Assessment of the agronomic performance of Malayan Yellow Dwarf × Vanuatu Tall coconut (Cocos nucife

Journal of Research in Biology

ISSN No: Print: 2231 –6280; Online: 2231- 6299

An International Scientific Research Journal

Original Research

Journal of Research in Biology

Assessment of the agronomic performance of Malayan Yellow Dwarf × Vanuatu Tall coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) hybrid variety tolerant to lethal yellowing disease of Ghana in Côte d’Ivoire.

Authors: Zadjéhi Eric-Blanchard KOFFI 1,2*, Jean Louis Konan KONAN 2, Raoul Sylvère SIE 1, Didier-Martial Saraka YAO 1,2, Yoboué KOFFI1,2,Ysidor N’guessan KONAN 2,3, Emmanuel Auguste ISSALI 2, Thierry Lékadou Tacra2 et Kouassi ALLOU2.

ABSTRACT:

2. Centre National de Recherche Agronomique, Station de recherche Marc Delorme, 07 BP 13 Abidjan 07, Côte d'Ivoire.

Keywords: Hybrid coconut MYD x VTT, tolerant, productivity.

This article aims to study the agronomic performance of 18 hybrid progenies of coconut MYD x VTT and their parents VTT in Côte d'Ivoire. The evaluation was focused on the number of bunches per year (Nbb), the number of fruits per year (NBFR), copra produced per tree per year (Cop / tree / year) and per hectare per year (Cop / hectare / year). It appears from this work that the hybrids MYD x VTT produces 9 to 11 bunches and 76 to 121 fruits, per year with the weight of 12.54 to 19.82 kg of copra per tree and 2.01 and 3.17t of copra per hectare. These values are statistically equal to those of PB121+ used as a control in the study. Progenies of d 5 , d6 , d8 , d11, d12, d15 and d18 give the best yields and similar to the control PB121+. VTT Parent Institution: produce an average of 11 bunches 96 fruits, and 11.62 kg of copra per tree and 1.66 t 1. Laboratoire de Biologie et of copra per hectare per year. Parent G1, G 4, G6, G7, G12, G15 and G16 have the best d’Amélioration des yield. Heterosis effects were observed for copra tree (42.08%) and copra per hectare Productions végétales, (50.04%). Parents that have better yields with best progenies can be selected for the UFR Sciences de la Nature, seed production of MYD x VTT (tolerant and good yield). MYD x VTT hybrid results are Université Nangui advised to Ivorian and Ghanaian farmers to prevent expansion of this disease.

Abrogoua, 02 BP 801 Abidjan 02, Côte d'Ivoire.

3. Laboratoire de biochimie et science des aliments, Université Félix Houphouet Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire, 22 BP 582 Abidjan 22.

Corresponding author: Koffi Eric Blanchard Zadjéhi.

Email Id:

Web Address: http://jresearchbiology.com/ documents/RA0448.pdf

Journal of Research in Biology An International Scientific Research Journal

Abbreviations: Nbb: Number of bunches per year, NBFR: Number of fruits per year, Cop/ tree / year: copra produced per tree per year, Cop / hectare / year: copra produced per hectare per year., MYD: Malayan Yellow Dwarf, VTT: Vanuatu Tall, WAT: West African Tall MYD x VTT : Malayan Yellow Dwarf cross Vanuatu Tall, MYD x WAT+ : Malayan Yellow Dwarf cross improved West African Tall, Bunch.

Article Citation: Zadjéhi Eric-Blanchard KOFFI, Jean Louis Konan KONAN, Raoul Sylvère SIE, DidierMartial Saraka YAO, Yoboué KOFFI, Ysidor N’guessan KONAN, Emmanuel Auguste ISSALI, Thierry Lékadou Tacra, et Kouassi ALLOU. Assessment of the agronomic performance of Malayan Yellow Dwarf × Vanuatu Tall coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) hybrid variety tolerant to lethal yellowing disease of Ghana in Côte d’Ivoire.

Journal of Research in Biology (2014) 4(6): 1427-1440 Dates: Received: 14 Mar 2014

Accepted: 04 Jul 2014

Published: 22 Aug 2014

This article is governed by the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by/2.0), which gives permission for unrestricted use, non-commercial, distribution and reproduction in all medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

1427-1440| JRB | 2014 | Vol 4 | No 6

www.jresearchbiology.com

Zadjéhi et al., 2014 The objective of this paper is to evaluate the

INTRODUCTION Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) is the most widely

agronomic performance of MYD x VTT hybrid progeny

cultivated oilseed plant in the coastal areas of tropics.

planted in Côte d'Ivoire. This study will provide the best

The global area of coconut plantation is 12.05 million

MYD x VTT progeny with dual ability of tolerance and

hectares (ha), of which approximately 88% are in Asia

good productivity offer for growers. VTT parent may

and Pacific and 5.27% in Africa (AMRIZAL, 2003).

provide the best progeny is also revealed by this study,

Besides its interest for millions of smallholders, this tree

for to be use in the seed production.

is of a global economic importance, is a source of fat and many industrial products (Bourdeix et al., 2005a).

In Côte d'Ivoire, the coconut is the main cash

MATERIALS AND METHODS Study site and plant material

crop on the coast where the vast majority of coconut

The test PBGC43 (Port-Bouet Genetics Coconut

trees are located. The surfaces used in this part of the

No. 43) is located on the plot 034 of Marc Delorme

Ivory Coast represent about 80% of the area of the

research station (5°14' and 5°15' north latitude and 3°54'

Ivorian coconut grove covering 50,000 ha (Konan, 2002

and 3°55' W) in Abidjan in southern Côte d'Ivoire. The

and Assa et al., 2006) and its culture has more than

climate of the southern region of Côte d'Ivoire has four

12,000 families (Bourdeix Konan, 2005). However, the

seasons, two rainy (April-July and October-November)

economic challenge posed by coconut is compromised

and two dry (December-March and August-September).

by several diseases, including the lethal yellowing which

The average temperature varies between 24.50°C and

is the origin of the devastation of thousands of acres of

27.73°C. The total insolation reached 2,238.3 hours per

coconut groves in the world (Van Der Vossen and

year with an average moisture content of 86.02%.

Chipungahelo,

Rainfall

2007)

including

Jamaica,

Mexico,

is

characterized

by

an

average

annual

Tanzania, Mozambique, Ghana and Côte d'Ivoire;

precipitation of 1673.99 mm and the floor of Marc

phytoplasmas are responsible for this disease (Rohde

Delorme station consists of tertiary sands.

et al., 1993). It is manifested by the fruit drop, yellowing

The plant material consists of 18 hybrid

and fall of all the leaves. On affected by this disease,

progenies (coded d1 to d18) from crosses between

coconut trees die within months, leaving a field bare

Malayan Yellow Dwarf (MYD) and Vanuatu Tall

trunks. This is a threat to the global area of coconut

(VTT). These crosses involved 18 male brood stock VTT

plantations and therefore its production. There is no

(coded G1 to G18) and a female parent MYD using the

chemical control and / or potential mechanics for its

technique of assisted pollination (Wuidart and Rognon,

cure. The only possible solution to the fight against this

1981). Choosing brood stock VTT was conducted

disease is genetic method of selection or creating

visually on the general morphology shaft. VTT were

resistant varieties (Oropeza et al., 2005). Behavioral tests

planted in 1988 on plot 022. Their progeny produced on

conducted in Ghana have identified sources of varietal

the seed field plot 033 of Marc Delorme Station, were

tolerance which MYD x VTT hybrid (Dery et al., 2005.

planted in 1998.

Bonnot et al., 2009). However, agronomic characteristics

Experimental design

of these hybrid offsprings have never been studied. In

MYD x VTT Seedlings were planted following a

addition, the disease is discovered in Côte d'Ivoire since

randomized complete block design at a density of 160

2012 and is similar to that of Ghana (Konan et al., 2013).

trees per ha with six repetitions (Fig 1). In each block, the repetition by progeny varied from 3 to 10 coconuts

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Figure 1: Experimental setup of the test PBGC 43 coconut Marc Delorme, Abidjan, CĂ´te d'Ivoire.

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NB: The numbers 1 to 18 correspond to the 18 progenies NJM x GVT. Numbers 19 and 20 are respectively hybrid NJM x GOA improved and unimproved. The NJM x GOA improved or PB121 + is derived from a cross between the female parent NJM and improved GOA (GOA male parent + ). At the NJM x GOA unimproved or PB121 the male parent GOA is not improved.

Bloc 5

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22

ZadjĂŠhi et al., 2014

Journal of Research in Biology (2014) 4(6): 1427-1440

Zadjéhi et al., 2014 and each block is composed of 10 lines of 12 trees. The lines 1 and 32 and the trees 1 and 26 constitutes the

h2 = 2b = 2x

Cov (Pi, D) Var Pi

borders. A total of 832 coconut trees have been planted on an area of 5.2 ha. The PB121+ hybrids from the

b = regression coefficient, h2 = heritability in the narrow

crossing of MYD and WAT+ (MYD x WAT+) have been

sense, Cov = covariance, Pi = phenotypic value of the

used as control. The PB121+ coconut trees stay the more

parent VTT i, D = phenotypic value of the progeny and

popularized in the world and ever studied (BOURDEIX

Var = variance.

et al., 2005a).

RESULTS METHODS

Evaluation of the productivity of hybrid MYD x VTT

Variable number of bunches per year (Nbb),

progenies

number of fruits per year (NBFR), weight of copra per

MYD x VTT hybrids progenies have the same

tree per year (Cop / tree / year), weight of copra per

level of production plans. The probability P = 0.44

hectare per year (Cop / hectare / year) were considered

indicates that there is no difference between hybrids for

for the analysis. Production data of the adulthood where

this trait. They produced an average of 9 ± 1 to 11 ± 1.35

productivity is stabilized (from 9 years) were collected

bunches per year (Table-1). ANOVA allows to

on the progeny of MYD x VTT (Malayan Yellow Dwarf

discriminate MYD x VTT progenies for the number of

× Vanuatu Tall) and VTT (Vanuatu Tall). Productivity of

fruits, the amount of copra produced per tree and copra

MYD x VTT has been compared to that of MYD x

per hectare. The descendants of d9 have the lowest fruit

WAT+ (Malayan Yellow Dwarf x Improved West

production (76 ± 12 fruits), coconut tree / year (12.54 ±

African Tall) used as a control.

2.05 kg) and copra per hectare (2.01 ± 0.33t). For the

All data obtained were subjected to statistical

same variables, the d11 provided the highest values with

analysis. SPSS 16.0 (software Statistical Package for

121 ± 16 fruits per year, 19.82 ± 2.62 kg of copra per

Social Sciences 16.0) and CDM 3.0 (Coconut Data

tree / year 3.17 ± 0.42t copra per hectare per year. These

Management 3.0) were used for this purpose. ANOVA

values of d11are not significantly different from those of

and Duncan test at the 5% level were used to compare

most of the other progeny. MYD x VTT progenies

the productivity in MYD x VTT hybrid progenies and

produced an average of 10 bunches and 104 fruits per

DUNNET test (5%) was used to compare the

year; 16.51 kg of copra per tree and 2.64t copra per

+

productivity of hybrid MYD x VTT with PB121 . The

hectare per year. These progeny may then be classified

student t-test at the 5% level was used to compare parent

into two groups. Firstly whose values are greater than the

VTT and progenies. The heterosis effect was estimated

average and secondly those values below the average.

using the following formula:

The first group consists of progenies d 5, d6, d8, d11, d12, d15 and d18. The second group consists of progenies d1,

(Average offspring - male Sire Average) x 100 Average male Sire

d2, d3, d4, d7, d9, d10, d13, d14, d16, d17.

The strict sense heritability (h2) was estimated by

In this test, the PB 121+ produced 10 ± 0.73

parent-offspring regression (Jayaraman 1999; Verrier

bunches and 94 ± 5.69 fruits per year per tree. Copra

2

yields per tree and per hectare per year are respectively

when we only know the value of single parent and h2

15.58 ± 0.95 kg and 2.49 ± 0.15t. All values are

et al., 2001). The regression coefficient is equal to ½ h when the values of both the parents are known.

Journal of Research in Biology (2014) 4(6): 1427-1440

1431

Zadjéhi et al., 2014 Table 1 : Productivity of coconut hybrids MYD x VTT studied MYD x VTT hybrides d1 d2 d3 d4 d5 d6 d7 d8 d9 d10 d11 d12 d13 d14 d15 d16 d17 d18 Average

Nbb/year

NbFr/year

Cop/arbre/year (kg)

9 ± 1.25 10 ± 0.78 10 ± 0.89 10 ± 0.57 11 ± 0.68 10 ± 0.65 10 ± 0.98 11 ± 1.35 9 ± 1.24 10 ± 0.73 11 ± 0.86 11 ± 1.11 10 ± 1.06 10 ± 1.25 11 ± 0.66 10 ± 0.76 10 ± 0.71 11 ± 1.10 10 ± 1.00

083 ± 13cd 100 ± 14abcd 090 ± 15bcd 101 ± 11abcd 114 ± 17ab 108 ± 09abc 112 ± 24ab 111 ± 18abc 076 ± 12d 104 ± 10abc 121 ± 16a 118 ± 19ab 106 ± 15abc 097 ± 25abcd 113 ± 16ab 101 ± 18abcd 101 ± 14abcd 116 ± 21ab 104 ± 18...

13.24 ± 2.05 cd 16.31 ± 2.31 abcd 15.45 ± 2.54 abcd 15.61 ± 1.77 abcd 17.90 ± 2.68 ab.

17.64 ± 1.53 abc..

17.21 ± 3.72 abc..

18.42 ± 2.92 ab…

12.54 ± 2.05 d..…

16.73 ± 2.00abcd...

19.82 ± 2.62a.…

17.49 ± 2.75abc…

17.43 ± 2.50abc…

15.12 ± 3.84bcd…

18.94 ± 2.74ab…

14.70 ± 2.60bcd 16.12 ± 2.19abcd 16.55 ± 2.96abcd 16.51 ± 2.91…

Cop/hectare/year (t) 2.12 ± 0.33cd 2.61 ± 0.37abcd 2.47 ± 0.41abcd 2.50 ± 0.28abcd 2.86 ± 0.43ab 2.82 ± 0.24abc 2.75 ± 0.60abc 2.95 ± 0.47ab 2.01 ± 0.33d 2.68 ± 0.26abcd 3.17 ± 0.42a 2.80 ± 0.44abc 2.79 ± 0.40abc 2.42 ± 0.61bcd 3.03 ± 0.44ab 2.35 ± 0.42bcd 2.58 ± 0.35abcd 2.65 ± 0.47abcd 2.64 ± 0.47...

Nbb/year= Number of bunches per year, NbFr/year= Number of fruits per year, Cop/arbre/year= Copra product per tree per year, Cop/hectare/year= Copra product per hectare per year statistically identical to the 18 MYD x VTT progenies

per hectare per year. Compared to the average, the goods

studied (Table -2).

producers are G1, G4, G6, G7, G12, G15 and G16.

Evaluation of the productivity of VTT parent

Comparison of parents-progenies, evaluation of

Number of bunches produced per year differs

heterosis and heritability

from VTT Parent with a significant probability of

Of all the progenies studied, only d3 progeny

P = 0.016. The number of fruits, weight of copra per tree

produces more bunches (10 ± 0.89) per year than its

per year and the weight of copra per hectare per year

progenitor VTT (Nbb = 8 ± 1 bunches). Overall, MYD x

permit with the probabilities P<0.001 to differentiate

VTT progeny produce less of bunches per year than their

VTT. VTT parents produced per year between 8 ± 1

VTT parents (Figure-2). Progenies d2, d3, d5, d9, d10, d11,

(G3 ) and 13 ± 1 (G1 ) bunches. They produced 29 ± 20

d13, d17, d18 respectively produce 100, 90, 114, 76, 104,

(G3 ) to 145 ± 44 fruits (G1) in the year (Table- 3). The

121, 106, 101 and 116 fruits per year. These values are

weight of copra produced per tree per year varies

statistically higher than those of their different parents

between 4.53 ± 3.20 kg (G3) and 22.20 ± 6.77 kg (G1).

that produce 85, 29, 78, 63 73, 60, 67, 72 and 85 fruits

The parent G3 produces less copra per hectare

respectively (FIG-3). MYD x VTT progenies produce

(0.65 ± 0.46t) away from G1 that has the best

more of copra per tree per hectare in the year than their

performance (3.18 ± 0.97t). VTT parents studied

parents except G1 (22.20 kg copra / tree / year)

produced an average of 11 bunches and 96 fruits per year

(Figure-4).

and 11.62 kg of copra per tree per year and 1.66 t copra 1432

Journal of Research in Biology (2014) 4(6): 1427-1440

Zadjéhi et al., 2014 Table 2: Comparison of the productivity of MYD x VTT hybrid witness PB 121 + (t test of DUNETT @5%) interval.

Variables

Nbb

NbFr

MYD x VTT hybrides

Control

P

Variables

MYD x VTT hybrides

Control

P

d1

0.98

d1

0.88

d2

1.00

d2

1.00

d3

1.00

d3

1.00

d4

1.00

d4

1.00

d5

1.00

d5

0.88

d6

1.00

d6

0.94

d7

1.00

d7

0.99

d8

0.90

d8

0.68

d9 d10

d19 (10 ± 0.73)

0.73 1.00

Crop/tree/year (kg)

d9 d10

d19 (15.58 ± 0.95)

0.61 1.00

d11

0.99

d11

0.20

d12

0.98

d12

0.97

d13

1.00

d13

0.98

d14

1.00

d14

1.00

d15

0.99

d15

0.47

d16 d17 d18

1.00 1.00 0.96

d16 d17 d18

1.00 1.00 1.00

d1

0.99

d1

0.88

d2

1.00

d2

1.00

d3

1.00

d3

1.00

d4

1.00

d4

1.00

d5

0.56

d5

0.88

d6

0.91

d6

0.94

d7

0.71

d7

0.99

d8

0.76

d8

0.68

d9 d10

d19 (94 ±5.69)

0.69 0.99

Crop/hectare/ year (t)

d9 d10

d19 (2.49 ± 0.15)

0.61 1.00

d11

0.18

d11

0.20

d12

0.33

d12

0.97

d13

0.97

d13

0.98

d14 d15 d16

1.00 0.62 1.00

d14 d15 d16

1.00 0.47 1.00

d17

1.00

d17

1.00

d18

0.40

d18

1.00

Nbb/year= Number of bunches per year, NbFr/year= Number of fruits per year, Cop/tree/year= Copra product per tree per year, Cop/hectare/year= Copra product per hectare per year

Journal of Research in Biology (2014) 4(6): 1427-1440

1433

Zadjéhi et al., 2014 Table 3 : Productivity 18 parent males coconut VTT studied VTT

Nbb / year

NbFr/year

Cop/tree/year (Kg)

Cop/hectare/year (t)

13 ± 1 a 145 ± 44a.

22.20 ± 6.77a 3.18 ± 0.97a G1 G2 11 ± 2 ab 085 ± 36abc 06.76 ± 2.88cde 0.97 ± 0.41cde G3 08 ± 1 b 029 ± 20c.

04.53 ± 3.20e.

0.65 ± 0.46e.

G4 11 ± 3 ab 114 ± 62ab 20.01 ± 10.98ab 2.86 ± 1.57ab G5 11 ± 2 ab 078 ± 43abc 06.37 ± 3.49cde 0.91 ± 0.50cde G6 12 ± 4ab 116 ± 56ab 14.72 ± 7.11abcd 2.10 ± 1.02abcd G7 12 ± 3ab 128 ± 61ab 13.14 ± 6.32bcde 1.88 ± 0.90bcde G8 11 ± 3ab 096 ± 44abc 15.66 ± 7.25abcd 2.24 ± 1.04abcd G9 10 ± 2ab 063 ± 25bc 06.81 ± 2.72cde 0.97 ± 0.39cde G10 10 ± 2ab 073 ± 33abc 09.16 ± 4.16cde 1.31 ± 0.60cde G11 09 ± 3ab 060 ± 36bc 05.98 ± 3.55de 0.86 ± 0.51de G12 12 ± 3ab 121 ± 51ab 12.80 ± 5.39bcde 1.83 ± 0.77bcde G13 10 ± 2ab 067 ± 31abc 08.59 ± 3.97cde 1.23 ± 0.57cde G14 12 ± 3ab 105 ± 71abc 10.58 ± 7.14cde 1.51 ± 1.02cde G15 14 ± 3a 146 ± 64a 16.08 ± 7.00abc 2.30 ± 1.00abc G16 13 ± 2a 132 ± 35ab 15.97 ± 4.29abc 2.28 ± 0.61abc G17 11 ± 2ab 072 ± 18abc 06.36 ± 1.64cde 0.91 ± 0.23cde G18 11 ± 3ab 085 ± 47abc 11.44 ± 6.28bcde 1.64 ± 0.90bcde Average 11 ± 3..

096 ± 53..

11.62 ± 7.34…

1.66 ± 1.05….

Nbb/year= Number of bunches per year, NbFr/year= Number of fruits per year, Cop/arbre/year= Copra product per tree per year, Cop/hectare/year= Copra product per hectare per year The heterosis effect is almost non-existent for

one. In practice, a simplified crossing plan was adopted

many bunch products per year (Table-4) in all progenies.

when the two ecotypes crossed did not have the same

Reductions of bunch production, materialized by

variability levels. So for the improvement of the hybrids

negative values are observed (-2.27% to -27.19%) among

Dwarf x Grand, several male tall coconuts are tested to

all progeny except d3 (25.61%), d8 (0, 41%), d11

suppress the reciprocal test. Indeed, the dwarfs of the

(24.01%) and d13 (3.43%) who improved productions of

collection are autogamous,

bunches are observed. For the production of fruit, this

phenotypic variability and are probably close to the pure

value ranges from 15.43% (d8) to 214.66% (d3). Copra

line. The results showed that the MYD x VTT progenies

per hectare per year is raised from 2.98% to 281.6%.

produces bunch per year. The MYD which is the

However, a loss of -33.27% is observed with progeny d1.

common parent of all the progenies would have

On progeny average, heterosis effects were observed for

influenced the crossing and would have standardized the

number of fruits per year (8.33%), copra per tree

production of bunch. However, it is necessary to indicate

(42.08%) and copra per hectare (50.04%).

that the progenies d5, d6, d8, d11, d12, d15 and d18 give the

they have very low

Low heritability values were observed for the

best results for the number of fruit per year and the

production of traits are measured. Heritability of number

copra/tree/year and the copra / ha/year. These progenies

of bunches, number of fruits per tree and copra per tree

could be selected to farmers; otherwise, VTT parents G5,

are respectively 04% and 10% (Table 5).

G6, G8, G11, G12, G15 and G18 could be selected to produce MYD x VTT seeds. However, some parents

DISCUSSION

such as G5, G8, G11 and G18 that give the progenies d5, d8,

The realized trial compare coconut hybrids come

d11, and d18 with good productions, hasn’t a good

from of the cross between a Dwarf coconut and the tall

productivity. Contrary to those, parents G1, G4, G7 and

1434

Journal of Research in Biology (2014) 4(6): 1427-1440

Number of Bunches Number of bunches

ZadjĂŠhi et al., 2014 16

12

a

b

a

a

b

a

a

a

a

a

10

a

a

a

14

a

b

b

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

a a

b

a

b

a

b

a

a

a dx

b

Gx

8 6 4 2

0 d1d1G1 G1 d2d2G2 G2 d3d3G3 G3 d4d4G4 G4 d5d5G5 G5 d6d6G6 G6 d7d7G7 G7 d8d8G8 G8 d9d9G9 G9 d10d10G10 G10 d11d11G11 G11 d12 G12 dd13G13 G14 d15d15G15 G15 d16 G16 d17 G17 d18 G18 d12G12 d14G14 d16G16 d17G17 d18G18 13G13 d14

Parents and progenies

Parents and progenies

Figure 2: Comparison of the number of bunches produced by year of MYD x VTT hybrids with their males parents VTT (Student's t test at 5%). give the best progenies with good yield would combine

yield. It shows that the productivity of the progenies is

themselves better with the cultivar Dwarf Yellow

not always linked to the one of the parents VTT. It could

Malaysia. However with coconut, the choice of a tester

indicate that bunch production, fruit and copra is not

in the progeny tests is a compromise between two

heritable or are influenced by the environment. The lows

contradictory necessities (BOURDEIX et al., 1991).

heritability observed for the measured traits prove this

Indeed, it has to be an representative of its original

hypothesis. It also indicates that the VTT parents that

population and at the same time transmit high potential

Number of fruits Number of fruits

G16 that have the best yield give progenies with low

180

a

a

160

a

140

a

120 100

a

b

b

a

a a

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

a a

a

a

b b

a

b

b b

a

80

b

b

dx Gx

b

b

60 40

b

20 0 10G10 10 dd11G11 11G11 11 dd12G12 12G122 d 13G13 13 d 14G14 14 dd15G15 15 G15 15 dd16G16 16 G16 16 d 17 G17 17 d 18G18 18 dd1G1 dd2G2 dd3G3 dd5G5 dd6G6 dd8G8 d10G10 d13G13 d14G14 d17G17 d18G18 11G11 22G22 33G33 dd4G4 44G44 55G55 66G66 dd7G7 77G77 88G88 dd9G9 99G99 d10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Parents and progenies

Parents and progenies

Figure 3: Comparison of the number of fruits produced per year by MYD x VTT hybrids with their males parents VTT (Student's t test at 5%).

Journal of Research in Biology (2014) 4(6): 1427-1440

1435

(T) (kg) Copra/hectare/yearCopra/tree/year

ZadjĂŠhi et al., 2014 30 a

25

a a

20

a

15

a

b

a

b

b

a

a

a

b

b

a

a

b

b

a

b a

b

a

a

a

a

b

b b

10

a

a

dx

b

b

Gx

b

b

b 5 0

d1d1G1 G1 dd2G2 dd3G3 dd5G5 dd6G6 dd8G8 d12G12d13G13 d13G13d14G14 d14G14d15G15 d15 G15d16G16 d16 G16d17G17 d17 G17d18G18 d18G18 d11G11 2G2 3G3 dd4G4 4G4 5G5 6G6 dd7G7 7G7 8G8 dd9G9 9G9 dd10G10 10G10 d 11G11 d12G12

Parents and progenies

Parents and progenies

Figure 4: Comparison of copra weight product per trees per year of coconut MYD x VTT hybrids with their males parents VTT (Student's t test at 5%). of production to its progeny. Crossings between VTT

more bunches per year than their male parents

parents in order to stabilize some traits of interest, before

(BOURDEIX et al., 1992; LABOUISSE et al., 2005).

use in the production of MYD x VTT hybrid could

The tall coconuts have more developed vegetative traits

improve and correct some pre-occupations on the

on the whole than Dwarf x Grand hybrids. Their more

productivity of the progenies.

robust stem gives them the advantage to resist the drought more that the Dwarf x Grand. Therefore, these

average of 10 bunches per year; this average value is

trees would keep a good level of production during the

below one of the parents VTT. However, different results

difficult periods than hybrids Dwarf x Grand. The

showed that Dwarf x Grand coconut hybrids give out

coconut

Copra/hectare/year (T) Copra/hectare/year (T)

In this trial, MYD x VTT hybrids produced on

4

influenced

to

the

variations of the

a

3,5

a

a

3 2,5

is

a

a

a

a

a

b

b

a

a

a

a

b

b

a

a

b

2

b

1,5

b

1

b

a

a

b

b

a a

a

a

dx b

b

Gx

b b

b

b

0,5

0 dd1G1 1G1

d11G11 d12G12 d15G15 d16G16 d17G17 d18G18 dd2G2 dd3G3 dd5G5 dd6G6 dd8G8 G9 d10d10G10 G10 d11 G11 d12 G12 dd13G13 G15 d16 G16 d17 G17 d18 G18 2G2 3G3 dd4G4 4G4 5G5 6G6 dd7G7 7G7 8G8 d9d9G9 13G13 dd14G14 14G14 d15

Parents and progenies

Parents and progenies

Figure 5: Comparison of the production of copra per hectare per year of progenies coconut MYD x VTT and their spawning males VTT (Student's t test at 5%).

1436

Journal of Research in Biology (2014) 4(6): 1427-1440

Zadjéhi et al., 2014 Table 4 : Heterosis for the productivity of 18 hybrid progenies coconut MYD x VTT in relation to their spawns VTT. Effets hétérosis (%) VTT/ MYD x VTT

Bunches/year

Fruits/year

Copra/tree/year

Copra/hectare/year

G1d1

-27.19

-42.46

-40.36

-33.27

G2d2

-05.46

17.97

141.27

169.94

G3d3

25.61

214.66

241.04

281.60

G4d4

-10.80

-10.95

-22.00

-12.73

G5d5

-01.82

45.55

181.17

214.62

G6d6

-13.05

-06.62

19.85

34.10

G7d7

-16.21

-12.80

31.00

46.57

G8d8

0.41

15.43

17.61

31.59

G9d9

-10.40

21.41

84.11

106.01

G10d10

-02.27

41.81

82.69

104.41

G11d11

24.01

100.97

231.24

270.62

G12d12

-07.07

-02.30

36.67

52.91

G13d13

3.43

58.40

102.85

126.96

G14d14

-11.99

-07.74

42.95

59.94

G15d15

-21.46

-22.81

17.84

31.85

G16d16

-24.92

-23.48

-07.96

02.98

G17d17

-03.14

40.70

153.59

183.72

G18d18

-02.82

36.55

44.69

61.90

On the average

-09.00

08.33

42.08

50.04

NB: Figures in bold represent losses environment (ROUPSARD et al., 2007), that could

BOURDEIX et al., (1992) but is statistically identical to

explain difference between parents VTT and their

the one of the PB121+ used as control in our trial. Indeed,

progenies Dwarf x Grand for the bunch produced per

these authors who worked on the Station of research

year.

Marc Delorme found that between 9 and 12 years the In the trial the MYD x VTT hybrids produced an

MYD x WAT+ Hybrids or PB 121+ produce on average

average of 2.64t of copra/hectare/year. This yield is

of 17 bunches, 124 fruits and 4.06 t of copra per hectare

+

lower to the one of the PB 121 according the results of Journal of Research in Biology (2014) 4(6): 1427-1440

per year. This difference would be due to the selection 1437

Zadjéhi et al., 2014 Yellow Malaysia used here as female parent and the

Table 5: Narrow-sense heritability for production traits in coconuts studied Variables

Héritabilités (%)

Régime

4

Fruit

10

Cop/arbre

10

parents males VTT. CONCLUSION The study assessed the agronomic performance of 18 Malayan Yellow Dwarf x Vanuatu Tall coconut hybrids coded d1 to d18 and their parent VTT codes G 1

criterion of the parents. These researchers selected the

to G18. The results showed that MYD x VTT hybrids

parents producing more 20 kg of copra by tree per year.

produces per year 9 to 10 bunches, 76 to 121 fruits,

To the contrary in our trial the choice of the parents has

12.54 to 19.82 kg of copra by tree and 2.01t to 3, 17t of

been achieved visually on the good general aspect of the

copra by hectare. These yields are statistically equal to

tree. Indeed, the initial objective of this trial was not to

the one of the control PB121+. The progenies d5, d6, d8,

achieve an aptitude test to the combination of the

d11, d12, d15 and d18 had the best yields. The parents VTT

individuals, but to provide to Ghana the coconut tree

produced 8 to 13 bunches, 29 to 146 fruits per year

descended from the crossing between MYD cultivars and

4.53 kg to 22.20 kg copra by tree, 0.65t to 3,18t of copra

VTT for a resistance screening trial to lethal yellowing in

by hectare. The parents G1, G4, G6, G7, G12, G15 and G16

this

of

have the best yields. On the average of the progenies,

Pseudotheraptus devastans cannot be controlled. In this

heterosis effects have been observed for the copra by tree

trial the damages of these insects have also been

(42.08%) and the copra by hectare (50.04%). Parents G 6,

accessed. Unfortunately insecticide has not been applied.

G12 and G15 who give the best yields and provide better

The comparative survey of the productivity of every

offspring (d6, d12 and d15) are to be used for seed

progeny to his ascendant permitted to appreciate

production MYD x VTT. These three types of best

heterosis effects. These effects that are more observed

progenies MYD x VTT are advising farmers to prevent

with the copra by tree and by hectare showed the

the spread of lethal yellowing disease in Ghana and Côte

performance of coconut tree hybrids returned by some

d'Ivoire.

country.

Otherwise

the

devastation

authors (BOURDEIX et al., 2005b). Heterosis that is generally observed at the individual heterozygote could

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