GENERATION (N)Y
A COLLABORATIVE STUDIO RESEARCH BOOKLET MACRO: New York City|MICRO: Lower East Side
DESIGN 6 | ARCH-312-2 Professor Li Hao Raymond Bracy Rebecca Caddick Nicole Camara Julie Carbone Kristopher Carey Thomas Casey Modibo Coulibaly Bobby Deslis Luis Diaz Danielle Felicione Alyssa Moyer Freddie Ramirez Danielle Schipps
CONTENTS
005
081
POPULATION
SHARED ECONOMY
Who Are the People of NYC?
How is Wealth Shared in NYC?
037
103
INDUSTRY
ZONING
What Jobs Are in NYC?
How is NYC Planned and Built?
059 TRANSPORTATION
How Do You Travel in NYC?
3
4
Who are the People of NYC?
5
current
population
2,339,150
1,455,444
475,000
2,600,000
1,644,518
by borough
queens
bronx
staten island
brooklyn
manhattan
] 80,885
]
6
lower east side 1,2,3
24,593 bronx
70,826 manhattan
12,797 queens 14,230 staten island
density
36,732 brooklyn per
square mile
3
DENSITY New York City
Population. Manhattan's entire population is situated in only 23 square miles making it the most densely populated area of all five boroughs. Since the 1970s, when everyone was leaving New York City to live in the suburbs, the population has yet to make up for its loses. While New York City is currently the most dense city in the United States, the average New Yorker lived in a denser neighborhood in the 1970s than they do now. 3 7
RACIAL COMPOSITION New York City
Diversity. New York City has an extremely diverse population. It is one of few cities which four different racial groups make up more than 10% each of the total population. More than half of New York City residents 5 speak another language other than English in their homes.
4
8
nyc race 3.17%
43.65% white
two or more races
14.75%
other
0.04
native hawiian
13.25%
asian
0.39%
american indian
24.75%
african american
lower east side RACIAL COMPOSITION Lower East Side
Diversity. The majority of the population in Lower East Side is Asian due to China Town being located inside the boundaries of LES. Traditionally, the make-up of this area is working-class immigrants. LES is in the process of being heavily gentrified which poses a threat to driving the culture out of this area. 6
population total population
80,885 43% asian
28%
hispanic
20% white
7%
black
2%
other 5,6,28,29
9
2.9 Million
live and work in the city
270,000
live and work outside the city
10
workers
26%
55%
bronx
manhattan
42.8%
mil 3.1mil 1.6 population work day
80% 696,000
work there
queens
35.4% staten island
826,000 workers
39.8%
education
brooklyn
7
EDUCATION The Five Boroughs
The Breakdown. The majority of the population has gone through some form of secondary education. The most common college degree for this area of New York is a bachelors degree, with a graduates degree following close behind.
11
modes of
transportation subway or elevated
streetcar bus carpool drove a car alone other worked at home
walked bicycle motorcycle taxi railroad
manhattan
car owners
8
12
9
COMMUTERS
How is Everyone Getting Around? Dispersement. The majority of commuters travel by subway in all boroughs excluding Staten Island. In Staten Island, the most common method of transportation is the bus or ferry. 9
13
occupants
households 1 2 3
average household size
families 100
10 10
average square foot per person 10
Findings. Lower East Side has a higher percentage of single residents without children than the percentage of New York City. Married couples also make up a large portion of Lower East Side's population.10
14
DREAM CHASERS
12
Sacrificing for a Dream Job
Sacrificing. A couple lives in a one-bedroom apartment that is only 200 sq. ft. They describe it as living in a public place that is private. The living room, dining room, kitchen, closet and pantry is all in one small space, connected to a bathroom and separate bedroom. This space costs them $1,000 a month for rent only! 11 Grayson Altenberg is a former resident of Wisconsin who has made the move to New York City. Where
I’m assuming he once had an ample amount of personal space, he is now living in a 100 square foot apartment in Manhattan’s Upper West Side. This dorm room sized apartment is costing him $1,100 a month, but on the bright side he works only a fiveminute walk away. He is working towards becoming a professional chef. He has given up space for a chair, a table, a closet and even a door to his bathroom to fulfill his career goals.12
15
millionaires
1 in every 25
new yorker is a millionaire
THE WEALTHY The Temporary Residence Money Talks. According the the Knight Frank wealth report and WealthInsight, New York is home to nearly 389,100 millionaires. 5,600 of those people are worth over $30+ million. This number has increased 32% since 2005 and is expected to be one third more by 2025. In the quadrant from 49th street to 70th street between Fifth and Park avenue, 30% of all apartments are vacant at least 10 months out of the year. Outside of Manhattan, prices in Brooklyn are being driven up partly due to Worldwide investors buying apartment buildings there.13,14,15
16
apartment
11, 870
174% CHANGE
32,500
vacancy nyc tourists
FEBRUARY
JUNE
2010 International
tourists
2011
2012
2013
2014
Domestic
59.7 million toursts visted in NYC 13,14,15,16,17
VISITORS
Visitors and Population
Tourism. In New York City, the tourist community continues to increase each year. In the chart above, the number of tourists in 2014 was roughly 45 million people. Now, two years later, the tourist population has jumped nearly 15 million. In 2016 there was 59.7 million tourists alone.16,17
17
POVERTY RATES
poverty
28.0
Poverty and Population
0.0 2014
2013
MANHATTAN
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
STATEN ISLAND QUEENS
BRONX
BROOKLYN
federal poverty
levels
$11,880 $16,020 $20,160 $24,300 $28,440
people in shelters in 2016
18
127,652
62,674
homeless
homeless people in NYC
18,19
Homelessness. The primary reason for homelessness is unaffordable housing. The percentage of people sleeping in shelters has increased 83% in the last ten years. Homelessness in New York City hasn’t been 18 this high since the Great Depression in the 1930’s.
20
INCOME
Who Makes What?
Salary. The average income for New York City is $61,167. Lower East Side, a district that remains around the average income, borders the financial district which is an extremely wealthy part of Manhattan. Eventually, the overflow from the bordering wealthy areas will make way into the Lower East Side forcing those who can no longer afford this area to most likely Brooklyn but other boroughs as well. 20 19
RENTERS
The Majority
Who They Are. New York City is the exact opposite of the rest of the country as in the majority of the population are renters instead of owners. 69% of New York City’s poulation rents their home while only 31% actually owns their home. The increasing population directly affects the demand for rental units which results in increasing rent prices. If trends continue, it is likely that the population will excede the capacity of housing units or make them unaffordable for the majority. This will require a change in how we occupy our homes/apartments
because the current methods are insufficient for projected population growth. New York City’s vacancy rate rarely ever rises above 5%. Vacancy Rates have been decreasing since 21 2011. Current NYC Vacancy Rate: 2.4% Bronx - 3.0% Brooklyn - 2.2% Manhattan - 3.1% Queens - 1.5% Staten Island - 2.0%
projected houses by borough
3
20
rent by
borough
rent
$7,235 central park
$3,248 lower east side
rooms rented
$402 prince's bay
apartments
7k
5k
2.5k
0k 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Lower Eastside NYC
22,23
21
school-age population
median age population
65+populations
projected populations
3
22
AGE
Projected Population in 2040 Growth. The school age populations are directly related to the birth-rates in New York City. The spike in the 1970s was from the baby-boomer generation. Since then, the school age population has slowly been decreasing and is expected to continue this trend. The median age population is varying depending on the borough. Staten Island is expected to see a large increase in this age range, while Manhattan is starting to plateau and then will begin to decrease. All boroughs will continue to see a growth in ages 65+ due to people choosing to continue living in the city after retirement. 25
23
GROWING DEMAND Office Space
Square Footage. Currently, the total amount of square footage dedicated to office space in Manhattan is about 450 million. Sounds like it should be enough, right? Wrong. With the growth of the economy and constant rise of new workers, Cushman and Wakefield predicted in 2012 that Manhattan alone would need to grow by 92 million square feet by 2040 (in just office space keep in mind the housing square footage this brings with it). It is estimated that between now and 2018, 20 million square feet will be added. Currently employees are given less and less space to accomodate the new. Is there a solution to slowing this demand by changing how and where we work? Does everyone need their 26 own cubicle/office?
26
24
3.7mil
59.7mil 4.3mil 1.3mil 450,000
24
PREDICTION
Population of New York City
Hypothesis. If everything continues the way it is currently, Manhattan's make-up will be wealthy people over the age of 55, and more and more vacant apartments and tourists. The remaining population will be forced into the other boroughs due to the lack of affordable housing.
25
Rich Guy
RICH OLDER GENTLEMAN The 1%
26
housing
Freelancer
Tourist
Housing. Nothing but the most expensive apartment along central park that has veiws of the rest of the city will do for this man. The penthouse is where he currently resides.
work Work. This man spent most of his life working up the ladder to the top of wall street with the rest of the big dogs, calling all the shots and taking names along the way.
transportation
Transportation. While owning an expensive car to show off his wealth, this banker prefers to take the public transit like everyone else in their suits, carrying their breif cases. On the off chance of having a large event to go to, our gentleman calls upon a personal driver to drive his fancy car around for him.
spending Spending. Since our gentleman is a wealthy man, he will not let money stop him from getting the best of the best, whether it would be food, luxury items, clothing, or anything else really that he wants.
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ich Guy
Freelancer
FREELANCER The Millennial
28
housing work spending
transportation
Housing. Even low on cash, our female freelancer likes to travel and stay in modern looking apartments that dont break the bank. Another form of housing she prefers is a co-living (dorm) style so she can be the social buterfly she is.
Work. An office job is not a job made for our freelancer. They are more commonly found in front of their personal computer in either a local cafe or in a co-working space to bounce ideas off the public.
Transportation. Walking to and from work is their main form of transportation, and occasionally taking the metro to get farther distances. On weekends, they take the car they own and use it to drive around for uber/lyft.
Spending. Spending money is no issue for this person either. The freelancer knows how much to spend and where to properly place their money (whether it be in stocks or in the bank).
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cer
Tourist
TOURIST The NYC Visitor
30
housing work spending
transportation
Housing. Depending on the buget of our tourist, this person could be staying anywhere from a hostal to an airbnb or a 5 star hotel.
Work. For this person, work isn't an issue due to them being on a vacation either by themself or with family.
Transportation. Like our freelancer, any form of transportation that is available is used throughout their time in New York City. Anything from catching a taxi from Times Square, taking a metro to upper east side, or to taking an uber/lyft to broadway at night.
Spending. Since the tourist is on vacation, money goes to the back of their mind when it comes to spending. Of course, they will have a set budget per day, but they see money being no issue during their trip.
31
FAMILY
The Children of the City
Family 32
housing work
Housing. The family while trying to provide cannot give all that it can. They reside in a small townhouse in a rundown neighborhood that is relatively cheap to live in.
Work. With three children, the one parent chooses to stay at home and take care of them, clean the house, and do daily chores. The partner is the money maker working as a construction worker at different sites throughout New York City.
Transportation. Since the family doesn't own a car, they walk to the grocery store and back. When traveling further, the metro is their go to.
spending
transportation Spending. Money is tight for this family of 5, so not much is spent on luxury items. Most of the money earned goes to paying for food and bills. Occassionally, the family will go to the movies or go out to eat but otherwise, not much money is spent.
33
2 BROKE GIRLS Big City Dreamers
Family
34
2 Broke Girls2 Broke Girls
housing work spending
transportation
Housing. A closet would be more roomy than the apartment that the dreamers are living in. Getting an apartment at all was pure joy for these broke people. So, even if they are packed in like sardines, they will still take it over being back in their hometown.
Work. These inspiring dreamers hope to become 5 star chefs in the future, but starting out at a hole in the wall restaurant chef still fills them with pride.
Transportation. Walking is their go to since they can't afford to take the metro everyday. Plus, to them walking to and from places is their way of exercising (so they don't have to pay for a gym membership).
Spending. They never pay for anything at full price and thrift shops are their go to places. The less money they spend, the happier these people are because more money can be put towards their dream.
35
36
What Jobs are in NYC?
37
NEW YORK CITY The Financial Service Industry
Industry. New York rose to become known as the greatest city in the world due to the boom of the financial service industry in the 20th century. The top 5 Industries of NYC: 1. Financial Service 2. Health Care 3. Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services 4. Retail 5. Manufacturing 31
To this day, the majority of the biggest employers in NYC are financial groups. Today, New York City is second only to London as World’s Leading Financial Center. 30
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Freelancer
Family
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Tourist
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31 32
average
salary of field 148,898 119,410 66,804
50,700 36,244
27,157
25,441
City of New York
$46,000
NYC Department of Education
$45,000
Metropolitan Transportation
$35,000
United States Government
$55,000
NYC Health and Hospitals Corp
$50,000
JP Morgan Chase & Co
$100,000
State of New York
$40,000 $65,000
24,809
Citigroup Inc
20,775
North Shore - LIJ Health System
18,999
Mount Sinai Medical Center
$50,000 $90,000 33
LARGEST EMPLOYERS Crain's List 2011
It's All Business. The public sector locked down the top five employers, including the City of New York with 148,898 workers, the New York Board of Education, the MTA, the federal government and the New York City Health and Hospitals Corp. Wall Street is the biggest private employer, with JPMorgan and Citigroup in the top ten. While most government agencies scaled back in number of employees, JP Morgan added 9 percent to its NYC work force. Citigroup and Mt. Sinai Medical Center also hired more employees. 33
39
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Freelancer
Family
Tourist
2 Broke Girls
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Freelancer
Tourist
HOUSING CRISIS Lower Incomes
housing Present
2030 34
40
Rising Rents. New York City is the midst of a housing affordability crisis. Over the last decade, average rents have climbed 15%, while the income of renters hasFamily increased only 2%. TheGirls city’s renaissance since 2 Broke the 1990’s has drawn thousands of new residents; today, the population of 8.5 million people is the highest it has ever been. However, New Yorkers are finding that the benefits of city living are not without its costs. The demand for housing has outstripped the real estate community’s ability to supply it; as a result, prices have been rising. 34
the people ONE PERSON =100,000
POVERTY 2013
NON-POVERTY 2025
35
Mayor Bill de Blasio. De Blasio’s plan includes rezoning (called upzoning) a handful of neighborhoods so that developers can build taller buildings; in exchange for this right, they must, in turn, set aside a certain fraction of units for those in the lower income brackets. As the map to the left shows, large swaths of the city have rather extreme zoning limits. The map shows by zip code how much housing can be built, on average, per square foot of lot; this is called the Floor Area Ratio (FAR). A neighborhood with an average FAR value less than one, for example, means that builders can
only be expected to construct one family house with ample backyard. Relatively modest changes in the zoning restrictiveness across the entire city will likely have a much greater impact on housing affordability than adjustments in a few a selected neighborhoods, which residents are increasingly resenting as what they see as unfair treatment by the government. Mr. de Blasio pledges to move 800,000 New Yorkers—nearly 10% of the population—out of poverty by 2025. To achieve this, the mayor intends to create nearly 5m jobs and add 500,000 new units of housing by 2040. 34
41
LOWER EAST SIDE Real Estate
Lower East East. — Lower East Side rents saw the biggest price change in 2016, according to the Manhattan Rental Market Report issued by MNS Real Impact Real Estate. The report found rents went down 7.8 percent from Nov. 2015 to Nov. 2016. The report states the following about rent trends in the past year on the Lower East Side: Nondoorman, one-bedroom: rent decreased .8 percent. Doorman, one-bedroom: rent decreased 5.1 percent. Non-doorman, two-bedroom: rent decreased 14.1 percent. Doorman, two-bedroom: rent decreased 16.9 percent. Non-Doorman Studios: rent increased
Rich Guy
2.5 percent. Doorman studio: rent decreased 14.2 percent. A non-doorman studio was the only rent that increased in the past year, at 2.5 percent. The report states that the Lower East Side comes in fourth as the "lowest inventory neighborhood in the borough", as it has less apartments on the market this month compared to other areas. The Lower East Side makes up only 2.1 percent of the total units in Manhattan, behind SoHo, TriBeCa and Battery Park City. This makes the Lower East Side susceptible to larger price swings, the report says.
Freelancer
Family
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Tourist
2 Broke Girls
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millenial wonderland THE NEIGHBORS
Long-time residents, downtown pioneers, and members of New York’s creative communities
WHAT TO EXPECT
Some of the best nightlife, dining, and entertainment in Manhattan
THE LIFE-STYLE
Lounge during the day, dine at dusk, and party all night
WHAT NOT TO EXPECT
A quiet, residential neighborhood close to transportation
THE MARKET
Affordable. Mainly pre-war walkups, but there are a few newer luxury high-rise buildings
YOU'LL FALL IN LOVE
The free-spirit tradition of this diverse, welcoming community
37
43
BUSINESS City of New York
Developer
Homes and Offices
Incentive Programs
New York City. The city has many programs available to assist eligible businesses with locating real estate, accessing capital for expansion, lowering energy costs, finding skilled employees and lowering taxes. Empire State Development (ESD), the state agency responsible for promoting economic development in New York, has programs available to assist businesses that are expanding and creating jobs. Qualified businesses that locate in an Empire enterprise zone can be exempted from sales tax, benefit from tax reductions, or receive credits on real property and business taxes. Enterprise zone businesses may additionally save money on utilities, receive technical assistance, or receive tax credits on wages for newly-created jobs. Businesses that locate in the lower Manhattan area and who complete renovations in excess of 20 percent of the property's assessed value may qualify for the Lower Manhattan Energy Program, which can reduce energy costs up to 45 percent. Businesses that start up in or relocate to designated Commercial Expansion Areas may be eligible for a 3-5 year rent credit of up to $2.50 per square foot, dependent on lease length and company size. New York City's Commercial Areas include Rich Expansion Guy Freelancer Tourist certain Commercial Zones and Manufacturing Zones in Bronx, Upper Manhattan, Queens, Brooklyn, and Staten Island. 38
New Jobs
Family
44
2 Broke Girls
SHARING ECONOMY The Millenials Sharing is Caring. New economy is being created by the millenial generation. This generation which is poorer than the generation before it made use of new technologies and are doing more with less. As a generation, they call for less space than previous generations. They are also fine with small personal space as long as there is a larger shared space and the ability to be closer to their friends and work place. This new economy is based on trust and helps connect people, giving people a taste of the better life and provide services at affordable prices. In this economy services like Uber, Airbnb, and Grubhub prosper. 39.
when you share,
we share 45
AIRBNB
The Cheaper Hotel Afforability. Airbnb is the hottest new trend in the lodging industry.
Rich Guy
Freelancer
Tourist
The hotel industry has always been filled with competition, but not quite the same kind that Airbnb provides. It is a home-sharing service, where people rent their homes to travelers in exchange for payment. This service attracts many people who prefer a lower price for their travel experience. Airbnb can offer more amenities than a hotel room at cheaper prices. Looking forward NYC could adopt a similar system for workers were not many people actually live in the city but are freelancers that come and rent space when they need it. There are currently around 700,000 thousand hosts which provides a great business opportunity for the host and the guest as the host will make money and the guest finds a nicer sometimes more inexpensive place to stay. 39
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Family
Freelancer
2 Broke Girls
Family
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Tourist
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Freelancer
Tourist
Rich Guy Family
Freelancer
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2 Broke Girls
UBER
Crain's List 2011
Family
2 Broke Girls
The Drivers. 14% of Uber drivers are women. That's more than the 1% of taxi drivers who are women but less than the overall share of women in the workforce. On average, Uber drivers make $19 per hour. In New York, the disparity between what Uber drivers make ($30.35 an hour) and what taxi drivers make ($15.17 an hour) is the largest of any city in the report. However, the report comes with a caveat: These figures don't take into account driver's costs, which are paid out of pocket by drivers. "Nonetheless, the figures suggest that unless their after-tax costs average more than $6 per hour, the net hourly earnings of Uber's driver-partners exceed the hourly wage of employed taxi drivers and chauffeurs, on average," the report says. Most drivers stick with Uber because they like the flexibility of the work Uber provides — that is, being an independent contractor.(Freelancer) 25% of Uber drivers are over age 50. 71% of Uber drivers say they have increased their income while working for Uber. Only 11% said that working with Uber had decreased their income. There are around 30 to 40 thousand new drivers for uber every month. 40
47
work force
WORKING DEMOGRAPHIC Manhattan Workforce
48
White Collar Workers Blue Collar Workers
86,871 35,404
Total Population Male Population Female Population Percent Change Since 2000 Percent Change Since 2010 Median Age
1,563,897 733,021 46.9% 830,877 53.1% 33.5 % -0.9 % 36.34 41
38% 55 mil
workers in nyc are freelancers
americans are freelancers
FREELANCE Workers. A freelancer or independent contractor is a person who is self-employed and is not necessarily committed to a particular employer long-term. Freelance workers are sometimes represented by a company or a temporary agency that resells freelance labor to clients. Other freelancers work independently or use professional associations or websites to get work. 38% of workers in NYC freelance. 55 million Americans freelance. On Oct. 27,2016, New York City became the first city in the nation to pass the Freelance Isn’t Free Act, which is an act that protects freelance workers against client nonpayment. Passing with 51 votes, the Freelance Isn’t Free Act requires written contracts for freelancers, allows freelancers to file complaints against non and latepaying clients with the Department of Labor Standards, and institutes penalties against clients found guilty of nonpayment. 42
49
LIVE WORK Collaboration
The Community. A live-work unit is a space that combines your workspace with your living quarters. Modern livework units range from minimalist to luxurious, have advantages and disadvantages, and present challenges for some city regulators.43 Pros:
• •
• •
Commute Time cut to seconds Can work even in most extreme weather conditions Full kitchen to cook as opposed to spending money at restaurants Work near like minded individuals Perfect for freelance workers
• •
Workaholics find it more difficult to stop work Limited Space for children
•
Cons:
43
Zoning laws are a huge issue since certain areas are zoned for different things like commercial or residential and taxes are different for each of these zones so cities are unsure how to handle zoning and taxes on these mixed use properties. 43
50
work/live
+ 51
LOOKING FORWARD Retail
The Future. Looking forward retail stores could become a thing of the past. Retail could become just local storage space that will deliver all goods you need to your front door. Some apps and websites already exist for this today. Apps where you can have someone else grocery shop for you and deliver it to your house. Also delivery options for some online shopping websites that can actually rush the delivery to an hour depending on the product. 44
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Freelancer
Tourist
retail and
technology Family
2 Broke Girls
Rich Guy
Freelancer
Tourist
Family
Continued. The in-store shopping experience is on the verge of great transformation. Forward-thinking marketers have begun experiments in the effort to enhance store offerings. Retailers of all sizes, though, will soon adopt data-driven strategies to compete with their online cousins on convenience and personalization. Retailers will focus on turning mobile apps into a personal attendant to provide assistance in finding items, comparing prices and recommending new items In-store beacons will automatically wake up consumers’ apps to deliver highly relevant and personal content. In the palm of their hands,
2 Broke Girls
consumers are carrying around their own big data tools. They can scan bar codes and compare prices, check reviews or snap a picture and ask their friends for advice. Consumers have more power than ever before in the shopping experience and as a result, companies will provide rich information and social capabilities optimized for every screen, while integrating scanning and other tools to unlock content in their apps. Customers will shop around and more retailers will take broader steps toward transparency. As consumers become increasingly comfortable with contactless payments, the ability to control when and where the checkout happens will become more prevalent. 44
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LOOKING FORWARD The Tech Industry
Tech Savy. This is the New York City Tech Ecosystem. Tech is not a silo that’s separate from the rest of the economy. Rather, tech is infused throughout the city’s diverse economy. The New York City tech ecosystem is made up of three kinds of jobs, each one enabled by or facilitating technology: 45
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Freelancer
58,000 83,000 TECH JOBS TECH INDUSTRIES
NON-TECH JOBS TECH INDUSTRIES Family
54
Freelancer
TECH JOBS IN TECH INDUSTRIES (Example: computer programmer at Google) NON-TECH JOBS IN TECH INDUSTRIES (Example: sales rep at Etsy) TECH JOBS IN NON-TECH INDUSTRIES Tourist (Example: web developer at Citibank) 45
Tourist
Family
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150,000
TECH JOBS NON-TECH INDUSTRIES 2 Broke Girls
=
291,000
total jobs NYC Tech Ecosystem 45
jobs and
technology $$ $ NYC Average Tech Ecosystem Hourly Wage
18% 12%
NYC Hourly Wage Median
NYC Average Tech Ecosystem Hourly Wage
= 50,000
jobs created by NYC Tech Ecosystem
4%
generated in annual compensation by the NYC Tech Ecosystem
550,000 new jobs
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Family
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Tourist
2 Broke Girl
OUR HYPOTHESIS Future of Industry and Economy
Hypothesis: Break down of walls between industries. With the growth of new Live/Work environments freelancers of all different fields will be working next to each other in one big work community. Hypothesis: With growth of new live work facilities white collar will move out of city having the option to work from home or commute when the need to possibly rent a space in the city. Blue collar will flock in for maintenance jobs. Hypothesis: With the collapse of actual retail stores the stores of the past will become storage facilities for the products that will be delivered to the home consumer.
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How do you Travel in NYC?
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Freelancer
Tourist
1
2
TRAVELING TO NYC Examples of Transportation
Planes, Trains, and Automobiles. Plane: There are three main airports that are used for individuals going to and from NYC: Newark Liberty International (EWR) • Contributes $22.8 billion in economic activity 45 John F. Kennedy • Nations leading international gateway with over 80 carriers • Contributes $37.3 billion to NYC economy each year 47 LaGuardia • Mostly domestic air travel 45
60
Train: There are two main stations in NYC: Grand Central Station • Long Island2 Broke RailGirls and Metro-North rail Family • Penn Station Carries Amtrak, NJ Transit, and PATH 48 Car:
Toll to get into the city is $15 for a regular car or motocycle 49 • Exceptions (no payment): Carpool Plan Green vehicles Almost every other block has a car charging station46
TRAVELING THROUGH NYC Examples of Transportation
Yellow Taxi and Green Taxi: • There are 13,237 taxis in NYC 50 Cars: • $15 toll • Costs over $500 a month to park • Central Manhattan is $3.50 a hour to street park 51 Subway • Runs on MetroCard • Accessible to people with disabilities • Can switch between bus and train • Runs nonstop to all five boroughs • 5.7 million people use it daily (7th busiest subway in the world) • 21 different routes and 469 stations for access all over the city 47 Rich Guy
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Family
Tourist
Bus:
• • •
Ferry:
Uber: Lyft:
Runs on MetroCard Accessible to people with disabilities and train Working towards being environmentally friendly (electric hybrid buses) 52
• • • •
Staten Island Ferry 25 minute ride Free to ride Connected to the railway 52
•
There are 14,088 drivers registered for NYC as of 2014 51
•
There are 5,000 drivers registered for NYC as of 2017 Costs the same as Uber (copycat company) 51
•
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BIKES AND WALKING The Green Future
Future Modes of Transportation. Currently in NYC there are many different modes of transportation that steer away from the generic taxi, subway, and now uber rides. The city now provides individuals with varying transportation methods that are more environmentally friendly.
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Freelancer
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Citibike: • Rent durations: per day, 3 days, 1 month • Additional charge if you keep the bike out for more than 30 mins at the time • System for profit • Not user friendly for the size of NYC • 10,000 bikes and 600 stations across NYC 52
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Rules of the road: • Ride with the traffic • Can be extremely dangerous • Obey traffic signals • Means this doesn't save you time because you still have to sit in road traffic • Stay off the sidewalk • Yield to pedestrians There is an app that allows you to find available bikes and station locations 53 Walking: • • • • • •
350,000 people walk through Times Square every day Every year the walking population increases Sidewalks are getting too congested This year, 1,000 benches are being added for the new walking population to stop and sit Walking is the most affordable way to get around NYC is now transforming major roads around attractions (Times Square) into pedestrian only streets. 54
54
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A
Lower East Side Central Park Car Subway Uber Bike Walking
B
Lower East Side Ground Zero Car Subway Uber Bike Walking
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TRAVEL TIME Family
Lower East Side to Major Destinations
Getting Around. Lower East Side is located at the lower end of Manhattan but can access all major destinations within a 20 minute car ride, if there isn't any traffic. The influx of traffic in the city makes the much longer subway rides a better option. Although biking around the city is gaining popularity, it still takes a long time and can be expensive. 64
17 mins 22 mins 17 mins 18 mins 46 mins
Lower East Side Time Square Car Subway Uber Bike Walking
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12 mins 19 mins 12 mins 12 mins 32 mins
Lower East Side Flatiron Building Car Subway Uber Bike Walking
D
18 mins 30 mins 17 mins 42 mins 1 hr 26 mins
17 mins 28 mins 17 mins 28 mins 1 hr 9 mins
A D
C
B
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PRICES TO LOCAL SITES Transportation Prices
Price Broken Down. The subway costs $2.75 to get to your destination. The bus costs the same price as the subway. The cost to rent a citibike for one ride (not a day pass) it $2.50 for the first 30 minutes. The next 30 minutes costs $6.50 with each additional 30 minutes afterwards costing $9.00. For a day pass the citibike costs $12 for unlimited use and for a 3 day pass it costs $24.Uber to different sites depends on the mileage and the time it takes the driver to reach your destination. 55 Uber: • • • Lyft: • • • Gett: • • • • Juno: • • •
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Base price: $2.55 Per minute: $0.35 Per mile: $1.75 Base price: $2.55 Per minute: $0.35 Per mile: $1.75 $10 every ride in Manhattan south of 110th Street. No surcharging ever Waits for 3 minutes, afterwards every $1 per minute Every stop costs extra $5 In beta mose $8 minimum fare 24/7 rider assistance hotline 54
$20 Family
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$15
$10
$5
Uber X
Subway Bike
Uber X
Subway Bike
Lower East Side Flatiron Building
Lower East Side Time Square
Uber X
Uber X
$25
$20
$15
$10
$5
Subway Bike
Lower East Side Ground Zero
Subway Bike
Lower East Side Central Park
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Future Plans
MTA Future 2030 NYC Plans Renewal. The Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) has big plans for the future of NYC transit. The region is changing there is an upward trend of travel to Manhattan. Travel among boroughs is up by 9%. Reversing the commute by 84% from 1990 to 2000 and is continuing to increase. The 2030 expansion plans adapt to handle Manhattan's increase in jobs and traffic. MTA is planning to build a second avenue subway station that will be completed in 2030.11
New trains will be more technologically advanced: • Wifi enabled • Charging stations Stations of the future: • Noise cancelling to understand announcements • Cleaner, graffiti free • Artistic/Cultural, bringing art into the subways to educate people
2030: The future of rail cars to handle growing 2050 New Technology: population (estimated 8.5 million) • The Hyperloop • Open gangway cars Rich Guy Freelancer Tourist • Fast underground transportation • Already used in London, Paris and • Cut down on commuter time Toronto • Increase capacity for travel, means less • Allows up to 10% more passengers traffic on roads 57 • MTA plans on buying 2 full length trains by 2020 at the earliest Rich Guy
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Food Transportation Transport and Distribution
FRESH: Food Retail Expansion to Support Health. Food is brought over on a boat to a food distribution center called Hunts Point in South Bronx. Food is distributed overnight to all parts of New York from this food distribution center. Other retailers are involved including delivery services and farmers markets. Hunts Point has many restaurants, retail stores, especially public wholestore markets. 59 Hunt Point Distribution: • 60% of New York's produce • 50% of New York's meat and fish
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Tokyo Comparison New York vs. Tokyo
Tokyo has one of the world's busiest subway systems with an annual ridership of 3.4 billion. New York has an annual ridership of 1.8 billion people. Tokyo's population density is 15,604 people per square mile while New York's is 27,578 people per square mile. Toyko's subway system is more organized and has a better infrastructure. Other differences with these subway systems include: irregular and unpredictable schedules, express/local lines creating confusion.60
71
Rising Water Levels How Climate Change Affects New York City
Devastation. Hurricane Sandy proved that New York’s 520-mile coast line was vulnerable to storm damage. Since 1900, the sea level has risen 1.1 feet around the city. Projections show that by 2050 the sea level rising another 1-2 feet and 2-4 feet by 2100. This will cause city-wide flooding because of an increase in construction which caused a lack in floodplains. Temperature. Since 1970 the annual average temperature has increased approximately 2.4o F. The winter temperature has also increased 4.4oF. Precipitation. Since 1900, there has been more precipitation present in the winter and less in the summer. Rich Guy
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Natural Resources.Spring has started a week earlier compared to a few decades ago. S.O.S. Several organizations and laws designated to help this cause: ClimAID: responding to climate change in New York State. Makes projections towards sea levels and computes data based on disasters and natural events CRRA: Community Risk and Resiliency Act. State funding program designed to help with the impact of storms and evaluates these projections. 61
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population density distance go green
initative car tax lack of
space
rising
sea levels
THOUGHT PROCESS The Research of the Future
Population. NYC foresees future problems with population growth. It is predicted that the population will increase by 500,000 by 2040 making the total population over 9 million. Manhattan is one of the top work destinations in the city and because of this, it has extreme commutes with trips over 90 minutes each way. 63 The city needs more living space for these commuters which means an increase in population density in the future. With more people migrating to cities, traffic will worsen both on the streets and also using public transportation. 64 74
consequences
of the future
traffic worsens
walking /biking
no personal cars
no subway
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Green Future. The city of New York is already taking The future of New York is up for question. In the initative to make the earth a better place. In 2012, past 100 years, the sea level has risen 1.1 feet and New York was named the country's dirtiest city is projected to rise another 1-4 feet in the next 50 because of its concentrated levels of pollution. In years. Most of Manhattan is less than 16 feet above sea Girls level while some areas are only order to improve the situation, the city has startedFamily to the average2 Broke enforce public transportation to be hybrid electric or 5 feet above. Almost all of the Lower East Side is to use more environmentaly friendly deisel fuel. In the in some level of a flood plain. This means that this future, New York might impose a car tax on personal neighborhood is not predicted to exist in 100 years. cars in the city to promote public transportation or While the surface of the city is flooding, the subway green ways of commuting. The lack of road space is underground will flood too. Without the use of a making commutes very long and having less personal subway, more people will have to travel above ground which will make traffic worse and more people will cars could improve travel time. walk or bike around the city. 65 75
STREET SECTION
Front View
Drawings. The NYC street section presently consists of the subway lines running parallel under the roads. The surface of the road is shared between bikes, cars, taxis and buses. This sharing is dangerous especially for bikers when they need to leave their bike lanes to turn left.
street section
present 76
street section
projected Rich Guy
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FUTURE SECTION Change in Transportation for 2050
Projection. The future of transportation is majorly ground in the form of the Hyperloop. In order to help effected by the congestion and dangers seen currently congestion, personal cars will be strongly advised against so buses and taxis have more space. This on the road. The other major factor Familyis the rising sea 2 Broke Girls level which will flood the subway first. In order to not new space will also be shared with wider bike lanes waste the passageways, one solution is to run boats for added safety and also accommodate an increase down the subway and move the rail system above in bikers.
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THESIS DIAGRAM Future of Cities
Hypothesis. In the future the city will consist of less cars on the road and more pedestrian friendly streets with widened sidewalks allowing for greater Family 2 Broke Girls interactions for bikers and walkers.
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How is Wealth Shared in NYC?
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SHARING ECONOMY Insight into the Definition
SHARECONOMY. The origin of shared economy first began with how poverty stricken individuals adapted to the fast paced digital market. Lack of opportunity for full-time jobs created a new concept in this shortterm labor market which can now be defined as a Shared Economy. Now, Millennials – who are poorer than their precursors, are able to earn an income in short-durations of time. Taking money and power out of the big corporations hands and back into the pocket of the people. 66 Small innovative start-ups began popping up adapting to their local conditions; companies such as Uber and Airbnb which inevitably fed into new and shared experiences of living, working, and eating. Shared economy now has become a means of a new life-style flourished with new experiences, travel, and meeting new people. 66 However successful, the act of shared economy has shown a correlation between the changes in housingmarket and income displacement throughout the globe. This has induced more controversies about precarious jobs and unfair competition.66 82
The Basics. The principles of shared economy address the ability of sharing things – or assets. Assets include cars, rooms, time, and experiences. This new economic model veers away from ownership but on access to assets and resources. A sharing through stakeholders through coordination by means of the internet.66 Circulation of resources: encourages circulation and recirculation of resources
Full utilization of resources:
owner
commodities
instead of resources wasted, resources are now maximized. Little to no waste.
Development of a culture of trust: a community that builds bridges instead of burning them. Trust among stakeholders and participants further strengthening relationships.
consumers
Increase in product or service variation: friendly competition allows for competitors to do their best to provide great service and products
Evolution of the role of organization or companies: service providers become trust advisors
pocket Platforms of Shared Economy
AIRBNB housing exchange, swap, time-share WEWORK a shared working environment UBER transportation EATWITH food exchange TASKRABBIT exchange of tasks
SHARECONOMY: (noun) a system in which people rent, borrow, or share commodities, services, and resources owned by individuals, usually with the aid of online technology, in an effort to save money, cut costs, and reduce waste.
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A SHARING COMMUNITY The Elements of a Shared Economy
WeWork. Founded in 2010, this American company provides shared workspace, community, and services for entreprenuers, freelancers, start-ups, and small businesses. In addition to, discounted benefits for services, such as health care, financial institutions, shipping, free refreshments, and connections that one may not otherwise come across because of the limits from traditional workspaces. 67 WeWork has launched WeLive, a residential dorm-style apartment building. The WeLive experience covers full ammenities. The idea challenges traditional apartment style living with future aspirations of providing great experience in continuity with the establishment of meaningful friendships.67
WeWork
the freelancer WeWork is practically built for the Freelancer. He (or she) takes on the work place no matter the location or job. A superhero of the workforce.
Uber. This is a platform to invite users to travel around with an easier and smoother transition than a taxi service. 68 The company has become environmentally-friendly and more efficient by introducing UberPool. This is a type of service that allows for individuals going in the same direction to be picked up and share a ride. Further engaging in their values of meeting exchange by creating new relationships with your local driver and carpool comrades. 68 Request a ride. Ride to your destination. Pay then go. A fast and easy way to travel to your next destination.
Uber
the rich guy This dude. He has a car, but on the off chance it breaks down maybe he'll take an Uber? Lets face it, its a great way to get around New York City, even for the booshie life-style...
84
EatWith
the two broke girls Boy! Do these girls know how to cook!! Whats better than a homecooked meal and good company? (maybe cats.)
TaskRabbit the family The father's a contractor, but the Mrs. uses TaskRabbit as a way to make a little extra for the kids.
Airbnb the tourist
The father's a contractor, but the Mrs. uses TaskRabbit as a way to make a little extra for the kids.
EatWith. Bringing people around the world together, one meal at a time. Whether you're exploring your town or traveling to a new city, EatWith is an easy way to access the undergroud food scene and connect with creative, open-minded and interesting people. 69 Hosts share what meal they would like to make and location on the website. People then sign up to be a part of a well-cooked meal and an experiential meeting opportunity. This type of sharing allows people to really express their interests. Lets face it, what bring people closer than a good people, good talk, and a good meal? TaskRabbit. This is a platform that connects freelance workers with local demands. Allowing consumers to receive and help with immediate tasks. Running errands, painting the house, or even fixing your plumbing are the type of tasks that are found on this platform. TaskRabbit is located in 18 major cities. More than half of TaskRabbit workers are under 40 with 40% between the ages of 21-30. On average 75% of TaskRabbits use their earnings as a supplemental income to pay the bills. Approximately, 10% of workers use it as a full time job. 70 Airbnb. One of the most popular platforms of a Shared Economy, Airbnb, took off since its inception back in 2008 as hospitality service exchange. The founders took advantage of limited capacity of hotels during a in-town design conference and opened their home to strangers. From that point forward the service flourished with opportunities for business travelers and explorers to stay in new location at a cheaper price than a hotel. Since 2008, Airbnb has spread throughout the world becoming a platform for individuals to rent out their homes to make ends meet. 71
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AIRBNB
The History of the Business
Background. Airbnb was conceived on the soul purpose of being able to afford rent. Since its inception in 2008, Airbnb's audience has skyrocketed and expanded thoughout its birthplace of the United States and the world at large. Participants are now traveling all over the world, creating new friendships, and developing a sense of "home" in various locations. 72 In the past ten years there has become a demand for supplemental income. The sudden need to open our homes to strangers in order to make ends meet has become so pervalent within the last decade. What caused this transition? 86
nyc
united states
since the 1980's
since the 1960's
rent increase
18%
64%
86%
income increase
rent increase
income increase
18%
170% 160% 150% 140% 130% 120% 110% 2014
2010
2000
1990
1980
1970
1960
100%
72,74
What's the Need? United States. Answers come from the analyzing the relationship between median income and annual rent. Census data from 1960 - 2014 has shown that inflation-adjusted rents have risen by 64%, but real household incomes only increased by 18%. During the time period between 2000-2010 household incomes fell by 7% while rents rose by 12%. The result concluded that cost-burden renters nationwide more than doubled, from 24% in 1960 to 49% in 2014.72
be an issue as long as income adjusts to the average cost of living. However, there has not been a dual -complementary growth in the past fifty-four years but instead an issue of rising rents and stagnant incomes. Where one outweighs the other causing detrimental effects.72
Resulting in inflation-adjusted rents increasing by 64% since 1960. Normally, increased rent would not
New York City. NYC had an increase of 33% in real incomes and rents rose by 86%.74
When coupled with stagnant incomes and soaring student debt, it is no wonder that renters across the country are struggling with affordability.
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AIRBNB INVASION The International Success
Globally. Within just one year locations doubled around the world. Growth in European markets is much higher, ranging from 170% to 180%, over the same time period. Foreign markets offer more opportunity for organic growth because penetration is lower and internet adoption is rising. 76 The Airbnb community amounts to 57,000 cities and 191 countries. Airbnb guests have surpassed 60 million since 2015. Its available in 30 languages. 75 As Airbnb continues in hypergrowth mode, controversies arise. The platform has been drawing intense scrutiny from regulators and opposition from incumbents.76
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units Worldwide 191 countries Family
cities 2 Broke Girls
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173,000
nyc
57,000
43,000
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75,76
88
76
Issues. Airbnb's motto, "Belong Anywhere," is actually at the forefront of the problematic invasion. The platform and the slogan has created a whirlpool that begins to effect the very thing that makes Airbnb so unique - the local experience. 75 Airbnb has made it possible to allow tourists to live their life as a vacation and thus this puts a strain on local economy and the cities character. The wave
of home-sharing is pumping new visitors into new locations. This consquently rises local concerns about the opportunity of afforable housing. Locals are concerned about how mass amounts of tourists will actually make the area more generic and less unique. For example, they fear their beloved town will parallel the theme park characteristics that are exploited in Venice, Italy. In this example the locals were pushed out due to the high volume of tourism. 75
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NEW YORK, NEW YORK The Impact of Airbnb
The Big Apple. In New York City, 87% of host rented out the house they lived in. Full-time workers made up more than half (64%) of the hosts in NYC. Among the hosts with non-traditional jobs were freelance workers (16%), part-time employees (5%), college students (4%), or retired workers (8%). 73 New York City is the nation's largest short-term rental market, facilitated by hosting platforms like Airbnb. 73 Age. The age bracket for Airbnb users consist largely of Millennials (18-34). However, the age ranges from 16-64. Lowering pricing tends to lead itself toward a younger western crowd as opposed to higher pricing usually lending itself to families. 73
$119
$120
$167
$ 325 $ 211
156
$
90
3%
unemployed
Hosts
8%
retired
4%
student
16%
freelancer
5%
part-time
64%
full-time
Gender Users. The individuals who are open enough to use or provide this service are travelers; nomads who are constantly seeking new life experiences whether that consists of visiting a city 2,000 miles away or a sea away. New York's charm is in its ability to allow discovery, opportunity, and freedom. It invites travelers whether on business or holiday. 54% of guests are women leaving 46% to males. 74 Airbnb caters to individuals who are single, but what about the families of the world? Airbnb does not seem to accomodate families as well as they do for the single and traveling. Some listings do provide for family type accomodations but the listings are few and far between.
54%
46%
73,74
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2014 AIRBNB HOTELS
spent
5.8
$1,450
nights
3.9
spent
$1,370
nights
spent
Family
$1060
AIRBNB HOTELS
92
spent
$770
$600 spent
spent
] hotel rooms
airbnb properties
73,74
Tourist
average nights stay/ total trip spending
daytime spending/ accomodation spending
Airbnb guests pay an average daily rate of $160 (46% less than average hotel)
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$390 spent
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ACCOMODATIONS How Airbnb Effects its Competitors
Competition. Airbnb has generated so much success that it has an estimated valuation of 30 Family 2 Broke Girls billion dollars. This type of success and business model has put a strain of the hospitality business, particularly hotels. According to the Hotel Association Airbnb cost the industry 451 million in lost revenue during a 12 month period. In 2015, there were 696 hotels in the NYC region. Of those, 460 were located within Manhattan with an average room rate of $301. The hotel industry is a growing source of middle class jobs and accounts for 894,000 jobs in the New York State. More than 80% of the workers live in the city.84 The guests staying with Airbnb tend to stay longer and have the tendency to spend more on their trip because they are spending less on sleeping accomodations. In contrast to the hotel guests spending less on tourism due to high accomodation spending. It also allowed for travelers to experience their hosts towns in a more personal way without the generic experience of that a hotel provides. 73 Airbnb generated $844 million in spending to NYC business across many sectors. 73 Overall, Airbnb provided to the NYC economy activity by 1.15B. Airbnb attracts more guests looking for affordable accommodations and experiences off the beaten path.73
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51,397 listings in 2015
28,765
entire apartment/ home listing
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CRISIS CREATED How Airbnb is Effecting the Housing Market
The Housing Market. Applying extremely conservative methodology, the report finds that the percentage of housing to illegal Familyunits converted 2 Broke Girls hotel use deeply impacts the availability of housing in these popular Airbnb neighborhoods and presents a strong correlation to increases in rental prices. 72 “New York City is experiencing a never before seen crisis in affordable housing. Airbnb’s practices are swallowing up affordable housing units, forcing New Yorkers from their homes, and precipitating a spike in homelessness, unprecedented since the Great Depression. Every New Yorker should have access 94
$317.5 30%
M
annual revenue generated by commercial hosts
of all airbnb listings are controlled by commercial hosts
8,058
listings that were removed from affordable residential housing market = 100 listings
72 ,75
to fair and affordable housing, and should never have to worry about having a home for themselves and their families,” said NYC Public Advocate Letitia James. 75
However, this didn't regulate the numerous listings at different addresses. 72
Adding to the disharmony of the NYC housing market around 8,058 Airbnb listings that were categorized Unfortunately, a recent study found that over 50% of as affordable-range units were removed from the all units used as a private short-term rental on Airbnb residential housing market. Removing these listings appeared to violate both state and local laws. Stiff from available housing from the residential market new fines have been enacted into law in an attempt to made up at least 11% of the available housing halt such illegal rentals. In an attempt to prevent hosts market. Hosts generated approximately $302.9 from running illegal hotels, Airbnb has announced million in annual revenue. In the 2015 year 51,397 that it will no longer permit hosts to have more than listings in NYC were on Airbnb, of that 55% (28,765) one listing at any single address in New York City. were Entire Apartment/Home listings. 75 95
REGULATIONS How Airbnb is Creating Problems
One Host. One Home. A policy was introduced by the company of “One Host, One Home” to New York and San Francisco. This law restricts hosts in those areas from listing more than one entire home. Another deal was made in London and Amsterdam to ensure hosts meet local licensing requirements and to enforce caps on the number of days an entire apartment can be rented out each year. 75 Local United States. In addition to locals earning an extra income there were concerned that short-term rentals may be aggravating housing shortages and driving up the cost of housing in our communities. 78 States such as California and New York created stricter laws on home-sharing. 78 As a result Airbnb created “sensible” home-sharing rules established in cities such as Philadelphia, Chicago, and New Orleans, while launching lawsuits against San Francisco, Anaheim, and Santa Monica.
96
New York City. On Dec. 2, Airbnb also settled with New York City, agreeing to drop its lawsuit in exchange for the city promising to only fine hosts for rental violations, and not the company itself.78 Airbnb was being sued by New York State for the soul reason of the company violating the NYC Multiple Dwellings Law. 77 "A 'multiple dwelling' is a dwelling which is either rented, leased, let or hired out, to be occupied, or is occupied as the residence or home of three or more families living independently of each other." NYC Multiple Dwellings Law Section 4 | #7
The New Law. New York State Governor, Cuomo, signed into law a new bill, "Anti-Airbnb Advertising Law." The new law effectively makes it illegal to rent out most apartments in NYC on short-term-rental platforms like Airbnb, if the "host" is not present, and the stay would be for less than 30 days.79 Prior to the new bill, it was still illegal to rent out an apartment for less than 30 days, if the owner or tenants were not present. However, the old law only applied to confirmed illegal transient/tourist tenancies, not the solicitation of them; and made the property owner liable, even if they weren't the advertising party.79
hosts with
4,238
multiple listings
28,990
rentals
active listings
36,000 97
DISCRIMINATION A New Rating System
98
race family
religion
elderly 16%
African American sounding names were less likely to be accepted than those of white sounding names.
81,82 ,80
Discrimination. There are numerous complaints with African Americans obtaining rentals because of their race. The multiple incidents started gaining attention on twitter when people started to use the hashtag #AirbnbWhileBlack. 80
they will need to start taking accountability for such acts of discrimination in public accommodations that are regulated under the Fair Housing Act. 81, 83
In all efforts Airbnb is trying to work towards a better future for the company and directly to the masses it A Harvard Business study showed that 16% of was created for. Airbnb is working towards correcting African American sounding names were less likely these problems; they have hired former Attorney to be accepted than those of white sounding names. General, Eric Holder as an advisor to help create a Unknowningly, Airbnb has provided a new type of new anti-discriminatory policy. platform that enables race discrimination. Due to the nature of Airbnb being a peer to peer sharing network the company is not required to follow the same laws in regards to the Civil Rights Act of 1964. However, if and when Airbnb grows into an even larger chain
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ONE WAY... No Change.
the future
projection
Hypothesis. This business model caters to the younger generation that are more socially active, leaving out the rest of the people on the planet. While it does solve some problems it also creates them. Jobs will be lost for those who are not tech savvy, privacy will be invaded because it will be the only affordable housing around, and discrimination can be cultivated from its peer-to-peer platform that operates with little government regulations concerning fair housing and civil rights acts. Why? Although Millennials are spearheading this transition now, they will not always be Millennials in the sense that they will eventually grow older and have families. The dynamics of some of the applications to the shared economy indirectly opens another platform for discrimination by race, religion, and sexual orientation due to lack of regulation with prejudice bias. This fosters subjective selection when it comes down to who will be receiving the services it’s providing. As history has shown us, technology changes rapidly, people and their long standing prejudices less so. As long as we live in a world that is still willing to divide to countries with a wall over preconceived notions, we will have a long way to go before we can have a truly shared world economy.
2008
2017
... OR THE OTHER
Change.
Hypothesis. Shared economy will continue to get stronger and more adaptive as it continues to grow with the Millennials is was created for. Why? Based on the study of historical events there have been generations that have changed the way of life, such as the Baby Boomer generation. Baby Boomer's were once the biggest generation to make significant impacts on society, the work place, and equality. The Millennials are now surpassing their ancestors in rank and are continuing to make their 100
+
2030
2050
own unique impact on the world. One day these individuals will be running the world that we aspire to know in the future. With the growth of the Millennial generation shared economy will grow with them. Adapting to each and every scenario. Cultivating new ways of living that share resources with one another and continually making changings that will benefit the people for future generations.
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How is NYC Planned and Built?
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THE BEGINNING 2 Broke Girls
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1916 Zoning Resolution 2 Broke Girls
History. The 1916 Zoning Resolution was adopted to stop massive building, such as the Equitable Building to prevent light and air from reaching out the street. 85 The Zoning Resolution established limits in building massing through certain heights with a series of setbacks, without imposing height limits, and by restricting towers to a percentage of the lot size. 85 By 1950, building styles such as Art Deco and International Style buildings had met the setback requirements by adopting the use of plazas or low-rise buildings surrounding a monolithic tower centered on the site. This approach has been criticized for its hostility and other issues which led to the codes being reformed in 1961.85
2
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CARMEL PLACE Precedent Study
Precedent Study. The project has been watched closely as a new housing prototype in NYC for its groundbreaking use of modular construction.98 In addition to being the first micro-unit apartment building in New York City, Carmel Place is, at the time of writing, the tallest modular building in Manhattan. The exterior and interior spaces of Carmel Place are designed as a repeatable and systematic new paradigm for housing in NYC. The completed modules were transported over the Manhattan Bridge and stacked on site ready for installation of appliances and interior finishes. Dividing the construction process, reduced on-site construction noise and neighborhood disruption. The controlled environment of the factory allowed the team to control quality and maintain critical interior dimensions.98
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1961 ZONING Zoning Ordinance
Drawings. The 1961 Zoning Resolution divided New York City into residential, commercial, and manufacturing areas and introduced incentives that forever changed the design of city buildings. The resolution was the first change to New York’s zoning since the first zoning code was passed in 1916. It was created to suit the changing economy, increasing population, and the growth of automobile use.88
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It introduced the concept of incentive zoning by adding a bonus of extra floor space to encourage developers of office buildings and apartment towers to incorporate public plazas into their projects.88 The Lever House and Seagram building were a strong influence to the incentive bonus of having public open space adjacent to the buildings. That introduced new ideas about office buildings with open space. The new zoning encouraged privately owned public space to ease the density of the city. The zoning laws were reformed. FAR (Floor Area Ratio) was used instead of setback rules. A building could get additional area for their building as a bonus to having adjacent open space.88
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ZONING REGULATIONS
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Building Size
Rules and Regulations. The size of the building in relation to the size of the zoning lot is the floor area ratio (FAR). For residential uses, the number of dwelling units permitted, the amount of open space and plantings required on the lot and the maximum amount of the lot that can be covered by a building is controlled by zoning. Along with the distance between the building and the front, side and rear lot lines, the amount of required or permitted parking and other features applicable to specific residence, commercial or manufacturing districts.89
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ZONING Lower East Side
Area Use. The Lower East Side of Manhattan mostly consists of mixed used buildings with different categories. The functions of the mixed used buildings range from commercial and industrial to residential and industrial or residential and commercial. 92
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Zoning. In terms of zoning, the sites assigned for the next design project are located on three different zones (as shown on the second map). Four of the lots are located in commercial zones. Two of the lots located on the corner of Delancey and Essex street slriG ekorB 2
are zoned under C4-A4. Near the interseciton of Delancey and Ludlow street, the two lots are part of the C6-1 zoning code. The four remaining lots are located in a residential area and are zoned R8.92
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LOWER EAST SIDE Zoning and Building Heights
Re-Zoning. On November 19, 2008, the City Council adopted the East Village / Lower East Side Rezoning. The zoning changes are now in effect. The re-zoning area is currently zoned R7-2 and C6-1, with C1-5 and C2-5 commercial overlays along the avenues between East 13th Street and Houston Street; on Houston/East 13st Street between Avenue A and Avenue B; and on Clinton Street between Houston and Delancey street. The East Village/ Lower East Side re-zoning proposal would apply the Inclusionary Housing Program to the R8A and C6-2A districts proposed along selected wide streets within the re-zoning area, establishing incentives for the creation and preservation of affordable housing in conjunction with development of new housing. 90 Our site is located on the residential section of the zoning in Lower East Side as well as some commercial sites. Zoning in our location comprises of some being 1-3 stories and 4-7. The Parking Lot sites have been modified with the 2008 zoning laws of Lower East Side and East Village to the current. 90
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FAR
Floor Area Ratio Square Footage. The ratio of a building total floor area to the size of the piece of land upon which it is built. The FAR can be used in zoning to limit the number of people that a building can hold instead of controlling a building’s external shape. If a lot is 10,000 sq. ft, then the total floor area of all floors in all buildings can't exceed 1,000 sq. ft. Common exclusions to the total calculation of square footage for the purpose of floor area ratio, include unoccupied areas such as mechanical equipment floors, basements, stair towers, elevator shafts, and parking garages.91 An architect can plan for either a single-story building consuming the entire allowable area in one floor or a multi-story building that rises higher above the plane of the land, but which must consequently result in a smaller footprint than would a single-story building of the same total floor area. 91
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ZONING IN NYC Today
Redevelopment. The current Zoning Resolution was adopted on December 15, 1961 to apply citywide. When changing conditions warrant them, periodic updates and amendments are made to maintain a rational use of land. Each plot of land within the city’s jurisdiction has a zoning designation, residence, commercial, or industrial, to establish relevant parameters for building and land use. Numerous zoning districts are mapped in the city’s diverse neighborhoods to preserve their varying density and character.100,99
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The city is divided into 3 major zoning districts: Residential, Commercial, Industrial.100 Residential, commercial, industrial/transportation, and public facilities use up about 65% of the city’s total lot area. 10% is vacant, used for parking or miscellaneous use. The remaining 25% is open space. 100,99
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OUR SITE Flood Zone
Water Consequences. NYC is at risk of flooding in the future. This may influence our use of undergound plazas and other areas. •
New York City has 6 designated flood zones and over 60 flood shelters.93
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Lower Manhattan only has two shelters, one of which is located one block from our site.93
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Over 400,000 New York City residents, an increase of 84% from the current 218,088, will soon be living in flood zones. A majority of which currently live in Brooklyn. 93
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Two parts of our site are in flood zone 6. This is the "100 year flood zone" so it is unlikely our site will flood, but still possibly under extreme conditions.93
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C4-A4 Zoning Commercial Zoning
Zoning Breakdown. C4 districts are mapped in regional commercial centers that are located outside of the central business districts. In these areas, specialty and department stores, theaters, office and other commerical spaces serve a larger region and generate more traffic than neighborhood shopping areas.91
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C4 districts with an A suffix are contextual districts in which the commercial and residential bulk and density regulations can differ from corresponding non-contextual districts. Some districts have the same commercial and residential floor area ratios but may differ in parking requirements. Floor area may be increased with a public plaza or Inclusionary Housing Program bonus.91 • • •
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Commercial FAR: 4 Residential FAR: 4 (Increase in FAR with Inclusionary Housing Program bonus) Residential Equivalent District: R7A
C6 Zoning
Commercial Requiring a Central Location
Locations. C6 districts permit a wide range of highbulk commercial uses requiring a central location. Corporate headquarters, large hotels, department stores and entertainment facilities in high-rise mixed buildings are permitted in C6 districts. C6-1, C6-2 and most C6-3 districts, typically mapped in areas outside central business cores, such as the Lower East Side and Chelsea, have a commercial floor area ratio of 6.0. Floor area may be increased by a bonus for a public plaza or Inclusionary Housing. The C6-2A district, like the R8A, would permit a maximum FAR of 7.2 for residential use if affordable housing units were provided, 6.0 for commercial use, and 6.5 for community facility use. Residential development that does not include any affordable housing units, the maximum FAR would be limited to 5.4. C6-2A is a contextual district that requires a street wall between 60-85 feet and limits maximum building height to 120 feet. 92 • • •
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Commercial FAR: 6 Residential FAR: 7.2 (Increase in FAR with Inclusionary Housing Program bonus) Residential Equivalent District: R7A
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DENSITY
Density from 1910 Projected to 2030
Past, Present, Future. Manhattan was much more crowded in the early 1900s than today, especially in Lower East Side. In 1910, 66 people lived on the four residential floors of 94 Orchard Street. Today, the buildilng houses 15 people.94
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In 1910, the housing cost wasn't as high as it is currently, which created such a drastic change. 250 people work in New York’s Department of City Planning and its Population Division, using various methodologies, tallying births and deaths, and then fine-tunes projections based on census figures to arrive at a best guess of what the city will look like. By 2030, it is expected that Manhattan will have 220,000 to 290,000 new residents - roughly one new neighbor for every six current residents. It is also anticipated a much older population, as more retirees choose to stay in the city.94
New York compared with other urban areas. Number of people per 5000 square feet
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1910 Each apartment was divided into two apartments of about 460 square feet each. An average of 16 people lived on each floor
2017 A typical floor is split into four studio apartments of about 230 square feet each
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CONSTRUCTION Two Pockets of Development
Building of the Area. In since 2008 there has been a massive influx in building and it will only increase futher.
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There are 15 super tall buildings (a building that is taller than 984 feet) currently under construction and another 19 have been proposed. The developments are concentrated in two areas: the Financial District and Midtown.95
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The city's Department of Buildings approved the construction of 56,528 units spread out over 1,998 buildings in 2015. That's a 67 percent increase from the previous building boom in 2008 when the number of units stood at 33,911. 95
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Construction approved in 2015 also marked a dramatic increase of 180 percent increase from the previous year. 95
COSTS AND COMPARISONS NYC is the most expensive place to build in the country
The Building Congress forecasts $13.4 billion in residential construction spending in 2016, which would mark the third consecutive record-breaking year. The Building Congress forecasts a total of 147,100 jobs in the five boroughs in 2016, an increase of 8,900 jobs from 2015. Government spending on public Total construction costs for high rise office towers works which includes investments in mass transit, can exceed $400 per square foot in New York City, roads, bridges, and other essential infrastructure, is forecasted to reach $12.7 billion in 2016, a 56 compared to $180 psf in Chicago. 96 percent increase from 2015 when spending dipped In 2007, public elementary school construction costs to $8.1 billion. Spending in this sector is expected to in New York City were $512 psf, compared to $289 be $14.3 billion in 2017 and $14.1 billion in 2018. 96 psf in Chicago. At $600 psf, hospital construction New York City must produce 20,000 units of new costs in New York City significantly outpaceRich Boston Guy Freelancer Tourist and Washington, D.C. ($500-$555 psf) and Los housing annually in order to accommodate a growing population and replace lost units. 96 Angeles and San Francisco ($380-$400 psf). 96 Construction. In New York City construction is over 60 percent more expensive than comparable construction in Dallas, nearly 50 percent more than Atlanta, 25 percent more than Seattle and 20 percent more than Los Angeles. 96
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CONSTRUCTION BOOM Permit Approval Spikes Getting Approved. Brooklyn saw the most number of permits issued for the fourth year running with 26,026 permits approved. That's more than the permits approved in Queens and Manhattan combined. Only in Staten Island did the number of permits approved drop from 712 permits in 2014 to 541 in 2015.95 In New York, new office construction costs between $500-550 per sf as of 2015, the highest amount of the cities studied, San Francisco was second, with costs between $350 and $400 per sf. Boston ($280 to $320 per sf), Seattle ($250-$300), Chicago ($240$290), and Houston ($220-$270) finished the list. New York ($70.54 per sf, per annum, as of Q3) and San Francisco ($67.33) had the highest asking rents for offices also. 95 New construction in Manhattan averaged $1,800 per square foot during the third quarter — up from $1,422 in two years. 95
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HUDSON YARDS A City Within a City Development. When completed in 2025, 125,000 people a day will work in, visit, or call Hudson Yards their home. The site will include more than 18 million square feet of commercial and residential space, stateof-the-art office towers and more than 100 shops. The urban development will include approximately 4,000 residences, The Shed, a new center for artistic invention, 14 acres of public open space, a 750-seat public school and an Equinox® branded luxury hotel with more than 200 rooms, all offering unparalleled amenities for residents, employees and guests. The development of Hudson Yards will create more than 23,000 construction jobs. 96 Onsite power generation and monitoring of traffic patterns, air quality, power demand, temperature, pedestrian flow and environmental conditions with ongoing optimization for safety and comfort. 96 Heat Control – The train yard can reach a scorching
150°F warming the soil.Asophisticated network of tubing will circulate cooling liquids to protect the plant's roots. Ventilation – To remove heat generated by trains, a ventilation system powered by 15 fans (commonly used in commercial jet engines) will supply fresh air at 45 MPH to the train tracks below. 96 Smart Soil – A “soil sandwich” of sand and gravel between two concrete slabs is being constructed to compensate for the shallow platform depth to protect plant's roots and promote growth that is wide and shallow. This advanced layering includes provisions for soil aeration, irrigation, drainage, root development and ongoing control of nutrients. 96 Irrigation – Every drop of rainwater that falls on the Hudson Yards Public Square and Gardens will be collected into a 60,000-gallon tank and reused for irrigation. This will save 6.5-megawatt hours of energy and offset 5 tons of greenhouse gas every year. Cost per sq/ft- $1,760 96
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WTC OLD AND NEW The Center of the Financial District
World Trade Center. Completed in 1973, the towers stood at 110 stories each, accommodating 50,000 workers and 200,000 daily visitors in 10 million square feet of space. They were the hub of the bustling Financial District, a top tourist attraction and a symbol of New York City’s–and America’s– steadfast devotion to progress and the future.97 Cost per sq/ft - $300 After many proposals the new WTC site includes 4 towers, a transportation and retail hub, a museum, and two parks. Essentially, the new plan rejuvenates what the area needed, while giving respect to what the city lost. 97 Cost per sq/ft - $1,462
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ESSEX CROSSING Making the Cty More Personal
A Community. Together with the Essex Street Market, the space will cover 150,000 sq. ft., making it one of the top five largest public markets in the whole country. There is more to creating a great, vibrant urban shopping mecca than carving out a big space. It’s got to look and feel authentic to the neighborhood, not like a suburban shopping mall. A new expanded Essex Street Market facility relocated directly across Delancey Street (to the southeast corner of Essex and Delancey Streets)97 tsiruoT
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Retail, commercial, and grocery store Bowling Alley, Theater, and Gym 250,000 sq ft of office space including co-working spaces Early childhood and senior services 15,000 sq ft open space Rooftop urban farm Cost per sq/ft - $580
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The Future
Zoning and Construction
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Hypothesis. We need NYC zoning to change to incorporate afforable housing for every demographic in the city, similar to the zoning reformaiton that made the Lower East Side afforadable. However, this needs to be on a larger scale than previous. If this isn't achieved our 2050 projection will conclude that Manhattan will be a playground for the rich.
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Delancy and Essex | Lower East Side Goal. The site is divided into six plots of land. The objective is to design a work/live building master plan that will eventually tie the complex together through programtic features.
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Our Site. Six Plots of Land
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WORKS CITED 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42.
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Curbed NY, 10 May 2016. Web. 06 Feb. 2017. Hudson Yards Archives. Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. "Carmel Place." NARCHITECTS. Accessed February 10, 2017. "About Zoning." About Zoning. Accessed February 10, 2017. "1961 New York City Zoning Resolution |." NYPAP. Accessed February 11, 2017. http://www.nypap.org/preservation-history/1961-
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