STATE OF PLAY -NEGOTIATIONS TOWARDS PARIS BY MEENA RAMAN, THIRD WORLD NETWORK
What is Paris agreement about? • Applicable to all Parties – under the Convention – what does that mean? • To come into effect post 2020 • Durban Platform to enhance action
Flash points/divergences Developed countries:
Differentiation – Current situation in the Climate Change Convention- common but differentiated responsibilities – developed and developing countries; annex 1 and non-annex 1; annex 2 and nonannex 2 – based on historical responsibility
No developed vs developing countries dichotomy- but new annex X (replace annex 1): based on criteria related to evolving emissions and economic trends to be updated – “evolving responsibilities”; “countries in a position to do so”; “major economies”; annex Y (replace Annex 2) based on criteria related to capability and evolving economic trends
US and other Umbrella group: Self-differentiation: according to national circumstances
mitigation Long-term goal: some options Temperature target: 1.5 and 2 deg C Net zero emissions Based on carbon budget to be distributed according to principles: historical responsibility; capabilities; state of development; ecological footprint Commitments/contributions – Developed country paradigm: no differentiation; INDCs/DCs – bottom-up approach; nationally determined – economy-wide reductions for major economies (depending on national circumstances); for others -- other economy wide actions and sector targets but LDCs and SIDs can do actions in own way Push for new market mechanisms; land-use sector
Mitigation • Developing country paradigm: • Follow the Convention provisions: Article 4 differentiated – quantified economy wide targets for developed countries; developed countries take the lead; aggregate targets for them developing countries – diversity of actions – enabled and supported with finance and technology transfer Developing countries extent of mitigation depends on level of finance some developing countries supporting market mechanisms
Ex-ante review- to be or not to be • From bottom-up – how to assess and adjust before finalising targets? • How to ensure equity and fairshares approach? • Flashpoint – is there a differentiated approach between developed and developing countries • Fears – who will bear gap in ambition? • Ex-ante review of finance, technology transfer and capacity building? • Will adjustment take place – existing experiences eg. Kyoto experience
adaptation • Mainly about finance • Link to mitigation goal? • Adaptation for all? All parties – so less responsibility
Loss and damage
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• New pillar vs none • Part of legally binding agreement or package of Paris?
finance • Numerical targets vs no targets and numbers • No numbers or no roadmap – developed countries • Not just a responsibility of developed countries – evolving responsibilities – countries in a position to do so • Developed countries position – collective responsibility to mobilise climate finance; need for support may change • Limit finance to LDCs and SIDs • Private sector role and enabling environment for investments
Technology • Is it transfer of technology or commercial venture? • Intellectual property rights – address and not to address • Technology assessment
Legal form • Options: new protocol – enhancing implementation of Convention or changing obligations Amendments to Convention COP decisions • Form follows content • Core agreement vs Paris package
Issues around process • Transparency • No Copenhagen • No secret texts • Inclusive and representative • Text based negotiations which are party driven • No to divide and rule
Pre-2020 commitments • Post 2020 focus to shift focus • Implementation gap – Mitigation commitments – Kyoto 2nd commitment period; assessing developed country mitigation Finance – GCF – reach US100 billion by 2020 Technology transfer