have been happening for centuries in the Sabarmati, building social and productive relationships around and beyond water. Among the activities that take place nowadays we find weekly and daily markets, with good examples in the Sunday Market close to the Ellis Bridge and the Flower Market in the vicinity of the Bhagtacharya Bridge. The river and the water have been always linked to the cultural, religious and social life and heritage of the city.

Activities in the Riverbed.

Source: Cartier-Breson (1968) and Choudhuri (2008)

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Current Land Use Plan Source: Patel (2012).

Key Pedestrian Promenade Gardens & Recreational Spaces Public Infrastructure & Institutions Informal Markets Access Roads Development Rights to be Auctioned

3.2. The Sabarmati Riverfront Project The Sabarmati Riverfront project is an important opportunity and a big challenge for Ahmedabad. The project covers 12 kilometres of the Sabarmati River on its intersection with the city from the northern edge of the AMC, 2 kilometres north to the Subhash Bridge to the Vasana Barriage in the south. The vision for the project was to recover the derelict environment of the river and give it back to the citizens and the city, and promote Ahmedabad as a vibrant and modern city.

The current project proposes the embankment of the Sabarmati River and channelisation of it with the main objectives of reclaiming land from the riverbed for the public, and for the purpose of flood risk control. As a result of this the city gains 202 Ha of new land.

Current Land Use

Area (Ha)

%

Garden & Open Space

109.18

53.84

Public Utilities

22.47

11.08

Road

39.30

19.38

Land for Sale

29.40

14.50

Residual

2.44

1.20

TOTAL

202.79

100

Table 3. Current Land Use. Source: Patel (2012)

General cross secction of the project.

The actual project proposes a constant width channelisation of 275m.

Source: SRFDCL (2012).

Existing city

Reclaimed land

The Sabarmati Riverfront project was initiated in 1997 and, according to the SRFDCL, it is ‘an environmental improvement, social upliftment and urban rejuvenation project that will renew Ahmedabad. The project aims to reclaim the private river edge as a public asset and restore the city’s relationship with its river’(13). However, several controversies and concerns (mainly related to evictions of slums) have been addressed during its development, from NGO’s to academics and institutions(14), and an evaluation of the actual goals has been considered to go beyond the original objectives. The complexity of the issues and the interwoven relationships between the different aspects and stakeholders demands a thoughtful analysis of the context and an open process for development of proposals.

(13) SRFDCL (2012) (14) For further information see Desai (2006) River / Riverbed

Reclaimed land Existing city

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4. Sabarmati Challenges For the purpose of the present brief, the following issues have been identified during the evaluation of the development of the current project. The respondents will have to provide alternative and imaginative solutions to the problems considered here:

4.1. The Sabarmati as an inclusive open space.

The current proposal for the riverfront provides 109.18 Ha of new public spaces for the city including gardens, parks and promenades for the people of Ahmedabad. This new public spaces are meant to provide areas for recreation and leisure. In recent years, the idea of accommodating productive areas related with the urban poor and the informal economy has been considered.

The proposal will have to provide the guide lines and design proposals for the inclusion of productive open spaces along the riverfront reclaimed areas, addressing specially informal economic activities.

4.2. The Sabarmati as a common ground for all.

In the vicinity of the project, there are a number of neighbourhoods that will share a common place when the riverfront project is completed. It has to be acknowledged the heterogeneity of the different communities living there, from different economic backgrounds to different religious beliefs. In the future development of the project, it should be recognised this heterogeneity and it should be provided a proper infrastructure for each area, according to its own needs.

For the purpose of this brief, slum eviction and relocation policy should be reconsidered.

The upgrading of slum conditions and the improvement of dwellers quality of live should be an objective, but without compromising their livelihoods(15). In addition, the proposal should provide ideas to build and established relationship between the different communities and neighbourhoods, and the riverfront; and, among the different communities and stakeholders, provide a common ground for the promotion of networks of cooperation.

4.3. The Sabarmati as a traditional seasonal river The retention of water in the Vasana Barrage produces important environmental dependencies on external water resources. The evaporation of such a water sheet during the dry season (October to May) needs a provision of 108 to 140 mld.(16) - approximately the same amount of water drawal for water consumption from the Sabarmati River through the French wells, and representing more than 20% of the water supply of the whole city.

Nowadays, the surplus water comes from the Narmada main canal which diverts its water into the River in the northern part of the Ahmedabad. The municipality of Ahmedabad is now provided with this water without any charge. However, However, if in the future, the Sardar Sarovar Narmada Nigam, responsible for Narmada water allocation, does not get to an agreement with the SRFDCL, the AMC would have to pay for it, causing an additional cost for the maintenance of the project.

The priority for the submission will be the proposal of innovative and imaginative solutions for temporal land uses for the riverbed, considering natural seasonal cycles.

(15) To expand on this topic see Desai (2006) and Slum Networking Project in AMC, AUDA and CEPT University (2005), p. 74 (16) CEPT and Gujarat Ecology Commission (2002).

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5. Stakeholders From the perspective of a participatory process, the inclusion of different stakeholders is key for the success of the project and also the decision of what stakeholders should participate in each phase. The matter of issues and the complexity of such a project represent a great challenge for the AMC to deal with solutions that could achieve a common commitment for the whole city.

To address this complex process it has been considered that different stakeholders should participate in different areas and phases of the project, to contribute with ideas from a wide range of fields, experiences and interests. Technicians, academics, developers, state governments and local authorities, governmental corporations, local residents and communities, and the civil society in general should be represented. In addition, the urban poor and the neighbours and local communities most affected by the project should be specially considered in the process.

In the future, the aim from the project is to build and strengthen relationships and networks among the different stakeholders and the Amdavadis in general. Below, a list of key stakeholders is provided. However, a detailed list of specific stakeholders should be provided from the respondents in relation with specific projects and programmes.

KEY STAKEHOLDERS Public Sector Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation (AMC) Ahmedabad Urban Development Area (AUDA) Gujarat State Government corporations - Sabarmati Riverfront Development Corporation Ltd. - Sardar Sarovar Narmada Nigam.

Private Sector Developers and real estate.

Industries, business and enterprises Individuals,entrepeneurs and traders associations.

Street vendors association.

Civil Society Universities: - Centre of Environmental Planning and Technology (CEPT) - Ahmedabad university Local, National and International NGOs CBOs Cultural organizations.

- Calico Museum - National Institute of Design - Narottam Zaveri Hall Religious organizations.

- Gandhi Ashram.

Environmental groups and associations.

Slum dwellers associations.

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6. Policies The Sabarmati Riverfront development lays in the Municipality of Ahmedabad, which provides a vision for the city’s future in the City Development Plan 2006-2012. In addition, a number of different policies, laws and acts at the different governmental levels should be taken into account. Below, the most relevant documents to be taken into account when defining proposal for the submission have been listed.

6.1. National level • 73rd and 74th Amendment Act, 1992. It provides the framework to urban local bodies gain powers and functions from national and state levels, promoting decentralisation of powers.(17) • Right to Information Act, 2005. Secures the access to information to any citizen from a public authority.

• National Policy on Urban Street Vendors, 2009. This policy recognise ‘the positive role of street vendors in providing essential commodities to people at affordable prices and at convenient places’(18), and provides a legal framework for such activities.

• Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission, 2005. Its aim is proposing reforms and city development plans for specific cities. The City Development Plan for Ahmedabad is included in this programme’(19).

6.2. State level • Gujarat Municipalities Act., 1963. This policy control the tax system, the planning framework, the education and promotion of culture, the land uses, and the general functioning of the Municipal Bodies.(20) • Gujarat Town Planning and Urban Development Act, 1976. Promotes the development of urban and rural areas.

• Gurajat Integrated Township Policy, 2008. This policy promotes economic development, and facilities the creation of efficient equitable sustainable urban settlements; public private partnerships in urban development; and capacity building in the private sector and in government for urban development.

6.3. Municipal level • City development Plan Ahmedabad 2006-2012.The plan describes the most relevant issues, developmental priorities, and strategies for the future of the city from a holistic point of view, tackling issues related to environmental services, mobility, housing and urban poor, social amenities, cultural heritage, municipal finances and urban governance and providing the vision for the future of Ahmedabad.

• Ahmedabad Street Vendors Policy, 2012.It establishes new regulations for trading and selling in the open and public spaces of the city. It provides the rules for giving operation licences for hawkers and street vendors for specific areas within the city.(21)

(17) AMD, AUDA and CEPT (2005) (18) Ministry of Housing & Urban Poverty Alleviation, Government of India (2009) (19) Ministry of Urban Development. Government of India (2011).

(20) Urban Development & Urban Housing Department, Government of Gurajat (2008) (21) Dave, Jitendra (2012) 11

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7. Strategic Framework.

The Sabarmati Riverfront Project has to develop a collective vision for an inclusive Ahmedabad. Following the original objectives of the project, the Riverfront has to be environmental friendly, spatially and socially inclusive. To do so, the submission has to respond to several strategies.

7.1. Methodological strategies.

The SRFDCL demands submissions to take into account the following methodological strategies. In the submission a specific methodological proposal should be included.

7.1.1. Participatory process The present document is part of a broader participatory process. The aim is to involve the largest amount of individuals, organizations and authorities in the design of the future Sabarmati Riverfront. The process should be transparent and informative in an iterative manner, and should include not only provision of information to the interested groups and stakeholders, but also should gather the information from them. The decision-making process should include also the civil society, from traders associations to residents, users and neighbourhoods. The importance of the production of information from the different stakeholders is key for the further development of the project.

A proposal for a participatory process and approach should be included in the submissions.

Special emphasis should be considered in the way the different stakeholders are chosen for the different phases of the process.

Also, it is expected from the respondents to develop a comprehensive material to explain the project to all stakeholders involved, including not only technicians, but also residents, developers, politicians and academics.

7.1.2. Phasing As part of a wider process, the submission has to deal with different time scales and provide a temporal framework, including goals for the initial phases and also a long term vision for the future of the project and the city. As so, the consideration of flexible planning framework, adaptability of the proposals and resilience should be a key component of the submission.

In the phasing process, priority areas should be designated in relation to key developmental issues. For the future development of the project, strategic proposals and decisions should be prescribed, being part of an aspirational and incremental proposal.

7.2. Socio-spatial strategy 7.2.1. Sensitive zoning.

The actual proposal for the zoning of the project is based on wards and political districts of the city. A new zoning proposal should be delivered taking into account the complexity of the social layers of the city.

It is expected a thoughtful zoning proposal where the different aspects of the social complexity are considered. The zones could be defined by issues and problems, but also, through the recognition of institutional, educational, religious and cultural

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assets that could provide interesting information to build networks and coalitions for cooperation.

The different overlaid zones and networks of the different aspects of the social life, such as cultural, educational, social, economic, and ecological, should produce a complex but comprehensive picture of the Ahmedabad society in the neighbouring areas of the Sabarmati river. This map will be the base for the subsequent phases for different Masterplans for specific areas.

7.2.2. Physical spatial relationships To address the different aspects of the spatiality of the areas of the Sabarmati Riverfront Project and its social implications, the recognition of the different typologies of spaces have to be considered. The present submission should respond to three typologies of spaces identified as differential areas of the project, considering not only the areas themselves, but the relationships established among them.

The different areas respond to the topological and physical relationship generated by the new section of the riverfront. The spatial design of the proposals should take into account the importance of the accessibility to the different levels generated by the project. A specific study of the different cases should be provided.

The reclaimed land For the project area itself, between the city and the water, a proposal for a general strategic land use plan should be developed. This will include definition of priority areas, densities of built environment and definition of uses.

A approach to the strategy of land ownership should be provided. It has been considered that, for the long term profitability and efficiency of the project, the reclaimed land has to remain publicly owned. This may change the original distribution of the percentage of land use dedicated for commercial and residential proposes. A new proposal should be developed.

In relation to the open spaces, a productive understanding of the public realm has to be introduced, considering the Ahmedabad context in relation with the urban poor and the informal economy. The idea of providing access to public realm to the most disadvantaged should go beyond the understanding of the open spaces as leisure and recreational spaces.

Finally, the respondents should address the importance of ecological metabolic urban cycles, considering an environmental friendly design, including a thoughtful strategy in the reduction of resource dependence and waste disposal. To do so, the design of the open spaces should provide innovative solutions regarding: • • • •

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Permeable areas for natural aquifer recharge.

Water bodies to collect and reuse superficial water.

Design for natural local sewage treatment plants.

Design proposals to cope with storm water management.

Rethinking Sabarmati

The edge and the neighbouring areas A proposal for the connection between the neighbourhoods and the actual project land has to be tackled. In several places, the actual topographical level of the project differs with the original. Proposals for solutions on how to connect both levels should be develop. Also, the design of the connections with the wider vicinity is key for the project, including street design, accessibility proposals, and infrastructural connections with the neighbouring areas.

The proposals should include the analysis of the physical and social relationships between the neighbouring areas and the project area and propose solution for the upgrading of the most deprived areas, providing basic amenities and infrastructural projects.

The riverbed Specific radical proposals should be provided in relation of the riverbed land use as a seasonal river. Regarding dependence on external resources, the city has to image a future where different approaches for the management of the riverbed have to be incorporated.

The temporal nature of the uses of the riverbed land and the cultural importance of the relationship between the city and the river – namely, the people and the water - has to be acknowledged as a starting point for new imaginative solutions for the riverbed. Urban agriculture, informal activities, events and celebrations could be incorporated as part of programmed activities.

The provision of a number of retaining dams along the riverbed could be considered to ensure minimum water storage and supply is provided for these activities(22). Also, the SRFDCL is open to consider the redevelopment of the retaining walls. If the teams decide to provide that solution, the proposal should be accompanied with the justification of the extra cost and an environmental impact assessment of the management of the extra solid waste disposal.

The international image of Ahmedabad will depend on the success of the Sabarmati Riverfront Project in the future, and the city should take the project as an opportunity to address it in a resilient manner. A radical vision for the future Ahmedabad should be submitted.

7.3.

Financial strategy.

One of the most important strategies for the success of the Sabarmati Riverfront Project is its efficiency and profitability. The financial strategy should repay the project itself, and also manage to secure the maintenance of the project in the long term. This means, apart from an efficient design, a clear strategy to coordinate funding, revenues, costs and benefits. The financial strategy should cover: • Strategic schemes for public land-leases and tenure options.

• Consider the proposals on establishing public – private partnerships in specific areas, projects or maintenance schemes.

• Identify investors and developers, including international agencies and institutions.

• Charges in water and sewage supply, considering also subsidies and exemptions for low income citizens and urban poor.

(22) CEPT and Gujarat Ecology Commission (2002) 14

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8. Key Deliverables It is expected for this first phase of the process that multidisciplinay teams present their proposals in an open format. Texts, drawings, photographs, videos, and any other graphic or interactive material will be expected. For the submission, the teams have to cover the following points:

8.1. Team proposal • Description of the multidisciplinary team involved, with special attention on providing a vision on how local partners and urban poor advocates will be implicated.

8.2. Methodology • Clear vision of the role of the proposal in the wider participatory process, including evaluation methods and innovative participatory tools.

• Identification of the specific and key stakeholders for the participatory process.

• Phasing strategy, including priority areas and flexible areas.

• Evaluation methods and assessments, including environmental impact and socioeconomic assessment.

8.3. Socio-spatial proposal • Analysis of zones, local areas and neighbourhoods, and proposal of a zoning strategy beyond districts and wards.

• Strategic planning vision for the whole intervention, and proposals for Strategic Framework for Masterplan interventions in different areas.

• Networking proposal among different stakeholders. Possible programming and events.

8.3.1 Reclaimed land • Programmatic land use proposal and ownership scheme.

• Strategic design proposal for open spaces, considering productivity and leisure.

• Ecological programmes for the open spaces, including low-resource consumption proposals and metabolic closed-cycle designs.

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8.3.2 Neighbourhood relationship • Strategic programmes for upgrading the most deprived areas in the contiguous vicinity of the project, including provision of basic amenities and infrastructures as well as public realm design projects.

• Improvement proposals of the physical relationship between the project and the city, including pedestrian accessibility 8.3.3 Riverbed.

• Plan for the water management of the Sabarmati River, considering the water scarcity and reducing the dependence on external sources.

• A seasonal land use proposal and programming, including different flooding levels.

This could include informal economic amenities, urban agriculture schemes, events and celebrations.

8.4. Economic StrategySocio-spatial proposal • Evaluation and assessment of the current project • Proposal for the long term vision, including the repayment of the project and its maintenance.

• Funding strategy, including sources of financing and possible partnership models.

• Land ownership and land leasing proposals.

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9. Bibliography and References AMC, AUDA and CEPT University (2005) City Development Plan Ahmedabad 2006-2012.

Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission.

Bartone, Carl; Berstein, Janis; Leitmann; Josef & Eigen, Jochen (1994) Toward Environmental Strategies for Cities : Policy Considerations for Urban Environmental Management in Developing Countries, UNDP, UNCHS and World Bank Urban Management Program nº 18, World Bank, Washington DC.0020 CEPT and Gujarat Ecology Commission (2002) Comprehensive environmental assessment of the Sabarmati Riverfront Development Project. Ahmedabad.

Chandra, Rajesh (2008) ‘National Urban Transport Policy and Its Implications’ National Institute of Urban Affairs.

Chhaya, Nellkanth (2012) ’The Sabarmati Story’ Lecture during Ahmedabad Fieldtrip, 22-032012, CEPT University, Ahmedabad, unpublished.

Choudhuri, Piyas (2012) ‘Sabarmati: A Story’ Lecture during Ahmedabad Fieldtrip, 22-032012, CEPT University, Ahmedabad, unpublished.

CII (Confederation of Indian Industry) and IC (Institute for Competitiveness) (2010) The Liveability Index 2010: a mapping of 37 cities of India.

Desai, Renu (2006) ’Uneasy Negotiations: Urban Redevelopment, Neoliberalism and Hindu Nationalist Politics in Ahmedabad, India’ in Breslauer Symposium, University of California International and Area Studies, UC Berkeley. Berkeley Desai, Renu (2012) ’The informal city vs. the public city?’ Lecture during Ahmedabad Fieldtrip, 19-03-2012, CEPT University, Ahmedabad, unpublished.

Devas, Nick (2004) Urban governance, voice, and poverty in the developing world. Earthscan Publication, London.

Dave, Jitendra (2012) ‘Ahmedabad street vendors to be allotted zones for trade’, DNA India, 4th March 2012, available: http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_ahmedabad-street-vendorsto-be-allotted-zones-for-trade_1658332 [accessed 15th April 2012] Lakdawala, Hanif (2012) ’Sabarmati Riverfront Project’ Lecture during Ahmedabad Fieldtrip, 21-03-2012, CEPT University, Ahmedabad, unpublished.

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Our Inclusive Ahmedabad (a forum of Concerned Citizens of Ahmedabad). Mahadevia, Darshini and Mathur, Navdeep (coordinators) Maheshwari, Deepa (2012) ‘Riverfront Development Ecological Aspects’ Lecture during Ahmedabad Fieldtrip , 23-03-2012, CEPT University, Ahmedabad, unpublished.

Mathur, Navdeep (2012) ’Sabarmati Riverfront Project: Issues of Urban Planning’ Lecture during Ahmedabad Fieldtrip, 19-03-2012, CEPT University, Ahmedabad, unpublished.

McKinsey & Company (2010) India’s urban awakening: Building inclusive cities, sustaining economic growth. April 2010. McKinsey Global Institute (www.mckinsey.com/mgi) Ministry of Housing & Urban Poverty Alleviation, Government of India (2009), ‘National Policy On Urban Street Vendoors’. Delhi Ministry of Urban Development. Government of India. (2011). ‘Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission’. Retrieved 13 April 2012, from http://jmmurm.nic.in National Institute of Hydrology (2007) Hydrologic Studies for Sabarmati Riverfront Development Project for Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation.

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Rethinking Sabarmati

Patel, Bimal (2012) ’Sabarmati Riverfront Development Project’ Lecture during Ahmedabad Fieldtrip , 21-03-2012, CEPT University, Ahmedabad, unpublished.

Shah, Kirtee (2012) ‘The Sabarmati River Front Development Project: Ensuring Success’ Lecture during Ahmedabad Fieldtrip , 23-03-2012, CEPT University, Ahmedabad, unpublished.

Slum Networking Project- Ahmedabad. Retrieved 12 April 2012, from http://indiagovernance. gov.in/bestpractices.php?id=13 SRFDCL (Sabarmati Riverfront Development Corporation Ltd.) (2012) Official website.

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