Urban Energy & Advancement in Modern Malls by Jake Maple

URAN ENERGY AND ADVANCEMENT IN MODERN MALLS A RESEARCH CASE STUDY OF THE MUNCIE MALL LA404: Comprehensive Project Jake Maple Department of Landscape Architecture College of Architecture & Planning Ball State University May 2021

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to take this opportunity to acknowledge and thank the many individuals for making this project capable. First and foremost, I would like to thank my professors, mentors, and the outstanding staff of the Ball State Landscape Architecture department. Without your continuous guidance, and effort, I would not be the person I am today. I will forever cherish the relationships and many memories I sustained here while this prominent college. Next, I would like to recognize my friends, and family for their constant support over these last 5 years. I am indebted for the countless memories, and influences you have had on my life so far and look forward to the many that we have to come. Lastly, I would like to give a special thanks to the handful of individuals who helped me through this thesis. Thank you, Chris Marlow, Natalie Yates, Malcolm Cairns, Pete Ellery, and Sarah Keogh for your selfless assistance, mentorship, and critiques through these last 9 months. Without your direction and insight, I would not be anywhere near the designer I am today.

Abstract This study aims to develop an effective and sustainable design solution to contrast the rapid decline in mall-based retail business for the Muncie Mall in Muncie Indiana. The Muncie Mall has thrived throughout the 1970’s and well through 80’s and 90’s. Unfortunately, due to newer market trends and the introduction to online shopping, malls across the United States have been in rapid decline starting as early as the 2000s (Moccia 232). This project will focus on determining economic, sustainable, and community-oriented opportunities for development of the mall for residence within the Muncie community. The literature surrounding these issues for this study can be summarized within three broad categories: the built historic retail and regional agenda of the city, sociological studies such as place theory, and modern sustainable solutions in urban design. This study is proposed to gather and connect Muncie’s history, sustainable methodology, and sociology theories to architecture and space to help guide a solution towards place finding for the Muncie Mall. The review of these sources suggests shopping centers lack or are in absence of sustainable efficiency, sense of belonging, identity, and all previously listed attributes (Geiryn 463). Methods for this project will incorporate strategies and collections of data or case studies to answer complex sub-problems presented from the first chapter. Being that there are four subproblems, each section of the methodology chapter will provide a solution to each sup-problem a separate aspect of the development of the Muncie Mall: sustainability, economic, historical, and a blueprint for successful design. All are part of the data sets covered to successfully address each issue. In the future, historical and interview methods will be used to conduct quantitative and qualitative research to solve these intricate problems. These research methods will be addressed in the lenses of interviews, surveys, and data located in the resources provided form the community. For decades, shopping malls across the United States were once known as economic and social cornerstones in communities. Now in rapid decline, companies and communities like Muncie will be looking for new ways to utilize soon to be vacant mall space. By creating new identity for the Muncie Mall, the Muncie community would benefit by generating economic growth/opportunity, reestablishing an ecosystem in an urban environment, and creating a strong communal axis for the community of Muncie.

TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract.................................................................................................................................................4 Introduction.....................................................................................................................................6

CHAPTER 1: THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING..........................................................8 Problem Statement.........................................................................................................................10 Sub-problems.................................................................................................................................10 Delimitations:.................................................................................................................................. 11 Assumptions:.................................................................................................................................. 11 Definition of Terms:.........................................................................................................................12 Significance of Problem Statement................................................................................................13 Project Goals & Vision....................................................................................................................15 Design Program..............................................................................................................................16

CHAPTER 2: BACKGROUND & LITERATURE REVIEW ...........................................18

Built Historic Retail & Regional Agenda..........................................................................................20 Sociological Studies.......................................................................................................................23 Modern Sustainable solutions in Urban Environments...................................................................26

CHAPTER 3: SITE INVENTORY & ANALYSIS..............................................................30

Site Selection & Location................................................................................................................33 Site Inventory & Analysis................................................................................................................36 Site Analysis...................................................................................................................................43

CHAPTER 4: CASE STUDIES.......................................................................................46

Belmar – Lakewood, CO................................................................................................................48 Downtown Westminster – Westminster, CO...................................................................................49

CHAPTER 5: PROGRAMMING & CONCEPTUALS......................................................51

Site Programing..............................................................................................................................52 Design Concepts............................................................................................................................60

CHAPTER 6: MASTERPLAN DEVELOPMENT.............................................................62

Masterplan......................................................................................................................................65 Site plan enlargements...................................................................................................................66 Perspectives...................................................................................................................................70 Conclusion......................................................................................................................................73

CHAPTER 7: APPENDICES...........................................................................................78

Appendix A: Site Summary.............................................................................................................80 Appendix B: List of Figures.............................................................................................................86 Appendix C: Bibliography...............................................................................................................87

Introduction

Traditionally speaking, shopping malls are defined roughly as a single or a few buildings

forming a collection of shops, merchandisers, parking lots and interconnected walkways enabling visitors to walk from store to store (Carretero). In reality, they are the staples of communities, foundation of retail economies, social sanctuary for the youth, and prime event space to build community morale. Despite the many opportunities and successes shopping malls provided in 70s, 80s, and 90s, they have been on rapid decline starting as early as the 2000s (Carretero). According to analytical surveys taken by experts, 50% of shopping centers in America are said to become vacant by 2025 (Repko, 2020). With a steady increase in availability in products, technology, and many other factors the market for shopping centers became obsolete. The literature surrounding these issues can be summarized within four broad categories: sustainable energy solutions, social special design, connectivity, and site-specific content. In theory, all are included in effective design but vary largely on site-specific factors and cost related attributes that make up many professional examples. Strong variables such as sustainable design and community centered programs are the two most reoccurring topics found in each source. The review of these suggests shopping centers lack or are in absence of sustainable efficiency, sense of belonging, identity, and all previously listed attributes (Geiryn et al. 463-470). These research variables will be broken down using landscape architecture related field studies, professional projects, journal articles, and more as sources of knowledge to apply usable knowledge for this thesis. For this study I gathered knowledge from related professional examples, site context, and the community’s input to drive the design process. Nevertheless, I have developed an effective and sustainable solution to the rapid decline in mall-based retail business within the Muncie Mall in Muncie, Indiana and restored the mall as an economic and social cornerstone for the Muncie community. I started this by diving into the sociology of malls across the United States and relating this information back to the Muncie Mall. By doing this I was able to not only look at the landscape architecture factors that affect this space, but the social aspects that surround the framework of a mall. While doing so, I examined the history of the Muncie community and the new “look”

of repurposing mall space. These two factors have changed dramatically, specifically within the 21st century as Ball State University and the city has seen an increase in development. Malls have changed, besides the additional factor of the Coronavirus, in a way that takes out the social interaction of shopping. Muncie has grown in tactical ways but has not found a way to maintain the longevity of its people. As Muncie continues to grow, it is essential to form a more reliable solution, and not just with retial. Sustainability is a way to attract this new generation entering college and young nuclear families. Not only is this an attraction, but it is a necessity to maintain a healthy community. By in large, these three concepts intertwine in ways that compliment and build off of each other. It is through this thesis that I wish to make this connection apparent and a focal point in this community that has given so much to me.

Vacant Malls in the U.S (2020)

FIGURE 0.1 CURRENT VACANT MALLS IN THE U.S.

TER 1: THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

MAPLE | URBAN ENERGY & ADVANCEMENT IN MODERN MALLS

CHAP-

THE PROBLEM & ITS SETTING

Problem Statement This study aims to develop an effective and sustainable design solution to contrast the rapid decline in mall-based retail business for the Muncie Mall in Muncie, Indiana. Particularly, it will be focused on evaluating the community’s needs and determining economic and sustainable opportunities from the mall for residence within the Muncie community. This study will be assessing and using landscape architecture related field studies, projects, journal articles, and more as sources of knowledge to apply usable knowledge for this thesis. Tackling these issues would benefit the Muncie community by providing increased economic growth/opportunity, reestablishing an ecosystem in an urban environment, and creating a strong communal axis for the community of Muncie to use at their disposal.

Sub-problems • How can sustainable design save energy costs within the building to ultimately reduce cost of maintaining and rent for leasers inside the mall? What environmental benefits are possible to achieve in such an urban-mall setting? • What are the pressing needs of the current Muncie community and how can this site reestablish or implement a new sense of place to answer the community’s needs? What are their core values and desires for the future? And, how could a redesigned mall best respond to the desires, celebrate the experiences? • How can design and programing create strong seasonal interest to increase the foot traffic of visitors in contrast to the traditional to-date programming and seasonal sales? How can the design create an enjoyable and memorable experience unique to this location? • How might the newly developed mall promote a blueprint for other shopping centers across the nation? MAPLE | URBAN ENERGY & ADVANCEMENT IN MODERN MALLS

Delimitations: Note: For the purposes of this project proposal, the following Delimitations have been made to highlight what will not be provided within this thesis project. • All funds needed to complete redevelopment of the Muncie Mall will be raised or funded by the current/future owner of the mall. • Descriptions or specific names of brands or retailers will not be mentioned or suggested to fill the vacant space within the mall. • Construction documents for the construction process and development will not be provided. • All estimations regarding cost, and return will be carefully referenced from professional sources and should not be taken as my own. • This thesis will not be providing an in-depth report on the history and current state of the Mall. Only sections of information important to the study will provided.

Assumptions: Note: For the purposes of this project proposal the following assumptions have been made to highlight what variables that will remain or not remain consistent/present within the thesis. • The current market and demographic trends surrounding the Muncie mall and community will not change. • For the purposes of this project, it will be assumed that the Muncie Mall is both foundationally and structurally in sound condition. THE PROBLEM & ITS SETTING

• Interviews with current residents of the Muncie and Yorktown will not be conducted or provided to solve what the community needs. • The issues of underuse, vacancy, and negative perceptions about the Muncie Mall can be solved through proper design and programing. • This design proposal and objective aligns with the plans of the private and public governments of the city of Muncie.

Definition of Terms: Note: Definitions of the key terms and phrases listed below have been established to create a uniform understanding throughout the project proposal. • Community Identity: A group, derived from members’ common interests and shared experiences • Sense of place: A sense of belonging, and reference to a place and its. • Built environment: The part of the world we live in that wasn’t produced by nature. This also includes creation or alterations to a specific natural area. • Hardscape: All non-organic, non-living parts of a landscape, including pavement, buildings, walls, or even elements added to a natural landscape such as paving stones, gravel, and walkways for example. • Communal axis: a strong place of gathering in a community where people can celebrate, consume, and socialize freely. • Urban Environment: very well-developed high density human integrated areas including housing, commercial buildings, roads, bridges, and railways. Generally referenced as towns, cities, and suburbs. MAPLE | URBAN ENERGY & ADVANCEMENT IN MODERN MALLS

Significance of Problem Statement Brick and mortar stores in mall-based settings are dying and going out of business entirely. I believe there’s a greater sense of place, and opportunity within the old ways of shopping centers and outdoor malls. Revitalizing and modernizing an old layout could save this social structured block of human interaction that we crave. There will always be a market in the Muncie community for people wanting to get out of the house and do something. Whether that just be going to see a movie, shopping, or going out to eat to name a few. Our society has deemed these things a necessity. These experiences shape our lives more than people realize. I strongly believe there’s great opportunity that has not been touched on yet in our lifetime for this newly developed economic shift. This would serve a major return on investment for all three factors above. By creating economic space and framework that would encourage the community to revisit the Muncie Mall which would ultimately bring greater business to the retailers in shopping centers. More importantly, it would reduce the cost of maintaining the shopping center through several energy efficient solutions. The environmental aspect of this would reestablish an ecosystem into an urban environment through sustainable design. The sociology behind landscape architecture is imperative for creating a strong communal axis for the people of Muncie to build and uplift social activity year-round. To rethink the traditional framework of shopping malls, much like the Muncie Mall, would allow these spaces to go back to their roots and their why. These spaces are meant to bring an array of people together to accomplish the goal of seeking a good to add value to one’s life. The traditional framework is good; however, to keep up with the new “look” of shopping, malls must use this traditional framework as a foundation for the future.

THE PROBLEM & ITS SETTING

Mall Crisis in the U.S 2020

Vacant Malls Open Malls US_States

MN ME ID

MA CT RI IL

MO KY

OK NM

MD DE

AR SC MS

2025

FIGURE 1.0 CURRENT & FUTURE VACANT MALLS IN THE U.S.

Endangered Malls Malls Classified under a Class B rating

Retail Closings 8,000 Retail Stores

2018

5,000 Retail Stores

2019

12,200 Retail Stores

2020

FIGURE 1.2 RETAIL CLOSINGS MAPLE | URBAN ENERGY & ADVANCEMENT IN MODERN MALLS Source: D. (n.d.). Muncie, in. Retrieved March 05, 2021, from https://datausa.io/profile/geo/Muncie-in/#:~:text=The%205%20largest%20ethnic%20groups,and%2098.1%25%20are%20 U.S.%20citizens.

Project Goals & Vision Goal 1: Sustainable 1. Revitalize abandoned mall space 2. Foster food production, education, and health opportunities year-round 3. Implement feasible green systems to reduce routine costs and increase site productivity Goal 2: Social 1. Increase community morale by reintroducing sense of place into the mall 2. Strengthen community through collaboration partnerships 3. Increase walkability and foot traffic to/within the site 4. Manifest opportunities to a network of resources for the community Goal 3: Viable 1. Low project startup cost 2. Program a self-sufficient site 3. Provide affordable housing 4. Design spaces to reintroduce seasonal economic interest 5. Incorporate local and corporate entrepreneurship through design Client & Users: • Owner: The Woodmont Company • Delaware County/City of Muncie

Vision Statement: The end product of this research-based design of the Muncie Mall is to become a mixed-use urban community center for the city of Muncie. This design establishes fundamentals to address the rapid decline in mall-based business in the United Sates. By reestablishing its’ footprint, the Muncie Mall will provide sufficient sustainable, economic, social, and other needs for the comTHE PROBLEM & ITS SETTING

monwealth, while fostering a collective belonging to the community and region.

Design Program

Common Considerations: • Wayfinding • Visual Connections • Connectivity to urban spaces • Visual corridors to new & existing Amenities • Designated greenspace Green Infrastructure • Food Garden • Bee Farm • Green Roofs • Vertical Gardens • Composting Station • Solar Fields • Food Storage Plaza Space & Parking Areas • Gathering Spaces • Transformative infrastructure for flexible program • Recreational space • Outdoor Dining • Vendor spaces • Outdoor stage/performance area • Learning kitchen • Public playground • Rental vendor spaces • Market spaces • Seasonal spaces for festivals, and community gathering

Pedestrian Network • Connection to surrounding areas • Designated/material-oriented pathways • Traffic-calming crosswalks • Lighting along pathways Vehicular Circulation • Distinct access/wayfinding • Pedestrian friendly • On-street parking • Peripheral connections to entire site Connections to surroundings • Connection to surrounding commercial locations • Safe access to natural spaces • Network between plaza spaces • Cardinal Greenway connection • Connection to nearby neighborhoods

MAPLE | URBAN ENERGY & ADVANCEMENT IN MODERN MALLS

THE PROBLEM & ITS SETTING

CHAPTER 2: BACKGROUND & LITERATURE REVIEW

Built Historic Retail & Regional Agenda

This upcoming section dives into a better understanding of the context, history, and culture

of Muncie, Indiana. Like many Midwestern cities, Muncie, IN, is brimming with leftover spaces that are the by-products of urban infrastructure planned and designed without engaging the surrounding environment. However, cities like Muncie did not appear overnight. Rust-belt cities emerged across the country and became what they are today through industrial shifts (Connolly 27). It’s fundamental to grasp a firm understanding of the community to provide proper guidance through design for the community’s needs are the focal point of landscape architecture. One of the best ways to learn about a city is to learn from the source. The online sources www.co.delaware.in.us and www. muncieneighborhoods.org share history, knowledge, journal articles, current news, and insight to residence in the Muncie community. Muncie is a city in Delaware County in East central Indiana with a current population of 70,085. This city is most notably known to host both Ball State University, and the famous Ball Corporation back in its day. Muncie has had tremendous times to prosper and, unfortunately, times of economic depression. The local economy began to rise due to the Indiana Gas Boom in the 1880s and through the rapid increase in factories from the 1930s through the late 1900s (History of Delaware). Since then, many manufacturers have left the city leaving it to be one of the many postindustrial cities without its backbone. One of the largest industrial factories is the Ball Corporation when they moved their headquarters from Muncie to Broomfield, Colorado in 1998 (History of Delaware). Much like similar Rust-belt cities, Muncie has increasingly taken steps to improve the community and quality of life for its residence. Since losing mass industrial manufacturing, the city has had plenty of opportunity for redevelopment, but has lacked the financial stability to do so. “The first decade of the 21st century saw a cultural shift toward local businesses and economic empowerment, boosted by the Muncie Downtown Development Partnership and the residents, patrons, and business owners of the downtown community. In 2007, Muncie was rated the most affordable college town in America by real estate company Coldwell Banker.” (History of Delaware) MAPLE | URBAN ENERGY & ADVANCEMENT IN MODERN MALLS

Needless to say, Muncie has and will be making consistent strides to improve local government, economics, and quality of life. Given these points, the online sources www.co.delaware.in.us and www.muncieneighborhoods.org provide rigidity to my project by giving an in-depth analysis of history, current development, local insight, and background of neighborhoods in the Muncie region.

It is no mystery that Muncie is not the only mid-sized post-industrial heartland city looking

to reinvent itself. Author James J. Connolly describes cities within Rust-belt region of the Midwest (United States) once thrived in work provided from the now vanished industrial manufacturing industry (2). He goes on to state that these post-industrial towns as: “crumbling city streets, empty factories, abandoned homes, blighted neighborhoods, and desolate downtowns” (Connolly 1). We can see this now in Muncie as young college students and nuclear families are looking to live elsewhere. With many leaving and the obsolete longevity of people staying, Muncie is slowing crumbling with no one looking to save it. Reinventing these cities will need more than just support economically but also in terms of their built environment, cultural character, political economy, and demographic mix (Connolly 5). James J. Connolly’s book After the Factory: reinventing America’s industrial small cities offers history (2010), offers working strategies towards revival, and angles to push forward small industrial cities into the twenty-first century. To do so, Connolly elaborates further on how Rust-belt cities first emerged across the country and became what they are today.

Rust-belt cities began forming sometime as early as the 1950s when

manufacturing output began to decline in the United States. When a technological revolution started shifting factories towards more efficient solutions that needed less people to operate, jobs started to deplete. In addition, the United States also started out-sourcing cheaper goods to purchase from other countries than it was to manufacture them. Fast forward up until the early 2000s, the rise of personal vehicles and readily accessible interstates brought easier transportation and longer commutes sparking an urban sprawl. As the purchase of imported goods increased, so did the amount of big box stores and shopping malls. Retail shopping was at its peak while depleting privately owned businesses. With a dramatic increase in emissions, materialism, and carbon footprint, the urban sprawl quickly took a turn for the worst in being classified as highly unstainable. Moreover, Connolly ties his findings back to Muncie and dives into The Muncie Action Plan proposed by the city itself to revitalize the city. Overall, Connolly’s findings outline the exact dimensions of an urban plan and history brief needed to support the structure of this thesis.

BACKGROUND & LITERATURE REVIEW

In the contrary, “The Muncie Forecast 2020” written by Dagney Faulk, and Sean Weiss is a

journal article that provides a resume of local government detailed sources related to the economic, political, and residential status of Muncie, IN. Encrypted is a detailed portfolio of Muncie’s economic reflection and projected outcome in years to come. This annual report put out by Indiana Business Review, also known as IBR underlines all things economically related to Muncie such as: housing, business development, governmental relations, and Jobs. IBR provides specific annual numbers and compares them each year using charts and trends in the market. It is through these numbers that we are able to see strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats in Muncie at the local level. For example, just this year alone the Muncie Mall closed down ten stores following the closing of its final two anchor stores in 2018 (Faulk and Weiss). In addition to this, entertainment, arts, and recreation industry saw the biggest loss in weekly wages at a total of -13.7 percent (Faulk and Weiss). Including information and statistics such as these provide supportive evidence that there is indeed opportunity or lack of a successful market in these industries.

A community cannot grow if local businesses do not support its growth. As Muncie holds

hopeful college students and young nuclear families, it needs room to grow. These young adults and families need local businesses to support this growth and vice versa. Yet this cannot happen if businesses like the Muncie Mall do not keep up with the climate of the community. Malls are created to stimulate the local economy yet as the Muncie Mall continues to diminish, one can see why young adults and families would seek to move out. A community needs longevity and this stems from spaces like the Muncie Mall. The absolute need for this mall and malls like it across the United States is clearly laid out. It is up to landscape architects to see these changes and adapt.

MAPLE | URBAN ENERGY & ADVANCEMENT IN MODERN MALLS

Sociological Studies When designing for a community it is important to understand how the role of built environment can play on influencing individuals and the identity of a place. This study is proposed to gather and connect sociology theories to architecture and space that helped guide a solution towards place finding for the Muncie Mall. Four articles and two case studies were selected for this section of research. These studies cover a range of theories and ideologies both related to place making and architecture such as: place theory, symbolic interactionism, and architectural sociology to name a few. The research article titled “Evaluating Sense of Community in the Residential environment from the perspective of Symbolic Interactionism and Architecture Design” conducted and written by Hanieh H. Molana and Richard E. Adams contains an in-depth overview of: the sociological theory symbolic interactionism, Architectural sociology, methodology, and a case study over the Ekbatan Residential Complex in Tehran. This article is significant in relating sociology to design and its impact on the community regarding architectural or urban design. Adams and Molana believe sociology should undoubtably be incorporated and used to shape urban infrastructures as they found that, “The role that physical environments can play in influencing individuals’ perception and shared meaning are considerable in reinforcing a sense of community” (Molana and Adams 1600). Understanding how the built environment can affect the way people live, interact, and behave in social situations is something to take into account when designing for spaces to be built with great intentions for large social demand projects such as a shopping mall. With this knowledge prior to the design process, designers are able to enhance the quality of design for the structures. Programs of the mall and Ultimately, the quality of life within the community. The notion of self can be influenced within the physical environment and how a person can reflectively view their own self-worth (Molana and Adams 1599). Molana and Adams found that a shift from formalistic design to a more humanistic paradigm would be most beneficial in regular professional practice.

To gain a different perspective on architectural sociology, the article titled “Symbolic Interaction

Theory and Architecture” by Ronald W. Smith and Valerie Bugni highlights an abundance of research, ideology, and history all accompanying sociological studies related to architecture. Smith and Bugni describe architectural sociology as, “… the study of how socio-cultural phenomena influence BACKGROUND & LITERATURE REVIEW

and are influenced by designed physical environment.” (Smith and Bugni 125) Their shared belief that architecture sociology encompasses a role larger than just the intentions of the already built environment is something that needed to be explored as architecture is made to reflect a community’s needs and its why. The article dives into how architecture sociology should be emersed in the design of the built environment while also showing how the design of those physical elements create identity, environment, and picture of reality that nourish human emotions and self (Smith and Bugni 126). Aside from current practice the article touches on historical buildings such as the Western Wall in Jerusalem. This supports the ideology that symbolic architecture doesn’t revolve around complex design yet in contrary can flourish social purpose in abstract or simple forms. Smith and Bugni support this ideology by stating, “As symbolic, sites condense powerful meaning and values; they comprise key elements in a system of communication used to articulate social relations.” (Smith and Bugni 129) Through Smith and Bugni’s research they continue to tie the relationships of how building purpose in social structures and community can translate to physical form. With these theories and ideologies, I see purpose and form being reinstated in modern malls starting with architectural sociology to build stronger purpose to purpose that reflects each community.

Both of these articles gave knowledge and a different scope into the design process of

architecture purpose that are not common in practice. Though these topics aren’t touched on often in relation to architecture, I certainly learned a thorough explanation of how these two professions overlap and can benefit one another. These two articles agree that Symbolic Interactionism and Architecture Design should be integrated into modern architecture. However, their research varied as the article “Symbolic Interaction Theory and Architecture” by Ronald W. Smith and Valerie Bugni dove into history and broad examples that highlight multiple ideologies and sociological theories. While the article, “Evaluating Sense of Community in the Residential environment from the perspective of Symbolic Interactionism and Architecture Design” written by Hanieh H. Molana and Richard E. Adams creates a narrower focus into more modern living communities.

Much like the last two articles, Shukran QAZIMI’s article “Sense of place and place identity”

looks to underline several sociological ideologies, terminology, and how place identity is focused on the relationship between sociological situations and the physical environment. Starting with a strong focus in place and identity, QAZIMI elaborates into various topics such as: theories of MAPLE | URBAN ENERGY & ADVANCEMENT IN MODERN MALLS

identity, the identity process theory, discussion of theory, and a sense of place in politics, resistance to politics, and a neutral place. In comparison to the previous studies listed in this section, which have highlighted case studies and content specific to architectural sociology, this article specializes content around and toward the understanding of sense of place and place identity theories. This article is unique as it gives an edge into a broad branch of sociology that will ultimately build a better understanding of placemaking and sense of identity within the Muncie community.

The final article in this section “A Space for Place in Sociology” written by Thomas F. Gieryn

reflects some common themes related back in the previous articles such as place theory and sociology related to architecture. What makes this journal article unique is the author’s definitive process behind breaking down each factor that plays a role in the sociology in place. Sections of his work such as “Emplacing Difference and Hierarchy” and “Power-Vessels and Strongholds” tie strongly with the literature and support Gieryn’s overarching ideology for sociology related to place (Gieryn). In his article, Gieryn emphasizes that: “Place is not just a setting, a backdrop, stage, or context for something else that becomes the focus for sociological attention, nor is it a proxy for demographic, structural, economic, or behavior” (Gieryn 466). From Gieryn’s point of view, the idea of a place is broken down into three sufficient features: graphic location, material form, and investment with meaning and value (Gieryn 129). Following the introduction, the sections “Making Metatheoretical premises” and “Place Making” create the foundation for his research by dissecting and elaborating on definitions while creating a common understanding for broader terminology. This is done by defining larger terms and breaking down their counterparts before diving deeper into more specific literature. For example, in the section titled “Proximity, Interaction, Community” Gieryn reveals research related specifically to communities and purpose. Gieryn explains that communities that are actually purified compared to disorder can sometimes lose when compared. Informal meeting places such as corner stores, churches, and clubs provide people with great opportunity to converse. Bundling back to the relation of Malls, specifically the Muncie Mall, Gieryn’s work defining the sociology of place and its counter parts will play a vital role while defining the placemaking that the Muncie Mall needs.

The literature from the four articles suggest that sociology should be carried into the design

process when designing spaces for public use. An overarching theme from the two case studies in the articles “Evaluating Sense of Community in the Residential environment from the perspective BACKGROUND & LITERATURE REVIEW

of Symbolic Interactionism and Architecture Design” by Hanieh H. Molana and Richard E. Adams and “Symbolic Interaction Theory and Architecture” by Ronald W. Smith and Valerie Bugni, was that place identity plays a large role in how people perceive a site. These pieces of literature add value to the redesign and sense of place of place for the Muncie Mall because they define the terminology, theories, and ideology to properly prepare a design and cater to the Muncie community.

Modern Sustainable solutions in Urban Environments

This last section will provide an overview of four comparative research pieces all varying

anywhere from journal articles, case studies, or thesis projects. These pieces will be used to create a better understanding of the components needed to successfully urbanize the Muncie Mall. This section will also be used to unite urban sustainability and post-industrial cities like Muncie with an optimum future through urban revitalization. The research article titled “Exploring the Features of Sustainable Urban Form and the Factors that Provoke Shoppers towards Shopping Malls” conducted and written by Haoying Han, Noman Sahito, Thuy Van Thi Nguyen, Jinsoo Hwang, and Muhammad Asif touches on a few centered concepts of sustainable development, successful sustainable urban design in cities, pedestrian oriented framework, and a case study covering shopping malls at Hangzhou the capital of Zhejiang, China. What is unique about this article and study is that it covers all aspects of proper sustainable design in modern landscape architecture and relates it to architecture, urban planning, the modern consumer, and shopping malls. Tied to these relations is the common theme of ideology that sustainable design is more than simple one dimension environmental after-thought. Sustainable design is merely a combination of environmental, social, and economic variables all in relation to efficiency and cost of production in both design and construction phases. A quote by Dumreicher, H (17) used in the article defines characteristics of proper sustainable design: “Sustainable city should be compact, dense, diverse, and highly integrated. They ask for an urban form that is easily walkable, MAPLE | URBAN ENERGY & ADVANCEMENT IN MODERN MALLS

small enough to eliminate even the desire for a private automobile, yet large enough to provide the variety of opportunities and services that constitute a rich urban life” (Haoying 2). In the light of this thesis, this article would be most beneficial being used for its insight into shopping malls, sustainable development, the built environment, shoppers, and case study of the shopping malls in Hangzhou. Much like the previous journal article, the study “Sustainable Shopping Mall Rehabilitation” written by Mu-Fa Lin, Shen-Guan Shih and Yeng-Horng Perng connects urban social framework to malls in an Asia demographic while using American research methods. The purpose in their efforts is to create a better understanding of the premeditated relationship between people and shopping malls. The study is composed of two goals: the first was to process the relationship between people and shopping malls, and the second goal was to observe key design factors that connect public space with a sense of local culture (Mu-Fa Lin and Yeng-Horng Perng 3). The article then breaks down into subgroups that determine what key factors that create a sense of culture and strong relationship between the general public and shopping malls. To better understand these relationships the authors surveyed thirty experts in the field such as managers of malls, big brand stores, architects, interior designers, and subcontractors of renewed cultural shopping malls in Taiwan to take part in their research. Lin, Shih, and Perng used both the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and the Delphic Hierarchy Process (DHP) to guide their problem solving. Both the AHP and DHP are research processes commonly used by national governments and applied in uncertain situations such as big thinking national response and multiple evaluation criteria decision problems. The AHP and DHP use expert opinions to solve complex evaluation problems that are analyzed into simple factor levels (Mu-Fa Lin and Yeng-Horng Perng 6). The data from each level is then used to form a pairwise comparison matrix for each individual level (Mu-Fa Lin and Yeng-Horng Perng 5). Ultimately each level is measured in strength related to each pairwise to be ordered and referenced when making the final decision. Coupled with my research, this article will serve as a crucial example of understanding of two research topics. The premeditated relationship between people and secondly shopping malls and observe design factors that connect public space with a sense of local culture in the community. By and large the two journal articles: “Sustainable Shopping Mall Rehabilitation” and “Exploring the Features of Sustainable Urban Form and the Factors that Provoke Shoppers towards Shopping Malls” consist of many similarities and conclude the same outcome. Not only is their approach and BACKGROUND & LITERATURE REVIEW

methodology consistent with one another, their emphasis on pedestrian centric and urban framework lead to a strong argument for urbanizing the mall system. In addition, their integrated studies of both malls in Hangzhou and Taiwan provide different approaches but similar results giving both depth and effective methodologies from their studies. In like manner, the case study “Rapid Urban Revitalization: Flexible Strategies for Promoting Economic Growth, Social Engagement, and Future Sustainability in Urban Spaces” written by Ashley Marie Williams is an eccentric example of how urbanizing Muncie is possible and the benefits in doing so. The proposal for this project sets to demonstrate how revitalizing urban inner-cities can lead to long-term sustainable, economic, and social growth (Williams 6). In support of this goal, Williams’s project proposes a roadmap of methodology that then leads to integration of a small-scale case study installation in urban Muncie, IN. Research for her project is composed from a broad array of case studies, journal articles, and topics ranging from Urban sustainability, Rapid Urban Revitalization, and economic sustainability through design (Williams 26). Williams and I share the same goal of revitalizing the Muncie Mall. From a fresh and recent perspective, Williams gives a bright outlook on the process taken to conclude her studies for her thesis similar to my own. We share the pursuit to accommodate pedestrian oriented design in an urban environment while weighing in economics and practicality. Ultimately, our outlook will have to adjust when dealing with urban infrastructure as designers in landscape architecture. Re-urbanizing inner public sectors is becoming more of a priority in more recent years as the markets have changed. Urban sprawl is far from a trend and according to research found by WIlliams: “Today in the U.S. 80.7% of the population lives in urban spaces (United States Census Bureau, 2012).” This creative project will utilize rapid urban revitalization demonstrated in Williams thesis to create urban spaces in Muncie, IN to assist residence be able to physically connect with to enhance future economic and social sustainability. In addition to the previous studies “The Suitability of Sustainable Retrofitting Means for Shopping Malls, in an Environmental and Urban Background” is a PHD thesis conducted by Jorge Carretero and Ester Higueras’s that highlights an overview of methodology and retrofitting urban shopping malls with sustainable infrastructure. Carrreto and Higueras believe that the answer to saving shopping malls lies between three factors that encompasses good urban design: economy, society, and environment (Carreto and Higueras 86). Much like the article “Rapid Urban Revitalization: MAPLE | URBAN ENERGY & ADVANCEMENT IN MODERN MALLS

Flexible Strategies for Promoting Economic Growth, Social Engagement, and Future Sustainability in Urban Spaces” written by Ashley Marie Williams shares the principal that successful sustainable urban design requires all three of these factors along with unique altercations specific to the community. In current times shopping malls have strayed further from connection to the community and focused more towards retail development. Without persistent use of all three fields (social, economic, and environmental) the shopping mall will lack community identity and purpose leading to failure (Carreto and Higueras 86). Indifferent with Williams’s approach, Carrreto and Higueras processed methodology and case studies to develop the “Sustainable Retrofitting Rose graph” (Carreto and Higueras 89). This graph breaks down every variable in decision making to assist in determine opportunities within a site through a weighted scale. This graph can be applied and can aid my thesis while directing the site development by highlighting opportunities within the Muncie Mall. There is an extensive ideology that sustainable design should more than simple one dimension environmental after-thought. Successful sustainable urban design is merely a combination of environmental, social, and economic variables (Carreto and Higueras 86). I believe this is best demonstrated by the quote listed within the first journal article: “Exploring the Features of Sustainable Urban Form and the Factors that Provoke Shoppers towards Shopping Malls”: “sustainable city should be compact, dense, diverse, and highly integrated. They ask for an urban form that is easily walkable, small enough to eliminate even the desire for a private automobile, yet large enough to provide the variety of opportunities and services that constitute a rich urban life” (2). With an allembracing portfolio of research ranging from Asia to North America, I believe these well-established research pieces are more than enough to solve the complex opportunities the Muncie Mall is faced with. These articles lay the foundation needed to move forward and create new ideas for sustainable spaces such as the Muncie Mall. This mall and others like it have what it takes to keep up with the new “look” of shopping. People crave social interaction while adding value to their lives. The 21st century has brought about new voices of sustainable activism that can transform places such as the Muncie Mall. People care about their impact and marketing a mall that caters to this care could improve foot traffic.

BACKGROUND & LITERATURE REVIEW

CHAPTER 3:

VENTORY & ANALYSIS

SITE IN-

Site Selection & Location This chapter details the development for the master plan which will explore my design strategies in the design phases of the redevelopment of the Muncie Mall. The outline of this chapter will include site selection, site inventory and analysis, history of the Muncie community, and concepts explored. The final master plan will be a collection of the processes and information gathered through this chapter in addition to the research, and initial programming set in prior chapters.

Site Selection The Muncie Mall offers many constraints as well as opportunities and promise when looking to the vast number of outcomes possible for such influential site located on an arterial street in the city of Muncie. The intention of this capstone project is to demonstrate revitalizing abandoned mall space into becoming a central urban community center for a community. Highlighted below through the site context, Location, and record this chapter will illustrate the overall opportunities and constraints of the Muncie Mall through deep inventory and analysis.

SITE INVENTORY & ANALYSIS

Muncie Mall Location

FIGURE 3.0 MUNCIE MALL LOCATION

Location The Muncie Mall is bordered by East Princeton Avenue to the north and west, East McGalliard Road to the south, and North Broadway avenue, North Granville Avenue, and active CSX rail line to the east of the site. The site is 2.1 miles away from downtown Muncie and dominated by commercial and residential land use surrounding the site. Potential opportunities for the site include the Cardinal Greenway, park space, and empty parking lot spaces. Mass commercial surroundings, intense vehicular travel, and underutilized land were factors that aided the decision for choosing the Muncie Mall for this creative project.

Site Context Muncie is located in Delaware County in upper east-central part of Indiana. Roughly an hour from Indianapolis with access from Interstate 69 (I-69). The city has a current population of 70,000 and is host to Ball State University (currently 21,998 students). Muncie can accurately be characterized by flat and

rich land. Muncie, like most of Indiana is healthy for plants of the 5-7 hardiness zones. MAPLE | URBAN ENERGY & ADVANCEMENT IN MODERN MALLS

Site Boundary E Princ

eton A ve

Retail

Sporting Goods

roa dw a

yA ve

Muncie Mall

E McGalliard Rd

70 Acre Asphalt Lot 636,000 sqft

FIGURE 3.1 MUNCIE MALL SITE BOUNDARY

Rentals Gym

NOT TO SCALE

Size Comparison Indianapolis Circle fit within site boundaries

FIGURE 3.2 LOT SIZE COMPARISON

NOT TO SCALE 35 SITE INVENTORY & ANALYSIS

Site Inventory & Analysis Written Inventory · General Characteristics: The Mall is essentially surrounded by hardscape parking lot coupled with small amounts of grassy nodes and perimeter vegetation boarding all edges of the site. Restaurants such as Panera Bread (South West of the Mall) and Outback Steak House (East of the Mall) share the lot with the Mall. Muncie Mall’s physical measurements: o 70 acre lot o 631,000 square feet of commercial retail o 3,428 Parking spaces o 75 different stores within the mall o 4 anchor stores

· Land use: Land use on the site is primarily commercial, integrated with industrial consistent only with the CSX ralline running through the far East boarder of the site. Neighboring the site is mainly commercial retail running along E McGalliard Rd and N Broadway Ave. Lastly residential is located adjacent to the retail of the East, West, and South ends of the site across from each respected roadway.

· Circulation/Access: o The site is accessible through two main roadways, Princeton Avenue which wraps directly around the site from the northeast to the south west and E McGalliard Rd boarding the south end of the site. E Mcgalliard Rd being a main artery of Muncie, receives the most traffic from either road. Secondary roadways consist of N Broadway Ave which hugs the East end of the CSX ralline and the inner vehicular routes wrapping the inside of the parking lot. o Blue arrows illustrate residential circulation routes and entrances surrounding the site in figure 3.6. o Altogether, the inventory and analysis of the site concludes that the site lacks connection to nearby amenities (pedestrian and vehicular). o The Cardinal Greenway runs in a north-south course .9 miles west of site. o An active CSX railroad line runs along the eastern edged the site.

MAPLE | URBAN ENERGY & ADVANCEMENT IN MODERN MALLS

· Topography/ Natural Features: o The topography of the site is relatively flat, with the elevation ranging from 940’ to 960’ across the site (Figure 3.3). The area to the northwest of the site is used for detention of storm water runoff of the mall’s parking lot. The existing vegetation on site is highlighted in green in figure 3.7, although the site is predominately asphalt for surface parking The grade of the site is relatively flat, with the elevation of the 70-acre lot only shifting 20’ across the site (Figure 3.3). Retention for the grade change and runoff from the site is located northwest of the site adjacent to E Princeton Ave (Figure 3.7). Included in the same figure as the retention, the site inventory graphic illustrates all existing vegetation in green in proximity to other existing features of the site. · Recreational Amenities: o All recreational features surrounding the site share no connection to the Muncie Mall but are in close proximity to: the Cardinal Greenway, McCulloch Park, and recreational sports fields. Additionally, the Minnetrista Cultural Center, Downtown Muncie, and the White River are 1.6, 2.25, and 2 miles south of the site.

SITE INVENTORY & ANALYSIS

961’

981’

Muncie Mall

Topography

FIGURE 3.3 TOPOGRAHY

E Princ

eton Av

roa

Av e

Muncie Mall

E McGalliard Rd

Retail

Residential

FIGURE 3.4 LAND USE

MAPLE | URBAN ENERGY & ADVANCEMENT IN MODERN MALLS

Land use 38

MID-DAY 12:00PM E Princ

eton Av

3:00PM

10:00AM

SUNSET 7:00Pm

SUNRISE 8:00AM

roa dw ay

Av e

Muncie Mall

E McGalliard Rd

Sun Location Day Example: March 21st

Sun/Shade

FIGURE 3.5 SUN/SHADE

E Princ

eton Av

roa

Av e

Muncie Mall

E McGalliard Rd

Entrances Main Road Exits Arterial Streets Parking lot circulation

FIGURE 3.6 CIRCULATION

Circulation SITE INVENTORY & ANALYSIS

Site Inventory

Muncie MuncieMall Mall

Muncie Mall Greenspace Commercial retail Excess Grade Storage Rundown Parking Strip Semi-Truck Access

Mall & retail retention ponds CSX Railroad tracks

NOT TO SCALE

Exterior Layout

FIGURE 3.7 EXTERIOR LAYOUT

The mall’s exterior is in large asphalt parking accompanied by patches of greenscape

Community Maps Contributors, BuildingFootprintUSA, HERE, Garmin, SafeGraph, INCREMENT P, ME boardering the main roadways. Portions of theEsri, exterior are dated, run down, and DA | IGIC, Indiana Office of Technology (IOT), Indiana Geographic Information Office (IGIO), participatin underutilized. For more indepth inventory see the Written Inventory in chapter 3.

of Transportation, Business Information and Technology Systems, GIS Mapping; U.S Census Bureau, TIG copyr MAPLE | URBAN ENERGY & ADVANCEMENT IN MODERN MALLS

Macy’s SEARS

Carson’s

JCPenny’s

NOT TO SCALE

Int. Layout FIGURE 3.8 INTERIOR LAYOUT

All anchor stores are vacant as of this past year. All of the vacant lots are highlighted in white while the occupied lots are in blue. Outside of the building it is important to note the rundown parking steep on the East side of the site and the excess grade storage on the West.

SITE INVENTORY & ANALYSIS

Site Analysis SWOT (Strengths. Weaknesses. Opportunities. Threats.) Through careful thought and consideration every aspect of the site was evaluated and categorized into four categories: strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. This well-respected methodology is called a SWOT analysis and is commonly used to strategically plan to meet goals, improve programing, appraise problems, and propose solutions to combat existing issues. It is commonly used within businesses and for sites such as the Muncie Mall. Using this methodology, I was able to better categorize and asses findings from the site and context that allowed me to problem solve to address these issues. Component Definitions (SWOT): · Strengths and Weaknesses Strengths are typically within the organizations or site’s power that’s supporting a goal or something that is currently excelling for the program of the site. This could be anything physical, program related, or within function of the site. In the contrary, weaknesses are the complete opposite. They include everything that is inhibiting the site from running effectively. Still controllable characteristics, weaknesses are things that need to be fixed or addressed. · Opportunities and Threats Opportunities are factors or amenities on site that could be used differently or changed to benefit the site as a whole. Threats on the other hand, are variables that anguish the site and need to be addressed immediately. In this case the only threats on the site are non-physical attributes of the site. These include the ‘lack of foot traffic to the site’ and ‘shifts in economic market trends.’ Although these threats may not be physical amenities, it is important to note them as they will two of the largest factors to exceed the goals placed previously for the site.

MAPLE | URBAN ENERGY & ADVANCEMENT IN MODERN MALLS

SWOT Analysis

NOT TO SCALE

FIGURE 3.9 SWOT ANALYSIS

SITE INVENTORY & ANALYSIS

Demographic Looking further into my study, the demographic analysis was used to efficiently assess and program future spaces of the site to fit the needs of the community of Muncie. It is essential to study the demographic of the Muncie community and note some key variables about the population I was designing for. For instance, the ideal market for this site is a 28-year-old female who drives an average of 18 min to and from work every day (Data USA). This analysis capitalizes on two factors: lack of sustainable and affordable travel, and the community demand for affordable and diverse recreation seen through the graphic figure #.

Vehicular travel makes up for over 95% of Muncie’s transportation means, leading to

vast opportunities of alternative and sustainable options of travel (Data USA). This is supported through the Mall’s close proximity to the Cardinal Greenway, McCulloch Park, recreational sports fields, Minnestrista Cultural Center, Downtown Muncie, and the White River to name a few. This programmable feature would benefit the city tremendously in opportunities that have not yet been taken advantage of by the current Mall’s infrastructure.

Touching on the second leading factor, with 30.8% of the population under the national poverty

rate it is vital to include affordable and programmable spaces to include all levels of income (Data USA). By diversifying the space to include free, low, and mid-level price-points the Mall will embrace a larger demographic, and ultimately increase potential foot traffic of the site. The city of Muncie will benefit extensively by improvements to sustainable travel and affordable recreation to counter the low economic status, and high vehicular dependency currently utilized by its population.

MAPLE | URBAN ENERGY & ADVANCEMENT IN MODERN MALLS

Median Household Income

U.S. Indiana Muncie

Age and Sex

Food stamp rate Avg. Commute

FIGURE 3.99 DEMOGRAPHIC

Commuter Transportation

Avg. Age

Poverty Rate

SITE INVENTORY & ANALYSIS

MAPLE | URBAN ENERGY & ADVANCEMENT IN MODERN MALLS

CHAPTER 4: CASE STUDIES

Belmar – Lakewood, CO In 1987 the fifth largest city in the state of Colorado, Lakewood, opened one of the country’s most expansive indoor shopping malls to date. Built on 105 acres, the Villa Italia shopping mall included 140 retail stores, 4 anchor stores, and was surrounded by many restaurants and commercial retail lots (Urban Land). Unfortunately, due to an economic downturn in the late 2000s and a competitive market with other nearby shopping malls, the Villa Italia Mall closed for good on July 15th, 2001 (Urban Land). However, the city was motivated to establish a true downtown and revitalize Lakewood as a popular destination for shopping, dining, and entertainment.

“Urban renewal took an outdated mall with an

abysmal 60 percent vacancy rate and morphed it into a vibrant urban landscape that serves as home to more than 2,000 residents and generates approximately $200 million a year in retail sales, - Lakewood Mayor Bob Murphy (2015) (Belmar)

”

FIGURE 4.1 ARIAL VIEW OF VILLA ITALIA MALL 1995 Source: Urban Land Institute Award Winning Projects 2006. “Belmar History.” Home -, 14 Mar. 2018, continuumpartners.com/project-page/belmar-history/.

In 2004 the city of Lakewood finished construction on

what is now known as Belmar, a vibrant mixed-use shopping district named after the historic Belmar estate the Villa Italia Mall once replaced. Belmar offers: 10 acres of parks, plazas, and urban spaces, over 80 shops and restaurants, weekly/ seasonal events, a wide variety of entertainment, 300,000 square feet of office space, and is home to over 1200

FIGURE 4.2 BELMAR MASTER PLAN 2004 Source: “Belmar Master Plan.” Van Meter Williams Pollack LLP, 12 Dec. 2018, www. vmwp.com/projects/belmar-master-plan/.

residence (Belmar). The ambition of the Lakewood city’s idea of Belmar was to transform the once oneuse retail mall into a community oriented mixed-use urban center to serve as a new downtown for the city. This project was no small feat and came at great risk for the city tasking over 250 million develop. Belmar however, ultimately transformed 100 acres of what used to be the highest crime rate reported property in the city to the highest value residential neighborhood in the country (Belmar). Belmar, a now award-winning mixed-use development serves as one of the chief examples of sustainable, urban redevelopment projects in the country (Belmar). MAPLE | URBAN ENERGY & ADVANCEMENT IN MODERN MALLS

Downtown Westminster – Westminster, CO

In 1977 the town of Westminster opened what would soon to be one of the most industrious

shopping centers in the state of Colorado. A suburb between Boulder, and Denver Colorado the 118-acre lot was meant to serve as an economic hub and social center to Westminster for decades. The mall was host to over 112 retail stores, and 6 anchor stores and was very successful over the years (Downtown W). In contrary to the mall’s success in the 80’s, and 90’s the Westminster Mall began to see a decline due to an economic downturn in the early 2000’s and competitive market from existing nearby malls. Just 15 years after its final remodel in 1996 the mall was sold in 2011 back the city and had closed nearly all of its retail and anchor stores (Downtown W).

Fortunately, almost 100 years after Westminster

was founded, the city set forth a long-term strategic plan to repurpose the 118-acre old mall lot into their first official downtown, Downtown Westminster. Downtown Westminster is designed to be host and center of economic, social, and

FIGURE 4.3 WESTMINSTER MALL 2011 Source: “Downtown Westminster.” City of Westminster Economic Development, 27 Oct. 2020, www.westminstereconomicdevelopment.org/places/downtown-westminster/.

cultural activity with intentions of growing decades and evolve even 100 years after initial construction. Already underway this development is to implement over 2,300 new living units, 2 million sqft in office space, 300 hotel rooms, 750,000 sqft in retail space, and create over 12,000 new jobs (Downtown W). Coupled with over 18 acres of parks and public space this vibrant mixed use urban center has transformed what used to be underutilized, and mostly vacant mall space into a highly successful redevelopment project for the community to use at their disposal (Downtown W).

FIGURE 4.4 DOWNTOWN WESTMINSTER MASTER PLAN 2013 “Downtown Westminster.” City of Westminster Economic Development, 27 Oct. 2020, www.westminstereconomicdevelopment.org/places/downtown-westminster/.

CASE STUDIES

CHAPTER 5: PROGRAMMING & CONCEPTUALS

Site Programming In the first chapter, I proposed to demonstrate how rapid urban revitalization of the Muncie Mall site can successfully create an active space that provides places for both vehicles and pedestrians that the mall currently lacks. This creative project will illustrate a possible strategy for providing economic growth, social engagement, and future sustainability.

The programing for this thesis was chosen to address all three project goals listed previously

in chapter 1 (sustainable, viable, and social). Carefully selected, the listed program was categorized, and broken-down utilizing size and color to signify importance (size) and which design goal it will help establish (color). In figure 5.1, the bubble diagram visually conveys this showing: green for recreation, blue for market viability, peach for social, and orange for sustainable. To aid to the previously listed design program from chapter 1, the site program establishes a distinct assembly of spaces, amenities, and solutions to combat the current site layout.

Program: Calculated Greenscape Gathering Spaces Public Market Recreation Food Distribution Solar installation Green Roofs Learning Kitchen Outdoor Stage Pedestrian Trails Vegetated Screening Solar Installation Vertical Gardent Composting station Bee Farm Food Storage Playground Bike Sharing

MAPLE | URBAN ENERGY & ADVANCEMENT IN MODERN MALLS

Program Bubble Diagram

Eco+Recreation Market Viable Social

Sustainable

FIGURE 5.0 PROGRAM BUBBLE DIAGRAM

PROGRAMMING & CONCEPTUALS

Cardinal Greenway Connection To address the current site’s lack of pedestrian connection, association to nearby parks and recreation, foot traffic to the site, commuter dependency of vehicular travel, and lack of sustainable initiative, this Eastern connection to the Cardinal Greenway lays a foundation to secure the Muncie Mall as a community hub within the city of Muncie. Manifestation of this relationship solidifies a pedestrian connection not only between Minnetrista Cultural Center, McCulloch Park, Tuhey Park, and the Craddock Wetlands, but also an interconnection with all current amenities within the program of the Cardinal Greenway.

This new proposed connection to the Cardinal Greenway

provides supplemental recreational access to neighboring Muncie parks, schools, retail, neighborhoods, and downtown. Connecting the Muncie Mall to the Cardinal Greenway will not only establish a mutual recreational attachment to downtown Muncie but anchor the site along with Muncie’s other facilities through the Greenway. In Figure 5.2 the three routes listed in orange, tie-in the Greenway to the Muncie Mall site on its western side crossing East Princeton Avenue. These routes are proposed asphalt pathways between 5 and 10 feet in width that will be put in place to Muncie code during construction.

FIGURE 5.1 TRAIL PERSPECTIVE

MAPLE | URBAN ENERGY & ADVANCEMENT IN MODERN MALLS

The Cardinal Greenway is the longerst rail train trail in Indiana spanning a total of 62 miles across 9 cities (Maps). 3 proposed connection pionts, North of West Cessna Drive, East Harvard Avenue, and East Berkley Avenue provide efficient connection to the Muncie Mall.

Nearby Rec. Connections 1. Minnetrista 2. McCulloch Park 3. Tuhey Park 4. Craddock Wetlands City Arial

NOT TO SCALE

Nearby Rec. Connections 1 Minnetrista 2 McCulloch Park 3 Tuhey Park 4 Craddock Wetlands 3501 N Granville Ave, Muncie, IN 47303 FIGURE 5.2 CARDINAL GREENWAY CONNECTION

PROGRAMMING & CONCEPTUALS

Programming After extensive research and speaking with many specialists in the field, I have found that there are typically 3 approaches to address the layout and existing infrastructure of malls. Figure 5.3 graphically displays the 3 methods: Light Touch, Geode, and Nuclear. These approaches provide alternatives that laid the foundation in which the program was set. Each method however can be distinguishable through its’ advantages and disadvantages when applied to suit each particular site. On the contrary, there is currently no existing set group of characteristics for each method as each mall and city is unique in their own ways. As the ideology of these methods stay true in a general sense, they are likely to alter to fit the proper market.

Light Touch In this approach, most of the current infrastructure stays (anchor stores, and shops), typically repurposing the existing program and modernizing the interior of the site. This tends to be the most economical approach and suits lowermost mid-level malls in up-and-coming cities. This method deliberately focuses on a more profitable approach through selective consideration of each space. Some examples in this approach are commonly used as distribution centers such as warehouses, or even hospitals. However, this approach would be suitable to alternative solutions in consideration of keeping storefronts and boosting potential economic, social, and cultural value of the site.

Geode The Geode method commonly consists of demolishing everything except the current anchor stores and redeveloping the site as a living community with all amenities a typical city would supply. These amenities could consist of, but are not restricted to, commercial retail, offices, living spaces, commercial mixed-use, structured parking, open greenspace, and a central plaza. Nevertheless, this method is costly considering the light touch approach and in most cases pondered as a gamble for the city. Examples of this method can be seen in chapter 3 through the case studies covering the Belmar and Downtown Westminster developments.

Nuclear Lastly, the Nuclear approach encompasses demolishing the site as a whole and reproposing it as something else completely new. MAPLE | URBAN ENERGY & ADVANCEMENT IN MODERN MALLS

Light Touch

FIGURE 5.3 INFRASTRUCTURE METHODS

Geode

Nuclear

PROGRAMMING & CONCEPTUALS

Programming After careful thought and consideration, it is clear that the Light Touch approach would be the most economically viable, social, and sustainable solution for the Muncie Mall and Muncie community. While keeping the city’s current needs and economic position, the Light Touch model is the most accessible design to efficiently accommodate the community oriented goals set to contrast the malls’ decline.

Applying this concept to the Muncie Mall, the diagram on the right (figure 5.4) embellishes my

design concept to repurpose the North and Northwest anchor stores as affordable apartment spaces to address the viable goal of providing affordable housing. To replace the central anchor store as a central plaza and introduce a local grocer into the South anchor store, this will allow an increase in site productivity and foot traffic. Equally important, this site will cater to local economy by providing an affordable retail range and create multifunctionally through new infrastructure to provide all amenities needed within an urban environment. Similar principals are shown in the example case studies Belmar and Downtown Westminster developments shown in chapter 3.

The proposed circulation of the site is programmed to simplify vehicular travel, increase wayfin-

ding, and introduce a vast collection of pedestrian pathways. By establishing these components into the plan of action, this would increase both walkability and foot traffic to/within the site, and manifest opportunities to network with other amenities while supplying sustainable and affordable recreational needs to the community.

The expanse of parking on the western side of the mall will be repurposed into selected green-

spaces to emplace outdoor components discussed in the site’s programming established earlier in this chapter. Additionally, reclaiming the west parking lot will lower on-site runoff to execute natural water filtration, introduce spaces to increase community morale, revitalized on-site ecology, and utilize the space as a carbon sink to balance the urbanized environment.

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1. Anchor Store Re-use Apartments Local grocery

2. Proposed Circulation Vehicular Pedestrian

Light Touch

3. Greenspace

4. Site

FIGURE 5.4 PROGRAM BREAKDOWN

PROGRAMMING & CONCEPTUALS

Design Concepts Applying the Light Touch approach, programming, and objectives for the site, my final concept, Hopper orients all previous programing onto the site utilizing the same color scheme and comforts listed from figure 5.6. These comforts include all listed programable features intended to be installed into the final master plan. Coupled with developments manifested in previous chapters this concept embodies an abstract blueprint that spatially orients the program and target objectives of this thesis onto the site. Conversely, the two previous two concepts Elleven and Eggo, the well thought out, fell short in encompassing all that I wanted to re-establish on this site. My biggest goals for this thesis were to create a mall that is ecologically friendly, viable, and community based. The Hopper concept exemplifies all three of my goals. Programming Process:

+ Program

+ Method

Application

Eco+Recreation Market Viable Social

Sustainable

MAPLE | URBAN ENERGY & ADVANCEMENT IN MODERN MALLS

Concept 2, Hopper

Eco+Recreation Market Viable

Social Sustainable

Concept 3, Eggo

Concept 1, Elleven

FIGURE 5.5 CONCEPTS

PROGRAMMING & CONCEPTUALS

CHAPTER 6: MASTERPLAN DEVELOPMENT

MAPLE | URBAN ENERGY & ADVANCEMENT IN MODERN MALLS

MASTERPLAN DEVELOPMENT

New Inventory Connections to the Cardinal Greenway Restaurants Retail lots Apartment Buildings Local Grocer Programmable Outdoor Spaces Differing Ecosystems Reduced Parking Street Trees MITs bus drop-off

FIGURE 6.0 MASTER PLAN

6 3 35% 250+ 1

2 13+ 35+ 2 1

Master Plan

Scale 1:200

Local grocer

Apartments

Community

Dinning

Masterplan

Site Plan Enlargements

Pedestrian Anchors

FIGURE 6.1 PEDESTRIAN ANCHORS

Highlighted in orange are 3 noncommercial spaces designed for pedestrian heavy anchor points for the site. The Event Lawn, Ball Plaza, and the dog park are proposed for daily, and seasonal interest to build community morale and provide affordable leisure and recreation on site to improve foot traffic. By establishing these spaces, the Muncie Mall has included a diverse range of incomes throughout the region by providing inexpensive onsite loss leaders.

MAPLE | URBAN ENERGY & ADVANCEMENT IN MODERN MALLS

Circulation

FIGURE 6.2 SITE CIRCULATION

This diagram of the mall illustrates the main vehicular and pedestrian flow of the site. Arrows in the blue represent pedestrian site flow from the pedestrian medians. On the other hand, the orange arrows call attention to the two main brick vehicular arteries of the site. These callouts suggest high concentration of daily use to and within the site.

MASTERPLAN DEVELOPMENT

Inner Pedestrian Median Inner Pedestrian Median By revitalizing the inner pedestrian median through the existing infrastructure, the mall is set to: Increase its wayfinding, improve site circulation and foot traffic, reduce heat island effect, runoff and provide modern aesthetics to connect the pedestrian median to the rest of the site. The purpose of this diagram is meant to illustrate the spatial order and programing between each space on the site.

About:

Plan View

The inner pedestrian medians serve as a foot traffic gateway and

Red Maple

marketplace corridoor for the Muncie Mall. These corridoors serve as a dual programable space

Daylily, Stargazer

leading to connections such as on-site housing, Ball Plaza, East parking lot, South Gateway Rd,

Prairie Dropseed

and outdoor dining. In total the medians a compass 7 planting beds with sustainable plantings

Limestone Paver

within a 5 to 9 hardiness zone. A

FIGURE 6.3 PEDESTRIAN MEDIAN PLAN VIEW MAPLE | URBAN ENERGY & ADVANCEMENT IN MODERN MALLS

Section View

FIGURE 6.4 PEDESTRIAN MEDIAN SECTION

Site Section View

Eco+Recreation Market Viable

Roadway Parking

FIGURE 6.5 PEDESTRIAN MEDIAN PROXIMITY LOCATION

MASTERPLAN DEVELOPMENT

Ball Plaza

FIGURE 6.6 BALL PLAZA PERSPECTIVE

Shown in this rendered perspective is the Main Plaza space or ‘Ball Plaza.’ Named after the influence and impact the Ball Brothers had on the Muncie community, Ball Plaza redefines this space as its central hub. Located in the previous footprint of the central anchor store Carson’s, this now flourishing outdoor space has transformed what used to be a single use retail store into a highly efficient programable commons. This plaza is scheduled to host events, outdoor dining, leisure, community markets, together with an extensive range of functions programable to for the community.

MAPLE | URBAN ENERGY & ADVANCEMENT IN MODERN MALLS

Event Lawn

FIGURE 6.7 EVENT LAWN PERSPECTIVE

Where used to be extensive amounts of asphalt parking lot is now converted into a social, viable, and sustainable system of facilities. This portion of the mall has now harnessed day to day functionality accompanying arrangements to occupy weekly, and annual junctures. This section of the site is to host an Event Lawn, stage, dog park, gardens, MITs bus dropoff, recreational trails, and wetland, woodland, and prairie ecosystems. At this expense the site is programmed but not restricted to pedestrian leisure, recreation, travel, concerts, festivals, connection to the Cardinal Greenway, picnics, and social gatherings.

MASTERPLAN DEVELOPMENT

Muncie Mini

FIGURE 6.8 MUNCIE MINI PERSPECTIVE

This perspective is an example of one of the countless opportunities this site provides. Conveyed in this graphic is the ‘Muncie Mini,’ a mini marathon taking place between Ball Plaza and the Event Lawn. At the community’s disposal this beautiful red brick roadway can be reprogrammed to host junctures such as food trucks, local markets, parades, and mini marathons like the one exhibited here. Despite the fact that this roadway is used for simplified vehicular access, it is easily expendable to serve many purposes throughout the year.

MAPLE | URBAN ENERGY & ADVANCEMENT IN MODERN MALLS

Conclusion The goal of this creative project is to develop an efficient and viable design solution to be at odds with the fleeting mall-based retail business for the Muncie community. The Muncie Mall was once a thriving cornerstone and supplied a social, economic, and feasible opportunities for the community. In spite of these success for decades, malls like Muncie’s classified under a B rating began to show decay in the early 2000s. In 2020 the Muncie Mall had closed its last anchor store and had recently been sold to the Woodmont company by Simon Group. With little hope and guidance, the mall had sat with no clear trajectory by the city or company. Emplaced to contrast the mall crisis, this capstone provided methodology and a blueprint to combat the mall’s rapid decline. Transforming this site from ruin to a mixed-use urban center that serves as a new downtown. The newly developed Muncie Mall is an efficient and sustainable design solution to solve the decaying business at the Muncie Mall in Muncie, IN. The design focused on Muncie’s needs, and supplied viable and sustainable opportunities for the Muncie Community. It captures all previous exploration from case studies, journal articles, methods, and professional feedback along with all preliminary work that has led to this design. By introducing this development, the city would an increase economic growth/opportunity, reestablished ecosystems, and a regional anchor for the city. Ultimately achieving all objectives set previously in the beginning of the thesis, sustainable, social, and viable. Ultimately this thesis was all about order, process, and community. There were simple steps that needed to happen in order for this process to function with the city. For instance, this capstone addressed all sustainable goals by designing the site as a carbon sink to balance the urbanized environment, reduce parking to allow for increased greenspace, revitalize on-site ecology through implementation of woodlands and wetlands, lowered onsite water runoff to execute natural water filtration, and, lastly, introduce spaces to create partnerships with local distributors. By laying the foundation for sustainable goals, this project was then able to build upwards and move toward the viable goals of the Muncie Mall. These specific goals were introduced to multi functionality through new infrastructure to provide retail, residence, and community-based experiences, introduced 600+ living spaces onto the site, catered to the local economy by providing a diverse affordable recreation and retail range, and designed outdoor amenities to stimulate seasonal economic interest. With these two orders in place, all social goals were executed by reestablishing a sense of place by designing spaces to host community-based events, increased local pedestrian accessibility through connections MASTERPLAN DEVELOPMENT

to the Cardinal Greenway, stimulated a connection between downtown, local parks, and communities, encouraged community morale by introducing spaces for local leisure. Without a set process, a project will fail and have no purpose. Each goal was interconnected and grew off of one another to make a whole cohesive thesis. The three goals allowed me to grow in my knowledge of landscape architecture and solidified my career choice. My hope is that the Muncie Mall and malls across the United States turn to urbanize this impendable depreciation of these community anchors before being forced to shut down these social hubs in their communities.

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MASTERPLAN DEVELOPMENT

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MASTERPLAN DEVELOPMENT

TER 7: APPENDICES

CHAP-

Appendix A: Site Summary The Muncie Mall is located in Muncie, Indiana and is the largest shopping structure in this city. The Muncie Mall was opened in the 1970 by the developer company Melvin Simon & Associates. With 4 large spaces for anchor stores and 75 spaces for retail shops, this mall has stayed true to its original framework that can still be seen today. The Muncie Mall has since closed all of its anchor stores and only consists of a few remaining retail vendors within the mall.

The Muncie Mall is bordered by East Princeton Avenue to the north and west, East McGalliard Road to the south, and North Broadway avenue, North Granville Avenue, and active CSX rail line to the east of the site. The site is 2.1 miles away from downtown Muncie and dominated by commercial and residential land use surrounding the site. Potential opportunities for the site include the Cardinal Greenway, park space, and empty parking lot spaces. Mass commercial surroundings, intense vehicular travel, and underutilized land were factors that aided the decision for choosing the Muncie Mall for this creative project. Muncie is located in Delaware County in upper east-central part of Indiana. Roughly an hour from Indianapolis with access from Interstate 69 (I-69). The city has a current population of 70,000 and is host to Ball State University (currently 21,998 students). Muncie can accurately be characterized by flat and rich land. Muncie, like most of Indiana is healthy for plants of the 5-7 hardiness zones.

MAPLE | URBAN ENERGY & ADVANCEMENT IN MODERN MALLS

FIGURE 7.3 VEHICULAR PERSPECTIVE ARIAL MAP

APPENDICES

1 1 FIGURE 7.1 VIEW OF 613 MCGALLIARD RD MUNCIE, IN HEADING WESTBOUND

2 FIGURE 7.2 1118 E MCGALLIARD RD MUNCIE, IN HEADING EASTBOUND

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3 FIGURE 7.3 3599 N GRANVILLE AVE MUNCIE, IN OUTBACK STEAKHOUSE

4 FIGURE 7.4 E PRINCETON AVE MUNCIE, IN ACROSS FROM TARGET

APPENDICES

5 FIGURE 7.5 E PRINCETON AVE MUNCIE, IN NORTH ACCESS

6 FIGURE 7.6 MUNCIE MALL MAIN ENTRANCE & VACANT ANCHOR STORE

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FIGURE 7.7 MUNCIE MALL DIRECTORY MAP APPENDICES

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Appendix C: Bibliography “Belmar Master Plan.” Van Meter Williams Pollack LLP, 12 Dec. 2018, www.vmwp.com/projects/belmar-master-plan/. Beyard, Michael D., et al. “Ten Principles for Rethinking the Mall.” Urban Land Institute Ten Principles Series, 2006, doi:10.4324/9781315602141-3. Cantor, Steven L. Green Roofs in Sustainable Landscape Design. 1st ed., W.W. Norton & Co , 2008, http:// bsu.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwjR3LSsNAcOjjYkXQqvgmB8mltqTbbNoIRWppFA_1YHvQS8g-UgKaQGILfqz_4s6atKUo9JiwswOzOzvvGYAOaVnNjTeBUyUKKbMcIUjosJBzt8cFdwKiNARbjybwum9P3enYfn0owXdRGsOUpRi8fwR_1Dpg1SpmOX4Vc6buojy8jl4mq33_MvWVATz554T1YSq. Carretero, Jorge, and Ester Higueras. “The Suitability of Sustainable Retrofitting Means for Shopping Malls, in an Environmental and Urban Background. a Resume of the Methodology.” Journal of Urban Planning, Landscape & Environmental Design, vol. 2, no. 2, 2017, pp. 85–96. Connolly, James. “After the Factory: Reinventing America’s Industrial Small Cities.” After the Factory: Reinventing America’s Industrial Small Cities, Lexington Books. Caulfield, John. 5 Ingredients of Successful Mall Design | Building Design + Construction. 2015, https://www. bdcnetwork.com/5-ingredients-successful-mall-design. N/A. City Square Mall. https://www.citysquaremall.com.sg/about-us/the-mall/eco/. Gateway Plaza (Shopping Mall: Newport Beach, Calif.). s.n. Data USA, datausa.io/profile/geo/Muncie-in/#:~:text=The%205%20largest%20ethnic%20groups,and%20 98.1%25%20are%20U.S.%20citizens. Do, Duy, et al. “Da Nang Green Space System Planning: An Ecology Landscape Approach.” Sustainability (Basel, Switzerland), vol. 10, no. 10, MDPI AG, 2018, p. 3506, doi:10.3390/su10103506. “Downtown Westminster.” City of Westminster Economic Development, 27 Oct. 2020, www.westminstereconomicdevelopment.org/places/downtown-westminster/. Faulk, Dagney, and Sean Weiss. “Muncie Forecast 2020.” Indiana Business Review, Indiana University, Indiana Business Research Center, 2019, pp. 1–11, https://proxy.bsu.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/ login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=141281360&site=ehost-live&scope=site. Frishammar, Johan, et al. “Digital Strategies for Two-Sided Markets: A Case Study of Shopping Malls.” Decision Support Systems, vol. 108, 2018, pp. 34–44, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dss.2018.02.003. Gieryn, Thomas F. A Space for Place in Sociology Thomas F. Gieryn. no. 2000, 2007, pp. 463–96. Han, Haoying, et al. “Exploring the Features of Sustainable Urban Form and the Factors That Provoke Shoppers towards Shopping Malls.” Sustainability (Basel, Switzerland), vol. 11, no. 17, MDPI AG, 2019, p. 4798, doi:10.3390/su11174798. “History of Delaware County and Muncie, IN.” Delaware County, https://www.co.delaware.in.us/category/subcategory.php?categoryid=11. APPENDICES Ibrahim, Maysoun, et al. “Smart Sustainable Cities Roadmap: Readiness for Transformation towards Urban 87

Sustainability.” Sustainable Cities and Society, vol. 37, Elsevier BV, 2018, pp. 530–40, doi:10.1016/j. scs.2017.10.008. Land8 Media, LLC. “Landscape Architecture for Landscape Architects.” Land8, 3 Dec. 2020, land8.com/. Lin, Mu-Fa, et al. “Sustainable Shopping Mall Rehabilitation.” Sustainability (Basel, Switzerland), vol. 12, no. 17, MDPI AG, 2020, p. 6698, doi:10.3390/su12176698. Makgopa, Sipho, and M. com. M.Phil. Ph.D. Candidate, Lecturer, University of South Africa, South Africa. “Determining Shopping Mall Visitors’ Perceptions on Mall Attributes.” Problems and Perspectives in Management, vol. 14, no. 3, Business Perspectives Ltd, 2016, pp. 522–27, doi:10.21511/ppm.14(32).2016.08. Moccia, F. D. “Shopping Mall Crisis and a New Perspective in the Framework of the Polycentric Multiuse Metropolitan Model.” WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, vol. 155, 2012, pp. 229–39, doi:10.2495/SC120201. Molana, Hanieh H., and Richard E. Adams. “Evaluating Sense of Community in the Residential Environment from the Perspectives of Symbolic Interactionism and Architectural Design.” Journal of Community Psychology, vol. 47, no. 7, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Sept. 2019, pp. 1591–602, http://10.0.3.234/jcop.22214. Muncie Neighborhoods. http://www.muncieneighborhoods.org. Now, B. E., and F. O. R. Just. Is This the World’ s Most Sustainable Shopping Mall? Frasers Property Australia Teams up with Eco-Warrior Joost Bakker to Unveil Rooftop Plans for a Development In. 2018, https://real-leaders.com/is-this-the-worlds-most-sustainable-shopping-mall/. QAZIMI, Shukran, et al. “Place and Sense of Place.” Key Concepts in Planning, vol. 9563, no. August, 2014, pp. 156–70, doi:10.4135/9781473914629.n13. N/A. San Diego Convention Center. https://visitsandiego.com. Smith, Ronald W., et al. Symbolic Interaction Theory and Architecture. 2006. Smith, Ronald W. “Symbolic Interaction Theory and Architecture.” Symbolic Interaction, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 123–45. Urban Land Institute Award Winning Projects 2006. “Belmar History.” Home -, 14 Mar. 2018, continuumpartners.com/project-page/belmar-history/. N/A. Utah State University Extensions. https://extension.usu.edu/agriculture-and-natural-resources/index. Williams, Ashley Marie. “Rapid Urban Revitalization: Flexible Design Strategies for Promoting Economic Growth, Social Engagement and Future Sustainability in Urban Spaces.” Rapid Urban Revitalization : Flexible Design Strategies for Promoting Economic Growth, Social Engagement and Future Sustainability in Urban Spaces, Ball State University, https://bsu.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/ openurl?institution=01BSU_INST&rfr_id=info:sid%2Fsummon&rft_dat=ie%3D2172707330004551,language%3DEN&svc_dat=CTO&u.ignore_date_coverage=true&vid=01BSU_INST:Services. Wu, Jianguo (Jingle). “Making the Case for Landscape Ecology.” Pneumologia, vol. 65, no. 4, 2016, pp. 210– 11, http://lj.uwpress.org/content/27/1/41.full.pdf+html. Yang, Wu, et al. “Urban Water Sustainability: Framework and Application.” Ecology and Society, vol. 21, no. 4, Resilience Alliance, 2016, p. 4, doi:10.5751/ES-08685-210404. MAPLE | URBAN ENERGY & ADVANCEMENT IN MODERN MALLS

APPENDICES

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Urban Energy & Advancement in Modern Malls

Articles inside

Conclusion

Appendix C: Bibliography

Perspectives

Downtown Westminster – Westminster, CO

Belmar – Lakewood, CO

Modern Sustainable solutions in Urban Environments

Site Analysis

Built Historic Retail & Regional Agenda

Project Goals & Vision

Design Program

Introduction

Sociological Studies

Definition of Terms