Master of Architecture Studio A - Pickles Donuts and Wedding Cakes

Design Research Studio A Pickles, Doughnuts and Wedding Cakes

Joshua Christian | 102859903 ARC70001/ARC70003 | Semester 1 - 2020 Master of Architecture

Cities have the capability of providing something for everybody, only because, and only when, they are created by everybody Jane Jacobs,

The Death and Life of Great American Cities

i

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter 01 - Introduction Problem Statement

02

Aim & Scope

15

Chapter 02 - Background Review of Theory & Precedents

18

Chapter 03 - Hypothesis Site

26

Wind Rose Analysis

29

Urban Hypothesis

31

Hybrid Hypothesis

35

Chapter 04 - Method Strategy

46

Urban

49

Hybrid

57

Chapter 05 - Results

70

Chapter 06 - Conclusion/Bibliography

104

Appendix A

108

Appendix B

136

Appendix C

174

ii

01

INTRODUCTION Chapter 01 02

PROBLEM STATEMENT PROBLEM STATEMENT 1 - POPULATION DENSITY Footscray sits in the inner-west suburbs of Melbourne. Its history of initial development goes back to early British settlement in the mid 19th century, beginning by the river of Maribyrnong as an industrial zone.

As the neighbourhood developed, Footscray has become one of the renown suburb in Melbourne for its mixed use of Industrial, Residential, and Commercial uses and for its multi-etchnical demography.

However, as Australia’s population and built environments is rapidly growing, Footscray becomes one of the most populous suburb in west Melbourne. It is predicted by 2041 thar the population will increase 3 times more than in the last 5 years. With the high number of population increase, urban sprawl is impossible as land will be more scarce, potentially becoming a future issue. Therefore, it is inevitable that a high density residential development is needed.

High density does not refer only to micro-housing and smaller land parcel for each residence, but it also refers to a vertical living, high rise towers and apartments to suffice the amount of population increase in Footscray.

Furthermore, population needs shift and increase alongside with population growth. This raises challenges in urban planning and architecture as often urban needs and individual needs contradict each other and create a conflict that will add the complexity to the issue.

03

23.3M

37.6M

2020

2050

High population growth results in inability for any further urban sprawl

04

PROBLEM STATEMENT PROBLEM STATEMENT 2 - NATURAL INCONSIDERATIONS Another problem in current urban design practice is the inconsideration of natural elements such as wind and sun access that impacts highly on public activities and urban environments.

One notable example is Docklands. The suburb is infamous for its high wind velocity, lack of public spaces and clusters of high rise towers that are blocking sunlight to the scarce public spaces.

05

Wind-flow Inconsiderations

Urban Overshadowing

06

Docklands Effect Wind simulation has been conducted to produce a visual representation of wind behaviour in Docklands. It could be seen that when the prevailing summer wind blows from the south to cool the suburb, it is blocked by the towers, and also these towers produce numerous venturi effect and wind acceleration. Furthermore, at the northern part of the building, there is no wind filtration for winter wind. In winter, there will be a higher wind acceleration, as winter wind can be as fast as 18m/s (approximately 55km/h). Wind will be a huge issue in this suburb with venturi effect and minimal wind filtration in the winter condition.

Additionally, these towers in the southern precinct are inconsiderate towards sunlight access to public spaces which can be seen in the sun analysis of Docklands below. As a result, the scarce number of public spaces have lack of sun exposure, Summer Solstice Sun Analysis worsen the cold condition in Winter season.

07

Winter Solstice Sun Analysis

Summer Prevailing Wind @11m/s

08

PROBLEM STATEMENT PROBLEM STATEMENT 3 - PLANNING POLICY Another issue is the current Structure Plan from City of Maribyrnong. Current height restriction by the council for Footscray can be found on the next page. The diagram shows the impact of the current height restriction, and it can be seen the cluster of high rise towers in northeast precinct, which is the current Joseph Road development. Then the high rise towers trail along the side of the railway.

Furthermore, in average the buildings will be kept relatively low to 1-10 story height except up on Barkly Street which goes up to 14 story.

The current height restriction may produce several issues especially the clusters that trail alongside the railway from Joseph Road Precinct. The cluster will act as an urban wall, hence separating Footscray into north and south, which is not recommendable considering its current growth of the Central Activity Zone that expands to the south. Moreover, it will create a surmountable overshadowing at the Joseph Road Precinct and inevitably at the southern precinct of Footscray.

09

LEGEND Up to 1-3 storey Up to 2-6 storey Up to 2-10 storey Up to 4-14 storey Up to 4-25 storey

10

Sun Analysis Refering to the previous page, the image on the next page shows the sun analysis of Footscray with its current structure plan. It can be seen in Joseph Road Precinct, the neighbourhood already has a minimal sun access. If the current height restriction is kept, then whole Footscray will inevitably be lacking of sun access and will be colder in winter. As a result, this structure plan is also a problem that needs to be addressed and requires an urban intervention.

11

Summer analysis, full day

Winter analysis, full day

12

Wind Analysis Following up to the sun condition in Footscray, in the same Joseph Road Precinct development, it could be seen that from the analysis on the next page where high wind tunnels coming from the north, creating a venturi effect.

As a result, there wind tunneling will occur in winter, which could be unpleasant for pedestrians. If the current structure plan is being carried out, Footscray may be similar to Joseph Road Precinct, or worse, Docklands.

Footscray Joseph Road Precinct Development

13

Footscray Joseph Road Precinct Building.

Winter prevailing wind @ 11m/s

14

AIM & SCOPE Thus, as the three problems have been stated, the aim of this project then is to suffice the requirement of population growth by providing a high density residential towers that allows consideration of the natural environment such as wind and sun.

Considerations of natural environments will be beneficial in urban scale and public spaces. These aim to provide balance between the needs of population growth and the needs of public spaces. This approach will respond to the ever-contradicting requirement between individual buildings and the public realm in an urban setting.

The scope of this project is to develop a new hybrid typology that responds to these issues, specifically redefining architecture through an urban lens of natural considerations. Furthermore, the project will develop an urban strategy that allows high density development, while also preserving sun access, and wind filtration in the selected area of Footscray.

The project site is selected in Barkly Street as it is currently yet to be developed, but potentially will be developed, as the structure plan shows its current height restriction that might change in the future, to allow taller buildings to be built in the area. However one must note that the change will not be immediate and it is estimated to be in the next 5-10 years. This due to the nature of Barkly Street being a secondary site for development compare to Joseph Road Precinct and its surroundings.

15

AIM To develop a high density precinct in Footscray that prevents strong winds during winter while also allowing for natural ventilation during summer at pedestrian Level.

Allow public spaces within the proposed precinct to receive hours of sunlight during the winter solstice

SCOPE Develop a new hybrid typology that deflects wind of the pedestrian level Develop an urban strategy that allows high density development while also preserving sunlight and wind protection

16

17

BACKGROUND Chapter 02 18

REVIEW OF THEORY HIGH RISE STRATEGY In designing a high rise tower, one must note the impact of wind and pressure differentiation at higher leveles. In other words, as the building goes taller, wind velocity is much faster at high level compare to ground floor. Faster wind speed in high levels will create Vortex Shedding. Vortex shedding is created when a building obstructs the wind flow, creating a oscillating wind and vorteces in the wake region in the tail of the building. If the oscillation of the vortex has the same frequency with the building, the building might sway and eventually damaging the structure.

Therefore, there are several strategies in mitigating the amount of wind impact to the building. Those are Twisting, Setbacks, Weight Stabiliser, Irregularity, Corner Manipulation (Mills, 2018).

However, not all strategy is applicable to the building that will be designed in Footscray. First, weight stabiliser requires a load bearing weight, albeit a sphere or other form of weight, that acts as a counter balance, or damper against the oscillating effect of vortex shedding. This is inapplicable in the context of Footscray that may only have 100m, or 25 story tall buildings. An example of tower with weight stabiliser is Taipei 101, which spans up to 300m high, approximately 3 times taller than the tallest building in Footscray (Mills, 2018).

Therefore, the applicable strategy that could be appropriated in this project is to manipulate the mass through twisting, irregularity and setbacks as the strategies that will allow the high rise building to stand, and manipulate the wind to achieve the lower wind speed in pedestrian level.

19

Vortex Shedding creation in the back of the building and impact on the building. Image received from Google Image

PRECEDENCE BURJ KHALIFA

2010. Adrian Smith. Dubai, UAE

Burj Khalifa from the top, showing the alternating setback as it rotates up, similar to circular stair. Image taken from Google Image

Wind behaviour in Burj Khalifa. Image taken from Google Image

Burj Khalifa is an 830m tall Y-Shaped building which uses the strategy of setback in a clockwise direction, or spiraling-setback as it goes upward. The strategy is used for this particular building to prevent vortex shedding at high level, and “confusing the wind�. With the help of the asymmetric form and setbacks, the building successfully avoid vortex shedding at high level (Mills, 2018).

Furthermore the setback form has the corners softened to allow wind to slipstream and avoid negative pressure at the tail of the building. Lastly, the tower is oriented relative to the prevailing wind directions (Sujith, n.d).

20

REVIEW OF THEORY URBAN VENTILATION The idea of urban ventilation stretches back to the Graeco-Romanic era of Vitruvius. In his “10 books of Architecture�, book 1 chapter 6, Vitruvius argued the importance of street-scape and roadways orientation to ventilate the air, eventually passively cooling down the urban environment. Furthermore in his era without any mechanical ventilation, Vitruvius’ suggestion for Urban Ventilation also has a health and wellbeing benefit against potential illness rose from humidity and cold air.

This highlights the importance of urban ventilation, and especially in the modern age, where Urban Ventilation is needed to allow passive cooling for the urban environment, but also pedestrian well being and comfort in the city.

This strategy is the key and perhaps the principal strategy to drive the whole project.

As Melbourne is renown for its high seasonal winter wind from the north which is an issue in terms of urban environment and general wellbeing. Thus the project will use this strategy for the urban design.

The reason to use this strategy is to mitigate the intolerable high wind speed in winter, in addition to rain and the cold weather. Furthermore, this strategy also exploits seasonal wind in summer as a method for ventilation in hot and dry summer weather in Melbourne. As a result, this strategy is pivotal in designing the urban environment of the project.

21

PRECEDENCE STUTTGART URBAN VENTILATION

City of Stuttgart with green corridors and urban ventilation. Image received from Google Images

Diagram showing how Urban Ventilation works with its variants. Image received from: http:// article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/html/10.11648.j.ijepp.20160403.16.html

The city of Stuttgart in Germany has designed an urban ventilation to counter its industrial setting of the city. Using wide, tree-flanked roads throughout the city, the city is designed to allow a flow of air circulating naturally in the city and consequently reducing the UHI effect (Reuter, 2016).

This strategy reflects the theory of urban ventilation, which is to utilise the natural flow of air to cool down the urban heat island of the city.

22

REVIEW OF THEORY SUN-SUBTRACTO Sun subtracto is a technique which limits a building height based on the sun path calculated in 3D modelling software, allowing sun access to a specific area.

The basic idea of this technique is to subtract the volume of a building based on a point/area where sun access is needed. Sun subtracto is a simple solution, but perhaps not the only way to allow sunlight into a space.

This technique is usually used in allowing sunlight to go through public space without any obstruction from the surrounding buildings. This will be useful in the project as the project also allows designing urban spaces such as parks and other public spaces. Furthermore sun-subtracto allows other buildings to not be overshadowed by the proposed building. In other words, this method considers other buildings in an urban scale.

23

PRECEDENCE FOYN-JOHANSON HOUSE 2010. Harrison & White. Northcote, Victoria, AU

How Sun-subtracto affects the form of the building. Image received from: http://haw.com.au/#/foynjohanson-house/

Foyn-Johanson house is one precedent that this project uses for its technique in solar carving. The strategy that this building uses allows the southern courtyard to have a sufficient sunlight hours during the day, while keeping the building volume as maximum (Harrison & White, 2010).

The house successfully balanced the requirement of internal spaces of the architecture and the natural amenities required in the external area. As a result, this technique will be implemented in the project.

24

25

HYPOTHESIS Chapter 03 26

SITE SELECTION The selected site is in Barkly Street/Princes Highway intersection. The site is approximately 10-15 mins from both West Footscray station and Footscray Station.

Barkly Street is selected as its current structure plan allows up to 14 story height.

This shows a potential redevelopment in the future, specifically in the case of a high density suburb, which is to increase the height restriction of the precinct.

However, its projection is still contained within the maximum height limit stated by the city council, which is approximately 25 floors. The project aims to see the potential development and utilising the limit as a parameter for the design.

27

Image Credit to Joshua Christian

28

MELBOURNE WIND ROSE WIND ROSE As it can be seen from the wind rose data below, the prevailing annual wind in Melbourne is coming from the north, except in summer that also has southern wind in addition to northern wind. Furthermore, in winter it can be seen that the cold wind can be as fast as 18m/s at its fastest, and its high frequency gives an unpleasant environment.

However, there is a niche since the prevailing Summer wind is also coming from the south. Therefore using the Urban Ventilation strategy similar to Stuttgart as previously mentioned, prevailing summer wind can be exploited to provide ventilation and cool air during summer, and with the same structure, the wind can be blocked from the north.

Dissecting further in Summer wind, it can be seen in the next page that majority of the time in Summer, the prevailing wind is from the south in summer, with variation from the west and south west. Again, this information can be exploited to create an urban ventilation strategy to allow wind ventilation from the south, while keeping the northern winter wind at minimum.

Spring

29

Summer

Autumn

Winter

Summer Wind Roses

30

URBAN HYPOTHESIS Based on the previous wind rose data, the project hypothesise by researching and analysing how wind would behave when it is to be blocked by, for example, a wall. The diagram on the next page describe wind flow as it is being stopped by a wall. As the result, a parabolic structure is created. This will be the basis of the project’s urban design and road structure.

In theory, the wind will be blocked from the north to prevent cold winter wind, but with parabolic channeling on the south, summer wind can be ventilated to the north using this parabolic grid.

Blocking Northern Winter Wind

31

South Summer Wind Ventilation

Parabolic Urban Ventilation form

32

URBAN HYPOTHESIS WIND ANALYSIS The result canbe seen from the image on the next page which shows the wind analysis of the urban design parabolic structure. The test is conducted to show the behaviour of summer prevailing wind in the context of the proposed urban design.

As a result, it can be seen that the wind is able to ventilate, and as it reaches the north, the wind decelerates and filtered. In theory, if the wind direction is reversed, then the front/north massing will act as a screen to filter the wind.

Therefore, it could be said that the urban strategy functions well as it is intended.

This will be the basic performance criteria for the whole project as it progresses.

33

Urban Hypothesis Wind Analysis Summer Prevailing Wind @ 11m/s

34

HYBRID HYPOTHESIS WINDBREAKER TYPOLOGY To achieve the goal, the architecture also need to be adjusted. The adjustment involves a research of hybrid typology that acts as a wind breaker to the urban environment. Therefore, 2 existing typologies have been selected that reflect a potential windbreaker hybrid typology. The first typology is the Twin Slab. Twin Slab has a potential as a wind breaker for its middle space which allows wind to pass through and be filtered. In case of urban scale wind breaker, it is critical to allow wind to pass through. If the wind is totally buffered by a slab-like building that acts like a wall, it will create an enormous negative pressure at the tail, and it will create vortex issue and high wind acceleration at the back side. This creates more problem than solution. Therefore, the wind is to be filtered rather than blocked totally.

The second typology is the Y-block. Y block has a potential to disperse the wind for its form that branches like a Y-form. This can be exploited by aligning one of the section nose to face north similar to Burj Khalifa, and it creates a cu-water effect that branches the wind sideways. However, there will be vortex created at the backside of the building since the wind is dispersed. The issue with this vortex creation is that there would be wind circulation at the tail, and it could affect the structure.

Thus, combining the best characteristics of twin-slab wind filtration and y-block wind dispersion, a hybrid of both is form to create an A-Block typology,

35

Twin Slab

A-Block Hybrid of Twin Slab and Y-Block to include both wind dispersion and filtration

Y-Block

36

HYBRID HYPOTHESIS WIND SIMULATION From these hybrid typologies, a wind analysis is made to test their performance.

As a result, A-block has a lower wind dispersion due to its wide shape form, allowing the wind to slipstreams. Moreover, through the central airway it allows wind to ventilate between the building and reduce potential vortex shedding in the tail, which could oscillate the building and fail the structure. However, due to this, at far back of the wake region, wind vortex is created and therefore it creates a stream of wind acceleration at the end.

Another typology that is introduced here is the V-block, which is the reverse of the A block. In the analysis, it can be seen that there will be a huge wind dispersion at the sites, due to the corner that buffers the wind. Although it does not produce any wind vortex at the far wake region like the A-block, it has a narrower wake, which can be seen by the amount of area highlighted in dark blue. Furthermore, it produces a turbulent at the side of the building, highlighted in a circular light blue colour. In other words, the V block acts similar to typical rectangular pickle typology which is to be avoided in this project.

Therefore, the selected form is A-block, since the wind acceleration will be dispersed at the sides and blocked by other buildings in the tail, and therefore preventing wind to accelerate.

37

A-Block

N

V-Block

38

HYBRID HYPOTHESIS COMBING EFFECT From the A and V block, another test and hypothesis is conducted by creating an A-V-A Block. From the clustered hybrids, the desired solution is to produce a Combing Effect, in which a hypothetical strategy to filter wind, decelerating the wind in the tail of the building, but still allowing some ventilation to prevent any vortex shedding.

The clustered A-V-A Block

39

Combing Effect Diagram

40

HYBRID HYPOTHESIS WIND ANALYSIS - COMBING EFFECT The wind analysis tested 2 layouts, VAV - layout, and AVA - layout. AVA consists of A-blocks at the ends, whereas VAV consists of V-blocks at the ends.

Both layouts produce similar result to each individual hybrid. In both layouts, there is wind acceleration created by the vortex at the back, and as a result, there is a wind acceleration. However in the case of VAV layout, the wind is accelerated at the sides due to V-block. As a result, the preferred layout is AVA layout to avoid wind dispersion. Similar to its individual part, other buildings behind are able to break the wind acceleration created by the vortex.

41

A-Block

N

V-Block

42

DESIGN HYPOTHESIS URBAN WINDBREAKER Combining both the urban hypothesis and hybrid typology, the project aims to conceptualise the urban form of the site, and how this layout will be implemented to the site in Barkly Street. It can be seen on the next page where the hybrid typology of the A-blocks will be in the northern area, being the wind breaker to the southern building blocks.

Additionally, the southern layout will allow prevailing summer wind to ventilate the whole area. This concept hypothesise the wind behaviour to perform as expected.

43

Concept Urban Model

44

45

METHOD Chapter 04 46

STRATEGY This project design strategy will implement the feedback loop between form finding, wind analysis, and sun analysis. The feedback loop aims to provide refinement and balancing between aspects of wind condition and sun access to the site. After the feedback loop has been optimised and refined, detail designs such as smaller scale public parks and spaces, and in the architectural scale to elaborate further the function of the spaces and volumes of the designed typologies. Diagram on the next page shows the progress of the design strategy that is implemented in this project.

47

EXISTING

FORM FINDING

WIND ANALYSIS

SUN ANALYSIS

DESIGN REFINEMENT

DETAILING 48

DESIGN METHOD URBAN DESIGN The formal design approach for the Master-plan reflects the proposed Parabolic Grid. The site is located in the intersection of Barkly Street and Princess Highway.

Then the protected heritage buildings are highlighted, and will be preserved.

Parabolic grid structure is applied for the urban ventilation, and alteration to heritage buildings affected by the grid roads is to be minimum to none. Then massing starts from the south, going up to the north, according to the previous hypothesis urban scheme, with “kite” buildings and “fat kite” and podium towers.

Finally up north is the wind breaker typology to filter out the wind.

Sun-subtracto is implemented to trim northern buildings, to allow 2 proposed public spaces near Barkly Street. Further sun-subtracto is implemented to the podium of the towers in the winter period between 10AM to 4 PM, maximising the amount of sunlight needed daily in the proposed public spaces.

The precinct will focus more on pedestrian pathways, with the parabolic road form as its main circulation. Cars and other motor vehicles are not able to access the precinct.

49

Princess Hwy

kly

r

Ba

et

re

St

Existing Site

Heritage Overlay

Parabolic Grid

South Massing (Kite Form) Mid Massing (Fat Kite Form)

Podium Tower

Wind Breaker

Sun Subtracto

Sun-Subtracted

Final Form

Podium Sun Subtracto

50

Sun Subtracto Analysis The impact of the implemented sun-subtracto to the 2 proposed public spaces can be seen on the next page. The top row shows sun analysis on summer and winter before sun-subtracto is being implemented in the site. The bottom row shows the result of the sun-subtracto.

From the winter analysis, it could be seen that the two highlighted public spaces have an increase of sunlight hour per day, which will provide sufficient sunlight access to the public areas. It could be seen that the two areas will receive approximately 4-6 hours of sunlight per day, which is sufficient for the spaces.

51

A

Summer Sun Analysis pre Sun-Subtracto

Winter Sun Analysis pre Sun-Subtracto

A

Summer Sun Analysis post Sun-Subtracto

B

B

Winter Sun Analysis post Sun-Subtracto

52

Wind Analysis The final form shows how wind is filtered to its minimum acceleration in winter.

It has successfully shown that the windbreaker typology functions well, and in the southern area wind speed is lowered to 3m/s (11km/h). Furthermore, in summer, the urban hypothesis has clearly shown its functionality to allow summer wind breeze from the south, and reduces it in northern area. All in all it shows clearly that the earlier hyptohesis is proven and this urban scheme is plausible.

From this stage, the project will continue to detail smaller scale of public and architectural spaces. As previously mentioned, 2 public spaces are proposed, which are denoted as site A and B, highlighted on the next page. Site A will be shown in this project, as an example that can be implemented in site B also.

53

B A

Winter Prevailing Wind at 11m/s

B

N

A

Summer Prevailing Wind at 11m/s

54

PUBLIC SPACE - SITE A The design of the of the public space is based on the sun and wind analysis. It has been mentioned previously that the two spaces have sufficient sunlight per day and minimum wind speed in winter, therefore the site has an optimum performance in terms of urban comfort to be a public space. Based on the grids created by the sun analysis, triangular shapes which reflect the parabolic subdivision are placed as an urban furniture, to sit, or as a planter box.

Furthermore these urban elements are planned to allow primary-secondary circulation, with adjacent trimmed buildings as a location for local vendors to sell their products. These local vendors are part of Footscray culture, and the urban design attempts to accommodate these vendors. Additionally, at the south, open spaces provided to allow different functions and programs such as local market, bazaar and fairs. Lastly, green spaces are added to the site to allow a smaller scale wind filtration through trees.

Public Space A Original Condition Winter Analysis

55

Footscray Street Vendor. Photo Credit to Nathan Wright

Public Space Site A Winter Sun Analysis

Primary Circulation

Secondary Circulation

Public Space Site A Summer Sun Analysis

“Nooks” Vendors

Open Multifunction Spaces

Green Space

56

HYBRID DEVELOPMENT FORM FINDING The hybrid of A and V block is pushed further by implementing several wind strategy to reduce the wind speed at high level to prevent any potential compromises to the structure, and reducing the venturi effect. As a result, the building form will be adjusted according to two set rules, which are spacing between the buildings, and setback of the buildings. The strategy is implemented in a matrix to show how each evolution perform in relation to wind behaviour at ground level. Matrix of evolution can be found on the subsequent pages.

57

SPACING BETWEEN BUILDINGS

SETBACK

BUILDING MATRIX

1.5m around

3m around

SETBACK OFFSET

4.5m around

6m around

7.5m around

+10m

+8m

6m

+4m

SPACING BETWEEN BUILDINGS

+2m

6m

0

58

WIND MATRIX - HUMAN SCALE

+10m

+8m

6m

+4m

SPACING BETWEEN BUILDINGS

+2m

6m

0

59

1.5m around

3m around

SETBACK OFFSET

4.5m around

6m around

7.5m around

SELECTED SPECIES

1.5m around

3m around

SETBACK OFFSET

4.5m around

6m around

7.5m around

+10m

+8m

6m

+4m

SPACING BETWEEN BUILDINGS

+2m

6m

0

60

SELECTED SPECIES The selected species from the matrix of evolution is the architecture which has an 8m spacing in between for its footprint, and has 3m setback every 25m high (approximately every 5 story high). The species has performed well in terms of filtering the wind, which could be seen in the wind matrix that it has minimum acceleration on pedestrian level. However, there are other species which perform similarly, therefore another selection criteria has been selected, in which to maximise the volume yield. Volume yield is used as a selection criteria to allow more spaces and functions in the building. Above all species which perform well in wind matrix, this species (column 2 - row 1, or species 2-1) has balanced the two required aspect. Therefore it has been selected as a final form.

However, to push the idea further, the selected species will be further developed by twisting the building as a method to redirect the wind. The method is to simplify the selected species into mass form, then twist the building by a certain degree, before providing a step for the floor plates. A-block and V-block will be tested to see each performance in filtering the wind.

Selected Species

61

+ SETBACK

= TWISTING

SPIRALING

62

A-BLOCK TWISTING

TWISTING DIRECTION

0

63

A-Block Simplified

30o

45o

TWISTING DEGREE

60o

90o

120o

A-BLOCK WIND SIMULATION 30o

45o

TWISTING DEGREE

60o

90o

120o

TWISTING DIRECTION

0

Original Massing Analysis

64

V-BLOCK TWISTING

TWISTING DIRECTION

0

65

V-Block Simplified

30o

45o

TWISTING DEGREE

60o

90o

120o

V-BLOCK WIND SIMULATION 0

30o

45o

TWISTING DEGREE

60o

90o

120o

TWISTING DIRECTION

A-BLOCK WIND SIMULATION

Original Massing Analysis

66

SELECTED SPECIES - CONTINUED After further development, the selected species is the A-block species with 45 degree twist with opposite direction on the tip. The selected species has performed well with enough deceleration at the back of the building. Venturi effect still persist however, comparing to other species that have the venturi effect twisting, this species does not alter the direction of the venturi effect compare to the original analysis, which is an additional point for the selection. Twisting wind flow will potentially create wind in circular motion at the tail of the building and will impact negatively on pedestrian experience.

V-block species does not produce any optimum performance. This perhaps may be caused as its massing form that buffers the wind too much rather than filtering it, as previously been discussed. In addition to the twisting form, it creates high wind turbulent and venturi effect. Therefore, wind is accelerated.

This species is able to produce approximately 25 floors, which in line with Footscray Structure plan. However the weakness of this form is as it goes higher, its area will be smaller, to the point where it is inaccessible by lifts. Therefore, this species is being used as a mixed use residential and commercial building. First 3 stories will be used as a commercial/retail function, wheras the rest will be used as a residential space. Another reason to use this building as a residential apartment is the ability to maximise the building volume, with lower floor to floor height and minimum to no requirement of mechanical plant room.

67

N

68

69

RESULTS Chapter 05 70

URBAN SCALE SITE PLAN On the next page, it could be seen the detail overview of the Site Plan. It shows the culmination of the processes in the previous sections. Windbreaker Typology sits in the north as a frontier to filter the wind, with further filtration been done by the podium towers with greeneries, as a wind filter in fringes, micro-scale.

Furthermore, it could be seen that several greeneries are placed in the southern section. These greeneries are not as extensive as the northern part to allow summer wind to ventilate through the streets and cooling down the summer wind. Preferably trees are to be mixed of non-deciduous and deciduous trees to control the balance of wind filtration and shadings. From the previous section, it could be seen the plaza sits in the intersection of the parabolic street with Barkly Street as the space has wide area with a feel of centralisation as the two streets joining together, with enough sunlight and minimum winter wind.

71

Public Space Enlarged Plan

Proposed Barkly Street Development Site Plan

72

SECTION The Section shows how building heights flow from north to south. The southern area has lower height to allow wind ventilation and northern area has higher buildings to allow wind filtration.

On the next page, it could be seen how the podiums are trimmed due to sunsubtracto to allow sufficient sunlight access to the public spaces. It could be seen that the substraction reduces the height greatly, and could be an issue internally.

73

Section highlighting podium sun-subtracto and sunlight access to ground level

74

SITE SECTION DIAGRAM

75

76

HYBRID TYPOLOGY PLANS The next following pages show the plans of the hybrid typology. In Ground Floor as previously mentioned will be used as the lobby entrance to the apartment from the south, as it has lower wind speed compare to the north, and the rest of the floor will be used as commercial/retail. The combination of point-linear structural system provides spatial separation between the functions, but keeping the internal spaces open.

In Level 3 Floor plan, the layout will be typical throughout the building until level 21, where lift spaces are barely available. Level 3 consists of 9 no 1-bedroom units and 1 no 2-bedrooms unit. The structure cores at the centre with its corridor-spine extruding south on an angle, following the shape of the building. As the structure goes to the north, it follows perpendicularly. Lateral load-bearing structure shown in the “branch� of the spine, spreading out perpendicularly from the spine. The structure shall be similar throughout the building.

Level 21 and above shall be used as penthouse. 2 no penthouses are able to fit in the floors above, with level 21 as the entrance.

The perimeter fringe of the building is constructed with planter box. These planterbox is to allow vegetation and hence reducing the UHI effect, and cooling down the building. Further than that, the vegetation will act as a wind filter in micro-scale, in a similar manner how a tennis ball is engineered with micro feathers to alter the aerodynamics.

77

78

79

80

SECTION The section shows how spaces are divided in terms of the function. Ground Floor to Level 2 shall be used as commercial/retail, or hospitality, whereas Level 3 above shall be used as residential. The building utilises load-bearing walls as its primary structure from level 3 above, and transfer beam in level 3 to accommodate structural dispersion, as the structural system changes from load bearing wall to column-grid mixed with load bearing on Ground Floor to Level 02. The change of structural system is required to allow open space in a public setting, whereas load-bearing systems used in residential floors to have a more efficient spatialseparation and organisation.

Furthermore, 2 levels carpark below with singular structureto accommodate both buildings. As these two buildings are considered 1, therefore it is worth designing a carpark that is shared between the two buildings.

Page 8 shows in detail level how spaces are used in Level 3 apartment rooms and Ground Floor Commercial level.

81

Commercial Residential

Section S01 - West Building Scale: 1:200@A1

82

Commercial Residential

83

Section S02 - West Building Scale: 1:200@A1

84

DETAIL - PLANTER BOX The image on the next page shows how the planter box system functions. The hydraulic pipes will run through at the edge of the planterbox, on the grass to centralise the maintenance. Pipes are reticulated above ground to ensure water flows are not restricted by the dense mulch. To ensure the pipes are not visible from the tenants, pipes will be painted to match concrete, and hidden by the grass, and the vegetation. Furthermore, rock bedding with weep holes on top of an angled screed to provide sufficient drainage. The delicate drainage system is to direct water through the downpipes, eventually watering the floor below. Furthermore, the use of this system will reduce the visibility of any downpipes and services in the exterior which might compromise the aesthetics.

In each floor, the planter box is fitted with accessible top hung window for any maintenance, in case there is a special need of care for the vegetation. One might consider the species of the vegetation to be able to withstand wind. Native Australian vegetation such as Mat Rush and Bottlebrush may be good options to consider for this condition. Mat Rush Lomandra Tanika is a good species for this situation, other than its capability to withstand wind, its form resembles the hairlike feathers in tennis ball to change the aerodynamics. However, Bottlebrush may be a better option for aesthetic, and in addition to that, the flower shape which, as its name suggests, resemble a bottle brush which feathers might have the same performance with the Mat Rush. A balance for the two may be the best option.

Bottlebrush flower - Myrtaceae Callistemon. Image received from Google Image

Detail section diagram as shown on the next page omit the diagrid facade to improve visibility of the system as a whole.

85

Mat Rush - Lomandra Tanika. Image received from Google Image

Cement Sheet External Cladding DG Windows

Downpipe from above level to irrigate level below

AL

N TER

IN

Vegetation

Top hung operable window Weepholes for drainage Hydraulic irrigation pipes.

Drainage system

Mulch Gravel bed

AL

RN XTE

E Downpipe to irrigate floor below

Image Credit to: Joshua Christian

External wall with insulation

86

PODIUM TOWERS PLANS/SECTION The typical podium towers with sun-subtracto consist of 3 different functions, One tower dedicated for residential, another for office, and public/commercial mixed use in the base of the podium.

In Ground Floor, the northern section is used as the lobby of the office, with 2 retail spaces to be leased, facing outside of the building, then in the middle part of the podium, is a space for food court, which acts as a separation/transition/integration between the two polar opposite functions of residential and office function. Then in the southern section, the space is used as a lobby for the residential units.

The podium slopes downwards as it goes to the south as an accommodation to the sun subtracto. Therefore, level differentiation internally is required to provide sufficient floor to ceiling height. The building is vertically accessible down in the south to provide direct access to the apartment unit without going through the offices lobby. Furthermore, since the relative level in apartment lobby is lower, and south of the building is Barkly Street main road, therefore the far south of the plan is used as a Plant Room, accessible from the lobby to serve the mechanical system of the office tower and the podium building.

The office is an open plan office with columns divided into 4 spaces for leasing, whereas the apartment utilises load bearing walls as its main structure.

Furthermore, the apartment floor plan is typically able to fit 6no 2 bedrooms and 1no 3 bedroom. This is approximately 12-13 no 1-bedroom units.

87

88

89

90

91

Office Residential Commerce/Public

92

FACADE & IMPRESSIONS The facade is primarily inspired with the urban form of the parabolic grid.

The diagrid is implemented as its typical primary facade structure of the building.

Furthermore, it acts as an support system for the louvres to be able to be fixed.

The placement and density of the louvres is directly proportional to the number of solar heat gain in the face of the building based on the radiation analysis below. In other words, the facade which has more sun exposure will have denser louvres placement.

The materiality is to reflect earthiness, and therefore, colour that resembles the Tasmanian Oak species is selected for this structure. Material shall be steel or concrete beams, as real timber may have structural, performance, and fire issue.

93

Radiation analysis Typical summer 8:00 to 18:00 1 DEC – 28 FEB View from north west

Louvre system based on radiation analysis

Parabolic-diagrid as support system to the louvres

94

95

96

Public Space - Site A In a larger scale, the same earthiness feel of the diagrid is to be implemented throughout the site, with different variations. In the public space, the triangular elements are claded with timber planks, with planter boxes for the tallest form. A light grey and beige pavement to reflect the lightness, reducing UHI, while keeping the earthy impression of the site.

Furthermore surrounding heritage buildings have brickworks as their materials, and therefore will adhere well with the public space. New buildings such as the Kite tower and Fat Kite towers will have a bronze/black combination as a contrast to the public space, but also expressing elegance and earthiness through the bronze.

The Kite Tower shall have perforated metal shadings with bronze colour, and the Fat Kite will have bronze tinted double glazed window to keep the earthy impression of the site.

In the subsequent pages, it can be seen how the nook-vendors operate in the site. Footscray consists of several type of these vendors, and the site has provided several spaces, nooks in the buildings for these vendors to sell their products.

97

98

99

100

Kite Building The Kite shading system is worth mentioning since it also shows a particular process than the typical shading. The shading is a typical perforated metal secondary skin facade, however, its height is differentiated from south to north, east to west.

East and south shade will have higher section to allow more sunlight, whereas north and west shading will have lower section to reduce sunlight and solar heat gain.

101

South facade shows the transition from lower west shading to higher south/east shading.

WEST

EAST

Image Credit to: Joshua Christian

102

103

CONCLUSION/BIBLIOGRAPHY Chapter 06 104

In conclusion, it can be seen that this project has shown a level of competency in terms of the building performance, and successfully shown evidence-driven design to produce an optimum form that provide wind filtration from the north and ventilation from the south.

However there are several “what ifs” to be considered. Firstly, the project wishes in the future to have a more extensive testing, due to the limitation of the wind analysis softwares, but it is sufficient to provide the required information. Pressure differentiation is not considered in the calculation, therefore analysis at high level might not be accurate.

Sun-Rotator, alternative of Sun-Subtracto

Furthermore, the typologies researched are high rise tower. Mid and low rise buildings are yet to be explored. It was previously explored to achieve forms that provide ventilation from the north, however it was not detailed well and eventually “vaulted” during the project. As a result, the project produces a generic low-mid rise buildings. Moreover, other wind manipulation strategies, such as porosity which might cohere well with sun subtracto, is yet to be researched Lastly, alternative sun-subtracto strategy is yet to be explored. Rather than subtracting the building based on sun, the field that needs to be researched further is to the effect of building rotation to sun path. In other words, researching how buildings can be rotated to allow sun to access the required public space. This strategy will avoid any volume subtraction of the building, and therefore keeping the volume yield at maximum.

105

Porosity, wind strategy to be explored

Mid-Rise yet to be explored

106

BIBLIOGRAPHY Sujith, H. S. (n.d.). How Peter Irvin, a renowned wind engineering expert, saved Burj Khalifa from the Wind .

Retrieved June 20, 2020, from https://www.ciria.org/News/blog/Peter_Irwin_wind_blog.aspx Mills, F. (2018, September 12). How Tall Buildings Tame the Wind. Retrieved June 20, 2020, from https://www.theb1m. com/video/how-tall-buildings-tame-the-wind Reuter, U. (2016, April 26). Stuttgart: Combating the heat island effect and poor air quality with green ventilation corridors (2014). Retrieved June 20, 2020, from https://climate-adapt.eea.europa.eu/metadata/casestudies/stuttgart-combating-the-heat-island-effect-and-poor-air-quality-with-green-ventilation-corridors Harrison, S., & White, M. (2010). Foyn-Johanson House. Retrieved June 20, 2020, from http://haw.com.au/

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Unless otherwise noted, all graphical works are done collaboratively with all group members during the commencement of the project prior to the final presentation.

Credit to members: Corina Wong, Nathan Wright, Joshua Christian, Rajendra Buwono, Sheng Ge

107

108

109

APPENDIX A Joseph Road Development 110

JOSEPH ROAD PRECINCT BACKGROUND This appendix shows the background studies and exercises that impact the project. These exercises become the background and basis of analysis of the current project. This appendix shows the alteration and urban intervention in Joseph Road precinct as the basis of Barkly Street development. Joseph Road precinct is selected due to its current high density development that impacts the sunlight access and wind performance of the site, as previously mentioned. The process of hybrid exploration, urban hypothesis and sun-sunbtracto was initially tested and implemented in Joseph Road precinct development.

However, approaching the Joseph Road Precinct is different from Barkly Street, since Joseph Road is currently being developed, and therefore the proposed design is required to adhere with the current development. The image on the next page shows the parameters, and sites where the proposed design can be placed.

111

The diagram above shows the area that can be developed, hatched in red. Other buildings are currently being developed and constructed and therefore little to no room for any alteration

112

Sun Analysis In Joseph Road precinct, with the same structure plan, it can be seen from the analysis on the next page that the precinct receives a lot of overshadowing in both Winter and Summer condition. Therefore an urban intervention is needed.

However as previously mentioned, the sites are limited to several empty land in the north and therefore there is not much freedom in altering the buildings that are currently being constructed.

The aim of the proposed design is to improve sunlight quality in the precinct through the means of sun subtracto. Furthermore, it will be balanced also with the wind analysis to produce an optimum environment for the internal precinct. The result of this design becomes the basis of the project hypothesis, by applying the same principle in a different area of Footscray.

113

Winter Solstice, 20 June

Summer Solstice, 20 December

114

Wind Analysis As previously mentioned in the project, Joseph Road Precinct development shows a high wind corridors coming from the north with venturi effect. This development shows that this precinct will be unpleasant to use when construction is finished due to its high wind speed that might be intolerable especially in winter condition. Therefore, further urban intervention is required.

115

116

HYBRID The tested hybrid of A-block and V-block emerged from the process of designing Joseph Road precinct. Twin Slab and Y-block is selected due to its performance to filter and dispersed wind, as the analysis on the next page has shown. Both aspects are critical for the wind filtration hypothesis. However, each typology has its own weaknesses. Twin slab potentially create a venturi effect in the middle of the building and Y block may create a vortex far in the tail and acceleration as the wind is dispersed. This needs to be adjusted in the matrix of evolution As a result, the combination of both Twin Slab and Y-block creates A and V-block hybrid that is used in the project.

Twin Block, showing wind filtration and therefore minimum vortex in the tail, however it creates a venturi effect

117

Wind dispersion by Y-block that will provide win shelter. However acceleration is created as it is dispersed, and creates a vortex far at the tail.

Twin Slab

A-Block Hybrid of Twin Slab and Y-Block to include both wind dispersion and filtration

Y-Block

118

WIND SIMULATION As previously mentioned in the project, the hybrid produces wind dispersion and wind filtration at the same time. It has slightly more stronger vortex at the tail, but this can be blocked by other buildings. Furthermore, this hybrid can also produce V-block which acts similarly to a typical tower. Therefore, A block is selected for its better performance.

119

A-Block

N Input Speed: 18m/s Analysis at 25m high V-Block

120

COMBING EFFECT The project’s combing effect hypothesis is also initially done to Joseph Road precinct development. The result and the selected layout is the same as what has been mentioned in the project, where the A-block is at the far end, due to its lower wind dispersion and covers wider area of wind blockage. Vortex at the tail can be blocked of by the buildings behind.

Combing Effect Diagram

121

A-Block ends

N Input Speed: 18m/s Analysis at 25m high V-Block ends

122

FORM FINDING The process of form finding in the project also comes from the development of Joseph Road Precinct. As it was previously mentioned, The Barkly Street Development is a repetition and re-appropriation of the same technique but with different site approach and context. In Barkly Street, since it is not developed, it is possible to add podium towers as the second layer of filtration, whereas it is inapplicable in Joseph Road due to its ongoing development.

123

SPACING BETWEEN BUILDINGS

SETBACK

BUILDING MATRIX

1.5m around

3m around

SETBACK OFFSET

4.5m around

6m around

7.5m around

+10m

+8m

6m

+4m

SPACING BETWEEN BUILDINGS

+2m

6m

0

124

WIND MATRIX - HUMAN SCALE

+10m

+8m

6m

+4m

SPACING BETWEEN BUILDINGS

+2m

6m

0

125

1.5m around

3m around

SETBACK OFFSET

4.5m around

6m around

7.5m around

SELECTED SPECIES

1.5m around

3m around

SETBACK OFFSET

4.5m around

6m around

7.5m around

+10m

+8m

6m

+4m

SPACING BETWEEN BUILDINGS

+2m

6m

0

126

SELECTED SPECIES The wind analysis matrix in the previous page reflects the condition in Joseph Road precinct, not Barkly Street. It shows the performance of the building in a precinct which is quite inconsiderate to the natural aspect. In theory therefore, if the species functions well in a less optimum site, then it will also perform well in a more optimum site like Barkly Street.

On the next page, it can be seen that there is a significant improvement after the alteration in the precinct. Furthermore, it also provides wind filtration but with minimum dispersion compare to the existing development.

127

Selected Species

After alteration

N Input Speed: 18m/s Analysis at 1.6m high

Before alteration

128

SUN-SUBTRACTO Furthermore, using the same sun-subtracto technique, the buildings are trimmed down to allow sunlight to the selected public spaces. When trimming the buildings, one must note that trimming will create void/cavity in the building. This will increase chances for Venturi effect and therefore selection for the trimmed parts is required. If it is not trimmed, the venturi effect will create a downwash effect in winter directly to the public space and it is to be avoided. Image no 4 shows the part of the building that is omitted to prevent venturi effect to the public space.

Initial

Sun-subtracto

Trimmed Building

129

Selection

Summer Condition - Before Sun subtracto

Summer Condition - Before Sun subtracto

130

REFINEMENT From the result, it can be seen the public space receives optimum sunlight due to sun subtracto, and on the next page it can be seen that alteration to the form does not alter the wind performance greatly. Therefore it can be said that strategy is successful to provide balance to both aspect.

In the subsequent pages, it will be shown the comparison of before and after the alteration in Joseph Road precinct and it can be seen the improvement of performance, that will create a more pleasant environments. Furthermore, few renders have been attached to visualise the area.

All in all, it shows the technique of feedback loop and balance between wind and sun improvement to the urban scale is a success in Joseph Road Precinct. As a result, the development of the Joseph Road precinct becomes the basis of the project in Barkly Street, as the same principles being applied.

Summer after Sun-subtracto

131

Winter after Sun-subtracto

Before Sun-subtracto

N Input Speed: 18m/s Analysis at 1.6m high

After Sun-subtracto

132

SUN ANALYSIS

Summer Existing Condition

Summer Proposed Condition

Winter Existing Condition

Winter Proposed Condition

133

UTCI ANALYSIS

Summer Existing Condition

Summer Proposed Condition

Winter Existing Condition

Winter Proposed Condition

134

135

136

Acknowledgement: Unless noted otherwise, all graphical works are done collaboratively with group members.

Credit to the members: Aishwarya Hippalgaonkar, Joshua Christian, Rajendra Buwono

137

APPENDIX B Sun-Subtracto Exploration 138

URBAN STRATEGY 1. ZONING AND EXISTING CONDITION This appendix shows a study of sun-subtracto driven design. This exercise will use sun-subtracto as its primary urban design method, and other aspects such as pedestrian analysis and wind analysis will follow. It serves as an exercise to dwelve into the feedback loop of the design, refining it based on every aspect and element within urban design method.

The initial task is to select several urban strategies that will potentially select sites in Footscray which have a probability to be developed in the future. 5 urban strategies are selected in this scenario. The first is to see current zoning in Footscray.

Zoning will provide a process of elimination to narrow down the selection. Based on the site map on the next page, it could be seen that majority of Footscray is currently dedicated to residential area, and small portion of Industrial in the south.

The south industrial zone has a potential to be developed since the zone stretches back to the early settlement in 1853, and has not been changed since then. This becomes an opportunity for the site to be developed in to residential zones.

Furthermore it is near the Central Activity zone which may be another reason to develop the site.

139

Legend Public Commercial Developing Residential Industrial Central Activity Port

140

URBAN STRATEGY 2. TRANSPORTATION The second strategy is to analyse the access, walkability and transportation to the site. The primary public transport that needs to be prioritised is the train station.

Therefore, to define the area, a pedestrian catchment is simulated, to see the area a person can cover in 15 minutes walk. It can be seen the previous industrial zone is reachable within 15 minutes.

Another means of transportation has also been analysed, including vehicular access to the suburbs, buses and trams. Trams are not preferable since it has only one route. Buses are also not preferable since it does not cover much ground. In terms of personal vehicle or other vehicles such as taxi, the previously mentioned industrial zones cover much of the entrance particularly from the south or east.

141

Legend Bus Personal Vehicle Tram Train

142

3. POINT OF INTEREST Third strategy shows point of interest, or crucial places that may be required for amenities. Point of interest is quite scattered from one amenity to another, therefore this criteria needs to be coupled with the other strategy in order to be functional. However, several amenities to be considered are the hospital, market, and also the university as a potential development for student accommodation.

143

144

4. COUNCIL PLANNING Fourth strategy is to see the Council Planning strategy. City of Maribyrnong is currently looking for a public open space, a development for Footscray to be Education suburb particularly university precinct, the current West Gate Tunnel Development and public park, and current multi-residential development in Joseph Road and Kinnears Precinct.

In other words, there is a potential to enlarge the Central Activity zones to the surrounding area. This is an opportunity to the previously mentioned Industrial zone in the south as it is near the amenities and a possible development to fulfill Council planning for Footscray

145

146

5. SUN ACCESS Fifth strategy is to consider sun access. As this exercise will focus on sunsubtracto, it will be crucial to have the information of the sun throughout the year.

In winter, it can be seen that not much of overshadowing, meaning low height buildings are the common typology in Footscray. Furthermore in the southern industrial zone, it could be seen that there is a minimal overshadowing cast by other buildings. As a result, this is a potential site to be developed as well.

147

Spring

Summer

Autumn

Winter

148

SELECTED SITE Therefore, based on the 5 strategies mentioned, 3 sites are selected. The first site is the former Saigon Market area. The former market area is a potential development due to recent fire event that burned down the market. As a result, this land is considered as an empty land, where high density residential building can be developed.

The second site is the south industrial zone that has been mentioned previously. This site is potential for a development of student accommodation, as it is near the Victoria University and both Seddon and Footscray station.

Furthermore, this site is adjacent to Hanmer Reserves and potential public park in the West Gate Tunnel development.

The third site is an empty land, extended out to the adjacent parking lot where the train track splits to Footscray and Seddon. The empty land was previously developed but canceled in 2010 due to Global Financial Crisis. This land has a potential to be developed in a high rise residential building as it is located in CA zone.

From three selected sites, 2 sites will be developed and tested its feasibility. Site 1 and Site 2 will be carried out for exercise. Site 3 is omitted due to its condition between two tracks, which might raise several issues in the future. However this is still open for discussion.

149

150

TYPOLOGY ANALYSIS DONUT Site 1 and Site 2 are potentially be developed with low to mid rise buildings, perhaps 8 story high maximum. Therefore two typologies that suit this situation is the donut and wedding cake typology. Donut typology has several variations. The primary variation for this name is the European perimeter blocks. However this typology is also similar to courtyard typology for low rise and 1 story residential building. Courtyard typology have several variants as shown below. However, since it is one level, it does not have the capacity as the Donut, since it could be a multilevel building.

On the contrary, Donut typology poses several issues with sun access and wind within the courtyard due to multistory characteristic. This will create an issue in winter condition as sun access is scarce and wind is plenty, creating a cold courtyard in the winter. Therefore a heat gain analysis has been conducted to see the middle ground between Donut and courtyard typologies that allow sufficient sun access in the courtyard. As the result, the Courtyard typology with 2-3 stories have the most optimum result, as it allows more tenancy, but also providing sun access in the winter, and moderately minimum heat gain to the courtyard in summer.

Issue with European Donut

151

Side Courtyard

Monastic

Central Courtyard

Roman Domus

Solar Heat Gain in Summer

Solar Heat Gain in Summer

152

WEDDING CAKE Wedding cake is the other typology that can be hybridised with the donut. As wedding cake usually optimised for mid-rise buildings, therefore it is used in this exercise. Wedding cake is usually used for its capability to reduce visual bulk in an urban setting, and maximising area by using the steps as external balcony for the floors. Furthermore, wedding cake has its variant to be a step, and also a ziggurat.

Both variants can express the hierarchy of space from public to private.

153

Private Access Semi-Private Access Public Access

154

HYBRID STUDIES SITE 1 - SAIGON MARKET The first hybrid study is in Site 1, the former Saigon Market. A donut typology is placed as its initial massing, and sun analysis is conducted. It can clearly be seen its overshadowing to its surroundings and courtyard. Particularly, the concerned area is the south-east of the site where currently is used as a public space, highlighted in green square as shown on the next page. Therefore, sun subtracto needs to be conducted to trim the building, providing sun access to the public space.

The impacted public space by the current mass

155

Initial Massing

Initial Solar Analysis Winter Condition

156

Sun Subtracto and Analysis The sun subtracto that is conducted is to allow winter sunlight to access 2 areas: the courtyard of the building and the public space. The result then refined to be hybridised with the wedding cake typology. With the sun subtracto, it can be seen on the next page that the allowance of 5 hours sunlight access affects the area highlighted in green. As a result, the sun subtracto has successfully provided sunlight in the intended hours of 12pm to 5pm in the courtyard and the existing public space.

Area 1 – Courtyard 12:00 – 17:00

Result

157

Refined

Area 2 – Public space 12:00 – 17:00

Initial Solar Analysis Winter Condition

158

SITE 2 - WHITEHALL STREET Site 2 located in Whitehall Street, adjacent to Hanmer Reserves. As previously mentioned, this site is located within 15 minutes walk from both Footscray and Seddon Station. The strategy of the site is to use a hybrid of Courtyard and Townhouse typology, creating a middle axis in the centre through the existing road. The proposed road axis is pedestrian only, and south of the hybrid, is a public market place which transitions to the Reserves in the south. The long corridor serves as a pedestrian access between two sites.

The first area, which is the north id the Courtyard hybrid, a 5 story high Donut building is placed with sufficient courtyard are to reflect the 2 level courtyard type as previously analysed in the heat gain analysis. This will provide sufficient sunlight in winter and shading in summer. Furthermore, a sun analysis has been conducted on the next page to see critical areas that require sun access. The first is the southern market, and the second is the residential houses, west of the courtyard hybrid as highlighted.

+

= ||

Hybrid Generation Diagram

159

Site Plan - organisational diagram

[] Site Plan

Initial Solar Analysis Winter Condition

160

METHOD Therefore, sun subtracto is conducted for these two areas to provide sufficient sunlight to the highlighted areas as previously mentioned. The southern market require sunlight access from 9am to 3pm, as it is the common opening hours for market place. The west existing houses will be provided with 2 hours sun access from 9-10, as morning sun is crucial. As a result, the form of the building is hybridised again with wedding cake to create floor plates and volumes. Some of the spaces and nooks are refined to rationalise the building and volume. The final result of the building is on the next page.

Sun-Subtracto to 2 sites

161

Result

Refinement

162

SOLAR ANALYSIS RESULT As a result, it can be seen clearly the changes of sunlight hours per day in winter condition. Both sites have an improvement of sun access due to sun subtracto.

As the sun-subtracto is successful, therefore this project will aim to use other aspects such as wind and pedestrian to refine the performance and shape of the building.

163

Winter condition before sun-subtracto

Winter condition after sun-subtracto

164

REFINEMENT Wind Analysis The first refinement is wind analysis. The form of the building with the undercroft, creates a wind tunnel effect that might be an issue to the courtyard, but reduces wind speed in the tail of the building. The flow of wind can be visualised as the diagram below. However, wind simulation is needed to see the impact of the form and the undercroft and how much venturi effect it has created.

On the next page, it could be seen that the wind performance in the building needs improvement. In the northern entrance where the undercroft is designed, it can be seen that there is a venturi effect which accelerates the wind. Therefore this needs to be addressed.

165

Windflow Diagram

N

Plan View

Section

166

Result The simple refinement strategy is to widen the entrance undercroft as shown, to be wider at the bottom and narrower at the top. This will reduce the amount of venturi effect in the bottom. Furthermore, the northern top end of the building is chamfered to provide a slipstream to the wind, preventing any dispersion upwards, creating a smoother wind flow.

167

Altering the northern entrance to prevent venturi effect

S2 S1 Plan

Section 1

Section 2

168

Final refinement to this building is in the Market area. Pedestrian simulation has been conducted to optimise market experience and buyers circulation. The concern is in the internal street, between the vendors. It can be seen in the bottom right diagram below, that the internal street is crowded, and highly congested.

Therefore the spacing between the buildings need to be increased. The increase is 8 metres, and it can be seen the improvement of the pedestrian walkway, which can be seen in the white in between spaces that denote possible space for circulation.

Hyde Street

Pedestrian Optimisation

Hyde Street

Ped-sim result, Hyde Street side

169

Ped-sim result, internal street

Hyde Street

8M

Ped-sim result, increased spacing.

170

RESULT As a result of the refinements, the precinct successfully show several strategies that can be used to refine the building, and creates an optimum environment. The courtyard hybrid typology can be used for student accommodation since it is 5-10 minutes walk to the Victoria University. The market, can be provided with hybrid of warehouse and shoptop, creating a low-rise hybrid typology that can improve the socio-economic quality of the precinct.

Site Overview

171

Perspective View from northeast

Market section sketch - credit to Aishwarya Hippalgaonkar

172

CONCLUSION PICKLE EXPLORATION In conclusion, it could be seen that the project has implemented strategy of refinement and primary criteria of sun subtracto, wind simulation, and pedestrian simulation. However, there are other tests that needs to be done. Another hybrid that could be speculated is the addition of pickle characteristic in the same project with the same strategy. This will open various of opportunities and different result.

The next page shows the speculation of the pickle hybrid result, which might be structurally challenging, but opens opportunity for further refinement

Form finding speculative diagram

173

Additional Pickle hybrid speculation - credit to Aishwarya Hippalgaonkar

174

Acknowledgement: Unless noted otherwise, all graphical works are done collaboratively with group members.

Credit to the members: Corina Wong, Nathan Wright, Joshua Christian, Rajendra Buwono

175

APPENDIX C Other Hybrids 176

TYPOLOGY ANALYSIS DETACHED/WAREHOUSE/SHOPTOP Other typologies that have been explored is Detached Housings, Warehouses, and Shoptop. This exercise searches a hybrid typology that is a low-rise building, and exploration of each typologies’ appropriation to low rise building.

Detached housing is a singular housing which, as its name suggests, detached from one another. This type of housing is common in Australian, particularly the culture of Australian dreams with vast land and minimal house structure. Most of detached housings in Footscray stretches back to post-world war 2 era with Victorian motifs present in the buildings. The advantage of this type of housing is the fact that is separated, owners may have more privacy compare to other type of housing.

Warehouses are not housing type, however, learning from Fitzroy and Collingwood’s gentrification, it is a worth a research to explore the potential of warehouses to be gentrified into residential housings. Warehouse acts similarly to a shell withlarge unobstructed volume. Perhaps it can be compared with Mies’ IIT Crown Hall, a volume with a vast open space and no internal structural elements which can be utilised as anything.

Shoptop housing can be said a mixed use residential-commercial building in smaller scale. Furthermore it is a type of housing commonly found in Asian countries.

Considering the high demography of Vietnamese in Footscray, it could be said this is a common typology that could be used as a means to work and live under the same roof.

Typical post-WWII detached housing in Footscray

177

Detached Housing sketch

Warehouse Skillion Roof and sun negation

IIT Crown Hall. 1956. Mies van Der Rohe. Illinois, Chicago, USA Warehouse Circulation

Shop Top - Typical Form

Shop Top - Residential Space

Shop Top - Residence Circulation

Shop Top - Major Roads

Shop Top - Shop

Shop Top - Shop Circulation

178

HYBRID TYPOLOGY DETACHED+WAREHOUSE+SHOPTOP The hybrid result of the three typologies are shown on the next page. Taking the precedence of typical modern Vietnamese housing, of a thin multi-story housing with atrium entrance for sun shading and vertical green wall. The form is taken from a warehouse typology with skillion roof, detached in sections according to the roofing, then the function is divided with private section being elevated to allow shop top on the Ground Floor. Skillion roofing is used to receive sunlight internally, in contrast with its original intention for sun shading and passive lighting.

Furthermore distancing between houses to avoid overshadowing and optimally receive sunlight. The final form resembles a detached housing - townhouses typology which comes from a warehouse form, and functions as a shop top housing.

On the next page a section can be seen also showing the entrance atrium with green wall, to cool down the building, and in backlawn at the back of the building, resembling the Australian Dream of detached housing.

179

Termitary House by Tropical Space Architects, Vietnam

Warehouse form

Detached

Shoptop

Skillion Sun Access

Distancing

Final Hybrid

Final form and sun access

Section + Green Wall

180