Joshua Aylett_Part II Architecture Portfolio_2016

Joshua Aylett Design Studio 1 2016

Systems Diversion Deviation, Appropriation and Regeneration

Poem on the theme of Abandonment by a street poet in Madrid

CONTENTS 4

Introduction Studio Ethos Luxury / Austerity 19 Unfinished Spain Unfinished Madrid Unfinished Urbanisations 37 ‘Ciudad’ Valdeluz Abundance vs Scarcity Harvest Mapping Unfinished Buildings 57 Conceptual Exploration Host / Parasite 77 Post Urban Exploration Insurgence Surveillance 95 ‘Ciuda’ Vadleluz Insurgent Citizenship 105 Insurgent Citizens Character Profiles 117 Insurgent Agenda Tactics of Insurgent Practice New Network Formation 141 Insurgent Citizenship Character Interventions 157 ‘duda’ Valdeluz Master Plan Artifacts 179 Resolutions Precedents Found-a-tory Design 233 References

Keep the sight looking everything changes everywhere the things no longer things if you stop looking at them the mirror doesn't mean the truth you can change the world if you let the things go admit the change to escape happiness is handmade the building can be old not to be abandoned if not leave it out of your memory.

Abandon things not people.

Forget about the mirror.

‘Urbanicidio’ : Unfinished Spain The Potential Space of Crisis between European Luxury and Austerity Unit Tutors: Dr. Igea Troiani Andrew Dawson Structures and Construction tutor: Francesco Miniati Environmental Tutors: Andy Edwards Studio Themes: Unfinished, Incomplete, Crisis,Ghost Urbanisations/Towns, Reuse/Regeneration

everything changes

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This design portfolio aims to explore the potential of the redundant building stock located in the unfinished urban developments on the periphery of Madrid, Spain.

Following the crash of the housing market and the economic downturn of 2008, millions of homes have been left unoccupied across Spain.

Despite the abundance of housing located in Madrid, informal squatter settlements have been created by immigrants on the outskirts of the city.

This type of insurgent behaviour reinforces the exploration of alternative uses for redundant building structures in the unfinished Spanish urbanisations.

The following design response explores the potential to develop the Ciudad Valdeluz master plan as a collective act of insurgent occupation.

Focusing on the ‘post urban inhabitant’ the design will follow the steps to acquiring citizenship by rebelling against the modernist agenda set out by the architect’s urban master plan.

The final resolutions are a speculative response formulated and composed through a research/design methodology; one possible outcome to a design process that is open to infinite alternative outcomes.

This portfolio is to be read in conjunction with the accompanying A1 Drawings. A1 drawings will be referenced throughout the portfolio.

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Luxury /ˈlʌkʃ(ə)ri/ A state of great comfort or elegance, especially when involving great expense.

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Austerity /A' stEriti/ Plainness and in appearance

simplicity

Difficult economic conditions created by government measures to reduce public expenditure

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Claude Lorain Capriccio with ruins of the Roman Forum c. 1634 Oil on canvass The introduction to the studio themes focused initially on historic precedent through fine art depictions of the romantic picturesque. In these representations, the artists create/manipulate a view or particular landscape to include noteworthy architectural references, while negating modern buildings and unappealing aspects of the contemporary society in order to maximise interest. Paintings and literature that depict the

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romanticised ruins of the ancient European empires, such as the works above, are what inspired artists and explorers in later years to embark on what would be known as ‘The Grand Tour.’

Traditionally young men from the upper-class would set out on this European tour and follow a standard itinerary, highlighting the ancient empires and cities that were conveyed through romantic artwork.

The custom flourished from about 1660 until the advent of large-scale rail transport in the 1840s.

Giovanni Paolo Panini (ca. 1692-1765) View of the Roman Forum 1747.

In creating this historical portrayal of the Roman Forum, Panini, eliminated some modern buildings in order not to obstruct his vista, which stretches from the Arch of Septimius Severus to the Column of the Temple of Saturn. He also added monuments from miles away to maximise interest. The companion View of the Colosseum is handled in much the same way. The ancient structures are given new life by Rome’s inhabitants–strolling gentlemen contemplating the antiquities, perhaps the tourists who will purchase such paintings as this, and gypsies and peasants who simply make the ruins their home.

The visual depictions of similar artworks showing constructed views of historic and visual landmarks poses the question of how we, as the viewer, consider architectural ruin in both the historical and contemporary setting?

Banksy Dismaland 2015

Graffiti artist Banksy’s latest work Dismaland, a temporary exhibition constructed in a disused seaside lido in WestonSuper-Mare, England, is described as a “Bemusement Park; a family theme park unsuitable for children.”

The exhibition featured artworks, performances and inhabitable structures that in some cases mimic popular theme park rides.

The entire production was constructed to shed a dim light on the realities of our current economic, political and environmental situations as well as comment on entertainment and popular culture.

The exhibition proved extremely popular. Those who visited experienced the artificially constructed landscape of architectural and historical references arranged in a way to maximise interest. These aspects of the construct share similarities to the romanticised images of the picturesque and the grand tour; the visual construction of the artist to provoke reaction, yet Banksy’s work seeks reveal the falseness rather than hide it.

Constructing the Anti-Picturesque

Contemporary unfinished landscapes and building developments that exist today have a visual quality about them that exists somewhere between the picturesque, depicted through romantic paintings and literature, and the ‘aiti-picturesque’, portrayed by Banksy’s Dismaland Bemusement Park.

Though the contemporary unfinished buildings to be explored in this portfolio are largely the result of economic downturn and are a harsh reminder to their inhabitants of a dire situation, they retain some level of architectural value in their unfinished state. The design respond that will be uncovered throughout this portfolio looks at this architectural value and potential that lies between the themes of luxury vs. austerity, abundance vs. scarcity, permanence vs. impermanence etc...

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Thomas Cole The Course of an Empire 1833-1836

This five-part painting series is a notable historical and fine arts reference due to dramatic portrayal of the phases of human civilisation; ranging from the ideal pastoralism to the eventual decadence and decay.

The series depicts the rise and fall of an imaginary city located at the opening of a river to a bay. Each painting shows a distinct landmark, a boulder cliff, that provides reference and continuity to the viewer. This is believed to represent the contrast between the constant nature of earth and the tranquillity of man.

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The Savage State Oil on canvas 1834 This series has provided a strong basis for which investigation and exploration of the studio themes has been made, in relation to unfinished Spain. The context for which brought about the collapse of the Spanish housing market in 2008 can be linked to the Cole’s narrative of expansion, wealth, decadence and decay described through the painting series. The studio themes of Luxury vs. Austerity, Decadence vs. Virtue, Abundance vs.

Scarcity etc... can be traced through the series.

The Pastoral State Oil on canvas 1834

The Consummation of Empire Oil on canvas 1836

Destruction Oil on canvas 1836

Desolation Oil on canvas 1836

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W.Chapman Title Unknown.

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A collaborative piece between husband and wife Bryan (Architect) and Kim (Painter) Cantley to portray the relationship between experimental architecture and the romanticised landscape.

This piece seeks to give room for consideration to the imaginings of Bryan Cantley’s experimental architectural practice, Form:ula.

The image frames brings together a r c h i t e c t u r a l representation and fine arts practice, enabling viewer to question the relationship between nature and man made form.

Bryan and Kim Cantley The Myth of Imagery

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Masahiko Yendo Rocinante, Heroes Series Towers rose high, and painters filled walls 2008

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This series of emotive pencil drawings, made at the same time as his projects published in Ironic Diversion, describes the relationship between landscape and human intervention. These drawings convince us that the two, although they are distinctly different from each other, are interconnected and dependent on one another.

Industrial buildings sit within the landscape as an extrusion conveyed in harmony through the texture and line-weights of the pencil drawings.

Reality and experience often tell us otherwise.

“The drawings’ lyricism— their exaltation of form and texture and meaning— differentiates them from actual situations where industrial architecture pollutes virgin landscapes. Something in the drawings convinces us that they belong together, even though our experience insists that they do not.”

Masahiko Yendo Castle Inverness 4, Heroes Series Hills and rivers met, and canyons were deepened 2008

Masahiko Yendo Heroes Series 1998-2008 15

SPACE INTERRUPTED Collage Mixed Media 900 x 900mm Abundance / Scarcity This piece suggests a future landscape of discarded objects, waste and abandoned structures; the implications of single-minded investment strategies and quick spending followed by a sudden economic crash.

Scenes from Dubai, Italy, Greece and Spain are included in the collage landscape; some conveying rapid investment and construction, and others showing the unfinished/ abandoned state of the construction industry when investment pools dry up.

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Spain, in particular, is now littered with ‘Ghost Urbanisations’ following the economic crash in 2008. It is not certain whether these unfinished developments will ever see completion or if investors will look afresh when the next opportunities arise.

This then raises the question of how we respond to the landscapes abundant waste and ruin on our planet, before we start building on the moon?

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everywhere the things no longer things

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/

Unfinished Spain

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‘Europe is no longer mighty but has again become turbu­ lent as conflicts and divisions spring up across the continent.

Unemployment has risen to a new high and is especially pronounced among younger people.

Countries that before the financial crisis balanced their books have now run up spectacu­ lar levels of debt’(Giddens, A. 2014).

European crisis due to the fall of the Euro and housing market. Figures state that there are around 11 million empty homes across Europe, a harsh reminder of once thriving housing market and construction industry.

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Homelessness has becoming an increasing problem in Spain due to the effects of the country’s financial crisis.

According to official statistics of the Bank of Spain, it is estimated that there are 332,529 homeless in the country.

11 million empty homes across Europe.

World View UTC+01:00

3.5 million empty homes throughout Spain, 14% of the European total.

Europe View UTC+01:00

The periphery of Madrid is scattered with unfinished urbanisations, most of which are less than half completed, with 25% or more unoccupied residencies.

Spain UTC+01:00 21

Cadaveres Inmobiliarios Real Estate Corpses Cadaveres Inmobiliarios is a Spanish organisation that works to raise awareness about the abundance of empty building skeletons that are located around the country. The organisation has started a number of initiatives to get people involved and take care of the buildings that lie in ruin. One initiative in particular encourages people participate by doing the following:

0. Discover

1. Adopt

2. Take Care

Total Area of ‘Cadaver’ per location in Spain Ciudad Valdeluz

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227,000,000 m² of ‘Cadavers’ in Spain

‘Cadaver’ Locations, Spain Unfinished Building Database

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Madrid, Spain

Luxury:

Austerity:

Madrid, Spain’s central capital, is a city of elegant boulevards and expansive manicured parks such as the Parque de El Retiro. Madrid is renowned for its rich repositories of European art, including the Prado Museum’s works by Goya, Velázquez and other Spanish masters. The heart of old Hapsburg Madrid is the portico-lined Plaza Mayor, and nearby is the baroque Royal Palace and Armoury, displaying historic weaponry.

Since 2007 there have been 569,144 foreclosures, the Platform for Mortgage Victims (PAH) reports.

At the same time, there are 3.5 million empty dwellings – 14 percent of the total, according to the INE.

Homeless figures in the city of Madrid are estimated around 2,500 3000 people. Shanty towns, such as Canada Real, exist on the periphery of the city housing up to 40,000 long-standing residents, Population figures for the many of which are legal metropolitan area were immigrants from Portugal, recorded at 3.165 million Romania, Morocco or South America. in 2014.

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Unfinished Madrid

Palacio Real de Madrid

Plaza Mayor

Parque de El Retiro

Mercado de San Miguel

Typical Elevation

Creamery

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[Areas of Development Generation 1+2] PAU’s Orange Arroyo del Fresno Montecarmelo Las Tablas Sanchinarro Ensanche de Vallecas Carabanchel

Southeast (grey) La Atalayuela La Dehesa El Cananeral Los Ahijones Los Berrocales Los Cerros Valdecarros Northeast (grey) Ciudad Aeroportauria Parque de Valdebebas Ensanche de Barajas

/ Madrid Periphery Development

PAU: Programas de Actuacion Urbanistica Urban Development Plans ‘The PAU communities are advertised as extensions of the already sprawling city; they are not considered to be separate and different communities.

However, the built reality of these places speaks otherwise. Unlike the city centre, which possesses the full gamut of business, commercial and cultural institutions inter-mixed within the residential fabric, the PAUs are far more segregated.

Commerce is typically concentrated into one large shopping mall; green areas, though generous, are mostly peripheral; most residents commute into the city-proper for work. However, given the still sparse infrastructure and absence of amenities in these communities, the cost incentive is an appealing opportunity.

In a country where homeownership rates are among the highest in Europe (over 80 percent), residents are content to buy into the inconveniences in order to acquire their own homes at a 50 percent discount.’ (Ballesteros, M. 2008)

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Unfinished Madrid

Cuidad Valdeluz Guadalajara Yebes 65 Km Northwest of Madrid

Madrid, Spain

Refer to A1 drawing: Greater Madrid Plan

Residencial Francisco Hernando Seseña El Quiñón Castile - La Mancha, Toledo 37 km South of Madrid

P: Proposed Capacity A: Actual Inhabitants U: Units Constructed

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/

2003

Unfinished Urbanisations

Residencial Francisco Hernando Seseña El Quiñón Castile - La Mancha, Toledo 37 km South of Madrid Developed during the property boom of the 2000’s by developer Onde 2000. The development was proposed to be one of Spain’s largest development with over 13,500 units and costing around 9 billion Euros.

Currently, the constructed portion of the development is largely uninhabited and is virtually isolated from neighbouring developments.

Madrid is only accessible by a 35 minute car journey.

2012

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'SUPPLY'

'THE VIEW'

'MIRAGE'

'EXCAVATION'

'ABANDONED POOL'

'UNDERGROUND'

'FUTURE FOUNDATIONS'

'DOUBLE-TAKE'

'BASEMENT WANDERER'

'RESTING POINT'

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2005

Cuidad Valdeluz Guadalajara Yebes Located 65 Km Northwest of Madrid

2013

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Construction of the development began in 2004 with the first homes finished in 2006. As a result of the crash of the economic bubble in 2008, construction was aborted and only the first of four phases has neared completion. It’s estimated that between 2,000 - 3,000 people currently live in the city, despite the capacity to hold around

45,000. There are a number of unfinished buildings that were aborted when the funding ran dry. The city is, however, linked to Madrid by the AVE high speed train which stops at the station Guadalajara, Yebes a number of times per day. The journey to Madrid can be made by car (50 min), by AVE (23 min) or by train(100 min).

'NETS'

'THE BELLY OF THE BEAST'

'TRAPPED IN THE NET'

'SKELETON NIGHT'

'SKELETON FRAME'

'FRAME FORGOTTEN'

'LOOKING THROUGH'

'CORRIDOR ABANDONED'

'INTO THE LIGHT'

'CONTEMPORARY RUIN'

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The Post Urban Inhabitant

Post Urbanizaciรณn

Mixed Media Collage

This storyboard analyses the current situation of the developments on the periphery of Madrid and highlights the factors the contributed to the formation of these spaces.

The situation is abstracted by conveying a dark mood to the scenes depicted. These places, once proposed as optimistic and investment driven solutions to a need for housing, now depict a distorted reality of isolation from the living centre of the City.

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Las Tablas Sanchinarro Montecarmelo Arroyo del Fresno

Valdeluz

Carabanchel Vallecas

During the p r o s p e r o u s economic period leading up to 2007, Madrid sought out to capitalise on the abundance of investment in the area by implementing PAU (Programas de Actuacion Urbanistica), an urban development scheme which involved the construction of numerous developments on the periphery of the city.

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Sesena

'Rapid and single-minded determination, which ensures the timely and efficient delivery of housing on a massive scale, may perpetuate the repetition of insufficient planning decisions that contribute to the impression of incompletion, a condition which seems to persist long after these developments are officially concluded' (Ballesteros, M. 2008).

'The future of generations of Madrid residents to come.

These residents, like primitive men and women or rather, like posturban inhabitants - will have to re-think their surroundings and patterns of life in places where the street is no longer the street.

Here, the overlaying of functions has been eliminated, buildings are icebergs floating in isolation, and contact is reduced to the absolute bare minimum' (Ballesteros, M. 2008).

'A hypertrophied Madrid has managed to expand the size of its existing cells but lacks new cells capable of adding life and variety.

The exploitation of maximum force through hypertrophy may produce surprising short term results, but is comparable to the risks and long term damage associated with doping and the usage of anabolic steroids' (Ballesteros, M. 2008).

'The PAU communities are advertised as extensions of the already sprawling city; they are not considered to be separate and different communities.

However, the built reality of these places speaks otherwise. Unlike the city centre, which possesses the full gamut of business, commercial and cultural institutions inter-mixed within the residential fabric, the PAUs are far more segregated’ (Ballesteros, M. 2008).

Utopia device now...

as a is

political bankrupt

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the building can be old not to be abandoned

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Ciudad Valdeluz

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Valdeluz / The Valley of Light

‘Construction began in 2006, and was to be completed in four phases.

The grid of streets and blocks were marked out in the arid dirt of CastillaLa Mancha. The roads were paved, street signs and lamp-posts erected, and parks finished. But only the first of four phases of apartment blocks – 2,200 of the 9,000 planned homes – were finished when the crisis hit in 2008…Reyal Urbis halted construction, and the economy never recovered; last year, they finally filed for bankruptcy’ (Hancox, D. 2014).

Citizens of the city feel a sense of ownership over the place, yet there is no hope in reviving the carcass that was meant to flourish as a sustainable city. Guided by the grid structure of the urban master plan, those who live in the city follow the rules and obey the order of governance that is set out by the designers, almost as if they are brainwashed into maintaining the ‘happy life’ image that the city once advertised.

Today a small portion of the buildings remain unfinished. As you look out from the cluster of buildings that make up the city, roads and divided plots of land for the full master plan extend into the desolate landscape.

Ciudad Valdeluz population was calculated as 2,211 people in 2013. This figure rose from 37 in 2007; 197 in 2008; 354 ​​ in 2009; 726 in 2010; 1,276 in 2011;and 1,717 in 2012.

The city is populated with hundreds of square metres of public land which requires an annual investment of 0.6 million Euro; including ponds, several playgrounds, and Proposed half-filled artificial lakes and a private golf course (Ramón, A. 2013).

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Built

Valdeluz / Guadalajara City Scale Comparison

Guadalajara, Castile-La Mancha

Ciudad Valdeluz, Guadalajara

One aspect that has prevented Ciudad Valdeluz from establishing a sense of community is the scale of the development. In comparison to Guadalajara, a neighbouring and established historic city that expanded along a natural progression, the Valdeluz master plan was developed according to a Urban Master Plan, which focused on the car as the scale reference point.

Most of the buildings are 4+ storeys tall, creating a valley feeling in the streets below. The streets resemble boulevards with up to 4 lanes for transport. It is this scale that trumps the individual citizen, resulting in a city scape that feel empty.

The apartment blocks are inward facing, sheltering activity with, leaving the streets empty with apartment blocks floating in isolation.

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Ciudad Valdeluz Existing Plan

The red markings on the site plan indicate the extents of the master plan that have not been completed.

The Buildings indicate buildings’.

in white ‘Finished

The buildings in dark gray indicate ‘Unfinished Buildings’.

The landscape beyond the boundary of the full Ciudad Valdeluz is shown as washed out white.

The current state of the Valdeluz master plan conveys the maddening scale and ambition of the developers. The existing (partially completed) portion of the development makes up only 1/4 of the phases to comprise the city.

Views out from the cluster of buildings that comprises the city reveal a seemingly endless landscape of building plots defined by the urban scale grid.

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In-Place Transportation Infrastructure

Highway

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N-320

High Speed Railway

Unused Plots

Green Spaces

Unfinished (Abandoned) Buildings

Water Distribution

Active Shops and High Street

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Colegio Valdeluz Abandoned / Unfinished School

Apartment Building

Unfinished

Civic Hall / Church Unfinished

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Abundance vs

Scarcity

School Building Extension Unfinished

The school building extension was partially constructed prior to the school site abandonment.

The primary structure is in place throughout, and varying levels of completion occur in areas of the building. At the South end of the building the internal partition walls and elements of the services have been installed. Many of the previously installed services have been stripped out by vandals.

Civic Hall Building Unfinished

The Civic Hall building is located within a public plaza and neighbouring an unfinished contemporary church building.

The building itself is an open plan hall, with lower level basements, loading bays, storage and roof access. The services and cabling in the basement level have been stripped out by vandals.

Apartment Building Unfinished

The Apartment Block building is unfinished to the point where only the primary concrete structure has been constructed in most places. The Southern end blocks are clad in a single layer brick skin.

Waste materials have been left in the basement of the building. There is little sign of vandalism due to the lack of value in the remnant materials.

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/

Material Harvesting

Electricity Pallets and Scrap Timber Crane Components Portacabins Metal Bins Concrete Silos Portacabins Breeze Blocks Metal Bins

Show House Show House Show House Show House Water Desks Doors Fencing Black Metal Grate Door Frames Books Foam Matting Ceiling Tiles BarrelsRope Pallets and Scrap Timber Curtain Wall Mullions Brick Chairs Ducting Netting Metal BinsBirds PipesNets Insulation Solar Panels TablesRebar Corrugated Metal Sheets Steel Supports Tiles Cable Trays Plasterboard Ladders Toilets Scaffolding Windows Brick Partition Wall Frames Aerated Escalators MDF Sheets Breeze Blocks Fibreglass Pipes Birds Insulation Boards Concrete Portacabins Cable Trays Schute Fencing Wheels

Dry Cement/Morter Concrete Silos Metal Bins Electricity

Fencing Water

Water

Electricity Portacabins

Brick

Train Machinery

Electricity Water

Components Objects Primary Construction Materials Secondary Construction Materials

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Primary Construction Materials

Secondary Construction Materials

Bricks Aerated Bricks Nets (window/lift shafts/ boundaries) Steel Supports Breeze Blocks Pallets and Scrap Timber Scaffolding and Pipe Handrails Ropes Dry Cement/Mortar Re-bar Water

Insulation Rubble Fences Tiles Curtain Wall Mullions Partition Wall Frames Black Grate Fencing Corrugated Metal Sheets Plasterboard MDF Sheets Foam Insulation Boards Electricity

Components

Objects

Escalators Concrete Silos Windows Barrels Fiberglass Pipes Ladders Ducting Ceiling Tiles Door Frames Metal Bins Crane Components Doors Cables Cable Trays

Port-a-cabins Show House Train Machinery Chairs Desks Books Foam Boards Birds Toilets Sinks Tables Solar Panels Concrete Chute Wheels

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08:00

12:00

18:00

Summer Shadow Mapping June 21 5:46 - 20:46 48

October 23 Approx 14:30

Summer Shadow Study Unfinished Apartment Building June 21 5:46 - 20:46

June 21 Approx 14:30

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10:00

14:00

16:00

Winter Shadow Mapping December 21 08:35 - 17: 49 50

October 23 Approx 14:30

Winter Shadow Study Unfinished Apartment Building December 21 08:35 - 17: 49

December 21 Approx 14:30

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Unfinished Buildings

This collage was produced as a medium to convey the atmospheric qualities of the unfinished spaces in Ciudad Valdeluz. The techniques used when composing the image were deliberately applied and sanded in a way that would express the board behind the rough layer of paint.

The paint scraped across the board is representative of the context to the building that is the focus of the image.

The surrounding areas of the city are vast and desolate, with the scars of development extending throughout the landscape. The building is composed in black and white to communicate the lack of colour, emotion and life in the space. After years of abandonment, the building is slowly deteriorating, as seen by the details captured in the images.

Everything changes Everywhere the things No longer things If you stop looking at them

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Typical Concrete Properties for Medium Density Residential Buildings Material Kg/mÂł

Total Cementious Content (TCC) 300 Water 165 Aggregate 1915 Reinforcement 110 Embodied CO2 270 www.sustainableconcrete.org.uk

Apartment Building Material Calculations

+ +

17 modular units Basement Construction Corner Units

=

7475 mÂł Volume of Structure

=

1,233,375 Kg Water 326,289.7 Gallons or 1,360 Tonnes

14,314,625 Kg Aggregate

or 15,782 Tonnes 822,250 Kg Reinforcement

or 906.5 Tonnes

Apartment Building Modular Unit x 17 Units 1:10 54

2,018,250 Kg CO2

or 2,225 Tonnes

+ 16520.0 _

+ 13220.0 _

Module without cladding + 9920.0 _

+ 6660.0 _

Module with cladding + 3400.0 _

The unfinished apartment building is made up of 17 modules, with three variations between the modules.

The modules on the South end of the building are clad with a single layer brick skin.

This is shown in the exploded diagram above.

The facades have openings for doors and windows, yet do not have the doors or windows installed.

VISIBLE FROM THE ROAD

_ + 0.0

_ - 4800.0

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Conceptual Exploration \

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How does the relationship between conceptual images manifest itself in a parasitic structural form?

The translation of the These processes include: themes derived from the imagery has resulted Crystallising strings to in the exploration of create a tension system. structurally enhancing materials and systems of Applying wax to fabric and material elements. This string systems. process involved a few methods to give rigidity Forming a structural and structural properties element using was enhanced to non structural string. materials.

The enhanced material elements were then tested, and the properties of the new formations were considered in their ability to be applied on a large scale parasitic structure.

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/

Host vs Parasite

Parasite [par-uh-sahyt] An organism that lives on or in an organism of another species, known as the host, from the body of which it obtains nutriment.

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Material Exploration Testing, Results and Outcomes The analysis of the material tests was able to inform the construction process of the structural exploration model. A series of small scale tests aimed to achieve structural enhancement of a flexible material by applying a solidifying agent.

The studies are shown on the following pages.

The findings enabled the process of construction to occur, but did not dictate the final form. Much of the construction process required the wax to fall onto the fabric from a specified location, but the resulting form of wax onto the fabric was simply dictated by the process in which it occurred.

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Structural Enhancement through Crystal Formation Material Exploration Binding of the strings though crystallisation bonds

[1]

[2]

[3]

Formation Acetate

of

the

Sodium

Combine 1L of White Vinegar and 4Tbs of Baking Soda.

Reduce the solution over heat until 1/10 of the original volume remains.

Cool the concentrated solution in the refrigerator.

Once cool, the concentrated solution was poured over the string system and left to crystallise.

Sodium Acetate [Na+[HCO3]– + CH3–COOH CH3–COO– Na+ + H2O + CO2] Sodium Acetate is a supersaturated solution that, once it comes in contact with a crystal, will have an exothermic reaction and form a solid crystalline structure.

This process was explored in its potential to structurally enhance a system of strings by providing a rigid framework, once the solution had crystallised.

Wax as Structural Enhancement to String Material Exploration Before

During

Plan View

Candle wax was dripped onto a system of stings over a period of time to create a rigid framework.

This process was time consuming, and required a steady, consistent platform to hold the candles and allow the wax to drip from onto the string system.

The initial system of string was flexible relied on the host structure for stability and shape.

The resulting structure of wax enhanced string provided a rigid framework that acted as an enhancement of the host structure. This enhanced system provided crossbracing support to the host elements.

After

The Final Form

Reinforced Wax Structural Form Material Exploration

Before

Application of liquid candle wax to a system of tensile string. The candle wax uses the stings as a framework from which it takes shape. The wax is applied in layers which builds upon the previous, giving it shape and strength.

The wax and string were cut away from the frame that was used during the test/ construction period. The system is now solidified

During

and self supporting, maintaining the shape that was created using the supporting frame.

The strings are virtually hidden once multiple layers of wax are applied.

The resulting material form can be applied as a building material or facade element.

After

Views through the wax/ string system during the build up process.

Opacity increases as the layers of wax build up around the strings. Gaps between strings reduce as the was forms to adjoining structures. The resulting material is a solid form, built up of individual drips and layers of wax.

Wax as Structural Enhancement to Fabric Material Exploration

Wax as Structural Enhancement to Fabric Material Exploration [1] + [2]

Exploring the process of solidifying fabric with wax

Testing Fire Resistance of Fabrics

Liquid candle wax was added to a flexible fabric. This process required a steady application of candle wax, which once it solidifies, fixes the position of the fabric.

The fabric was resting on a rigid element and was held in place by the geometry of the folds in the fabric. Once enhanced by the wax, the folds and geometry in the fabric was hardened.

Once removed from the rigid element that the fabric was resting upon, the test result was able to support its own weight and maintain the solidified shape.

Application of liquid candle wax to a flexible fabric. Once the candle wax solidifies, the once flexible fabric becomes rigid, fixed in the position in which the wax was applied.

[1] Flammable

The two resulting fabrics were then tested according to their fire resistance performance.

Test result [1] was monitored in its current state. A naked flame was held to the fabric to see if it would catch fire. The areas that were covered in wax were resistant to the flame, but the uncovered areas of the fabric began to catch fire and smolder.

The flame quickly travels through the fabric in the areas where wax has not been added.

[2] Non-Flammable

Test result [2] was monitored after it had been sprayed with water. A naked flame was held to the fabric to see if it would catch fire. Neither the areas that were covered in the wax nor the wet fabric caught fire. Wetting the fabric enable the fabric to resist the flame.

Wax Infused Fabric Material Exploration Before

After

Removing the Fabric from the Form-work

Self-supporting wax infused fabric Fabric on the form

Pouring the wax

Wax Drying state

This technique of wax application did not only join to the surface of the fabric, but infused within the fabric to give a stronger bond between the wax and fibers.

Fabric inverted

Liquid wax was applied to a fabric draped over a rigid form. The wax was applied by pouring liquid wax from a container onto the flexible fabric.

The liquid state wax does not affect the shape of the fabric during its application, however, Once dry, the wax infused fabric solidifies and holds the shape that was dictated by the rigid form.

Wax/Fabric Build-up

The rigidity of the fabric can be tested when removed from the base form. The resulting material is now able to support itself and maintain the shape that was dictated by the rigid form that the fabric was draped over.

Structural Enhancement through Crystal Formation

Wax as Structural Enhancement to String

Reinforced Wax Structural Form

Wax as Structural Enhancement to Fabric

Wax as Structural Enhancement to Fabric

Wax as Structural Enhancement to Fabric

[1]

[2]

Wax Infused Fabric

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Moment of Combustion

Initial Test Model Host vs. Parasite The test model was constructed to explore the performance aspects of the selected materials.

The tensile system was successfully created and joining methods were explored throughout.

The most important result that lead to further material testing was the fire resistance of the fabric. In the test model, one of the candles fell onto the fabric and caused it to smolder. This quickly spread throughout the dry fabric and caused a small fire. The model was destroyed shortly after to prevent further damage to its surrounding environment.

The relationship between additive structure and the host frame was that of a parasite structure. The addition relied fully on the host frame for support and relied on specific cantilever connections to achieve a structural form.

The addition of wax to the semi-flexible addition allowed for areas of the fabric to be solidified, building up a new layer of structural support.

In some areas, the wax dripped down the fabric forming columns which began to connect to the ground. These columns were seen as a starting point to the additive structures independence, and possible co-existence with the host frame.

In theory, the additive structure could build up enough strength through the solidifying fabric to support itself without need of the host frame.

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Conceptual References

Superama Proposal by the students of Architecture in Nantes for ‘Le voyage to Nantes’ This project is referenced in regard to the structural performance and aesthetic appeal. The structure is visually insignificant and is hidden behind the glass shards, which gives the parasite like projection a light appearance.

The relationship between the additive structure and the host is noted.

The additive structure occupies a void between two buildings, spanning between the two, thus gaining support by bridging.

The additive structure relies on its lightweight components to cantilever from the host elements. The shape of the resulting structure is defined by the glass panels which act as a skin system.

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Bernard MURIGNEUX Constructions parasites These parasite like installations occupy spaces between. The forms have no functional aspect, but rather challenge the appropriation of space by occupying a void space and by connecting to the ceiling rather than the ground. The lightweight aspect of the installation is significantly important in this and suggests its temporal state.

In this example, the additive structure merely hangs from the solid host elements and relies on this support relationship to determine the resulting form. The flexible paper elements of the parasite lack the strength to support itself without the connection to the host.

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Structural Exploration Live Construction Sequence The host structure was made of Laser-cut MDF, which represented the cast-inplace concrete domino structures that we would be visiting in Valdeluz.

The parasite structure was constructed using 26 gauge Piano Wire and white sewing thread.

These elements came together to create a tension system, which was then overlaid with a canvass fabric giving shape to the additive structure.

The structural stability during the initial construction relied on the tension of the thread

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and the wires. The design of the additive structure relied on the use of wax candles to drip wax over the shaped defined by the fabric. The candle wax would enhance the parasite system by providing rigidity to the fabric and joining the flexible elements by forming bonds with the hardened wax.

This workshop involved a designed process, where the outcome of the parasitic structure was not defined, but the process and the material elements were controlled.

The final form was a result of the designed process.

Construction sequence

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Structural Exploration Model Material Enhancement Time-lapse The concept model was initially sprayed with water to prevent the fabric from catching fire.

The dripping wax would still take the shape of the fabric despite the moisture. Once the model dries, the shape will be solidified by the build-up of wax.

As the candles melt, the tension system begins to change in shape. The changing in weight of the candles causes the flex in the rods reduce, which results in the shifting of the overall form. The wax is seen dripping down the candles and rods, solidifying on the flexible fabric.

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The slow melting of the candles causes the elaborate and ornamental structure to shrink in stature. Elements of the model begins to join where the candles have formed wax columns with the ground below.

The wax acts as reinforcement, building up a layer on top of the flexible fabric and proving rigidity.

The build-up of wax also acts as fire protection, forming a layer over the fabric that resists the flame.

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Components and Connections The metal rods are attached to the host structure by clamping on to the frame.

Extra ties are used to reinforce the connection and to prevent rotation when force is applied to the rods. See below:

[+]

[-]

This connection method is repeated for all joints between the metal rods of the additive structure and the host frame.

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As the tension within the system changes, the metal rods shift. For example, when the candles melt the load at the end of the metal rod is reduced, acting as a negative load, causing the rod to lift.

STUCTURAL EXPLORATION MODEL Final Form Development + Areas of Transformation

+ 450.0 _

+ 300.0 _

+ 150.0 _

+ 0.0 _

[11:29:48]

[11:46:55]

[12:03:34]

[12:20:21]

[12:37:13]

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Structural Exploration Model vs. Existing Site Conditions

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Constructing the Tensile Frame

Constructing the Fabric Skin

Metal rods and thread were used to construct a tensile frame within and attached to the existing frame structure.

This system was designed using simple connections that clamped onto the host structure and cantilevered off. The tensile system was able to support itself, but relied on the host frame for connection.

Once the tensile system was constructed, fabric was then interwoven within and around the frame to create facade like skin.

The fabric elements created enclosures and gave shape to the system of elements.

Similar construction systems were discovered in the unfinished Apartment building where the temporary balustrades connected to the existing frame structure.

Similar construction techniques were observed on the unfinished School building, where systems of steel rods and netting were used around the perimeter of the building to protect the workers from falling.

These elements themselves, which have been in place for up to 3 years, now define an architectural language between temporarily, permanence and the unfinished.

The Host vs. the Addition The structural exploration, which involved a live build element, used a number of materials and techniques to construct the final form. Time provided itself to be one of the most significant tools in this exercise, which was made physical in the evolution of the exploration model by the addition of melted wax. The structure was observed to change shape and evolve as the wax built up on the flexible fabric, solidifying and enhancing it over time. In this, a unique relationship was established between the additive structure and the host. Relying on the hosts strength, the additive structure was able to move, flex and change shape according to the forces acting upon it.

Similar characteristics were observed on the structure of the unfinished School building. Here, the additive structure was the safety system which had appeared to fall, move and change shape in a number of places.

Over time, the building or additive structures would appear to be dynamic, modifying the shape of the overall structure, but relying on the host for structural support.

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Lebbeus Woods Freespace Architecture In Woods´ War and Architecture, he describes an alternate method for rebuilding cities and buildings following moments of conflict and change that affect built environment. His proposals and suggested realities engage with the remaining buildings as host structures, envisioning their reconstruction using the materials that were removed during the moments of conflict in a method employed by an alternate methodology.

This methodology is that of the future inhabitant, acting upon their own agenda to construct space, not defined by the original parameters of the building, but as a result of the users needs.

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“My answer was that architecture, as a social and primarily constructive act, could heal the wounds, by creating entirely new types of space in the city. These would be what I had called ‘freespaces,’ spaces without predetermined programs of use, but whose strong forms demanded the invention of new programs corresponding to the new, post-war conditions” Lebbeus Woods, Injection Parasite Sarajevo 1992.

Based on the definition of a parasite, an organism that lives on or in a host species, from which it obtains nutriment, we can infer that parasitic architecture can be defined as an adaptable, transient and exploitive form of architecture that forces relationships with host buildings in order to complete themselves.

Parasitic Architecture, as a functional and inhabitable spacial construct, requires a certain level of selfdetermination by the designer/occupant.

In Woods´ architectural propositions, space is constructed as a direct result of the needs of the inhabitant. Conforming to the constraints of the building is resisted and the new inhabitant is no

longer defined by the spaces in which they inhabit.

Rather the self-determined inhabitant defines the spatial properties of the spaces through active participation.

How, then, might this relationship between the host and addition translate to the existing context of unfinished locations in Spain?

In the framework of this question, I will explore what James Holston refers to as Spaces of Insurgent Citizenship.

By this meaning of ‘Insurgence’, Holston suggests a ´working against´ modernist state building and urban design, a ´a realm of the possible that is rooted in the heterogeneity of lived experience´ (Holston, J. 2008).

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Post Urban Exploration

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Insurgence (ĭn-sûr′jəns) The action or an instance of rebellion; an insurrection.

Urban exploration (often shortened as urbex or UE) is the exploration of manmade structures, usually abandoned ruins or not usually seen components of the man-made environment.

Traditionally, the spaces that are explored in this process are remnant structures; buildings that once served a particular purpose but are now abandoned due to disuse.

As a method of exploring and recording the unfinished periphery developments in Madrid, an adaption of urban exploration was employed as a fieldwork method.

In Ballesteros’ work Verb Crisis he describes the inhabitants of the affected developments as ‘Post-Urban Inhabitants’, ‘primitive men and women [who must] re-think their surroundings and patterns of life in places where

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the street is no longer the street.’ It is this mindset and character role that was adopted in the site exploration process in order to understand the spaces, buildings and users which have seen neglect since the economic decline in 2008.

James Holston (2008, 43) explains the significance of insurgent citizenship, a concept that underpins urban exploration, as a method to ‘empower, parody, derail, or subvert state agendas.’ Holston expands on the theme of insurgent citizenship and describes residual spaces where this behaviour is commonly documented.

‘In no particular order of importance, they are Spaces Between, Spaces Around, Rooftops, Wedges, Redundant Infrastructure, Oversized Infrastructure, Void Spaces and Spaces Below.’

THE POST URBAN EXPLORER

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Post Urban Exploration Kit The items on the following page were part of the exploration kit taken on site when exploring Ciudad Valdeluz. These tools and objects were required for the mapping, exploring and recording process. Laying out the object in this way enables the outside viewer to imagine the steps taken and processes required to gain access to unfinished buildings in the city.

A large portion of the exploitative process was done at night, increasing the reliance on the city map and heightening one’s awareness of space.

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Pen/Tool Belt Sketchbook Ciudad Valdeluz Site Plans Syma X5C Drone Drone Blade Protectors Drone Controller First Aid Kit Water Travel Flask Pliers Drone USB Charger Duck Tape Multi-Allen Key Tool Torch Multi-Tool Whiskey Screw Driver [Drone] Lighter Wallet Fixed 50mm Lens Watch Camera Battery Charger Phone Sleeping Bag Jacket Hat Gloves Backpack Camera Bag

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Mapping Insurgency Ciudad Valdeluz 23 Oct. 2015 This site board was used to map and record the insurgent processes from the site exploration on 23 October 2015. The overall exploration process included surveillance of three unfinished buildings in Ciudad Valdeluz; the school, the apartment building and the civic hall.

Each building visit was photographed, and the steps taken to gain access and survey the site were recorded. The unfinished building locations were mapped in accordance to their proximity to the active public buildings and most commonly used streets. This information was used to identify areas of the building that could be accessed most easily, out of view of the citizens of the city and the watchful eye of the Civil Guard.

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Drone Surveillance Flight Paths

The drone flight paths during the video recording process were mapped by plotting the location of the images on the opposite page.

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N

N

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Drone Surveillance

The images are plotted in accordance to their (drəʊn) [n] location when taken.

This gives an idea of the A remote-controlled pilot- area surveyed within the less aircraft or missile. broader expanse of the unfinished site.

A Drone Camera was used to survey the unfinished sites The images captured were in Valdeluz from a birds- used to piece together eye view. This allowed for an image of the entire a greater picture of the unfinished apartment and make a neglected buildings in the building, context of the partially visual link to the other finished city. unfinished buildings on the site including the school, the church and the hall.

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Recorded Insurgent Activity As a group of 5 students, we chose to inhabit and use the abandoned school as a place to sleep for the night. We chose to inhabit the school building due to it´s isolation from the rest of the buildings and community. There is an abundance of resources to use to construct a sleeping space. We recorded the process of entering the building and adapting the space for use.

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Upon entering the unfinished extension of the school we immediately sought a protected and enclosed space to establish a sleeping area.

Next, we went off in smaller groups in search of useful materials and recording the state of the unfinished building.

We ventured further on into the abandoned school through a hole in the exterior wall.

We collected mats for sleeping and documented the process of insurgence.

Once all useful materials were collected, we returned to our claimed space and began to appropriate it as a secure, comfortable sleeping area.

In the

early hours of the next day, after appropriating and using the space for our purpose, we collected our belongings and made for an exit. We exited the abandoned building site where we entered under the fence and maintained a low profile.

This exercise enabled us, as insurgent or selfdetermined individuals, to appropriate a space for our intended use by reclaiming and re-using materials and unused spaces in a way that differs from the original designed use.

“I want to argue that one of the most urgent problems in planning and architectural theory today is the need to develop a different social imagination — one that is not modernist but that nevertheless reinvents modernism’s activist commitments to the invention of society and to the construction of the state.

I suggest that the sources of this new imaginary lie not in any specifically architectural or planning production of the city but rather in the development of theory in both fields as an investigation into what I call the spaces of insurgent citizenship....By insurgent, I mean to emphasize the opposition of these spaces of citizenship to the modernist spaces that physically dominate so many cities today. I also use it to emphasize an opposition to the modernist political project that absorbs citizenship into a plan of state building and that, in the process, generates a certain concept and practice of planning itself. ... The spaces of an insurgent citizenship constitute new metropolitan forms of the social not yet liquidated by or absorbed into the old. As such, they embody possible alternative futures.”

(Holston, J., 1999)

The Sleeping Area Recorded Construction Sequence 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Prepare the area, clear out unnecessary objects.

Block off the entrance to the room with boards.

Put down layer of corrugated cardboard.

Lay interlocking foam matting as sleeping surface.

Prepare bedding on top of the constructed surface.

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As a method to explore the site surrounding unfinished buildings, Post-Urban Exploration has opened the discussion of possible alternative futures for the redundant buildings in Valdeluz. As the insurgents in this instance, we were able to adapt various spatial typologies in numerous buildings for our own use.

This process, explored on a much larger scale, could outline a new mode of operation for the city itself; a diversion from the governance of the modernist Utopian plan from which the city was conceived. ‘[Modernist planning] attempts to be a plan without contradiction, without conflict.

It assumes a rational domination of the future in which its total and totalizing plan dissolves any conflict

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between the imagined and the existing society in the imposed coherence of its-order’ (Holston, J. 2008).

This assumption fails to consider the unpredictability, ambiguity, conflict and indeterminacy of the individual.

Holston goes on to explain in Spaces of Insurgent Citizenship that as modernism contributes to the build up of the state, the necessary counteragent to this notion is that of the formation of insurgent citizenship.

Examples of this type of citizenship can be found in grassroots movements, individual action and collaborative efforts.

Organised methods in everyday practice have the power to derail, empower or subvert state or governing agendas.

The image on the right shows the sequence of spatial re-appropriation with found objects during the insurgent research process.

This involved the transformation of a redundant space in an unfinished school into a temporary sleeping space for 5 people.

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Urban Recipes / Recetas Urbanas

Urban recipes are an architectural practice located Spain who work with various types of clients to deliver projects that negotiate the balance between legal and illegal. Many of the projects aim to maximise use of recycled materials including shipping containers, modular steel structure components, fittings such as doors and windows and other common building materials. Many of the clients seek Urban Recipes to find a solution 92

to planning restrictions, political issues and other complications, and often have very little funding.

In order to negotiate the legality of the projects they deliver, many of the buildings require a selfbuild aspect, incorporating the help of the client/ users to engage with the construction process.

This collaborative process allows for the clientele to invest in their building project and to gain an understanding

of the build process. A number of funding methods are explored to acquire materials and pay for the design, on top of the efforts of the volunteers in the construction process.

Live Build Workshop Santiago Cirugeda and Urban Recipes We participated in a live-build workshop which involved a days worth of hands on work to help construct and assemble a design for new classrooms and workshops as an extension to an Arts College in Madrid. The design and construction principles were simple.

Only reclaimed or recycled materials were to be used, and the design would be a result of the available materials and the possibility of how they could come together.

The primary structural elements are made of recycled steel modular beams and columns, as well as a series of shipping containers.

Reclaimed windows were used and fixed into place where they fit.

The design was outlined in a series of proposal drawings, but the execution of the build required a continuous evolution and stray from the initial drawing package.

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admit the change to escape

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Cuida Valdeluz

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Cuida /

‘Take Care’

Population figures for Many things have changed Valdeluz were recorded as in the city since its 2,211 people in 2013 (37 conception in 2008. The in 2007; 197 in 2008; 354​​most notable change is in 2009; 726 in 2010; 1,276 the renaming of the city in 2011; 1,717 in 2012). from ‘Ciudad Valdeluz’ to ‘Cuida Valdeluz’ meaning The grounds of the new ‘Take Care’(Ramón). The city, occupying 273,000 idea came from 3rd grade square meters, and require student Mathew who got the an annual investment of 0.6 idea when a competition million Euros. Included in was opened to students reinvent the image the city are ponds, several to playgrounds, artificial of the city from the marred image left by the lakes and a golf course. economic decline in 2008 Demographic figures show (Villaverde). that over 34% of the population is foreign with 38 nationalities represented. 500 children live in the city, yet there is no school for them to attend. There is also a sports centre that cost 2 million Euros.

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The features of a Sustainable Community

The original plan for Ciudad Valdeluz, a well rounded urban scale master plan, was to provide a mixed-use development with many of the criteria key to building a sustainable community.

Due to the economic decline in 2008, the majority of the construction halted, which resulted in the current state of the city we see today.

According to Cardinalgroup, there are 12 Features of a Sustainable Community. Listed below are these key features, However, which of the Sustainable Community criteria does ‘Cuida’ Valdeluz currently meet?

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

Ecological Protection Density & Urban Design [Poor Urban Design] Urban Infill Village Centre Local Economy Sustainable Transport [Heavy reliability on cars] Affordable Housing [60% reduction in house price] Liveable Communities • Sociability • Personal Development • Community Participation 9. Sewage and Storm-water 10. Water [not sustainably sourced] 11. Energy [not sustainably sourced] 12. The 3 R’s 1. Construction wastes recycling 2. Use of environmentally sound building materials 3. Provision of in-house recycling areas

Though there is a small community established in Valdeluz with a strong support mentality, the scale of the failure and emptiness of the city overshadows their efforts.

The situation that exists in Valdeluz is far from unique, when compared to the array of failed urban developments in Madrid and Ciudad Valdeluz (2015) Score: 5/12 [1.5/12] throughout Spain.

[Critique of Valdeluz]

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/ Insurgent Citizenship Survival on the periphery of Madrid

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/ Canada Real Galiana Madrid

‘Canada Real Galiana is a 16km-long, 75m-wide strip of economic and social misery. Believed to be Europe’s largest shanty town, it is a mere 15-minute drive from Madrid city centre.’

‘Dubbed the “slum of shame”, the 40-year-old settlement, home to 30,000 people, is completely devoid of any public services – no pavements, schools, sewage or drainage systems. Many of its residents are long‘It is in stark contrast to standing, legal immigrants the wealth, elegance and from Portugal, Romania, sophistication of nearby Morocco or South America.’

Madrid, a city voted among the most liveable in the world.’

(independent.co.uk)

the mirror doesn't mean the truth

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Possible initiatives to restore Cuida Valdeluz

Architecture Hacking.

Hacking is a term that sounds familiar to us, most associated with computers, but what about in relation to buildings?

Hackable buildings is a new term that refers to the adaption or modification of a space that results in an outcome unrecognisable from its original form.

Survival Tactics and Rebellion.

These terms have been chosen to represent actions such as squatting, occupation and trespassing; illegal actions that often occur as a response to a particular need. These responses are often driven by economic hardship, oppression, neglect or out of protest.

Guerrilla Architecture.

This term is closely associated with Hacking, to do with the adaption of disused or distressed buildings, but differs in that may be conducted in a manner that goes outside the legal parameters.

The interventions associated with Guerrilla Architecture are often done in a non-conformist way.

Each of the terms used to describe initiatives where users engage with and adapt existing buildings represent forms of citizenship.

One example of this claim of citizenship can be seen in the occupation of Torre David, an unfinished commercial building located in Caracas, Venezuela. The building was taken over by people seeking shelter after flooding destroyed portions of the slums outside the city.

Citizenship changes as new members emerge to advance their claims, expanding its realm, and as new forms of segregation and violence counter these advances, eroding it.

The sites of insurgent citizenship are found at the intersection of these processes of expansion and erosion (Holston, J. 2008).

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New Babylon Constant Nieuwenhuys

‘Constant's New Babylon was to be a series of linked transformable megastructures, some of which were themselves the size of a small city. Perched above ground, Constant's mega-structures would literally leave the bourgeois metropolis below and would be populated by homo ludens--man at play.

The post-revolutionary individual would wander from one leisure environment to another in search of new sensations.

Beholden to no one, he would sleep, eat, recreate, and procreate where and when he wanted. Self-fulfillment and self-satisfaction were Constant's social goals.

Deductive reasoning, goal-oriented production, the construction and betterment of a political community--all these were eschewed.’

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There are a number of aspects of this work that I am referencing in my brief development, such as the creation of an ‘alternate being’ and the imagining of an environment in which this architecture of desire can be created.

In the development of my brief and analysis of the existing conditions I have identified the Post Urban Inhabitant. This person/ people group exists in the ‘non-reality/non-place’ of the failed periphery developments of Spain.

Here the environment is distorted, enabling the imaginings of an alternate future outcome to come to fruition.

The architectural proposals for the future Ciudad Valdeluz will be shaped by and for the Post Urban Inhabitant. These spatial propositions will seek to extend citizenship and ownership from the governance of the urban plan to the individual.

Freetown Christiana, Copenhagen Est. 1971

Freetown Christiania is a legally independent commune under the Christiana Law of 1989, although ownership rights are contested to this day.

The formation of the commune dates back to 1971 following the military departure from the site. Over time, squatters and homeless sporadically entered the premises and slept in the abandoned buildings, despite the watchmen in place to protect the site.

Shortly after, inhabitants from the neighbouring developments broke down portions of the perimeter fences and used the site as play areas for their children.

On 26 September 1971, Christiana was declared open by a well known journalist Jacob Ludvigsen, who wrote for a magazine called Hovedbladet (‘The main paper’). This declaration was circulated among many of the young people in Copenhagen and shortly after an organised community had been formed.

Jacob Ludvigsen was a coauthor of the Freetown’s mission statement, which included the following:

Christiana today is widely recognised today by its weed smoking hippie culture, art and graffiti, and unique architecture.

The objective of Christiania is to create a self-governing society whereby each and every individual holds themselves responsible over the well-being of the entire community. Our society is to be economically selfsustaining and, as such, our aspiration is to be steadfast in our conviction that psychological and physical destitution can be averted.

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Insurgent Citizens

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/ Citizens of Cuida Valdeluz 'The future of generations of Madrid residents to come.

These residents, like primitive men and women or rather, like posturban inhabitants - will have to re-think their surroundings and patterns of life in places where the street is no longer the street.

Here, the overlaying of functions has been eliminated, buildings are icebergs floating in isolation, and contact is reduced to the absolute bare minimum' (Ballesteros, M. 2008).

‘The Dog Walker’

This little old lady was one of the first to move into the city back in 2008. She immediately felt a sense of ownership and local pride over the place, despite the clear failure of the city. She lives alone and relies on her pets for comfort, especially her dog. She even looks after other peoples dogs during the day when the owners go off to work in Madrid. She uses the local empty plots around her home to walk the dogs and to let them run around.

‘The Train-spotters’

This is a group of teenagers who dropped out of high school when the construction industry was booming and they helped to construct the city of Valdeluz. Now that there are no jobs going, these uneducated, partly-skilled teens must find a way to earn a living. For now they just hang out during the day in the tunnels under the AVE rail bridge and graffiti the walls for fun.

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‘The Mobile Blacksmith’

He had a comfortable job working in Madrid, but lost his work due to the economic recession. He has always had an entrepreneurial attitude but finds it extremely difficult living and working in a city cut off from other developments. He has established a new business using his early training as a blacksmith more recent experience working in a professional knife sharpening enterprise. He has set up a mobile office and aims to seek out clientele. His resourcefulness is tested as he seeks new ways to build his business and seek customers in the city and neighbouring developments.

‘Los Carroñeros’

Not everyone who moved into the city has maintained the lifestyle and wealth that they once had. Many people have been forced to find new ways of obtaining an income, some resulting to scavenging for materials to sell. During the day you can see some people rustling through skips and dumpsters, but at night is when their main activity occurs.

‘La Guardia Civil’

The civil guard are responsible for serving and protecting both Ciudad Valdeluz and Horche, two neighbouring developments that have been affected by the economic downturn. The civil guards funding for these developments is at an all time low. The officers respond to only urgent matters and their highest priority is limiting vandalism and crime the completed portions of the developments.

‘The Dodgy Real Estate Agent’

The real estate agent was hired in 2008 to sell the homes constructed in Valdeluz by Real Urbis, the developers. Today, fewer than 3,000 people live in the city, leaving up to 7000 dwellings empty. The agent lives in a comfortable flat in the city and manages the Pilot homes and real estate offices. His salary is based on commission, so he will do whatever it takes to get people to move in.

‘The Water Supply Co.’

The city was constructed with all of the necessary infrastructure for 250,000+ citizens.

This infrastructure, included a network for water sourcing, filtration, distribution and waste water collection to the citizens. Though the majority of the city remains incomplete, the water suppliers now control a network of infrastructure that lays in waste.

‘Los cultivadores de guerrilla’

There is an abundance of unused space in the city and around the periphery where future development was intended. This has become apparent to a group of stay at home parents. These people, who have nothing to do when their spouse is at work in Madrid and their children are at school, are collectively seeking a way to fill their time and to offset their cost of living.

‘The Electricians’

‘The electricians’ were initially employed to construct the electrical distribution network that feed the city. This network taps into the main grid via the pylons that run along the side of the site. The finished portion of the city is connected to this network, but the unfinished buildings do not have an electricity supply to them. This is a venture worth capitalizing on by those who can divert/supply necessary electricity to any expanding development beyond the finished part of the city.

‘El Carnicero’

The butcher used to be a farmer on the land of the current Cuidad Valdeluz. On this land he bred and distributed pigs for slaughter. He also would slaughter pigs himself and cure the meat, to produce ‘w’.

He has since been removed from his land to make way for the new city.

As a result, he was forced to sell his business and he moved into one of the new apartment buildings.

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Fred

/ ‘The Blacksmith’ Fred worked in Madrid for 22 years prior to moving to Ciudad Valdeluz. His story is defined by the effects of the economic crash of 2008. His determination and approach, in response to the dire situation that exists in Ciudad Valdeluz, has inspired many of the other citizens to take ownership of the situation and find ways of making the city home.

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[2005] Fred worked in Madrid as a metal worker for an industrial confectionery company. He has been loyal to his company for 20 years and has plans to work there until his retirement in 15 years time.

[2007] Fred was at a point in his life where he was looking for a way to invest his money leading into his retirement. He received advice on real estate investment as a reliable way to invest capital.

Fred looked into Ciudad Valdeluz, a new commuter city that was being built near Guadalajara that was to be linked to Madrid by a High Speed AVE train.

[2010] Shortly after 2008 the economy took a turn for the worst, resulting in the housing market crash and huge unemployment in all work sectors.

Unfortunately Fred suffered as a victim of the austerity measures and was made redundant from the job that he was loyal to for over 23 years. Development halted in Ciudad Valdeluz and the lively commuter city that he longed for remains only a dream. At the time, Fred was one of only 725 people who live in the city; a city that now resembles a ghost town.

[2013] After years of frustration and unemployment, relying on his retirement fund to supplement his income, Fred decided to create a small business to keep himself busy and to earn some money. Using his trade skills as a blacksmith and metal worker, he decided to fit out the back of his truck with a mobile workshop. His plan was to travel around the city, advertising his business over loud speakers through the streets. His business was to provide repairs, maintenance and construction services to the locals in Valdeluz and Horche.

[2016] Fred is now seeking to expand his business. Signs of economic stimulation have been occurring around the city and local businesses are developing a local economy. Fred is seeking to capitalise on this optimistic situation and provide the trade skills to contribute to the city development.

In order to accommodate construction demands, Fred is developing a found-atory facility where he can produce structural building materials from scrap steel and metals that are sourced locally.

His found-a-tory will be in a central position in the city and will require the adaptation of an existing building.

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Alejandro

/ ‘The Construction Worker’ Alejandro was involved in the initial construction of Ciudad Valdeluz and benefited greatly from the job market opportunities.

Since the economic crash, he was suddenly left jobless.

Construction sites were virtually abandoned overnight as funding dried up.

Alejandro’s story is similar to a large population of young people and construction workers throughout Europe.

Alejandro’s actions as an insurgent citizen has provided a way of life and [2005] Alejandro was a 16 year a means for living. old high school student studying in Guadalajara at the time leading up to the crash of the housing market. He didn’t regard himself as the best student and preferred to work with his hands and do jobs that required physical labour.

Alejandro’s brother recommended that he drop out of high school and join him working for a construction company that was contracted to build a commuter city near Guadalajara.

The job prospect was so great that Alejandro could not refuse.

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[2007] Alejandro began working for a construction company appointed to construct many of the Ciudad Valdeluz buildings by Real Betis, the developers. The job promised to provide steady employment and very good wages during the 10 year construction period for Ciudad Valdeluz.

[2008-2012] Following the burst of the housing market bubble in 2008, Alejandro lost his job with the construction company. With no formal education certificate and virtually no construction occurring in the Castile la Mancha region, he was unable to find another job.

Alejandro was forced to find alternative ways of entertaining himself and earning money.

[2013] Along with a small gang of his construction worker buddies, Alejandro turned to vandalism, graffiti and small crime to fill their time. They hang out, most days, in the tunnels under the rail tracks, collecting machinery and materials to sell to local scrap traders.

[2016] After years of illegal scrap trading, Alejandro and his friends are stepping up their efforts to create a full time material trade network. They have developed machinery from objects found around the site and components from trains so that they can dismantle trains passing along the AVE line. Their operation is expanding from the original out of sight illegal activity to a functioning material reclamation and distribution centre. The materials distributed from the site are fed into the city and traded among the citizens for future development.

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Ignacio

/ ‘The Butcher’

Ignacio’s story is an unfortunate tale of a person uprooted from his land to make way for an urban commuter development.

He did, however, seek to turn his situation into a positive by taking action to establish his farm once again.

His story and his plans to re-use the redundant buildings on site highlight the opportunity for insurgent citizenship to transform the these ghost urbanisations.

was a farmer [2004] Ignacio who owned and worked an inherited piece of land located a few miles from the city of Guadalajara.

Ignacio farmed livestock, specifically pigs, on the land and sold the pigs for meat production. He had a small side business producing Jamon for some of the local towns and farmed a small amount of crops for his own use. He learned his skills from his father who farmed the land before him and took pride in his simple lifestyle.

Ignacio was approached by the Guadalajara Yebes City Council to purchase the land off of him for a new commuter city development.

Ignacio was forced to sell his farm land according to the councils eminent domain policy, yet he received fair compensation for his land value.

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[2006] After being vacated from his land, Ignacio lost his home and his job. He then moved to Guadalajara and rented a small apartment there. He found employment working for a scrap and recycling yard in one of the industrial complexes outside the city. Ignacio’s lifestyle was dramatically altered as a result of this experience, yet he still longed to live on the land of his old farm.

[2007-2011]

A few years after selling is land, Ignacio decided he wanted to live in the hills above Guadalajara again, so he purchased a home in the Ciudad Valdeluz development. The area did not resemble the land he left, but he took comfort in knowing that his land would become home to a city of people.

Construction ceased in 2008, shortly after Ignacio moved in. He was distraught that his land had gone to waste by the unfulfilled master plan.

years of living [2012] After amongst the unfinished buildings, Ignacio began to imagine the potential of the hall as a barn to farm livestock. He purchased a small number of pigs and started raising them in the hall. The pigs remained inside the hall, out of sight from the residents of the city and the civil guards.

Ignacio hopes to produce Jamon once again and use farming as a side business.

[2016] Ignacio’s side business farming pigs has expanded into a full time operation consisting of raising pigs, slaughter, meat distribution and jamon production. He has become the main pork distributor to Ciudad and nearby Horche.

The expansion of his business has reflected on the condition of the unfinished building, which has been retrofitted in many areas for use. He has intentions to construct specialist curing facilities and advertise his operation using the tower.

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A place forgotten Laughter and memories flood the halls Class dismissed But we build on Room after room of echoed footsteps Shadows and reflections in broken glass The promised light cannot be seen Memories fade yet hope remains Plasterboard panels with pipes poking through A room that’s now my humble domain Life exists under the blanket of night Where space takes on a different form Waste is the landscape In waste we are known

My home Just a tree in the forest A face among a seemingly endless crowd Remains expressionless Lost somewhere within The mirrored halls of this place Hope fades away Now I have no more I make my bed Inside these green walls I am lost in the canyons Hidden in plane sight

Character Prose As a part of the character research process that has informed the project narrative, each of the spaces showing evidence of insurgent activity were documented.

These spaces are unique and describe a story of the person or persons who 114

inhabited the spaces. A prose was written for each of the spaces as a way of conveying the emotion and feeling of the place. This literary exercise is used to further enhance the characters who may have been the inhabitants of such spaces.

Flutters of wings echo throughout Sounds reverberate among the hard surfaces Where fields once were Concrete covers Writing on walls Three words lost in the wake Here I am free The past forgotten Shrouded by future development Actions go unseen when hidden from the road So we move on As we must Towards tomorrow Or return to the way things were

Concrete tunnels below ground Foundations for our dreams Light penetrates through cut out holes Dirt collects where wind rushes in Water drips down through concrete cracks Yet nothing grows We sit and wait Underground As icebergs float above Things that are unseen come to the surface Penetrating through the ruins Growth stimulates growth

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[Text adapted from Woods, Lebbeus. Radical Reconstruction. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 1997. Print.]

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Existing ‘Bolt-on’ Solutions

Ciudad Valdeluz and similar PAU developments that have been constructed on the periphery of Madrid are characterised by rapid construction to achieve quick results. The construction techniques used in these developments often involve the use of low-skilled workers and tactics to achieve maximum efficiency.

Corruption often drives the delivery of such projects, which often results in the oversight of key details.

Some features that stand out in these developments are the services that are added in a way that seems like an after thought. For example, the gas services and air conditioning units are added on to exterior of the buildings at the final stage of construction.

These can be seen by the A.C. units and gas pipe networks that wrap around the exterior of the buildings. Other services that have been put in place to either serve or monitor the developments include CCTV systems and electrical distribution networks.

In the residential development of Francisco Hernando, Sesena, the sewer networks were neglected from the initial development of the master plan, evidence of the corruption and speed of the development construction.

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Transport, electricity, green areas, fresh water and waste systems are all in place for up to 250,000 residents, yet only 2-3,000 people reside in the city. Around 2500 trees have been planted in the new development, lining the boulevards and empty streets.

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Wes Jones Machine Inspired Architecture When we consider machines in architecture we immediately refer to Le Corbusier’s term, ‘a machine for living in.’ As a progression of this thinking, Wes Jones believes that this term can be taken to the ultimate specificity, in that each aspect of architectural design can be considered a machine for a particular purpose. This enables each element that comprises an architectural proposal to justify itself, as a machine, and perform as an architectural design response to user needs or spatial conditions.

The ________ is a machine for _________.

The Door is a machine for Entering.

The Bed is a machine for Sleeping.

The Kitchen is a machine for making food.

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Wes Jones’ work typically reflects this way of thinking. Departing from the theory behind HighTech Architecture, where efficiency in materials, structure and thin surfaces were paramount, Wes Jones’ proposals resemble a more middle-tech approach. The designs comprise easily purchased elements found in the industry market, with little to no prefabrication needed, and with the use of common components such as truck decks and side rails. In this way, the machinery of his architecture resembles just that, the machines themselves. His designs are praised for their ‘engaging operability’ an aspect that is creatively conveyed through cartoon narratives describing the project brief.

Wes Jones Housing for the Homeless 1985 This project provides a methodology and a stance to address the issue of homelessness New York City. The project aims to adapt and use void spaces, empty spaces and redundant space to input architectural solutions.

The project addresses the issue in a rudimentary way, using machines as the architectural proposal. In this work, ‘architecture

as a machine’ is rather twisted into machines as architecture.

The proposal itself uses a system of repeated structural elements to give form and stability, while internal spaces are composed using vehicle carcasses. These spaces are defined by the machines and systems in place, and they provide a solution to a number of issues.

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Locations of Machinery and Components

Available Objects and Components Define the Architectural Language

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Train and Railroad Construction Equipment and Machinery

AVE High Speed Rail line construction equipment and machinery stored next to the tracks at Valdeluz.

These machines sit at the brow of the hill when they are not in use.

Cranes and Modular Components

The cranes, scaffolding and form-work that was used to construct the existing city were dismantled and put in a storage area after the final buildings were ‘finished’.

Concrete Production Site Machinery

Concrete Production site abandoned following the economic decline in 2008 and the abandonment of construction shortly after the site has been unused. Some of the building material still remains, as do the silos and mixing tanks.

Port-a-cabins and Site Management Offices

Site management offices and services for the workers left on the site after the construction was abandoned.

These ‘temporary’ buildings are modular in their construction and can be dismantled and re-used in other applications.

Water Filtration Site

As a part of the massive infrastructure network that was set out for the full master plan of the city, a water filtration and distribution centre was constructed. This site was meant to serve the 250,000 or more residents that were to live in the city.

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The train warehouse and unused train machinery off materials and equipment that can be used for construction.

The unfinished buildings have the spatial potential to house new functions and accommodate potential insurgent users. There are waste building materials located within these buildings.

Construction materials, machinery and site works have been abandoned around the site following the construction halt. Unused buildings are also dotted around the landscape and offer a wealth of materials that can be used elsewhere in future development.

The real estate show houses are located near the entrance to the Valdeluz development.

This area is signed for along the highway and advertises the housing types that the city offers. You can tour these buildings which show a glimpse of the lifestyle of the future city.

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The electrical distribution area and equipment housing boxes are located around the site and can be tapped into to access the electrical grid set out for the development.

An urban / community garden has been started by members of the existing Valdeluz community as a way of growing food and promoting community activity.

A carpentry building is located just outside the site. This building appears to be abandoned, but offers the potential tools, machinery and materials that can be used for insurgent development.

Disused construction equipment and concrete production machinery have been abandoned in various areas around the site. These are the remnants of the construction efforts that were halted shortly [9] after 2008.

[11]

[18] [17]

[4] [14] [16] [8]

[7] [3] [15] [13]

[12] [6] [1] [5]

[10]

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[20] [21]

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The water filtration site and water towers around Valdeluz are severely underused because the development never reached its full potential.

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Future outcomes: ‘James Gleick’s ‘chaos theory’ suggests that ordered systems arise spontaneously out of conditions that look chaotic, but which really harbour hidden ordering principles. The true revelation of chaos studies is not that order appears out of real chaos, but that some systems that appear chaotic are actually just complex systems.’

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Conceptual Development with Found Objects In response to the existing material waste, machinery and building stock on site that will be explored in its potential to contribute to the future construction of the insurgent city, a conceptual exploration modeling exercise was explored using found objects.

The process of finding, dismantling and constructing using the individual components was recorded.

This process was explored due to its similarity to that of the methods that the characters in ‘duda Valdeluz’ will use to construct their new environments.

Though this exercise is explored with objects at a much smaller scale than those that exist on site, the process and outcomes are connected.

This process is outlined for each of the objects on the following pages.

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The Process The camera was dismantled using hand tools. Each individual component was stored with the intention for future use.

Pieces of the original camera were used to construct a conceptual form for the ‘duda valdeluz’ master plan.

The new model suggests a network of elements that feed into the city.

Electrical cables, moving parts and chip boards interlink and describe a possible mode of operation.

Chinon CM-3 Compact 35mm Electronic SLR Camera

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This new form is to no particular scale, it may be between 1:100 - 1:500, but suggests a wider narrative of re-configured conglomerate structures.

The new agenda of the insurgent city will rely on new networks and forms of operation, defined by the citizens and their needs.

Tapping into Existing Lines r we To e ag or

Moving Components and Electrical Generation

Solar Panel Grid

City Distribution Lines

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‘The Electricians’ Electricity Hack, Generation and Distribution Network

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‘The Trainspotters’ Train Hacking Headquarters Moving and adapting structure that grows as the trains are dismantled. The headquarters perches above the tracks, advertising their presence to the travelers and workers on the trains.

Sunrise Mechanical Clock Made in Great Britain

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The Water Supply Co. Water [Dys]tribution Network

Sky Leader ‘Ever Ready’ Radio Made in 1957

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The new water networks are constructed using waste materials from around the site.

Elevated platforms perch above the ground, housing water as a material commodity. Connections from the filtration site, storage facilities and sources connect to the new city expansion.

The Water Tower

Distribution Hoses

Pumps

Storage

Tanks: El evated

Infrastr ucture

Distribution Hoses

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New Distribution Networks Formed ‘duda Valdeluz’ will see the arise of new infrastructure networks for the distribution of material and supplies.

Each of the protagonists needs and requirements will overlap, as will their spatial and architectural proposals.

Insurgent citizenship will enable the community to evolve and build on the established networks of commerce and trade.

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Water/Food

Electricity Parts/Materials

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Formation of a methodology

This sketch site plan shows the initial planning of a master plan intervention scheme.

The sketch proposals mark specific areas of construction as a result of an insurgent character action.

The construction methods involved and materials used are dictated by the availability of scrap/ found materials on site or from nearby resource locations.

The component reappropriation processes explored earlier on in this chapter mark the start of a methodology that can be adapted on site. The disassembly of small scale machines in order to compose a new architectural form can be translated to larger scales. Objects on site such as cranes, trains, concrete plant etc... will be the resources for the application of this methodology. The following design explorations in this portfolio will consider component reappropriation as a design methodology.

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Insurgent Citizenship \

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Development Manifesto

Ciudad Valdeluz Cuida Valdeluz

Duda Valdeluz Misleading valdeluz Dudar - To doubt. to mislead Insurgent citizenship as the reciprocal to modernism and urban planning

(Holston, J., 1999) 1. To enable the growth of the city through insurgent citizenship, promoting individuals to act upon their own agenda to create, manipulate and dictate the architecture and spatial performance of their environment.

2. To maximise use of the existing building stock and material waste on site to build up and grow the city.

Promote sustainable building techniques that involve dismantling existing objects/buildings and re-using the components to construct future forms.

3. To develop a self-sustained city infrastructure built upon networks of trade, barter and individual action.

4. To develop an insurgent community that will enable the completion of the city master plan, not in the traditional sense, but as a result of the individual impact of each citizen to fulfill their needs.

5. To expand beyond the build city of Valdeluz to fulfill the potential of the wider master plan.

Diagrammatic Site Plan showing preliminary character occupation

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Real Estate Advertisement

/ Distraction

‘The Dodgy Real Estate Agent’ In an attempt to draw prospective buyers to the city, the Real Estate Agency has constructed a number of signs to draw people from the N-320 highway. The signs are constructed from salvaged material, once used to advertise the original development.

These billboard like structures are the first attempt by a resident to draw new users in by creating a landscape of visual icons.

These signs lead visitors to the areas of insurgent activity away from the city centre.

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Guerrilla Gardening Plots

‘Los cultivadores de guerrilla’ Neglected spaces around the city have gradually been taken over by the guerrilla gardeners.

Many unused plots, parks and redundant building structures are now hosts to small plots for growing crops. Much of the work of the gardeners goes unseen, due to the emptiness of the city during weekly working hours, but the transformation of these plots can be measured by the growth of the plants themselves.

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Civil Guard Tower

‘La Guardia Civil’ In an effort to maximise their efficiency in monitoring the city, the guards have constructed a viewing tower.

This acts as their main base point, from where they strategise and monitor the functioning of the city.

The tower is designed as a protective location, separating the officers from the citizens. Access ladders and platforms are extended during the day and retracted at night, closing off the tower.

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Trainspotter’s Dismantlement Machinery

‘The Train-spotters’ The Train-spotters use abandoned construction machinery deposited around the city site and reclaimed from wider sources to construct dismantlement machinery.

The dismantlement machines are located along side the AVE train tracks and are operated by the workers to remove parts of passing and stationary trains.

Decommissioned and hijacked trains are diverted to the Trainspotters ‘Breakery’, where machine parts are broken down and transfered to the Found-A-Tory for future appropriation.

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Scavenger Dismantlement Operation

‘Los CarroĂąeros’

The scavengers use insurgent and rebellious tactics to take over unused building structures and components.

This involves the use of complex scaffolding systems to support and conceal the dismantlement procedures within. Entire structures can be reduced down individual materials or components, usable materials that can then be circulated through the city and used in insurgent development efforts.

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The Butchers Tower

/ Jamon Production

‘El Carnicero’

Years of successful breeding and Jamon production has lead to the expansion of the Butchers operation.

The ‘Jamon Hall’ will bring together all of the butchers operations under one roof, within the existing unused hall building. The transformed space includes areas for cultivating large quantities of livestock, storage of food and supplies, slaughter facilities, and a curing rooms. The focal point of the building is the curing tower; a structure designed to aid in the curing of meat by allowing natural ventilation. This also acts as a visual advertisement to the product and processes occurring within the building.

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Reticulation Tower

‘The Water Supply Co.’ The Electricians and the Water Supply Co. have joined efforts to expand their distribution networks.

Using crane parts and construction machinery components deposited around the site, these servicing companies are creating a vast distribution network to reach the areas of the site experiencing insurgent development.

‘Reticulation towers and ‘banks’ are positioned around the site that will provide the citizens with access to power and water.

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‘The Electricians’

Reticulation Towers located around the city

Elevated distribution network Before ‘commodification’ process

Elevated distribution network Post ‘commodification’ process

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The Mobile Blacksmith

‘El Afilador de Cuchillos’

The Knife Sharpener’s mobile workshop has become very successful in Duda Valdeluz. Multiple platforms, extensions and working areas have been added to his vehicle in the constant effort to reach more clients.

The Knife Sharpener now requires an expansion to a fixed, central location.

Additional employees will be needed to take his business from small ‘odd jobs’ to larger scale building material and component production.

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Jamon Hall Concept Collage

[Curing Tower]

[Meat Preparation]

[Slaughterhouse]

[Butcher’s Tools]

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[Livestock Cultivation]

/ Found-A-Tory

Concept Collage

[Ventilation Chimneys]

[Pouring Stations]

[Scrap Component Delivery]

[Pre-assemply Workshops] [Heat Treating and Cleaning] 155

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‘Duda’ Valdeluz

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‘Misgiving’ Valdeluz

happiness is handmade

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Proposed Master Plan The master plan strategy shows the layers of insurgent interventions that occur throughout the development.

These interventions interplay and contribute to the city’s new infrastructure and development strategy.

Refer to A1 drawing: [Site Plan]

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PR WR ER BM SM FR CW MC

[Hydro-Bank] HR - 0107

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PROCESSOR APPARATUS PR - 0000 PROCESSOR APPARATUS WATER RETICULATION WR - 0100 WATER RETICULATION ELECTRICAL ER RETICULATION - 0200 ELECTRICAL RETICULATION BUILDING MATERIALS BM - 0300 BUILDING MATERIALS SCRAP MATERIALS SM - 0400 SCRAP MATERIALS FOOD RETICULATION FR - 0500 FOOD RETICULATION COMMUNITY WELLBEING CW - 0600 COMMUNITY WELLBEING MARKETING COMMUNICATION MC - 0700 MARKETING COMMUNICATION

0000 0100 0200 0300 0400 0500 0600 0700

[Hydro-Bank] HR - 0107

[Truman Show Home] MC - 0703

[Dodgy Ground] MC - 0704

[Truman Show Home] MC - 0703

[Dodgy Ground] MC - 0704

[Body Shop] CW - 0603 [Planetary Depot] BM - 0302

[Body Shop] CW - 0603

[Planetary Depot] BM - 0302

[Disused Depot] BM - 0301

[Guard Tower] CW - 0604

[Disused Depot] BM - 0301

[Guard Tower] CW - 0604 [Found-a-tory] PR - 0001

[Terminal] HR - 0106 ER - 0204

[Found-a-tory] PR - 0001

[Commune] CW - 0601

[Commune] CW - 0601

[Terminal] HR - 0106 ER - 0204 [Guerrilla Gardens] FR - 0502

[Twisted Transistor] HR - 0105 ER - 0203 [Electric Avenue] ER - 0201

[Electric Avenue] ER - 0201 [The Brakery] SM - 0401

[Twisted Transistor] HR - 0105 ER - 0203

[Terminal] ER - 0205

[The Brakery] SM - 0401

[Terminal] ER - 0205

[Bazaar] FR - 0504

[Estaci贸n] MC - 0705

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[Taller de-cap[ac]itaci贸n] SM - 0402

[Guerrilla Gardens] FR - 0502 [Dodgy Ground] MC - 0702

[Reticulation Point] HR - 0104

[Reticulation Point] HR - 0104

[Taller de-cap[ac]itaci贸n] SM - 0402

[Propagation Plots] FR - 0503

[Hydro-Bank] HR - 0102

[Truman Show Homes] MC - 0701

[Bazaar] FR - 0504

[Cementious Sculpture Works][Cementious Sculpture Works] SM - 0403 SM - 0403

[Planetary Depot] BM - 0303

[Reticulation Point] HR - 0103

[Truman Show Homes] [Propagation Plots] MC - 0701 FR - 0503

[Dodgy Ground] MC - 0702

[Planetary Depot] BM - 0303

[Reticulation Point] HR - 0103

[Hydro-Bank] HR - 0102

[Hydro-Loop] HR - 0101

[Hydro-Loop] HR - 0101

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Subject Object Train-spotters The Brakery Taller de-cap[ac]itación Estacion The Electricians Twisted Transistor Terminals

Water Supply Co. Hydro - Loop Hydro-Bank Reticulation Point The Dog Walker Commune

The Mobile Blacksmith Mobile Office Found-a-tory Los Carroñeros Disused Depot Planetary Depots Cementious Sculpture Works El Carnicero Pig Farm Jamon Hall The Dodgy Real Estate Agent Truman Show Homes Dodgy Grounds

El Guarda Civil Guard Tower Los cultivadores de guerrilla Guerrilla Gardens Propagation Plots Unidentified Bazaar Cafe Body Shop Stairway to Heaven 160

PR WR ER BM SM FR CW MC

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0000 0100 0200 0300 0400 0500 0600 0700

PROCESSOR APPARATUS WATER RETICULATION ELECTRICAL RETICULATION BUILDING MATERIALS SCRAP MATERIALS FOOD RETICULATION COMMUNITY WELLBEING MARKETING COMMUNICATION

[Hydro-Bank] HR - 0107

[Truman Show Home] MC - 0703

[Dodgy Ground] MC - 0704

[Planetary Depot] BM - 0302

[Body Shop] CW - 0603

[Guard Tower] CW - 0604

[Disused Depot] BM - 0301

[Cafe] FR - 0505 [Commune] CW - 0601

[Found-a-tory] PR - 0001

[Terminal] HR - 0106 ER - 0204

[Solar Fields] ER - 0202

[Guerrilla Gardens] FR - 0502

[Twisted Transistor] HR - 0105 ER - 0203 [Electric Avenue] ER - 0201

[Dodgy Ground] MC - 0702

[Jamon Hall] FR - 0501

[The Brakery] SM - 0401

[Truman Show Homes] MC - 0701

[Stairway to heaven] CW - 0602

[Propagation Plots] FR - 0503

[Terminal] ER - 0205

[Bazaar] FR - 0504

[Reticulation Point] HR - 0104

[Estaciรณn] MC - 0705 [Cementious Sculpture Works] SM - 0403

[Taller de-cap[ac]itaciรณn] SM - 0402

[Planetary Depot] BM - 0303

[Reticulation Point] HR - 0103

[Hydro-Bank] HR - 0102

[Hydro-Loop] HR - 0101

Refer to A1 drawing: [Site Plan] 1:5000 Overlay

Services Circuit Industry Apparatus Vernacular Food Traffic Open Systems Network

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[Viewing Device]

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Masahiko Yendo Machines for living at the end of times

UL - 9205 | U.S.O. LIVING UNIT UL - 9205 is a compact and autonomous Urban Survival Apparatus that shelters its occupant and provides respite from the outside world. The unit is designed to harbour experiences that are intended to restore the occupants own individuality.

The living apparatus can be transported and installed with no assembly required.

It is designed to be self sustaining, cutting off all connection with the outside world.

The machine design incorporates readily available materials, composed and represented in a way that expresses the ‘machine’ quality of the object.

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UL - 9304 | U.S.O. LIVING UNIT The living unit is situated on a flat-bed chassis with four hydraulically controlled footings that eliminate the need for site preparation.

The internal living space is concealed within a rotating platform that rotates 360 degrees, in order to perpendicularly align the photovoltaic panel with the sun rays at all times.

Water is collected from condensation and waste is collected and decomposed within the waste management system.

The machine components are relatively simple in their function and application. The living unit is designed to provide specific conditions for the occupant regardless of its location or context.

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Artifact /

BM - 0032X

Concrete Slab Cutter

The Concrete Slab Cutter was designed to cut through the reinforced concrete slabs in the areas that are to be removed during the demolition stages of the building interventions.

The machine was composed using the body of a disused digger and a custom made saw mechanism mounted on hydraulic arms. The Cutter can be driven to any cutting area but requires cranes to lift it to upper levels. The cutter can cut along a vertical or horizontal surface. The machine is controlled by a single user from the cockpit.

/ˈɑːtɪfakt/ [n. An object made by a human being, typically one of cultural or historical interest]

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Artifact /

BM - 0015X

Portable Concrete Saw

The Portable Concrete saw was designed as a machine to cut through concrete slabs, walls or metals in areas that are hard to reach with large machinery.

The device is controlled by an independent control panel attachment, enabling the user to be distanced from the cutting action.

The saw is self supporting and maintains an upright position during the cutting track. The Saw can be mounted into any vehicle for transport and delivered to site.

The frame and motor were constructed using reclaimed machinery. The saw blade was custom made, cast by the blacksmith.

168

169

Artifact /

ER - 0100X

Solar Panel Prototype

The Solar Panel Prototype is the first of the Electrical Reticulation Network energy sourcing program.

This device is designed to provide a direct source of electricity to insurgent users. The Photo-voltaic Panel sits on a ball bearing encased rotating platform capable of rotating 360 degrees.

This allows the user to rotate the device to an angle perpendicular to the sun, achieving maximum energy conversion.

This prototype is used as a basis for future solar panel devices to be created.

Additional solar panel devices will be designed using the same methodology, however their appearance may differ, subject to material availability.

170

171

Artifact /

ER - 0200X

Solar Power Modulator The Solar Power Modulator is an early prototype designed using reappropriated components and mechanisms.

The objective function of the Modulator is to harvest solar energy, convert to electrical power for direct use or store for offset use hours.

Hydraulic arms resourced from construction equipment found on site are used to adjust the Photo-voltaic Panel Array according to sun orientation. The Modulator sits on a circular platform capable of rotating 360 degrees. These functions are controlled from the Drivers Platform [DP X19], designed for the post urban occupant.

172

The Solar Power Modulator is regarded as an Artifact, one that has contributed to the construction development of the insurgent master plan of Duda Valdeluz. The methodology used in the design and construction of the Modulator has been adopted across the site.

This process is refined and appropriated according to individual user needs, material availability and spatial constraints.

ST - 011 PV - W981 FP - 523 DP - X19 IN - 002 HA - 104 EX

Electrical Storage Photo-voltaic Panel Array Fuse Panel Drivers Platform Inverter Unit Hydraulic Arms Electrical Exchange

90° 60°

60°

45°

[ER] [Electrical Reticulation Network]

45°

30°

0°

0°

EX

HA - 104

PV - W981

315°

360° 00°

45°

DP - X19

ST 011

225°

FP 523

180°

135° 90°

173

ARTIFACT

[ER - 0200X] Elevation Elevation Elevation Elevation Plan

174

A B C D

Elevation A

ST - 011 PV - W981 FP - 523 DP - X19 IN - 002 HA - 104 EX

Electrical Storage Photo-voltaic Panel Array Fuse Panel Drivers Platform Inverter Unit Hydraulic Arms Electrical Exchange

DP - X19

EX HA - 104 ST 011

ST 011

Plan

Elevation B

EX

IN - 002 DP - X19

Elevation C

FP 523

ST 011

DP - X19

Elevation D 175

The Solar Power Modulator was designed through the application of the component re-appropriation methodology.

In this application, the available materials were composed in a way that expressed the functionality, operation and performance of the machine. The solar power modulator is a machine for supplying surplus energy or to residential and industry process or storing for offset use hours. The user controls the device by operating the controls on the drivers platform.

This machine is accompanied by a hybrid drawing detailing the design and function of the machine.

176

1000 (mm) 400

600

800

[DP - X19]

[Elevation D]

C

0

200

180°

+

+

+

+

+

5°

202 .

.

157

+

5° 22 5°

+

+

N +

+

+

+ 10

5° HA

+

20 +

+

30

04 - 1

+

+

+

W

90°

+

+

+

+

+

D

B

ER - 0200X

+

.

247

+

E

ST - 011

+

+

FP 523

ST 011

+

+

+ 5° -4

+

+

+

+[Plan]

0.0°

S

-22

+

22.

5

°

.5°

45

°

+

.5° 337

+

0.0°

22.

5

°

5° 31

5° 67.

A

Refer to A1 drawing: [ER - 0200X]

Solar Power Modulator (1:20@A1)

[ER - 0200X]

0

200

400

600

800

1000 (mm)

177

178

/ Resolutions

179

Bernd & Hilla Becher Photography 1986 Industrial landscapes were the central focus of Bernd and Hilla Becher’s photography. They captured an ‘objective’ view of industrial buildings and machinery by photographing straight on or specific angles.

The objects they captured included barns, water towers, coal tipples, cooling towers, grain elevators, coal bunkers, coke ovens, oil refineries, blast furnaces, gas tanks, storage silos, and warehouses.

By drawing attention to industrial architecture, their work highlighted the need for preservation of the buildings they captured.

The photographs are expressive of a roughness found in the built environment that is not seen in the everyday.

180

181

Atelier Olschinsky Scaffolding Illustration Series This series of images captures a quality of space not often expressed in architectural representations.

The chaotic nature of the physical constructions leads the viewer to navigate through the image. The use of colour is specific, highlighting structural systems, faรงades and details within the image.

The series steps back in scale in the progressing images, revealing a wider landscape of scaffolding structures.

182

183

Morphosis Architects Artspark Competition Artwork 1989 The artwork produced alongside the competition entry for the Los Angeles Artspark Performing Arts Pavilion captures the essence of the project through a composite drawing method.

The multi-layered drawing reveals layers of information, inhabitation, movement and atmosphere.

The plan of the building is placed on the drawing in line with the section cut through the model, providing a point of orientation for the viewer.

Collaging images of users, activity and model photos describe aspects of the building that cannot be inferred from the drawing.

184

Morphosis Architects Nara Collage Nara Convention Center Nara, Japan 1991 This series of artwork was produced after the proposal for the Nara Convention Centre proposal. The images were composed as a way of capturing the fundamental concepts driving the design.

The project differs from the Artspark proposal in that building embraces its situation within its context, rather than defining a new axis within the landscape.

The layers of drawings, imagery and texture onto a physical model describe the function and form composition in a way that could not be gathered from traditional architectural drawings.

185

Bryan Cantley Form:ula Dimension LAbratory Experimental Architecture Models Form:ula is an experimental architecture, design and graphic communication studio run by Bryan Cantley, based in Los Angeles. The work often challenges architectural conformities through the use of models and experimental representation methods.

The physical models are created from found objects and various modelling kits, composed in a way that suggests an alternative mode of operation. The machine like structures challenge convention, yet pose a convincing argument for existence within a real world space.

186

187

Bryan Cantley Form:ula Dimension LAbratory Experimental Architecture Drawings The experimental representation methods of Bryan Cantley seek to challenge the way architectural spaces are read. They hybrid drawing technique combines layers of information into truly interesting pieces of work in themselves.

Perhaps the architecture only exists within the drawing? Is the page frames and textures the site for the architectural design?

The drawings themselves describe a precise level of resolution; enhanced and at the same time distorted by the shadows, lines, text and arrows describing the movement and function of the object.

188

189

The Found-a-tory / Scrap Construction Library / Foundry / Assembly Workshops / Control Systems / Housing Units The Found-a-tory is the central production centre for ‘duda’ Valdeluz. The design was initiated by the Blacksmith as a response to the expansion of insurgent development around Valdeluz.

The Found-a-tory is a key component within the system of ‘duda’ Valdeluz, by converting scrap materials into usable building components for developments around the site.

190

The component reappropriation methodology was employed as a process to design the Found-a-tory.

This process occurred at varying scales, resulting in various levels of resolution from overall building design to door handle design. Physical models were composed using re-appropriated machine components from found objects for each component of the building. Hybrid drawings accompany each of the design resolutions to provide information for design, function and performance of each of the building systems.

191

/ Door Handle Design Workshop

[Modern Door Handle]

[Ornamental Door Handle]

[Door Knob]

Handle Types

192

This workshop was set to implement the design concepts explored through this portfolio into a design for a door handle.

This marks a shift in scales from urban/building scale to 1:1 Human scale objects. The same methodology of component re-appropriation that was used in the artefact designs was used to create a door handle specific to the Found-a-tory.

The handles/components/ objects laid out on these pages show the available materials for use in this design process.

Functioning handles and latch mechanisms were studied in order to understand the assembly and mechanism required for a successful door handle.

[Contemporary Latch]

[Bolt Lock]

[Concealed Latch and Bolt Lock]

Latch Types

[Tool Handle]

[Grease Gun]

[Manual Drill Gear Ring]

Found Objects

193

/

Insurgent Door Handle

The insurgent door handle is a composition of found/ re-appropriated components and parts that together form a functioning handle and locking mechanism.

The handle is designed to express the mechanism involved in sliding the bolt when turning the handle. An acetate shield attached to the handle shows the operational diagram of how the mechanism performs. The gear rings were custom made for this specific handle to achieve a smooth rotation and sliding movement. The handle attachment itself is a found object from an unknown source.

An independent lock-bolt mechanism is included.

This lock is fixed to the door on a fixing plate, with an opening to reveal the inner workings of the sliding bolt lock.

194

[Front]

[Side]

Inside

Outside Wall Plate

Bolt-Lock Handle

UNLOCKED

Bolt-Lock Bolt

LOCKED

C. Wall Plate

335 mm Sliding Lock Gear Mechanism

B.

Acetate Shield Internal Handle Operational Diagram

Door Handle Reclaimed Materials

A.

18 mm Door

Refer to A1 drawing: [SM - 0015X]

Insurgent Door Handle

[SM - 0015X] (1:1@A1)

0

10

20

30

40

50

(mm)

195

/ Window Design Experiment

This window was designed as an exercise in use available material components from disassembled objects at hand.

The window itself was designed independently, but, as an on-site application of this methodology the window would be composed to fit an existing wall opening.

According to this, future windows constructed in this way will differ in appearance, subject to material availability and the constraints set by the site conditions.

196

Reclaimed Rigid Insulation

Timber Stud

Internal Wall Finish Fire lined Plasterboard

Side Elevation

Front Elevation

Timber Head

Cladding Panel Reclaimed Steel

Moisture Barrier

Window Swing Catch

Catch Mechanism

Aluminium Head Frame Weather Stripping

Frame Fixing

Aluminium Sash Frame

Rubber Seal

Window Frame

Window Frame

Interior

Textured Glass Panel

Exterior

Glass Pane Air Gap

Sliding Bolt

Handle Support Panel

Window Handle

Sliding Bolt

Rubber Seal

Weather Stripping

Aluminium Sash Frame

Timber Sill

Refer to A1 drawing: [SM - 0024W]

Frame Fixing Aluminium Frame

Transparent Enclosure Device

[SM - 0024W] Section Detail

(1:1@A1)

0

10

20

30

40

50

(mm)

Window Swing Catch

Side Elevation

Front Elevation

Frame Fixing

Window Frame

Window Frame

Textured Glass Panel

Sliding Bolt

Handle Support Panel

Window Handle

Sliding Bolt

Refer to A1 drawing: [SM - 0024W]

Frame Fixing

Transparent Enclosure Device

[SM - 0024W]

(1:1@A1)

0

10

20

30

40

50

(mm)

197

/

Scrap Construction Library

The Scrap Construction Library functions as the storage and archive of reclaimed building materials, components and scrap metals. Objects to be broken down and waste materials are stored and sorted here. Metals are sorted and prepared to be melted down in the Foundry.

Material deliveries are received through the portal, a double height passageway that leads into the centre of the building. The crane is used to transport incoming deliveries to upper levels where the sorting process occur.

Ready building materials and components bypass the sorting process and are transported directly to the Assembly workshops along the ground floor level.

198

199

200

Refer to A1 drawing: [PR - 0001] Scrap Construction Library N

Found-a-tory

[PR - 0001] Scrap Construction Library

(1:100@A1)

0

1

2

3

4

5

(m)

Refer to A1 drawing: [PR - 0001] Scrap Construction Library Found-a-tory

N

[PR - 0001] Scrap Construction Library

201

/

Foundry

Once the incoming materials have been sorted into metal types, they will be prepared to be melted down in the Foundry. Casts are created in the custom shapes to be used for building components. The metal casts are transported into the furnace chamber via the bridge crane.

Metals are melted down in the Electric Arc furnace within the furnace chamber.

Extraction systems and ventilation towers regulate the internal working areas during the melting processes. Once the metals are suitably melted, they are poured out into the casts. Filled casts are transported to the cleaning and treatment areas.

Metal cast components are cleaned and heat treated before being transported to the Assembly Workshops.

202

203

204

Refer to A1 drawing: [Pr - 0001] Foundry N

Found-a-tory

[PR - 0001] Foundry

(1:100@A1)

0

1

2

3

4

5

(m)

Refer to A1 drawing: [Pr - 0001] Foundry Found-a-tory

[PR - 0001] Foundry

205

/

Assembly Workshops

The clear working areas at the South end of the building are designed for the preconstruction assembly of building components to be distributed throughout Valdeluz. Internal floor areas have been demolished in the existing portion of the building to make way for the open workshops.

The large assembly workshop is for the assembly of structural elements. The pre-construction workshop is for the assembly of cladding systems and building components. The component assembly studios are individual working spaces for artists and designers to work and create products to sell in the city.

The crane is used to lift finished components from their assembly spaces to trucks for distribution.

This aspect of the building is the public frontage, advertising the function of the building in the grand scheme of the city.

206

207

208

Refer to A1 drawing: [PR - 0001] Assembly Workshops N

Found-a-tory

[PR - 0001]

Assembly Workshops

(1:100@A1)

0

1

2

3

4

5

(m)

Refer to A1 drawing: [PR - 0001] Assembly Workshops Found-a-tory

[PR - 0001]

Assembly Workshops

N

209

/

Control Systems

The Found-a-tory is connected to the new infrastructure networks via the Electrical Transistor [CS - 0100].

Electrical cabling from the Electrical Reticulation Terminal [ER 0204] connects to the aerial and into the Transistor plant room. Electricity is then sent to various terminals throughout the building to serve the industrial machinery, building systems and domestic features.

The buildings water source is also fed by the Water Reticulation network.

The water pumped into the building is sent to one of the reservoirs or through the Environmental Regulation System [CS - 09001]. Domestic and industrial water use is distributed from the fresh water reservoir.

210

211

212

E W

Control Systems Aerial Connection to Er and WR distribution networks

Cladding Suport Frame and Adjustable Connection Detail

Reclaimed Metal Panels Modular Cladding System

Ventilation Chamber Platform

Transistor Plant Enclosure

Cantilever Access Platform

Plant Room Servicing for Domestic and Industrial Uses Stairs and Virtical Access to Upper Levels Structural Reinforcement Column to Support Cantilevering Slab Edges

Steel Frame Primary Structure

Connection to Existing Concrete Frame

Electrical Transistor Base Structure

New Foundations for Transistor Primary Structure

Refer to A1 drawing: [PR - 0001] Control Systems N

Found-a-tory

[PR - 0001] Control Systems

(1:200@A1)

0

2

4

6

8

10

(m)

Control Systems Aerial Connection to Er and WR distribution networks

Cladding Suport Frame and Adjustable Connection Detail

Reclaimed Metal Panels Modular Cladding System

Ventilation Chamber Platform

Transistor Plant Enclosure

Cantilever Access Platform

Plant Room Servicing for Domestic and Industrial Uses Stairs and Virtical Access to Upper Levels Structural Reinforcement Column to Support Cantilevering Slab Edges

Steel Frame Primary Structure

Connection to Existing Concrete Frame

Electrical Transistor Base Structure

New Foundations for Transistor Primary Structure

Refer to A1 drawing: [PR - 0001] Control Systems N

Found-a-tory

[PR - 0001] Control Systems

(1:200@A1)

0

2

4

6

8

10

(m)

213

/

Housing Units

The Found-a-tory workers live in the housing units constructed opposite the Foundry. The housing units are designed as 2 bed apartments, with luxury features and high quality finishes. The entire facade of the housing wing is clad with custom decorated concrete panels, produced off site and assembled on a cladding frame structure.

The housing units are designed to contrast the harsh environment of the industrial areas, providing a comfortable and tranquil living space for the workers. Each unit is thermally regulated by the Thermal Transfer Units [CS - 1000] located within the party walls.

Insulated cladding panels limit thermal and sound transfer beyond the walls.

Skylights have been cut through all floor slabs, providing natural light to all levels of the building.

Each unit is provided with a Solar Power Modulator to provide electrical power.

214

215

216

[Concrete Cladding Panel Assembly] [PR - 2050] Adjustable Cladding System Bracket

Rebar Pre-Cast Concrete High Density Insulation Fair-Faced Concrete Internal Finish

External

Internal

Concrete Panel Bolt Fixings to Vertical Cladding Rails Adjustable Cladding Rail Connection Bolt Fixings to Concrete Slab

Pre-Cast Concrete Panel

Existing Concrete Slab Suspended Ceiling Raised Floor

Existing Concrete Column Vertical Steel Cladding Support Frame Cladding Panel Bolt Fixing High Density Insulation

Rebar

Adjustable Gear Ring fixed to Vertical Cladding Rail Adjustment Lever

Gear Horizontal Support welded to L-Bracket

Bolt fixing drilled into Existing Concrete Slab Steel L-Bracket

Injected Resin to secure Bolt Fixings Timber Floor Boards

Level 2

High Density Insulation Board Existing Concrete Slab

[PR - 2050] Adjustable Cladding Support Bracket

Suspended Ceiling Rails Medium Density Insulation Panel Plasterboard Damp Proof Membrane

Fit Window to Opening

Level 1

Wall Panel Section Detail

(1:10@A1)

0

100

200

300

400

500

(mm)

5

(m)

Refer to A1 drawing: [PR - 0001] Housing Units N

Found-a-tory

[PR - 0001] Housing Units

(1:100@A1)

0

1

2

3

4

[Concrete Cladding Panel Assembly] [PR - 2050] Adjustable Cladding System Bracket

Rebar Pre-Cast Concrete High Density Insulation Fair-Faced Concrete Internal Finish Concrete Panel Bolt Fixings to Vertical Cladding Rails Adjustable Cladding Rail Connection Bolt Fixings to Concrete Slab Existing Concrete Slab Suspended Ceiling Raised Floor

Refer to A1 drawing: [PR - 0001] Housing Units Found-a-tory

[PR - 0001] Housing Units

N

217

This section through the Southern wing of the building shows the details of the existing concrete frame and single layer aerated brick facade.

Overlaid is the proposed assembly workshop structure, constructed within the void of the concrete frame, once the floor slabs and supporting columns have been removed.

The new steel frame is supported on new foundation footings. A load bearing ground floor slab has been constructed to provide a working space suitable for heavy machinery and active loading.

This space is not enclosed because the components constructed within the workshops must be lifted out from the building to be distributed elsewhere.

218

A.9

A.7

Level 4

Metal Mesh Enclosure

Bolt Fixing System Level 3

Level 2

Aerated Brick Facade

Steel Plate Lintel Window Opening

Mesh Floor Sub Structure Metal Mesh Floor Panels

Level 1

Concrete Slab

Concrete Column

Aerated Brick

Steel Frame Structure

Column Bolt Fixings Level 0

Column Base Plate Reinforced Concrete Slab

Concrete Ground Bearing Slab

Earth

Reinforced Concrete Footing

Damp Proof Membrane Concrete Footing Compacted Sand Base

Compacted Sand

Earth

Refer to A1 drawing: [PR - 0001] Assembly Workshop Detail Section Found-a-tory

[PR - 0001] Assembly Workshop Detail Section

(1:20@A1)

0

200

400

600

800

1000 (mm)

Aerated Brick Facade

Steel Plate Lintel Window Opening

Concrete Slab

Concrete Column

Aerated Brick

Concrete Ground Bearing Slab

Earth

Concrete Footing Compacted Sand

Refer to A1 drawing: [PR - 0001] Assembly Workshop Detail Section Found-a-tory

[PR - 0001] Assembly Workshop Detail Section

(1:20@A1)

0

200

400

600

800

1000 (mm)

219

[CS - 0901] /

Environmental Regulation Tower

The Environmental Regulation Tower is the central thermal regulation system to the Found-atory. The tower acts as a radiator system that circulates water in a loop through the industrial machinery in the building to the cooling elements in the tower. After the heat is transferred through to the water from the machinery it is passed through the Domestic Heating Units, providing a thermally regulated living space.

Detailed thermal strategy and structural construction strategy are provided on the following pages.

220

221

222

Level 5

Level 4

Red Line denotes area of Demolition.

Concrete slab and columns cut using [BM 0015X] Portable Concrete Saw.

Cantilever Bending Moment

Proposed Steel Structure fixed to existing concrete slab edge using steel bracket. Slab edge brackets fixed with metal bolts, secured with injected resin.

Level 3

Cantilever Bending Moment

Level 2 Steel frame constructed to carry the weight of the cantilevering concrete slab edge. Existing slab edge fixed to new steel structure.

[Section A]

Level 1

Level 0

Level -1

[Plan 0] New column at level -1 to support the footing to the proposed access tower.

Ground floor slab removed at level -1. New concrete foundation and tower footings constructed. New footings fixed to existing slab edges with bracket fittings.

Refer to A1 drawing: [CS - 0901] [Plan Dead -1]Loads

/ Imposed Loads

Reactive Forces

Environmental Environmental Regulation Regulation Tower Tower

[CS [CS - 0901] 0901]

Structural Strategy

(1:100@A1) (1:100@A1)

00

11

22

33

44

55

(m) (m)

Hot Air Extraction

Level 5

Heat Transfer through Radiator Core

Pump

Level 4

Cool Water to machinery

Fresh Cool Air

Hot Water from machinery

Pump Fresh Cool Air

Level 3

Cool Water to machinery Hot Water from machinery

Heat Transfer through Radiator Core

Pump

Level 2

Fresh Cool Air Cool Water to machinery Hot Water from machinery

[Section A]

Level 1

Heat Transfer through Radiator Core

Level 0

Liquid Heat Exchange Cell Fresh Water Reservoir

Fresh Cool Air circulation through tower

Insulated Hot Water Reservoir

Level -1

[Plan 0] Forced Air Circulated to Domestic Radiators Motor

Refer to A1 drawing: [CS - 0901]

Electrical Source

Fan

[Plan -1]

Environmental Regulation Tower

[CS - 0901] Thermal Strategy

(1:100@A1)

0

1

2

3

4

5

(m)

Level 5

Level 4

Level 3

Level 2

[Section A]

Level 1

Level 0

Level -1

[Plan 0]

Refer to A1 drawing: [CS - 0901]

[Plan -1]

Environmental Regulation Tower

[CS - 0901] (1:100@A1)

0

1

2

3

4

5

(m)

223

/ Found-a-tory

Level 2 Plan 1:200@A1

224

W

E

[CS - 0100] [SM - 0095]

DIRECTORY [SM - 0290]

[SM - 0220] CS - 0050 Transformer CS - 0100 Electrical Transistor CS - 0150 Insulated Water Reservoir CS - 0175 Fresh Water Reservoir CS - 0901 Environmental Regulation Tower CS - 1000 Heat Transfer Element Thermal Reclamation Strategy CS - 1100 Heat Transfer Element CS - 1200 Heat Transfer Heat is produced by theElement furnace and CS - 1300 machinery Heat Transfer Element industrial during the melting and breaking down processes in the SM - 0095 Portal Foundry and Delivery Workshops.

Heat is reclaimed SM - 0220these Scrap processes Material Library during through a SM - 0290 reclamation Portal Operational mechanical system. Machinery SM - 0230 Bridge Crane Conveyor System Fresh water is circulated through the PR - 0220 pumped Bridging Platform Foundry, fromStructure the Environmental PR - 1000 Electric Regulation Tower [CSArc- Furnace 0901] to the industrial machines. Heat is transferred AN - 0015 Large Assembly Workshop from the machines to the water, as the AN - 0025 cool water Pre-Construction passes through. Workshop Hot water AN - 0035 Assembly Studios coming from Component the machines is sent to an AN - 0235 reservoir Transition Matrix insulated where it is stored for future use. Hot Water is then sent to WS - Domestic 1050 Workers Accommodation bed] the Heat Transfer Units [2 [CS WS - 1060 Workers Accommodation [2 bed] 1100], which radiates heat into the WS - 1070 Workers Accommodation [2 bed] workers accommodation.

Reclaimed water is WS - used 1080 for Workers Accommodation [2 bed] also domestic WC’s, bathing and cleaning.

[CS - 0901]

[SM - 0230]

[CS - 0150]

This process can be by-passed in Summer to send cool water to the Domestic Heat Transfer Units [CS - 1100] directly from the fresh water reservoir, providing a cooling element to the workers accommodation.

Key

[CS - 1000]

W

[WS - 1080]

Water Hot Water

E

Electricity

[CS - 0050]

[PR - 0220] [CS - 1100] [WS - 1070]

[PR - 1000]

[CS - 1200] [WS - 1060]

[CS - 0175]

[CS - 1300] [WS - 1050]

[AN - 0235]

[AN - 0015]

Refer to A1 drawing: [PR - 0001] Level 2

[AN - 0035]

[AN - 0025]

N

Found-a-tory

[PR - 0001] Level 2 Thermal Reclamation Strategy

(1:200@A1)

0

2

4

6

8

10

(m)

[SM - 0220] - Construction of temporary support structure.

- Level 2 - 3.

- Demolition of concrete columns.

- Level 2.

- Construction of new floor support structures and envelope cladding.

- Removal of temporary supports.

- Construction new walls to library storage areas and plant rooms.

[CS - 0100] [SM - 0095]

DIRECTORY [SM - 0290]

[SM - 0220] CS CS CS CS CS CS CS CS CS

[CS - 0901]

[SM - 0095] - Demolition of concrete floor slab and supporting columns.

- Levels 1, 2.

- Construction of support structure to portal walls.

- Underpinning and support to cantilevering slab edges.

- Bridging support to third floor.

- Construction of portal walls using reclaimed steel components.

- Construction of portal door.

- Construction of level 2 platform and door operational machinery.

- Lightweight steel mezzanine.

-

0050 0100 0150 0175 0901 1000 1100 1200 1300

Transformer Electrical Transistor Insulated Water Reservoir Fresh Water Reservoir Environmental Regulation Tower Heat Transfer Element Heat Transfer Element Heat Transfer Element Heat Transfer Element

SM - 0095 SM - 0220 SM - 0290 SM - 0230

Delivery Portal Scrap Material Library Portal Operational Machinery Bridge Crane Conveyor System

PR - 0220 PR - 1000

Bridging Structure Platform Electric Arc Furnace

AN - 0015 AN - 0025 AN - 0035 AN - 0235

Large Assembly Workshop Pre-Construction Workshop Component Assembly Studios Transition Matrix

WS - 1050 WS - 1060 WS - 1070 WS - 1080

Workers Accommodation [2 bed] Workers Accommodation [2 bed] Workers Accommodation [2 bed] Workers Accommodation [2 bed]

[SM - 0230]

[CS - 0150] [CS - 1000] [WS - 1080]

[CS - 0050]

[CS - 1100]

[CS - 0150] - Demolition ground bearing concrete slab at level -1.

- Construction of new Reservoir foundations.

- Primary structure construction.

- Construction of Steel reservoir tank [PR - 0220] - Construction of access platforms and inlet/outlet valves.

- Connection of reservoir tank to environmental regulation system.

[WS - 1070]

[PR - 1000]

[CS - 1200] [WS - 1060]

[CS - 0175]

[CS - 1300] [WS - 1050]

[CS - 1300] - Construction steel frame wall with cavity 250mm.

- Fixed to slab.

- Construction and assembly reclaimed plumbing radiator system.

- Insulation to perimeter of Heat Transfer Element.

- Plumbing and connection to the Environmental Regulation System.

- Construction of internal wall finish.

- Fire rated plasterboard x2 layers.

[AN - 0235]

[AN - 0015]

Refer to A1 drawing: [PR - 0001] Level 2

[AN - 0035]

[AN - 0035] - Demolition of cladding, floor and supporting columns.

- Levels 1, 2, 3.

- Construction of temporary works structure for cantilevering slab edges.

- 0025]at level 0.

- Construction of new foundation[AN footings - Construction of new steel frame structure.

- Underpin and support exposed/cantilevered slab edges.

- Tie new structural frame to the existing concrete frame.

- Construction of studio work spaces within existing building.

N N

Found-a-tory Found-a-tory

[PR [PR - 0001] 0001]

Level Level 2 2 Structural Construction Strategy

(1:200@A1) (1:200@A1)

0 0

2 2

4 4

6 6

8 8

10 10

(m) (m)

[CS - 0100] [SM - 0095]

DIRECTORY [SM - 0290]

[SM - 0220] CS CS CS CS CS CS CS CS CS

[CS - 0901]

-

0050 0100 0150 0175 0901 1000 1100 1200 1300

Transformer Electrical Transistor Insulated Water Reservoir Fresh Water Reservoir Environmental Regulation Tower Heat Transfer Element Heat Transfer Element Heat Transfer Element Heat Transfer Element

SM - 0095 SM - 0220 SM - 0290 SM - 0230

Delivery Portal Scrap Material Library Portal Operational Machinery Bridge Crane Conveyor System

PR - 0220 PR - 1000

Bridging Structure Platform Electric Arc Furnace

AN - 0015 AN - 0025 AN - 0035 AN - 0235

Large Assembly Workshop Pre-Construction Workshop Component Assembly Studios Transition Matrix

WS - 1050 WS - 1060 WS - 1070 WS - 1080

Workers Accommodation [2 bed] Workers Accommodation [2 bed] Workers Accommodation [2 bed] Workers Accommodation [2 bed]

[SM - 0230]

[CS - 0150] [CS - 1000] [WS - 1080]

[CS - 0050]

[PR - 0220] [CS - 1100] [WS - 1070]

[PR - 1000]

[CS - 1200] [WS - 1060]

[CS - 0175]

[CS - 1300] [WS - 1050]

[AN - 0235]

[AN - 0015]

Refer to A1 drawing: [PR - 0001] Level 2

[AN - 0035]

[AN - 0025]

N

Found-a-tory

[PR - 0001] Level 2

(1:200@A1)

0

2

4

6

8

10

(m)

225

/ Found-a-tory Roof Plan 1:200@A1

226

M S W

E

[SM - 0600] [CS - 0100] DIRECTORY CS CS CS CS CS CS CS CS CS CS CS CS CS

[SM - 0450]

[CS - 0375]

[CS - 0410]

[CS - 0901] [SM - 0095]

[CS - 0500]

[CS - 0150]

E

[CS - 1000]

-

0050 0100 0150 0175 0375 0410 0500 0600 0901 1000 1100 1200 1300

Transformer Electrical Transistor Insulated Water Reservoir Fresh Water Reservoir Breaker Switchboard Transformer Outlet Distribution Platform Environmental Regulation Tower Heat Transfer Element Heat Transfer Element Heat Transfer Element Heat Transfer Element

SM - 0095 SM - 0450 SM - 0600

Delivery Portal Sorting Room Crane

ER - 0200X

Solar Power Modulator

PR - 0320 PR - 0405 PR - 1000

Foundry Control Room Electrical Plant Room Electric Arc Furnace

AN AN AN AN AN

-

0015 0025 0035 0235 0800

Large Assembly Workshop Pre-Construction Workshop Component Assembly Studios Transition Matrix Delivery Crane

WS WS WS WS WS

-

0400 1050 1060 1070 1080

Workers Workers Workers Workers Workers

Refuge Room Accommodation Accommodation Accommodation Accommodation

Schematic Key

W

[WS - 1080]

Water Hot Water

[ER - 0200X] [CS - 0050]

D [PR - 0320]

E M S C D

Electricity Reclaimed Materials Scrap Metals Building Components Domestic Spaces

[WS - 0400] [CS - 1100] [WS - 1070]

D M [PR - 1000]

[CS - 1200] [WS - 1060]

[CS - 0175]

D

[PR - 0405] [CS - 1300] [WS - 1050]

D [CS - 0600]

[AN - 0235]

[AN - 0035]

[AN - 0015] 23

Refer to A1 drawing: [CS - 0901] Roof Plan

C

C

C A

[AN - 0025]

A

[AN - 0800]

A

N

Found-a-tory

[PR - 0001] Roof Plan Services Schematic

(1:200@A1)

0

2

4

6

8

10

(m)

[CS - 0100] - Demolition of corner of existing building.

- Removal of concrete floor and supporting columns.

- Underpinning to exposed/unsupported slabs.

- Construction of new foundations and base structure.

- Construction of Transistor primary structure.

- Structural ties to existing building concrete frame.

- Cantilever and support structure construction.

- Secondary and External Envelope construction.

[SM - 0600] - Construction of crane foundation in existing lift shaft location.

- Construction of Crane tower within existing lift shaft.

- Structural fixing to existing concrete slab edges.

DIRECTORY - Cut hole in 5th floor slab for crane tower.

- Construction of access platforms operational machinery platforms.

CS - 0050 Transformer CS - 0100 Electrical Transistor CS - 0150 Insulated Water Reservoir CS - 0175 Fresh Water Reservoir CS - 0375 Breaker [SM - 0450] CS - 0410 Switchboard CS - 0500 Transformer Outlet CS - 0600 Distribution Platform CS - 0901 Environmental Regulation Tower CS - 1000 Heat Transfer Element CS - 1100 Heat Transfer Element CS - 1200 Heat Transfer Element CS - 1300 Heat Transfer Element

[SM - 0600]

[CS - 0100]

[CS - 0375]

[CS - 0410]

[CS - 0901] [SM - 0095]

[CS - 0901] - Demolition of floor edges and supporting columns.

- Floors 1, 2, 3, 4.

- Underpinning to exposed/unsupported slabs.

- Construction of temporary works support structure.

- Construction of new tower foundations.

- Construction of tower primary structure.

- Structural ties to existing building concrete frame.

- Construction of access platforms and bridging structures.

[CS - 0500]

SM - 0095 SM - 0450 SM - 0600

Delivery Portal Sorting Room Crane

ER - 0200X

Solar Power Modulator

PR - 0320 PR - 0405 PR - 1000

Foundry Control Room Electrical Plant Room Electric Arc Furnace

AN AN AN AN AN

-

0015 0025 0035 0235 0800

Large Assembly Workshop Pre-Construction Workshop Component Assembly Studios Transition Matrix Delivery Crane

WS WS WS WS WS

-

0400 1050 1060 1070 1080

Workers Workers Workers Workers Workers

Refuge Room Accommodation Accommodation Accommodation Accommodation

[CS - 0150] [CS - 1000] [WS - 1080] [ER - 0200X] [CS - 0050]

[PR - 0320]

[WS - 0400] [CS - 1100] [WS - 1070]

[PR - 1000]

[CS - 1200] [WS - 1060]

[CS - 0175]

[PR - 1000] - Demolition internal floor slab and supporting columns.

- Floors 2, 3 and 4.

- Underpinning to exposed/unsupported slabs edges.

- Construction of new steel structure for Foundry Furnace and Bridge Crane Conveyor system.

- Construction of new tower foundations.

- Construction of tower steel frame and ventilation/extraction chimneys.

- Construction [PR - 0405] of tower primary structure.

- Structural ties to existing building concrete frame.

- Construction of access platforms, walls, internal working areas and enclosures.

[CS - 1300] [WS - 1050]

[CS - 0600] [AN - 0235] - Demolition of Stairs and circulation tower.

- Construction of pad foundations for new columns.

- Construction of steel matrix structure.

- Structural ties fixed to existing building concrete frame.

- Construction of bridging platforms from Foundry to Assembly Workshops.

[AN - 0235]

[WS - 1050] - Construction of cladding support frame.

- Fixed back to slab edge.

- Refer to component [PR - 2050] for details - Construction and assembly of pre-cast concrete panel cladding system.

- Demolition of internal floor slab between column locations.

- Construction skylight and cladding support structure.

- Supported and fixed to slab edge.

- Construction party wall heat exchange unit.

[AN - 0035]

[AN - 0015] 23

Refer to A1 drawing: [CS - 0901] Roof Plan

[AN - 0025]

[AN - 0800]

[AN - 0015] - Construction of temporary works support structure.

- Demolition of cladding, floor and supporting columns.

- Construction of new steel frame structure.

- Underpin and support exposed/cantilevered slab edges.

- Tie new structural frame to the existing concrete frame.

- Construction of machinery base plates and bridge crane supports fixed to concrete frame.

N

Found-a-tory

[PR - 0001] Roof Plan Construction Strategy Structural

(1:200@A1)

0

2

4

6

8

10

(m)

[SM - 0600] [CS - 0100] DIRECTORY CS CS CS CS CS CS CS CS CS CS CS CS CS

[SM - 0450]

[CS - 0375]

[CS - 0410]

[CS - 0901] [SM - 0095]

[CS - 0500]

-

0050 0100 0150 0175 0375 0410 0500 0600 0901 1000 1100 1200 1300

Transformer Electrical Transistor Insulated Water Reservoir Fresh Water Reservoir Breaker Switchboard Transformer Outlet Distribution Platform Environmental Regulation Tower Heat Transfer Element Heat Transfer Element Heat Transfer Element Heat Transfer Element

SM - 0095 SM - 0450 SM - 0600

Delivery Portal Sorting Room Crane

ER - 0200X

Solar Power Modulator

PR - 0320 PR - 0405 PR - 1000

Foundry Control Room Electrical Plant Room Electric Arc Furnace

AN AN AN AN AN

-

0015 0025 0035 0235 0800

Large Assembly Workshop Pre-Construction Workshop Component Assembly Studios Transition Matrix Delivery Crane

WS WS WS WS WS

-

0400 1050 1060 1070 1080

Workers Workers Workers Workers Workers

Refuge Room Accommodation Accommodation Accommodation Accommodation

[CS - 0150] [CS - 1000] [WS - 1080] [ER - 0200X] [CS - 0050]

[PR - 0320]

[WS - 0400] [CS - 1100] [WS - 1070]

[PR - 1000]

[CS - 1200] [WS - 1060]

[CS - 0175]

[PR - 0405] [CS - 1300] [WS - 1050]

[CS - 0600]

[AN - 0235]

[AN - 0035]

[AN - 0015]

Refer to A1 drawing: [CS - 0901] Roof Plan

23

[AN - 0025]

[AN - 0800]

N

Found-a-tory

[PR - 0001] Roof Plan

(1:200@A1)

0

2

4

6

8

10

(m)

227

Residuum Library

Foundry

Assembly Workshops

[Extraction Plant]

[Crane] [Component Transport and Delivery]

[Chimney and Extraction systems] [Crane] [Material circulation to upper levels] [Heat Treatment Workshop] [Metal Cast Recycling] [Metal Cleaning]

[Electric Arc Metals Furnace] [Furnace Room Enclosure]

[Pre-Construction Workshop] [Component Transition]

Level 5

[Workers Refuge Rooms]

[Bridge Crane Conveyor System] [Custom Mould Making]

[Heat Recuperation Plant]

[Crane Machinery]

Level 4 [Library] Level 3 [Reticulated Cladding System] Level 2

Level 1

Level 0

[Bypass] [Ready Materials for Pre-Construction]

Level -1

Found-a-tory North East Elevation 1:200@A1

(1:200@A1)

(m)

Refer to A1 drawing: [North East Elevation]

228

0

2

4

6

8

10

[Connection Aerial]

Plant room and Control Systems

Duda Valdeluz Workers Accommodation

Pre-Construction and Assembly Workshops

[Ornamental Concrete Facade]

[Workers Access Bridge]

[Systems Terminal] [Reticulated Cladding System]

Level 5 [Electrical Transistor]

Level 4

[Cantilever Access Platform] Level 3

Level 2

[Surplus Generator]

Level 1 [Control Room]

Level 0

[Mains Water Connection] Level -1

Found-a-tory South West Elevation 1:200@A1

(1:200@A1)

0

2

4

6

8

10

(m)

Refer to A1 drawing: [South West Elevation]

229

Pre-Construction and Assembly Workshops [Crane] [Component Transport and Delivery]

[Pre-Construction Workshop] [Loading Platforms] [Private studios]

[Component Retail]

Level 5

[Assembly Workshop] [Loading Platforms]

Level 4

Level 3 [Existing Cladding] Level 2

Level 1

Level 0

Public Frontage

Found-a-tory South Elevation 1:200@A1

Refer to A1 drawing: [South Elevation]

230

(1:200@A1)

(m)

0

2

4

6

8

10

[Connection Aerial]

Plant room and Control Systems

Residuum Library

[Crane] [Material circulation to upper levels]

[Environmental Regulation System]

[Crane Machinery]

[Reticulated Cladding System]

Level 5

[Electrical Transistor]

[Coolant Tank]

Level 4

[Cantilever Access Platform]

Level 3

[Library] [Surplus Generator]

Level 2 [Reticulated Cladding System] Level 1

[Control Room]

Level 0 [Opening Mechanism]

[Materials Delivery Entrance]

Level -1

Found-a-tory North Elevation 1:200@A1

(1:200@A1)

0

2

4

6

8

10

(m)

Refer to A1 drawing: [North Elevation]

231

The design proposal for the Found-a-tory is situated within the framework of the component re-appropriation design methodology. The methodological approach to design was formed as a response to the available resources on site, coupled with the theoretical context of insurgent citizenship. The final form of the design resolutions communicated through this portfolio describe one possible outcome to a design process that is open to infinite alternative outcomes.

‘A drawing of the object is not usually the finale – it is typically a study or a signifier for a prereality version…the object to be built (ironically enough not usually of the architects own hand, itself an interesting condition of authorship and identity).

So then this particular artefact bridges, if not destroys the typical role of the represented condition.

There is no correct way to interpret.’

(Cantley, B., 69)

232

233

/ Duda Valdeluz Drone View of the Insurgent Intervention Master Plan

234

235

236

/ References

237

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Spiller, N., et al. Drawing Architecture. Print.

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Princeton Weinstein, R and Cook, P. Morphosis. New York: Rizzoli, 1994. Print.

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London:

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