Journeyman
International,
Inc.
Design and Construction Proposal Enge ye Business and Training Center Dde g e ya , U g a nda
gunjula
Engeye Scholar’s Education, Business, and Training Center Ddegeya Village, Uganda
Designed By: Jessica A Labac Journeyman International Designer California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo 2013-2014
Copyright Š 2014 Jessica A. Labac All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without written permission of the copyright owner. All images in this book have been reproduced in accordance with licensing procedures. Errors or omissions will be corrected in future editions. Published by Jessica A. Labac Distributed by Lulu Press, Inc. Printed in the United States of America First Edition
A sincere thank you to Engeye for the opportunity to work on this incredible project and to Journeyman International for helping make it all happen.
table of contents Part One | Introduction
Preface 5 Letter to Future Sponsors 8 A Word From the Designer 9 About Engeye 12 About Journeyman International 13
Part Two | Context
Project Overview 20 Project Issues 21 Demographics 23 Flora + Fauna 26
Part three | precedents
Gando Primary School Rufisque Women’s Center Women’s Opportunity Center
32 33 36
Part four | site
Location 41 Climate 48 Locally Available Building Materials 49
Part five | design
Program 56 Process 57 Final Schematic Design 65 Site Model 83 Structural Model 86
Part six | construction
Construction Schedule 92 Construction Estimate 93
Part seven | conclusion
Afterword 100 Citations 101 Image Credits 104
Part one: introduction
“What business had I had ever to set my heart on Africa? The old continent had done well before my giving it a thought; might it not have gone on doing so? As I myself could not find the answer, a great master supplied it. He said: “What is Africa to you and you to Africa…?” -from Echoes from the Hills, Shadows on the Grass, Isak Dinesen
Introduction | 4
1 Preface The village of Ddegeya rests in the heart of rural central Uganda amidst banana trees, coffee groves, and corn fields. Although the village is home to over 1,000 smiling faces there are innumerable hardships that over 96% of the families face daily.1 There are electrical lines, but no electricity. There is water, but no safe water. There are children, but no money for them to attend school. There are schools, but nobody to run them. There are talented individuals, with no way to exploit their talents. There is a community, with no space to call their own. Currently, there are many Ugandans living without access to a center that will educate them in business practices, train them to read, or inspire them to create. Pursuing this societal flaw is what drives the research and development of an Education, Business, and Training Center in Ddegeya. Fostering the growth of individuals both physically and mentally is the prime objective for this facility. Not only will the center enable the people of Ddegeya basic life skills and knowledge, but it will ideally become a symbol of unity and strength in the Ddegeya community. Research for this project is strategically organized to allow the reader to gain a basic background of the Ugandan culture while maintaining an awareness of how those facts ultimately affect the overall design of the Engeye Scholar’s Education, Business, and Training Center. The purpose of this project is to demonstrate that empowering individuals through education and supplying them with the necessary resources for growth will ultimately lead to prosperity and success. The freedom that arises from generating one’s own income and owning one’s own ideas is one of the most empowering things someone can do for themselves. Through nurturing relationships among individuals and their community there lies the opportunity for a stronger economy and community.
5 | Introduction
“If you want to go fast, go alone. If you want to go far, go together.” –African Proverb Introduction | 6
letter to future sponsors 1 Dear Future Project Sponsors, Uganda, noted as the “pearl of Africa” by Winston Churchill, possesses a rich cultural history that defines the very existence of the country today. Since Uganda obtained independence in 1962, the economy has been able to qualify for debt relief as a result of successful economic policy and currency reforms. Even though the economy as a whole has seen a rapid economic upturn, there are still innumerable problems in the education and business training sectors. Currently, four-fifths of the population lives and works in the rural parts of Uganda and about eighty percent of the women carry the burden of all domestic work.5 In regards to education, only eighteen percent of children who attended primary school have the ability to attend secondary school. These statistics demonstrate the many issues that still face this small, but proud nation. In a small rural village, called Ddegeya, there exists a desire to perpetuate the change in education already begun in Uganda. Engeye is a non-government organization dedicated to implementing this change with a new education and training center. The Engeye Scholar’s Education, Business, and Training Center will facilitate various activities including a community center, a library, and classrooms. These spaces will accommodate tutoring, education programs, occupational training opportunities, computer access and training, and a place for community meetings. Constructing this facility will present the Ddegeya community with more income opportunities and enable children to further their education. This proposal provides a general overview of the project’s site logistics, precedent studies, program, and schematic design. With your contribution, this facility can become a reality. Thank you for your invaluble support. Sincerely,
Jessica Labac Designer Journeyman International, Inc.
Introduction | 8
1 a word from the designer Working in the humanitarian sector has been a passion of mine since I began my architecture studies at California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo. Over the past five years I have learned that architecture is not just about constructing buildings–it is about helping people. To create spaces that positively influence a person, or betters their life in some way, is my ultimate goal as a designer. Working with such inspiring organizations like Journeyman International and Engeye has opened my eyes to the powerful opportunities that arise when passionate minds come together to work towards a common goal. Dedicating my fifth year architecture thesis to designing and building an Education, Business, and Training Center for the Ddegeya community in central Uganda has been the best decision I have made in my educational career. My ultimate goal is to design a building that will facilitate positive growth among the villagers in Ddegeya in hopes that one day everyone will receive the quality education they deserve.
9 | Introduction
about engeye 1 Engeye is a “non-government organization in Uganda that is dedicated to improving the living conditions and reduce unnecessary suffering in rural Uganda through education and compassionate health care.”9 The term ‘Engeye’ is both a white monkey and a clan in the Buganda Tribe of Uganda. Their goal is to be sustainable through all of their practices, while remaining free of the imposition of any foreign, social, political, or spiritual values.2 In 2007, Engeye constructed a successful health clinic that treats over 12,000 patients each year. Now, they are determined to increase education in the Ddegeya community. Engeye’s main focus is on supporting the educational initiative of the Engeye Health Clinic and to meet the educational needs of women and children living in and around the Ddegeya Village.2 In three years, they hope to achieve many goals regarding education, including: increasing educational opportunities through primary school scholarships at local village schools, researching and developing sustainable income projects for the families in the village, providing scholarship opportunities for secondary and post secondary education, and assisting the local primary schools by offering resources that will help to provide quality education.2 (For more information, please visit www.engeye.org)
Introduction | 12
1 about journeyman international Journeyman International is non-profit corporation that pairs architecture thesis students with a non-government organization (NGO) from around the world. JI’s vision is to “responsibly integrate sustainable design and construction methods with humanitarian projects worldwide.”3 By implementing appropriate sustainable design, impoverished communities will be equipped with systems that take advantage of the natural environment to create a better standard of living. Additionally, JI provides construction services for humanitarian relief organizations. As a green construction-based organization they offer LEED construction consultation for all types of humanitarian projects.3 Journeyman International is a charitybased public benefit company with state and federal tax exemption status. Through the support of sponsorships and fund raising, they have facilitated numerous designs since 2010, including: a medical clinic in Ethiopia, orphanages in Mexico and Haiti, a school in Ghana, a Children’s Safe House in Cameroon, a community center in Zambia, an orphanage in the shadow of Mt. Kilimanjaro, a library in Rwanda, and a clinic for the Maasi Tribe in Tanzania.3 (For more information, please visit: www. journeymaninternational.org)
13 | Introduction
Part two: context
“The biggest challenge is yet to come...Now there is beauty on the outside; how do we come back and build the infrastructure within the human soul?� -Alice Coles, president, Bayview Citizens for Social Justice
Context | 18
project overview 2 The primary goal of the Education, Business, and Training Center is to aide in the revitalization of the Ugandan economy. Training Ddegeya villagers will encourage them to join the workforce and enable them to provide for their families. Ultimately, the facility will support a variety of activities, including: community gathering spaces, staff housing, computers, and sewing machines. Vocational education will allow the all community members to pursue agricultural and carpentry projects, mechanical repairs, crafts and other practical skills that enable them to become contributing members of the Ugandan society. Incorporating this infrastructure into the village of Ddegeya grants each user the opportunity to be innovative, inventive and self-sustainable.1 A Chinese proverb states, “Give a man a fish and you feed him for a day. Teach a man to fish and you feed him for a lifetime.� Providing the resources for the community to learn fundamental skills in business and trade development will empower them to be successful entrepreneurs. The training center will provide income opportunities to increase their current standard of living and begin to better the lives of those around them. With the majority of humanitarian aid focusing on delivering for these needs in the present, there are some NGOs, like Engeye, that are looking farther ahead into the future by training people to use their resources in a way that will yield a sustainable and prosperous future. Using needs from the present to design a hope for the future is what this thesis project proposes. Education can lead to empowerment of the individual and provide the key to a brighter future.
Context | 20
2 project issues
21 | Context
Conditions in Ddegeya have greatly improved over the past seven years because of the Engeye Health Clinic that was built in 2007. Now Ddegeya and surrounding communities have access to basic health care, however there are still many issues facing the daily lives of the villagers. Currently, a majority of the Ddegeya population live on less than one dollar per day and cannot afford basic amenities, such as electricity, clean water, adequate food, or an education.1 One of the main resources Ddegeya is lacking is a place to train its community the basic skills and knowledge that are needed to advance within their society. Financial hardships make it difficult, and sometimes impossible, for children to attend school. Lack of business training makes it difficult for men and women to market themselves and earn a decent income. Without an education or proper training, there becomes little opportunity for individuals to tap into their true potential. In Ddegeya, 67% of children complete primary school but only 18% attend secondary school.7 Many attend primary school at one of the two nearby schools–St. Gertrude’s Private School or St. Timothy’s public school. The reason for low attendance in secondary school stems from a family’s inability to afford the school uniform. Not only are students not attending school, the education they would receive if they attended would be of low quality due to inconsistent teacher salary payments and a severe lack of supplies.1 One of the primary focuses of the Engeye Scholar’s Center is to provide a safe place for children and young adults, ages 5-20, to come and continue their education through the use of a community center, library, and computer lab, and classrooms. Women work two-thirds of the world’s working hours, produce one-half of the world’s food, and yet earn 10% of the world’s income and own less than 1% of the world’s property.6 Within the community center will be a flexible space for women who desire to make jewelry, weave baskets, or learn how to properly raise livestock. The center will be a place to learn about entrepreneurship and how to market oneself in the Ugandan economy. Through programs, such as micro-finance loans, there will be an incentive for the community to work together towards a common goal. A vocational center in the village will present men and women with more income opportunities through classes and equipment rentals, while young adults will have the ability to learn the basics of English, math, science and computer skills through access to a library and computer lab. Ultimately, the goal is to present the community a safe space that will foster a sense of pride in their work, a more substantial income, and priceless knowledge. By giving them a hand up, rather than a hand out, the Ddegeya community can pull itself out of poverty.
2 Demographics A variety of health issues plague the Ddegeya community. Many villagers suffer from AIDS, HIV, and malnourishment. Even with the implementation of a successful health clinic, there are still many that suffer from easily treatable illnesses. AIDS has reduced the life expectancy for all Ugandans from 48 years to 43 years in a span of fifteen years.9 Masaka, located just forty minutes by car from Ddegeya, hosts one of the highest populations affected by HIV/AIDS. Some of the most widespread illnesses include: cholera, diarrhea, malaria, and respiratory illnesses.9 Even issues, such as basic hygiene and reproductive health, are causes of sickness. Statistics show that women are at a severe disadvantage than men when it comes to physical and emotional well-being. For example, there is no law in Uganda that prohibits domestic violence. A shocking 68% of married women have reported acts of domestic violence. Women carry the burden of domestic and agricultural work of the family, even with women birthing seven children on average. When it comes to treatment of HIV and AIDS, women are less likely to receive treatment because revealing their diagnosis to their husbands will generate violence in the home.5 Currently, 6.5% of Ugandan women are HIV positive.8
64,000
HIV/AIDS deaths per year8
Water and firewood is collected by women
90%
of the time, which puts them in danger of being raped5
12% of women are malnourished &
38% of children are underweight
8
Maternal Mortality Rate:
310 deaths/100,000 live births
8
23 | Context
38%
of the population lives on less than $1.25 per day10
67%
of Ugandans live in rural poverty10
3/4 of girls not in school are located in Sub-Saharan Africa6
Ugandan literacy rate is roughly 35% below the national average of the United States10
About 1/2 of agricultural production is by rural farmers.10 Women constitute
70% of
the estimated 1,300,000,000 people living in absolute poverty.6
67%
of children complete primary school7
18%
of children complete secondary school7
80%
About of women, whether sick or healthy, carry the burden of all domestic work.5
flora + Fauna 2
Context | 26
Part three: precedents
“Without education, development is a dream.� -Diebedo Francis Kere, architect
Precedents | 30
gando, burkina faso francis kere 1999-2001
gando primary School 3 Landlocked in west Africa, Burkina Faso ranks as one of the world’s poorest countries. Nearly half of the population lives below the poverty level and less than one-third of the adult population is able to read and write. When architect, Francis Kere, discovered that the village he grew up in, Gando, had a primary school that was in disrepair, he decided to make a change.11 Kere’s new primary school design includes three detached rectangular classrooms with an intervening roof space that can be used for recess and outdoor instruction. High ceilings make the interior space feel grander even though class sizes can reach up to fifty students per instructor. Hinged metal louvers filter light from all sides of the building. To maintain comfort within the space, crossventilation is heavily utilized. Another way Kere increased the comfort of the classrooms was to raise the corrugated metal roof atop a light structure of girders. Below the girders a concrete frame was introduced to hold a ceiling of thin clay tiles hung from metal supports. Not only does the ceiling provide insulation, it also maintains good acoustical quality. A large roof overhang also keeps the midday sun and heavy rains away from the masonry facade. Another notable feature of the school is its elongated east-west orientation to minimize excessive heating of the long side walls.11
Precedents | 32
3 Rufisque Women’s Center The Rufisque Women’s Centre design is focused on the Senegalese-Nordic cultural exchange and is informed by the Finnish socially conscious agenda. Through extensive research of locally active women’s groups in Senegal and the rise in urban sprawl it was discovered that women were usually the sole breadwinners in the family. Women began creating an emotional and fiscal support network to provide opportunities for stability and economic growth.12 In order to accommodate large gatherings of women in a government program, called Groupement de Promotion Feminine, land was granted to the center. Three buildings are placed around a central courtyard to echo the traditional Senegalese gathering spaces and to serve as a metaphor for democracy. The design was facilitated by locally available materials, recycling and reuse. Cement was the main building material and was accompanied by recycled metal for doors and windows and reinforcing bars. Old car wheel rims were used as vents and recycled bottles were used for fenestration. To keep the spaces cool, straw is used on the ceiling. Red walls separate the facility from surround businesses. Over 30 women’s groups use the women’s centre today. The centre has become a symbol of unity in this Senegalese society.12
33 | Precedents
Rufisque, Senegal Hollmen Reuter Sandman Architects 1995
kayonza, rwanda Sharon davis design 2013
women’s opportunity center 3 In Kayonza, Rwanda, women dedicate their lives to subsistence farming, fetching fresh water, and collecting fuel for other daily tasks. Sharon Davis Design placed the Women’s Opportunity Center directly across from this fertile landscape to empower these hard working women by giving them a place where they can thrive.13 Human-scaled pavilions sit clustered in the landscape, which was strategically done to create security and community for over 300 women. The design is simple. Buildings radiate outwards in circular forms to reiterate the Rwandan design tradition of deep spatial and social layers. In the center of the cluster are the intimate classroom spaces, which then lead to a community space, farmer’s market, and civic area.13 To construct the buildings, rounded, perforated brick walls were used to allow for passive cooling and solar shading, however they still maintain a sense of privacy for the women. Bricks were built on site by the future users of the center, with over 450,000 clay bricks needed for construction. These construction skills also further the education and income-generating skills that these women are intended to learn while at the opportunity center. Other notable features of the complex are green roofs for cooling, retained earth walls, and hygienic composting toilets.13
Precedents | 36
Part four: site
“Architecture can be a powerful instrument to affect social change.� -Andres Lepik, Small Scale Big Change, MoMA
Site | 40
4 location
LOCATION
[Ddegeya Village, Uganda]
Physical Location The Ddegeya Village is situated in the central southern region of Uganda about 170 km southwest of the country’s capitol, Kampala. Ddegeya sits on the Masaka-Mbarara road, which is located 15 miles west of Masaka at latitude 0.383 degrees south and 31.517 degrees east at an elevation of 1,239 meters. Along the main road is a small trading center only a one kilometer away from the Engeye health clinic. A little over 1,000 villagers inhabit the village and around 200 homes are scattered throughout the landscape. The entire village occupies about 5 square kilometers. Surrounding villages include: Bunyere to the north, Nakateete to the south, Kyamaganda to the east, and Mbiriizi to the west. Kinoni and Mbiriizi are the nearest major villages and lie six kilometers to the east and west, respectively.14
geography & Ecology Ddegeya lies on a slope of a gradual hill that runs primarily north to south, with the clinic and the trading center at the top of the hill near the Masaka-Mbarara road. There lies a wetland at the base of the eastern hill, which has been drying over the years as a result of surrounding eucalyptus trees and an increased number of farms. The village is comprised of grasslands, wetland vegetation, and planted crops. Plantains and coffee are the village’s most abundant planted crops and generate the main source of income for many farmers.14 Soil conditions are structurally poor, as a result of weathering over the years. The clay soil is almost completely devoid of nutrients, even though its water retention is very high. Because the hard-packed clay soil is so difficult to dig into it is very difficult to reach the water table twenty feet below. Soil fertility will continue to decrease as farmers continue to cultivate the land without replacing the soils nutrients.14 41 | Site
Kampala
Ddegeya Village
Bunyere
Lake Victoria
Main Route from Kampala to the Ddegeya Village N
0 10 mi 20mi
Existing Site Features: Water
Transportation Boda-boda
Hand-dug Well
Matatu
Bore Hole
Bicycle Pond
Foot
Waste
Power
Solar Power
Latrine
Power Lines
Incinerator
(with no electricity)
Candlelight
40mi
Agriculture Throughout the year, farmers produce a variety of crops, including: corn, cassava, beans, peanuts, eggplant, onions, cabbage, and tomatoes. Coffee and plantains are the village’s largest cash crop. Even with the village being largely a subsistence farming community, many of the inhabitants are malnourished due to an unvaried diet. Essential nutrients are not available for their bodies, even though they receive adequate calories through the crops they produce. Many families have small plots of land for farming, however the health clinic provides land for the families who do not possess land.14
Water Supply Most houses attempt to collect water from roofs using various containers, as well as jerry cans, filled using nearby ponds and wells. Children are primarily responsible for gathering water and make roughly four trips to the water source each day. Most gather from the Nalongo pond, which is located downhilll from the Engeye health clinic on the east side of the village.15 Nalongo is an open pit with logs laid across the three meter opening to allow for easier water collection. Not only is the pond severely contaminated, but mud and debris are also a huge problem after heavy rains. A hand pump is placed directly adjacent to the pond and is now capable of being used thanks to the Engeye Scholars’ Clean Water Initiative that pays for the repairs when the pump breaks. Working hand pumps can be found at bore holes around the village but these bore holes are used less often than Nalongo due to their farther distance.14 However, another bore hole near St. Gertrude’s private school is now able to be used more frequently because the Engeye Scholars work to keep the bore hole in good repair.
Water is a major issue in the Ddegeya village. Three of the ponds are contaminated with E.Coli and coliform. In order to make the gathered water safe to drink, it is boiled to kill a majority of existing bacteria. This requires a large quantity of firewood which is quickly depleting this cooking fuel source.15
Site | 44
power Power from Uganda’s power grid is very limited. Most of the electricity used in Ddegeya is generated by solar power. Over 96% of families do not have electricity. A six-panel photovoltaic system installed on the health clinic provides enough support for patient care and to run constant power to specific machines, such as a refrigerator that holds vaccines. Recently, the clinic was able to connect to the Ugandan hydroelectric power grid. The local electric company, Umeme, has enabled this resource to be available to Engeye, which serves as a crucial energy backup that the staff can rely on.14
Waste Latrines are the primary way human waste is collected. A latrine is essentially a hole in the ground and a typical one in the village is fortytwo feet deep, seven feet long and two feet wide. Typically, the hole is covered by a concrete pad and one brick hole so that the children cannot fall through.14 To remove other types of waste from the village an incinerator is used. Currently, a masonry incinerator, designed by the World Health Organization, is located not far from the health clinic to burn waste. It is also important to include a dry waste storage area to reduce the contamination of village inhabitants.14
Transportation Transportation to Ddegeya can be treacherous and many families cannot afford the short ride to the nearest large city, Masaka. The most common form of transportation is an overcrowded taxi, called a matatu, or a small motorcycle, called a boda-boda. Bicycles are owned and operated by the privileged few and are usually used for business activities.1 Most of the transportation in Ddegeya is on foot, whether they are collecting water, traveling to school, or transporting goods.
45 | Site
M
Road
Crop Fields
Main Road
arara
/Mb asaka
Site Engeye Health Clinic
Nearest Bore Hole/ Nalongo Pond N
Average High Temperature vs. Average High Humidity
Average Low Temperature vs. Average Low Humidity
Average Precipitation vs. Number of Days
climate 4 Located on the equator, the Ddegeya village is very tropical and experiences typical equatorial climate occurrences, such as heavy rains and relatively constant temperatures. The average temperature is 2023 degrees Celsius, which is about 70 degrees Fahrenheit, year-round.15 Two rainy seasons are between the months of November to December and March to June. Rainfall averages over 1,200 inches per year. As a result of climate change, Ddegeya villagers have experienced shorter rainy seasons and longer dry seasons, which is problematic to their subsistence agricultural society.14 During the dry season water is heavily conserved, especially water coming from the rainwater catchment tanks.
Solar17
Wind17
Psychrometric Chart January February March April May June July August September October November December
Site | 48
4 locally available building materials Burnt & un-burnt brick
cement
Compressed earth blocks (CEB)
compressed earthen Floor
Adjacent Residence 49 | Site
Site
roof construction Materials:
iron sheeting
thatching
other Materials:
sand Benefits of using locally available and indigenous earth materials:16 1. Reduce transportation energy costs 2. Reduce material costs 3. Support local businesses
eucalyptus
View of the Engeye Health Clinic
Part five: design
“Children thus formulate their identities in ways that make rural connections essential to both their ethnic and national identities as productive citizens. In this configuration, I argue, “the village” becomes an integral imaginary space of both children’s identity origination and their fulfillment of development trajectories.”
-from Pillars of the Nation, Kristen E. Cheney
Design | 54
Outdoor Classroom Library
Office
Classroom
Community Room
Storage Kitchen Staff Lounge Shower Rm.
Staff Room Staff Room
Flexibility and adaptability are the two main components of the 2,620 square foot program. There are three main parts to the Engeye Scholar’s Center: a community room, a library and classrooms. Both the community center and library to work together symbiotically by interacting when needed and acting individually when desired. In addition to the main community spaces, two classroom spaces are available for classes, group gatherings, and general use. A special consideration is to be made regarding the staff housing because it is important to ensure the safety and security of the Engeye staff.
Area: Community Room Library/Computer Lab Classroom Outdoor Classroom Kitchen Staff Room (2) Staff Lounge Bathroom Staff Office Storage
500 sq. ft. 280 sq. ft. 400 sq. ft. 425 sq. ft. 115 sq. ft. 200 sq. ft. 100 sq. ft. 100 sq. ft. 90 sq. ft. 80 sq. ft.
Total Area: 2,290 sq. ft.
program 5 Community center The community center functions as the main gathering space where villagers can perform a variety of activities. Shelving and closets are a necessity in this space and will be used to store materials and lock up equipment when not in use, such as books, sewing machines and repair equipment. There will also be an instructional space with a blackboard to educate people how to use the provided equipment. Equipment can be rented for a small fee to promote responsibility and a sense of ownership.
library Included in the library is an abundance of book shelves, tables and computers. The room will serve as both a library and a computer lab, which will be largely beneficial in continuing the education for the children who cannot attend secondary school. Both the library and community center have the ability to open up to one another and be closed off when necessary.
classroom Placed directly adjacent to the library, the indoor classroom serves as a multi-function space available for literacy classes, business courses, or general community meetings. The space will come equipped with adequate storage and seating areas.
outdoor Classroom Connected to the classroom is an outdoor classroom that continues the learning outside. Located under a shaded canopy, the classroom is intended to be a comfortable and open space for any type of learning to take place.
Kitchen
A small kitchen will be placed directly adjacent to the main community center and will function as an area for the staff to cook. Cabinets, and a small propane tank are required for the kitchen. Ideally, the kitchen would serve as a small shop where the community can sell chapatti, sodas, or other small food items for profit. Design | 56
5 process 1 Taking a different approach, this design iteration focused on combining the program into one solid form to decrease the cost of construction and increase the total square footage of the community center. Supporting the continuous roof are eucalyptus trees found on-site and assembled in a strategic pattern to carry the load of the second story veranda. They are also used to mimic the natural placement of trees throughout the site. Once again, simple and local materials are represented in a neutral palette reflecting natural surrounding elements. One of the benefits of this design is the ample amount of shading and reuse of existing site materials, however there is more site excavation required than in previous designs. The cost of excavation would heavily outweigh the decreased cost of construction.
57 | Design
l k
j
m
Second Floor
h a
e
b
N
0’ 5’
10’
c
d
f
Ground Floor
20’
a outdoor amphitheater b community center c library
South Elevation
g
d office e kitchen f storage
g bathroom h play space j flexible classroom
k outdoor classroom l breezeway m staff room
West Elevation
Maximize Site
Centralize Outdoor Space
Lower Building Into Site
Add Floor to Accommodate Program
Incorporate Circulation and Slope Roof to Promote Efficiency Re-introduce Displaced Trees for Building Support
East-West Section
Corrugated Tin Roof
Windows and Doors
Eucalyptus Railing
Column Support
CEB Wall With Plaster
Concrete Header Beam
CEB Walls
Eucalyptus Tree Support
First Floor
Environmental Considerations
Water Catchment
Solar Energy
Reuse of Local Materials Orientation and Cross-Ventilation (Eucalyptus Trees)
Design | 60
5 process 2 The schematic design iteration features three separate buildings placed strategically on the site to work more cohesively with the existing topography. Building placement and orientation began creating pockets of outdoor spaces, such as an amphitheater and outdoor classroom, to make the site more cohesive and dynamic. Unifying all of these structures is an undulating overhang made of thin metal, with existing young eucalyptus tree branches inset into it. The shading device creates shade in many places throughout the site while forming playful shadows onto the surfaces of the brick buildings. Corrugated tin was not only used for the roofing material but for the doors into the public spaces. Not only do the doors open up to accommodate numerous community activities, but they increase security through their added strength and resilience. Ultimately, this design focuses on community interaction with the complex through open and adaptable spaces.
61 | Design
m
k
j
l
Second Floor
f
g c
h
e b
d
a
N
0’ 5’
10’
Ground Floor
20’
a outdoor amphitheater b community center c library
South Elevation
d office e kitchen f existing house
g outdoor classroom h flexible classroom j staff room
k staff lounge l storage m bathroom
West Elevation
Maximize Buildable Site Along Major Circulation Paths
Separate Building Entities to Frame Outdoor Spaces
Rotate Building to Allow Entry to All Outdoor Spaces
Water Catchment
Accommodate Comfortable Outdoor Environments With Undulating Overhang
East-West Section
North-South Section
Reuse of Local Materials Solar Energy
Corrugated Tin Roof
Wood Joists
Windows and Doors
Masonry Column Support
Concrete Ring Beam
CEB Walls
Concrete Slab
Foundation
Design | 64
5 final Design Surrounded by a thick eucalyptus canopy, the Engeye Scholar’s Center sits gracefully along the heavily sloped site near the Engeye Health Clinic. The Ddegeya villagers are encouraged to access the community center through a gracious grand stair located on the southwest end of the site. Each building of the Scholar’s Center is strategically placed to take advantage of the shade provided by the eucalyptus trees, capture the predominant winds, and encourage effective site drainage. A continuous retaining wall wraps around the western end of the site to create flexible open spaces adjacent to the community spaces. Taking advantage of this wall, concrete steps follow the retaining wall and offer peaceful places for visitors to sit and relax. Through small level changes and subtle differentiation of space, the Engeye Scholar’s Center is able to accommodate a wide variety of activities, such as performances, business training, and large community gatherings.
65 | Design
N
0’
10’
20’
40’
Design | 68
The community center can be opened up to the outdoor area for larger gatherings or performances. Similarly, the classroom can be opened to create an indoor/outdoor classroom experience. When the classroom is closed, there is still an outdoor classroom available for use at any time. A small amphitheater is nestled between the two main facilities and offers another opportunity for community gatherings and special occasions. Lastly, a generously tiered landscape sits behind the kitchen for growing small crops that the community can use. The center has been designed to engage the community and provide them with a sustainable and prosperous future.
Maximize Buildable Site Along Major Circulation Paths
Separate Building Entities to Frame Outdoor Spaces
Rotate Building to Allow Entry to All Outdoor Spaces
Create Flexible Spaces Using Level Shifts and Integrated Seating Areas
69 | Design
o
k
g
j
h
e
m
l
c
b n
a outdoor amphitheater b community center c library
f
d a
d office e kitchen f crop field
g outdoor classroom h flexible classroom j event space
k staff lounge l staff room m bathroom
n storage o existing house
N
0’ 5’
South Elevation
10’
20’
Clerestory Condition Plaster Operable Window Flashing Corrugated Steel Roof
Concrete Window Frame Pre-Cast Concrete Window Metal Grate (security)
Glass Bottle Mosaic Screened Ventilation Openings
Foundation Compressed Earth Block Compacted Earthen Floor 4” Concrete Slab 2” Sand Layer 4” Gravel Storm Water Trench Existing Soil Concrete Footing
North-South Section
0’ 2.5’
5’
10’
0’ 1’
2’
4’ Clerestory Window
Corrugated Steel Roof Wooden Purlin
Wooden Truss
Concrete Ring Beam Concrete Window Box Casement Window Education Wall Compacted Earthen Floor
Sliding Corrugated Steel Door
Compressed Earth Block
Concrete Footing
Responding to the dramatic site conditions posed a challenge to overall building placement and design. Site drainage was one of the most important issues to address because of the heavy rains received during the two rainy seasons every year. Two of the buildings were rotated to allow storm water to drain around them naturally. Deep trenches were also placed around each structure to help facilitate this movement. Topography was utilized to its full potential and helped define the placement of each programmatic piece. The concept of the site was fluidity and was achieved by creating pockets of outdoor space that enhanced the flexibility of the program. Also, building on the flatter areas of the site allowed for greater structural stability and less cost associated with excavation. The goal for the community center was comfort and adaptability achieved through a cohesive network of environmental responses.
Design | 72
Compressed Earth Blocks (CEB)
Thatching
Eucalyptus
The Engeye Scholar’s Center was designed with one word in mind: handmade. Not only is the center designed to help facilitate daily classes and activities, but the construction itself is supposed to be a learning process. All elements in the structure can be crafted by hand with the help of any community member, young and old. Compressed earth blocks can be pressed by using a simple machine and stacked easily by hand. Similarly, the earthen floor on the interior is compacted using thatched brushes and beaten until smooth and hardened. Recycled glass bottles will be used by the Engeye scholars to create mosaics in the concrete window frames and along the seat wall that snakes through the site. Each space was designed to be open and flexible so that it can be adapted to meet any need. Designing a community center that fosters connection, creativity, comfort, and cohesion promotes a sense of value and acceptance. The center will serve as a refuge for those who need a space of their own, as well as a space for generating self-worth through income and education opportunities.
73 | Design
Compressed Earthen Floor
Corrugated Steel
Cross Ventilation + Lighting
Metal Grate
Corrugated Steel Roof
Wood Purlins
Plaster Ceiling
Wooden Trusses
Clerestory Windows Concrete Window Frames
Plaster Walls Concrete Ring Beam
Doors
CEB Walls
Concrete Columns
Concrete Base Rim
4� Concrete Slab
Foundation
Summer Solstice Winter Solstice Equinox Prevailing Winds Major Drainage
0’
5’
10’
20’
N
Design | 76
77 | Design
Rainwater catchment is essential in the village. With the frequent heavy rains, it is ideal that the water be stored for daily use, such as cooking, showering, and cleaning.
Photovoltaic panels provide the energy needed to provide adequate lighting within the buildings during the evening hours. They can also be used to heat water or power equipment, such as sewing machines.
East Elevation
Water Filtration (Pure Madi Method) There is minimal access to clean water in the Ddegeya village, which leaves the community exposed to harmful bacteria in their everyday drinking water. An interdisciplinary team from the University of Virginia and the University of Venda in South Africa have designed a ceramic water filtration system that combines local materials, such as clay, sawdust, and water. With local labor, the ceramic filters can be produced quickly and easily. Rigorous testing has proved that this technology is not only effective in killing off harmful pathogens, but is also socially accepted in many developing countries. Besides providing clean drinking water for the community, Pure Madi is also a sustainable business venture that allows community members to create and sell filters, thus generating income.19 For more information visit: www.puremadi.org
1. Sawdust placed in sieve table for processing
2. Processed sawdust ready to mix
3. Clay processed in hammermill
4. Water added to clay/ sawdust mixture
5. Filters pressed in machine
7. Filters are flow-tested
8. Colloidal silver applied to filters
9. Filters stacked in kiln
10. Filters fired at 800 degrees Celsius
11. Filters assembled
6. Filters are refined and cleaned
12. Filters and containers distributed
Dry Composting Toilet
Using dry composting technology, waste will be decomposed into nutrient-rich fertilization that can be used in the adjacent crop field. Warmer climates make a dry composting toilet ideal because the bacteria and pathogens break down much more quickly, while protecting ground water from contamination.20
Using natural daylight and cross ventilation the interior of the community space provides excellent thermal comfort and lighting quality for occupants. CEBs were strategically removed to promote air flow while protecting the interior from bugs and water. The angled roof allows for clerestory windows that add lighting and encourage heat to flow up and out of the buildling to cool the interior. A prominent feature inside the community center is the large eight-foot tall blackboard. This allows for visual learning during business training, english lessons, or community meetings.
Construction Method Compressed Earth Blocks (CEB) use local soil and compress it into inter-locking bricks that are renewable, long-lasting, and non-toxic. Additionally, buildings constructed using CEBs take up to 30% less energy to heat and cool than a typical concrete structure, making the interior spaces more thermally comfortable.21 1. Collect Local Soil
2. Compress Block
3. Add Reinforcement
4. Completed CEB Wall
Made with dirt, clay, sand, and only 8% cement, CEBs exceed the strength requirements for cement block in the United States. A V-Lock Block weighs 22-25 pounds.21
Using a hydraulic press, these blocks are made and cured in seven days. After twenty-eight days of curing the blocks become water resistant. Not only are the blocks water resistant, but they are sound proof, fire proof, bug proof and mold proof.21
Rebar is inserted into the block’s voids and are then filled with cement. Shake table tests have determined that using reinforcement provides excellent seismic resistance and stability. A concrete ring beam is added every 4’-8’ to provide stabilization.21
CEB walls can be finished using a cementitious paint or covered with plaster. Using the CEB method can save up to 30% in material and labor costs typically used in masonry construction.21
Design | 80
81 | Design
Rainwater Catchment If the water runoff from the roof is fully captured throughout the year, the community center could produce almost two million gallons of water for use. After a heavy rain over 45,000 gallons can be collected in just one hour. Based on the calculations, two to three tanks would be sufficient for the community center.18
45,000 gallons/hr. (heavy rain)
800 ft2 550 ft
2
1,000 ft2
Harvested Water (gal)
1,756,860 gal/yr
= catchment area (ft2) x rainfall depth (in.) x 0.623 conversion =
2,350 ft2
x
1,200 in.
x
0.623
North Elevation
5 site model
83 | Design
Structural model 5
Design Design| 118 | 86
Part six: construction
“The real trick is how to convince people that this is something important that they should invest in. The secret is that it’s actually not by starting with good intentions, it’s by starting with need.” -Alex Gilliam, PUBLIC Journal
Construction | 90
Q3
2013
Q4
Q1
Q2
2014
Q3
Q4
Q1
Q2
2015
Q3
Q4
Q1
2016
Q2
Q3
Q4
Engeye Uganda Schedule Preconstruction Finalize Design and Fundraising Materials Fundraise
1m 7.5 months Survey Site
Establish Design and Construction Teams Create Construction Documents
5 months
Submit For Permit Approval Attain Permit Sitework Safe Off Site Demolition and Tree Removal
3w
Grubbing Site Install Temporary Construction Utilities (Generators, toilet‌
2w
Rough Grading and Excavation
2m
Underground Utilities (Plumbing, Site Drainage, Electrical)
3w
Fine Grading Compaction Exacavate Facility and Site Retaining Wall Footings Facility Construction Install Rebar and Pour Facility and Site Footings
2w
Pour Foundation Stemwalls, BackďŹ ll and Compact
3w
Install Rebar and Pour Facility Foundations
3w
Form and Pour Structural Collumns
2m
Install Compressed Earth Block, Reinforce and Pour Grout
2.5m
Form and and Pour Concrete Beams
1m
Install Gable Compressed Earth Install Wood Trusses Sheat Trusses, Perlins and Install Thatch Insulation
2w
Install Corrugated Metal Roof Install WIndows and Doors
3w
Install Exterior Plaster Rough MEP Install Interior Plaster Install Flooring
3w
Painting Cabinets and Countertops Finish Composting Toilet Misc. Interior FInishes Finish MEP, Rainwater Catchment and Solar Panels
2w
Site Finishes Install Concrete/Rock Seating Walls Install Drainage Grates Install Compacted Earth Hardscape Install Water Tanks and Irrigation for Crop Area Install Ampitheatre Stage, Sitewalls and Seating Closeout Punchlist Ribbon Cutting and Grand Opening
1m
Construction Schedule 6 #
Info 0 1
Title
Given Plan ned Work
Flag # Prede Expected Start Assigned Status cessors Resources
Engeye Uganda Schedule Preconstruction
% Compl ete
6/5/14
0%
6/5/14
0%
6/5/14
0%
2
Finalize Design and Fundraising Materials
20 days
3
Fundraise
150 days
2
7/3/14
0%
4
Survey Site
2 days
3
1/29/15
0%
5
Establish Design and Construction Teams
10 days
4
2/2/15
0%
6
Create Construction Documents
100 days
5
2/16/15
0%
7
Submit For Permit Approval
1 day
6
7/6/15
0%
8
Attain Permit
7
7/6/15
0%
7/7/15
0%
9
Sitework
10
Safe Off Site
3 days
8
7/7/15
0%
11
Demolition and Tree Removal
15 days
10
7/10/15
0%
12
Grubbing Site
4 days
11
7/31/15
0%
13
Install Temporary Construction Utilities (Generators, toilets, water tank 10 days
12
8/6/15
0%
14
Rough Grading and Excavation
40 days
13
8/20/15
0%
15
Underground Utilities (Plumbing, Site Drainage, Electrical)
15 days
14
10/15/15
0%
16
Fine Grading
3 days
15
11/5/15
0%
17
Compaction
5 days
16
11/10/15
0%
18
Exacavate Facility and Site Retaining Wall Footings
5 days
17
11/17/15
0%
11/24/15
0%
19
Facility Construction
20
Install Rebar and Pour Facility and Site Footings
10 days
18
11/24/15
0%
21
Pour Foundation Stemwalls, BackďŹ ll and Compact
15 days
20
12/8/15
0%
22
Install Rebar and Pour Facility Foundations
15 days
21
12/29/15
0%
23
Form and Pour Structural Collumns
40 days
22
1/19/16
0%
24
Install Compressed Earth Block, Reinforce and Pour Grout
50 days
23
3/15/16
0%
25
Form and and Pour Concrete Beams
20 days
24
5/24/16
0%
26
Install Gable Compressed Earth
8 days
25
6/21/16
0%
27
Install Wood Trusses
5 days
25
6/21/16
0%
28
Sheat Trusses, Perlins and Install Thatch Insulation
10 days
27
6/28/16
0%
29
Install Corrugated Metal Roof
4 days
28
7/12/16
0%
30
Install WIndows and Doors
15 days
29
7/18/16
0%
31
Install Exterior Plaster
10 days
30
8/8/16
0%
32
Rough MEP
5 days
31
8/22/16
0%
33
Install Interior Plaster
10 days
32
8/29/16
0%
34
Install Flooring
15 days
31
8/22/16
0%
35
Painting
3 days
32
8/29/16
0%
36
Cabinets and Countertops
3 days
35
9/1/16
0%
37
Finish Composting Toilet
3 days
36
9/6/16
0%
38
Misc. Interior FInishes
5 days
37
9/9/16
0%
39
Finish MEP, Rainwater Catchment and Solar Panels
10 days
38
9/16/16
0%
8/22/16
0%
40
Site Finishes
41
Install Concrete/Rock Seating Walls
10 days
31
8/22/16
0%
42
Install Drainage Grates
5 days
41
9/5/16
0%
43
Install Compacted Earth Hardscape
10 days
42
9/12/16
0%
44
Install Water Tanks and Irrigation for Crop Area
10 days
31
8/22/16
0%
45
Install Ampitheatre Stage, Sitewalls and Seating
20 days
43
9/26/16
0%
10/24/16
0%
45
10/24/16
0%
47
10/28/16
0%
46
Closeout
47
Punchlist
48
Ribbon Cutting and Grand Opening
5 days
Construction | 92
6 Construction Estimate PROJECT NAME:
Engeye Scholar's Center
PROJECT NUMBER:
$
169,290.00
LOCATION: Ddegeya, Uganda UPDATED AS OF: 6/12/14
2,290 sf
Construction Estimate COST CODE DIVISION 1
DIVISION 2
DIVISION 3
DIVISION 4
DIVISION 5
DIVISION 6
DIVISION 7
DIVISION 8
93 | Construction
DESCRIPTION OF WORK GENERAL CONDITIONS
Permit Cost Estimating Equipment Fuel Plan Reproduction Travel Subsistance Inspection/Testing Clean-Up Final Clean-Up Small Tools Misc Gen Condition Trailor/Storage Temporary Utilities Bonds All Risk Insurance Safety/OSHA Permit Temporary Fencing Project Closeout SITE WORK General Sitework Traffic Control Demolition Driven Piles Surveying Construction Water (dust control) Dewatering (flood control) Shoring Rough Grading Fine Grading Excavate road Trench/Backfill Soil Treatment Underground Utilities/Water System Erosion Control (SWPPP) Undrground Elect connection Rainwater catchment system Base Rock Asphalt Concrete Paving (road entry) Site Concrete Retaining Walls Perimeter fencing Green Roof Landscape/Irrigation CONCRETE Sub Base Forms & Accessories Form Liners (for asthetics) Reinforcement (rebar) Cast-In-Place Conc Tree Grates Caissons Curing & Sealers Precast Concrete Floor Toppings (apoxy over concrete floors) Rammed Earth CMU Grout MASONRY Concrete masonry units (CMU's) Brick Stone/Gabion METALS Structural Steel Metal roof Crane & Hoisting Misc Metal Fab Concrete Stairs Handrails & Railings Gratings CARPENTRY Rough Carpentry Glu Lams/Trusses Finish Carpentry Cabinets Counter Tops Architectural Mill Work THERM.&MOIST.PROTECT Waterproofing Water Repellent Insulation Roofing Roof Accessories Metal Siding Deck Coatings Flashing & Sheet Metal Downspouts/Gutters Joint Sealants/Caulk DOORS & WINDOWS Doors/Windows/Frames Access Covers/Panels Overhead Door Systems (garage doors) Skylights
ESTIMATE USD
ESTIMATE Shilling
$ 500.00 $ 1,285,000.00 included included included NIC included Included included included included $ 15,000.00 $ 38,550,000.00 included $ 2,500.00 $ 6,425,000.00 included included Included Included included $ 40,000.00 included $ 2,500.00 NIC $ 750.00 included included NIC included included NIC included NIC $ 2,500.00 $ 250.00 included $ 4,000.00 included included NIC $ 15,000.00 NIC NIC $ 1,500.00
$
6,425,000.00
$
1,927,500.00
$ $
6,425,000.00 642,500.00
SubTotal USD 18,000.00 $
TOTAL SHILLINGS 46,260,000.00
$
66,500.00 $
170,905,000.00
$
32,000.00 $
82,240,000.00
$
-
$
9,000.00 $
23,130,000.00
$
3,500.00 $
8,995,000.00
$
1,500.00 $
3,855,000.00
$
7,500.00 $
19,275,000.00
$ 38,550,000.00 $
3,855,000.00
NIC NIC NIC NIC $ 5,000.00 $ 12,850,000.00 NIC NIC included $ 1,000.00 $ 2,570,000.00 $ 3,000.00 $ 7,710,000.00 $ 2,500.00 $ included NIC $ 1,000.00 $ included NIC NIC NIC NIC included NIC NIC NIC $ 1,500.00 $ included NIC
6,425,000.00
Page 1
$
-
2,570,000.00
3,855,000.00
7,500.00 $ 19,275,000.00
KEY!
LS --------------- Lump Sum Ea --------------- Each LM --------------- Linear Meter SM --------------- Square Meter BF --------------- Board Foot NIC --------------Not in Contract Â
$ 10,280,000.00
included included included included $ 24,000.00 $ 61,680,000.00 NIC NIC NIC NIC NIC $ 8,000.00 $ 20,560,000.00 included
$ NIC NIC NIC
$
PROJECT NAME:
Engeye Scholar's Center
PROJECT NUMBER:
$
169,290.00
LOCATION: Ddegeya, Uganda UPDATED AS OF: 6/12/14
2,290 sf
Construction Estimate COST CODE DIVISION 9
DIVISION 10
DIVISION 11
DIVISION 12
DIVISION 13 DIVISION 14 DIVISION 15
DIVISION 16
SUBTOTAL
SUBTOTAL Grand Total
DESCRIPTION OF WORK
FINISHES Demising Wall Lath & Plaster (stucco) Drywall (green board, x-board, gypsum) Tile Carpet/ hardwood Wall Coverings Painting SPECIALTIES Blackboards (classrooms) Bulletin/Tack Boards (classrooms) School desks and chairs Toilet partitions Bumper/Corner Guards Flagpoles Exterior Signage Interior Signage Fire Extinguishers Fire Extinguisher Cabinets Prefab Awnings Mail Boxes FRP Screen (bathroom walls) Metal Shelving Wood Shelving Toilet Accessories EQUIPMENT Audio Video Screens/TV's Coax/Antenna/BTS Food/Kitchen Service Appliances Sports Equipment Hood/Vent Systems Office Furnishings FURNISHINGS Window Coverings Bunk beds Art work Office Furniture SPECIAL CONSTRUCTION Fire/Security System CONVEYING SYSTEMS Scaffolding Elevator MECHANICAL WORK Fire Protection sprinklers Plumbing Cable/Coax Cover HVAC (each house) Air Test & Balance ELECTRICAL Electrical Fiberoptic Internet System Generators Lighting Data & Communication Audio/Video/CCTV Fire Alarm General Contractor Engineering Arhictecture Misc. Subconsultants
ESTIMATE USD
ESTIMATE Shilling
included $ 7,500.00 $ 19,275,000.00 NIC NIC NIC NIC $ 500.00 $ 1,285,000.00 By Owner By Owner By Owner By Owner By Owner By Owner By Owner By Owner $ 200.00 $ NIC Included By Owner By Owner By Owner By Owner $ 200.00 $
514,000.00
By Owner By Owner By Owner By Owner NIC Included NIC 2,500.00 $
6,156.00 1,539.00 4,617.00 3,078.00
$ $
15,390.00 169,290.00
TOTAL SHILLINGS 20,560,000.00
$
400.00 $
1,028,000.00
$
-
$
-
$
-
$
-
$
-
$
-
$
-
$
-
$
2,500.00 $
6,425,000.00
$
5,000.00 $
12,850,000.00
$
153,900.00 $
395,523,000.00
6,425,000.00
$ 5,000.00 $ 12,850,000.00 NIC NIC Included NIC NIC NIC $ $ $ $ $
SubTotal USD 8,000.00 $
514,000.00
By Owner By Owner By Owner By Owner By Owner By Owner By Owner
NIC $ NIC NIC NIC
$
$169,290.00
TOTAL
$
433,382,400.00
total cost : $169,290 Page 2
Part seven: conclusion
“We often live and work in the United States unconscious that the way we live, the economic policies we are establishing, have a tremendous impact on the rest of the world. It’s transforming the rest of the world in ways that are irreparable. I realized I needed to take students out of the United States into these areas so they could see how they could be rethinking their profession as designers–to become citizens of the world, to be aware of the social, cultural, environmental impact of architecture.” -Sergio Palleroni, architect, Design Like You Give A Damn
Conclusion | 98
Afterword 7 Assimilating cultural sensitivity with innovation enables the community of Ddegeya to feel secure and welcome while fueling them with the drive to push forward in their thoughts and attitudes. Through the Engeye Scholar’s Education, Business, and Training Center, the Ddegeya community will possess a building that they can take pride in. The center will be a place for all community members, both young and old, to gather together to pursue learning. Fostering young creativity and encouraging the desire to learn is the primary objective of the Engeye Scholar’s Center. With flexible and adaptable spaces, the community will be able to use the facility to its maximum potential through micro-finance loans, craft courses, literacy classes, and performances. Designed with precision and detail, the center is a multi-functional space that allows the user to designate the use of space as he or she sees fit. The architecture forms the shell and the community fills that shell with their hopes, dreams, and desires. Ddegeya is full of life, love, and laughter. Presenting the community with a complex that they can take ownership of and take responsibility for is a powerful way to bring the people of Ddegeya together. There lies great opportunity in building a community center in the village of Ddegeya because the center gives the villagers someplace where they can exploit their talents while learning new skills and abilities. Not only will this be a center for dreams, it will be a center for hope.
Conclusion | 100
7 citations 1. Pers Hickey, Elaine. “Interview with Engeye.” Telephone interview. 15 Oct. 2013. 2. “I Live in Ddegeya.” Engeye. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Sept. 2013. <http://www.engeye.org/>. 3. “Tethering University Talent With Global Urgency.” Journeyman International. N.p., Nov. 2013. Web. Sept. 2013. <http://www. journeymaninternational.org/>. 4. Veit, Peter, comp. Women and Customary Land Rights in Uganda. Issue brief. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Print. 5. Leiman, Samantha C. “Ugandan Women.” Web log post. 3Limes. N.p., 8 Mar. 2010. Web. 18 Nov. 2013. <http://3limes. wordpress.com/2010/03/08/ugandan-women/>. 6. Sinclair, Cameron, and Kate Stohr. Design Like You Give A Damn: Architectural Responses to Humanitarian Crisis. London: Thames & Hudson, 2006. Print. 7. “Education.” Uganda Rural Fund (URF). N.p., n.d. Web. Dec. 2013. <http://www.ugandaruralfund.org/what-we-do/education/>. 8. “Uganda.” The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency, n.d. Web. Nov. 2013. <https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/theworld-factbook/geos/ug.html>. 9. “Child and Maternal Health Issues in Uganda.” Child and Maternal Health Issues in Uganda. Foundation for Sustainable Development, n.d. Web. 18 Mar. 2014. <http://fsdinternational.org/country/uganda/healthissues>. 10. Ingham, Kenneth, M. Semakula M. Kiwanuka, Omari H. Kokole, and Maryinez Lyons. “Uganda.” Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. Web. Nov. 2013. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/612597/Uganda> 11. Lepik, Andres. Small Scale, Big Change: New Architectures of Social Engagement. New York: Museum of Modern Art, 2010. Print. 12. Hollmen Reuter Sandman Architects. “Women’s Center, Rufisque, Senegal.” Ukumbi. N.p., n.d. Web. 0 Oct. 2013. <http://www. ukumbi.org/projects/womens-center.html>. 13. “Women’s Opportunity Center / Sharon Davis Design” 03 Oct 2013. ArchDaily. Accessed 13 Nov 2013. http://www.archdaily. com/?p=433846. 14. Engeye. 2012 Annual Report. Annual Report. Engeye, 2012. Web. Nov. 2013. <http://www.amwa-doc.org/cms_files/original/ AnnualReport20121.pdf>. 15. Freeman, Joe. “About Ddegeya.” Telephone interview. 4 Nov. 2013. 16. “Building Materials.” Shelter and Settlements Alternatives: Uganda Settlements Network. BitWork, n.d. Web. Oct. 2013. <http:// www.ssauganda.org/index.php?q=Building-Materials>. 17. Climate Consultant. Computer software. Vers. 5.4. N.p., n.d. Web. 18. “Rainwater Harvesting.” Rainwater Harvesting. Texas A&M AgriLife Extension, n.d. Web. 18 Mar. 2014. <http:// rainwaterharvesting.tamu.edu/catchment-area/>. 19. Smith, James A. PureMadi. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 May 2014. <http://www.puremadi.org/>. 20. Redlinger, Thomas, Jay Graham, Veronica Corella-Barud, and Raquel Avitia. “Survival of Fecal Coliforms in Dry-Composting Toilets.” Applied Environmental Microbiology. By Thomas Redlinger. 9th ed. Vol. 67. N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. American Society for Microbiology, 15 June 2001. Web. Mar. 2014. <http://aem.asm.org/content/67/9/4036.full>. 21. “Government/Social Housing.” Compressed Earth Block. Dwell Earth, n.d. Web. 25 Jan. 2014. <http://dwellearth.com/>.
101 | Conclusion
image credits 7 6 7 9 11 12 13 14 19 21 26
31 32 33 34 35 36 41 42 46 47 49 50 79 80
Elaine Pers Hickey Elaine Pers Hickey Jay C. Winter Engeye Alexis Deeb Elaine Pers Hickey Journeyman International Journeyman International Alexis Deeb Engeye Elaine Pers Hickey Stuart Price Guy Poisson Marie-France Grenouillet Desire Africa Ezhuttukari Francis Kere Francis Kere Juha Ilonen Juha Ilonen Elizabeth Felicella Elizabeth Felicella Hoshie Google Maps Google Maps Climate Consultant RS Photo Owen Geiger Aprovecho Rosalie Gascoigne Master Garden Products Dawn Irvin PureMadi Jeff Hickcox Rob Goodier One Mind Design
Conclusion | 104