Bsc project 2 - Integration

[BLD61303 / ARC3413] BUILDING SCIENCE 2

TE LI THENG

0314198

MR. EDWIN CHAN YEAN LIONG

11TH JULY 2016

1.0 Introduction

1

2.0 Lighting

2.1 Natural Daylighting 2.1.1 Space 1 – Gallery 2.1.2 Space 2 – Computer Lab 2.2 Artificial Lighting 2.2.1 Space 1 – Entrance Hall (Foyer) 2.2.2 Space 2 – Lobby 2.3 PSALI 2.3.1 Space 1 - Cafeteria

2-5 6-9 10-13 14-17 18-24

3.0 Acoustic 3.1 External Noise Calculation 3.1.1 Space 1 – Reading Pod 3.1.2 Space 2 - Office 3.2 Reverberation Time 3.2.1 Space 1 – Gallery 3.2.2 Space 2 – Entrance Hall (Foyer) 3.3 Transmission Loss 3.3.1 Space 1 – Children Space 3.3.2 Space 2 – Bedroom

References

25 26-29 30-33 34-36 37-39 40-42 43-45 46

As part of the Design Studio 5 integrated module, this project is to focus on the principles of lighting and acoustics in the context of the overall design proposal. With a given urban infill site in Jalan Azlan Shah (Jalan Ipoh), Sentul, whereby the proposed building will be an intermediate shop lot, sandwich by 2 other shop lots.

The new proposed building is going to be a Community Library with some budget accommodations. The biggest challenge of the site is to how to bring more natural lighting into the interior spaces since there are only front & rear facades and roof to have contact with the exterior. Besides the lighting challenge, the noise of the heavy traffic in front of the site also another issue need to be tackled.

At last but not least all the lighting and acoustic system in the building needs to be able to solve the design problems in relation to sustainability issues. When the Community Library is design for human centric, it need to provide the best thermal comfort at the same time not costly, and a quiet place to catch a reading and run some community meetings. Eventually it will be a vibrant and interesting place for the communities, welcoming individuals of all ages and all foundations. It will be a centre for an assortment of social, learning and recreational opportunities.

2.1 Natural Daylighting 2.1.1 Space 1 - Gallery A

A Ground Floor Plan

Section A - A

Daylight Factor Calculation Zone DF (%) Distribution Very Bright >6 Very large with thermal and glare problem Bright 3–6 Good Average 1–3 Fair Dark 0-1 Poor NOTE. The figures are average daylight factors for windows without glazing Table 1 Daylight factors and distribution (Department of Standards Malaysia, 2007)

Formula Area of Space (m2) Area of Skylight (m2) Area of Penetrations (m2) Daylighting Factor, DF (%)

Daylight Factor (DF) = (Ei / Eo) x 100% 65.4 0 12 (L) x 2.7 (H) = 32.4 [ (Exposed Area + Area of Skylight) / Floor Area ] x 100% = [ (0 + 32.4) / 65.4 ] x 100% = 0.495 x 100% = 49.54% x 0.1 = 4.95%

Conclusion The reading area has a daylight factor of 4.95%. Based on the requirements of MS1525, this space is considered as bright zone with a good natural daylighting as it is within the range of 3-6%. This space is well shaded by the first floor slab and also because it is located at the center of the ground floor in the library. Therefore, it received appropriate natural daylighting during the day.

Natural Illumination Calculation Illuminance 120, 000 lux 110, 000 lux 20, 000 lux 1, 000 – 2, 000 lux <200 lux 400 lux 40 lux <1 lux

Example Brightest sunlight Bright sunlight Shade illuminated by entire clear blue sky, Midday Typical overcast day, Midday Extreme of darkest storm clouds, Midday Sunrise or sunset on a clear day (Ambient Illumination) Fully overcast, Sunset or sunrise Extreme of darkest storm clouds, Sunrise or sunset

Task

Illuminance Example of Application (Lux)

Lighting for infrequently used area

20 100 100 100 100 150 100 100 100 300 200

Lighting for working interiors

Localized lighting for exacting task

200 300 – 400

Minimum service illuminance Interior walkway and car-park Hotel bedroom Lift Interior Corridor, passageway, stairs Escalator. Travellator Entrance and exit Staff changing room, locker and cleaner room Entrance hall, lobbies, waiting room Inquiry desk Gate house

300 – 400 150 200 150 – 300 150 150 100 100 300 – 500 200 – 750 300

Infrequent reading and writing General offices, shops, and stores, reading and writing Drawing office Restroom Restaurant, Canteen, Cafeteria Kitchen Lounge Bathroom Toilet Bedroom Classroom, Library Shop, Supermarket, Department store Museum and gallery

500 1000 2000

Proof reading Exacting drawing Detailed and precise work

Table 2 Recommended average illuminance levels

Formula Given, Eo (Unobstructed sky of Malaysia) Daylight Factor, DF (%) Natural Illumination Calculation (lux)

DF = (E internal, Ei / E external, Eo ) x 100% 20000 lux 49.54 DF = (E internal, Ei / E external, Eo ) x 100% 49.54 = (Ei / 2000) x 100% ( 49.54 x 20000 ) / 100% = 9908 lux

Conclusion The illumination level for a gallery is 300. The illumination level in this gallery space is 9908 lux which is exceeding higher than the recommended level. Hence, there are problems such as thermal discomfort and glare. There is a need for shading device or double glazed low e-value glass for the curtain walls.

2.1.2 Space 2 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Computer Lab

A

A Third Floor Plan

Section A - A

Daylight Factor Calculation Zone DF (%) Distribution Very Bright >6 Very large with thermal and glare problem Bright 3â&#x20AC;&#x201C;6 Good Average 1â&#x20AC;&#x201C;3 Fair Dark 0-1 Poor NOTE. The figures are average daylight factors for windows without glazing Table 3 Daylight factors and distribution (Department of Standards Malaysia, 2007)

Formula Area of Space (m2) Area of Skylight (m2) Area of Penetrations (m2) Daylighting Factor, DF (%)

Daylight Factor (DF) = (Ei / Eo) x 100% 88.84 1.7 (W) x 7.2 (L) = 12.24 0 [ (Exposed Area + Area of Skylight) / Floor Area ] x 100 % = [ (12.24 + 0) / 88.84 ] x 100 % = 0.1378 x 100% = 13.78 % x 0.1 = 1.378 %

Conclusion The computer lab has a daylight factor of 1.378% Based on the requirements of MS1525, this space is considered as an average daylight zone with an appropriate natural daylighting penetrating in to the building through the skylight as it is within the range of 1-3%. Hence, occupants can use computers in the space comfortably without having too much glares and thermal discomfort problems.

Natural Illumination Calculation Illuminance 120, 000 lux 110, 000 lux 20, 000 lux 1, 000 – 2, 000 lux <200 lux 400 lux 40 lux <1 lux

Example Brightest sunlight Bright sunlight Shade illuminated by entire clear blue sky, Midday Typical overcast day, Midday Extreme of darkest storm clouds, Midday Sunrise or sunset on a clear day (Ambient Illumination) Fully overcast, Sunset or sunrise Extreme of darkest storm clouds, Sunrise or sunset

Task

Illuminance Example of Application (Lux)

Lighting for infrequently used area

20 100 100 100 100 150 100 100 150 100 300 200

Minimum service illuminance Interior walkway and car-park Hotel bedroom Lift Interior Corridor, passageway, stairs Escalator. Travellator Entrance and exit Staff changing room, locker and cleaner room Entrance hall, lobbies, waiting room Inquiry desk Gate house

Lighting for working interiors

200 300 – 400 300 – 400 150 200 150 – 300 150 150 100 100 300 – 500 200 – 750 300

Infrequent reading and writing General offices, shops, and stores, reading and writing Drawing office Restroom Restaurant, Canteen, Cafeteria Kitchen Lounge Bathroom Toilet Bedroom Classroom, Library Shop, Supermarket, Department store Museum and gallery

500 1000 2000

Proof reading Exacting drawing Detailed and precise work

Localized lighting for exacting task

Table 4 Recommended average illuminance levels

Formula Given, Eo (Unobstructed sky of Malaysia) Daylight Factor, DF (%) Natural Illumination Calculation (lux)

DF = (E internal, Ei / E external, Eo ) x 100 % 20000 lux 13.78 DF = (E internal, Ei / E external, Eo ) x 100 % 13.78 = (Ei / 20000) x 100 % ( 13.78 x 20000 ) / 100 % = 2756 lux

Conclusion According to the standard requirement in MS1525, the general illuminance level of a computer lab is 200 lux. The final calculation of daylighting is 2756 lux, which is highly over the requirement range. This proves that the computer lab itself receives too much daylight during the day time. Thus, few solutions must be taken in order to counter the issue mentioned such as installing double glazed low E-value glass for the skylight.

2.2 Artificial Lighting 2.2.1 Space 1 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Entrance Hall (Foyer) A

A First Floor Plan

Section A-A

This entrance hall is the center point of the library where most people will gather or walk to the space.

This is because it is the main and first library reading and study area for users. That being said, the aid from artificial light is needed to provide sufficient amount of illuminance. Artificial light is important in order to deliver a suitable reading environment for the users and can be used to complement in the area where the natural daylight is not sufficient. Philips Corepro LED Lamp is chosen to light up this space.

Lighting Schedule

Philips Corepro LED Lamp E27 6W (40W) Type of Fixture Types of Light Type of Light Bulb Used Lighting Function Type of Luminaries Power, W Voltage, V Luminous Flux, lm Color Temperature, K Color Rendering Index, CRI Average Life (at 2.7hrs/day) Lifetime of Lamp (hrs) Lumen Maintenance Factor Features

Vertical Lone Light Fixture Fluorescent Light LED Bulb Task Lighting Warm White 15W 230V 1142lm 3000K 100 15.2 years 15000 hours 0.7 Emits without glare and harsh shadows

Table 5 Utilization factors (UF) (Source: Lecture Note)

Lumen Method Calculation Location

Entrance Hall (Foyer)

Dimension (m)

Length (L) Width (W) Height of the ceiling

Total floor area, A (m2)

17.25 x 5.15 = 88.84

Standard Illuminance Required (lux) according to MS1525, E Lumen of lighting fixtures, lm

150

Height of luminaire (m)

3.0

Work level (m)

0.8

Mounting Height, Hm (m)

2.4

Assumption of reflective value

Ceiling : 0.7

= 17.25 = 5.15 = 3.8

1142

Wall : 0.5

Room Index, RI (K) đ?&#x2018;łđ?&#x2019;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;ž đ?&#x2018;˛= (đ?&#x2018;ł + đ?&#x2018;ž)đ?&#x2019;&#x2030;đ?&#x2019;&#x17D;

=

17.25 x 5.15 (17.25 + 5.15 )2.4

= đ?&#x;?. đ?&#x;&#x201D;đ?&#x;&#x201C; Utilization Factor, UF

0.6 (Refer to Table 5)

Maintenance Factor, MF

0.7

Lumen Calculation đ?&#x2018;Źđ?&#x2019;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;¨ đ?&#x2018;ľ= đ?&#x2018;­ đ?&#x2019;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;źđ?&#x2018;­ đ?&#x2019;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;´đ?&#x2018;­

=

150 x 88.84 1142 x 0.60 x 0.7

= đ?&#x;?đ?&#x;&#x2022;. đ?&#x;&#x2022;đ?&#x;&#x2013; bulbs (take 28)

Number of luminaires across 17.25 x 28 5.15

=â&#x2C6;&#x161; đ?&#x2018;łđ?&#x2019;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;ľ đ?&#x2018;ž

â&#x2C6;&#x161;

= đ?&#x;&#x2014;. đ?&#x;&#x201D;đ?&#x;&#x2013; (take 10) Therefore, each spacing would be 17.25 á 10 = đ?&#x;?. đ?&#x;&#x2022;đ?&#x;&#x2018;đ?&#x2019;&#x17D;

Floor : 0.2

Number of luminaires along đ?&#x2018;žđ?&#x2019;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;ľ â&#x2C6;&#x161; đ?&#x2018;ł

5.15 x 28 17.25

=â&#x2C6;&#x161;

= đ?&#x;?. đ?&#x;&#x2013;đ?&#x;&#x2014; (take 3) Therefore, each spacing would be 5.15 á 3 = đ?&#x;?. đ?&#x;&#x2022;đ?&#x;?đ?&#x2019;&#x17D;

Light Fittings Layout

Conclusion 28 fluorescent lamps are used to achieve minimum of 150 lux for this space that stated in MS1525. With the sufficient level of illumination, the users can read and study inside the space comfortably.

2.2.1 Space 2 - Lobby A

A

Ground Floor Plan

Section A-A

Lobby is where activities such as visitors who want to check in or out for the accommodation or any enquiries take place. The lobby is located at the ground floor facing the back lane where the back lane has a drop off point to ease the visitors entering the building. Hence, artificial lighting is importance in order to provide the visitors a comfortable illuminance when they step in to the library and also because the daylight hardly penetrate to the back of the library space. Therefore, Philips LuxSpace recessed downlight is chosen to lit up the space.

Type of Luminaire Used

Philips LuxSpace, DN571B Name of Fixture Types of Light Type of Light Bulb Used Lighting Function Type of Luminaries Power, W Voltage, V Luminous Flux, lm Color Temperature, K Color Rendering Index, CRI Lifetime of Lamp (hrs) Lumen Maintenance Factor Features

Recessed Downlight Fluorescent Light LED Bulb Task Lighting Warm White 36W 240V 2200lm 4000K 100 70000 hours 0.7 Emits without glare and harsh shadows

Table 6 Utilization factors (UF) (Source: Lecture Note)

Lumen Method Calculation Location

Entrance Hall (Foyer)

Dimension (m)

Length (L) Width (W) Height of the ceiling

Total floor area, A (m2)

13.71 x 6.2 = 85

Standard Illuminance Required (lux) according to MS1525, E Lumen of lighting fixtures, lm

150

Height of luminaire (m)

3.5

Work level (m)

0.8

Mounting Height, Hm (m)

2.7

Assumption of reflective value

Ceiling : 0.7

= 13.71 = 6.2 = 3.8

2200

Wall : 0.5

Room Index, RI (K) đ?&#x2018;łđ?&#x2019;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;ž đ?&#x2018;˛= (đ?&#x2018;ł + đ?&#x2018;ž)đ?&#x2019;&#x2030;đ?&#x2019;&#x17D;

=

13.71 x 6.2 (13.71 + 6.2 )2.7

= đ?&#x;?. đ?&#x;&#x201C;đ?&#x;&#x2013; Utilization Factor, UF

0.6 (Refer to Table 6)

Maintenance Factor, MF

0.8

Lumen Calculation đ?&#x2018;Źđ?&#x2019;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;¨ đ?&#x2018;ľ= đ?&#x2018;­ đ?&#x2019;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;źđ?&#x2018;­ đ?&#x2019;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;´đ?&#x2018;­

=

150 x 85 2200 x 0.60 x 0.8

= đ?&#x;?đ?&#x;?. đ?&#x;&#x17D;đ?&#x;&#x2022; bulbs (take 13)

Number of luminaires across 13.71 x 13 6.2

=â&#x2C6;&#x161; đ?&#x2018;łđ?&#x2019;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;ľ đ?&#x2018;ž

â&#x2C6;&#x161;

= đ?&#x;&#x201C;. đ?&#x;&#x2018;đ?&#x;&#x201D; (take 6) Therefore, each spacing would be 13.71 á 6 = đ?&#x;?. đ?&#x;?đ?&#x;&#x2014;đ?&#x2019;&#x17D;

Floor : 0.1

Number of luminaires along đ?&#x2018;žđ?&#x2019;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;ľ â&#x2C6;&#x161; đ?&#x2018;ł

6.2 x 13 13.71

=â&#x2C6;&#x161;

= đ?&#x;?. đ?&#x;&#x2019;đ?&#x;? (take 3) Therefore, each spacing would be 6.2 á 3 = đ?&#x;?. đ?&#x;&#x17D;đ?&#x;&#x2022;đ?&#x2019;&#x17D;

Light Fittings Layout

Conclusion Basically, the lobby has 13 recessed downlights as required. However, lights have to switch on most of the time for indoor activity to fulfil the requirement of MS1525. With sufficient level of illumination, it is able to increase the comfortable level when visitors enter the space and enjoy reading at the waiting lounge.

2.3 PSALI 2.3.1 Space 1 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Cafeteria A

A Ground Floor Plan

Section A- A

Daylight Factor Calculation Zone DF (%) Distribution Very Bright >6 Very large with thermal and glare problem Bright 3–6 Good Average 1–3 Fair Dark 0-1 Poor NOTE. The figures are average daylight factors for windows without glazing Table 7 Daylight factors and distribution (Department of Standards Malaysia, 2007)

Formula Area of Space (m2) Area of Skylight (m2) Area of Penetrations (m2) Daylighting Factor, DF (%)

Daylight Factor (DF) = (Ei / Eo) x 100% 172.8 0 3.8 (H) x 24 (L) = 91.2 [ (Exposed Area + Area of Skylight) / Floor Area ] x 100 % = [ (91.2 + 0) / 172.8 ] x 100 % = 0.5278 x 100% = 52.78 % x 0.1 = 5.28 %

Natural Illumination Calculation Illuminance 120, 000 lux 110, 000 lux 20, 000 lux 1, 000 – 2, 000 lux <200 lux 400 lux 40 lux <1 lux

Example Brightest sunlight Bright sunlight Shade illuminated by entire clear blue sky, Midday Typical overcast day, Midday Extreme of darkest storm clouds, Midday Sunrise or sunset on a clear day (Ambient Illumination) Fully overcast, Sunset or sunrise Extreme of darkest storm clouds, Sunrise or sunset

Formula Given, Eo (Unobstructed sky of Malaysia) Daylight Factor, DF (%) Natural Illumination Calculation (lux)

DF = (E internal, Ei / E external, Eo ) x 100 % 20000 lux 52.78 DF = (E internal, Ei / E external, Eo ) x 100 % 52.78 = (Ei / 20000) x 100 % ( 52.78 x 20000 ) / 100 % = 10556 lux

Task

Illuminance Example of Application (Lux)

Lighting for infrequently used area

20 100 100 100 100 150 100 100 150 100 300 200

Minimum service illuminance Interior walkway and car-park Hotel bedroom Lift Interior Corridor, passageway, stairs Escalator. Travellator Entrance and exit Staff changing room, locker and cleaner room Entrance hall, lobbies, waiting room Inquiry desk Gate house

Lighting for working interiors

200 300 – 400 300 – 400 150 200 150 – 300 150 150 100 100 300 – 500 200 – 750 300

Infrequent reading and writing General offices, shops, and stores, reading and writing Drawing office Restroom Restaurant, Canteen, Cafeteria Kitchen Lounge Bathroom Toilet Bedroom Classroom, Library Shop, Supermarket, Department store Museum and gallery

500 1000 2000

Proof reading Exacting drawing Detailed and precise work

Localized lighting for exacting task

Table 7 Recommended average illuminance levels

Conclusion The cafeteria has a daylight factor of 5.28% and natural illumination of 10556 lux. MS1525 recommended illumination level for a café is 200. The illumination level is exceedingly higher than the recommended level, hence there are problems such as thermal discomfort and glare. There is a need for shading device or screening such as trees in front of the building, louvres to reduce the illumination level of the space.

Type of Luminaire Used

Philips LuxSpace, DN571B Name of Fixture Types of Light Type of Light Bulb Used Lighting Function Type of Luminaries Power, W Voltage, V Luminous Flux, lm Color Temperature, K Color Rendering Index, CRI Lifetime of Lamp (hrs) Lumen Maintenance Factor Features

Recessed Downlight Fluorescent Light LED Bulb Task Lighting Warm White 36W 240V 2200lm 4000K 100 70000 hours 0.7 Emits without glare and harsh shadows

Table 8 Utilization factors (UF) (Source: Lecture Note)

Lumen Method Calculation Location

Cafeteria

Dimension (m)

Length (L) Width (W) Height of the ceiling

Total floor area, A (m2)

24 x 7.2 = 172.8

Standard Illuminance Required (lux) according to MS1525, E Lumen of lighting fixtures, lm

200

Height of luminaire (m)

3.5

Work level (m)

0.8

Mounting Height, Hm (m)

2.7

Assumption of reflective value

Ceiling : 0.3

= 24 = 7.2 = 3.8

2200

Wall : 0.5

Room Index, RI (K) đ?&#x2018;łđ?&#x2019;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;ž đ?&#x2018;˛= (đ?&#x2018;ł + đ?&#x2018;ž)đ?&#x2019;&#x2030;đ?&#x2019;&#x17D;

=

24 x 7.2 (24 + 7.2 ) 2.7

= đ?&#x;&#x17D;. đ?&#x;&#x2022;đ?&#x;&#x2022; Utilization Factor, UF

0.45 (Refer to Table 8)

Maintenance Factor, MF

0.8

Lumen Calculation đ?&#x2018;Źđ?&#x2019;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;¨ đ?&#x2018;ľ= đ?&#x2018;­ đ?&#x2019;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;źđ?&#x2018;­ đ?&#x2019;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;´đ?&#x2018;­

=

200 x 172.8 2200 x 0.45 x 0.8

= đ?&#x;&#x2019;đ?&#x;&#x2018;. đ?&#x;&#x201D;đ?&#x;&#x2019; bulbs (take 44)

Number of luminaires across 24 x 44 7.2

=â&#x2C6;&#x161; đ?&#x2018;łđ?&#x2019;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;ľ đ?&#x2018;ž

â&#x2C6;&#x161;

= đ?&#x;?đ?&#x;?. đ?&#x;?đ?&#x;? (take 13) Therefore, each spacing would be 24 á 13 = đ?&#x;?. đ?&#x;&#x2013;đ?&#x;&#x201C; đ?&#x2019;&#x17D;

Floor : 0.2

Number of luminaires along đ?&#x2018;žđ?&#x2019;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;ľ â&#x2C6;&#x161; đ?&#x2018;ł

7.2 x 44 24

=â&#x2C6;&#x161;

= đ?&#x;&#x2018;. đ?&#x;&#x201D;đ?&#x;&#x2018; (take 4) Therefore, each spacing would be 7.2 á 4 = đ?&#x;?. đ?&#x;&#x2013; đ?&#x2019;&#x17D;

Light Fittings Layout

Ground Floor Plan

Section B - B

Conclusion 44 recessed downlight are used to illuminate the cafeteria space in order to achieve the minimum of 200 lux stated in MS 1525. With sufficient level of illumination, the customers able to enjoy reading and eating in a well illuminated area as part of their daily routine, supplemented by the natural lighting which hence will switch from artificial lighting use to the natural one. Besides, there are 2 switches, one on the right where the customers purchase their food and beverages and another one near to the restroom. Hence, it increases the energy saving of the space. Therefore, switch on the left near to the restroom is a space where it is turned on most of the time because it is a public space where allows visitors to relax and do readings anytime of the day to fulfil the requirement of MS 1525. However, the switch which located near to the point of sales counter is more convenient for the workers to turn it off after the working hour.

3.1 External Noise (Sound Pressure Level) Given the site is facing towards the main road of Jalan Sultan Azlan Shah also known as Jalan Ipoh.

Hence, most of the outdoor noise source is contributed by vehicular traffic along this route, gradually increasing during peak traffic hours.

In addition to that, very minimal outdoor noise from the back lane because rarely have people or vehicles passing by. Besides that, the site was given to be an urban infill site, whereby he proposed building will be an intermediate shop lot sandwich by 2 other shop lots. Hence, there will be some activity noise coming from the 5 foot walkway. However, the main external noise.

Assuming the external noises, Traffic Noise Activity Noise from 5 foot walkway Back lane Noise

: 80 dB : 60 dB : 50 dB

Formula, L = 10log10 (I / Io) Intensity for Traffic Noise

Intensity for Activity Noise

Intensity for Back Lane Noise

70 Antilog 7.0 Itraffic Itraffic

60 Antilog 6.0 Itraffic Itraffic

50 Antilog 5.0 Itraffic Itraffic

= 10 log10 (Itraffic/ Io) = Itraffic/ 1 x 10-12 = (107) (1 x 10-12) = 1 x 10-5

= 10 log10 (Itraffic/ Io) = Itraffic/ 1 x 10-12 = (106) (1 x 10-12) = 1 x 10-6

= 10 log10 (Itraffic/ Io) = Itraffic/ 1 x 10-12 = (105) (1 x 10-12) = 1 x 10-7

Total Intensities, ITotal

Combined SPL = 10 log10 (p2 / po2), where Po = 1 x 10-12

= (1 x 10-5) + (1 x 10-6) + (1 x 10-7)

= 10 log (ITotal/ Io)

= 1 x 10-18

= 10 log (1 x 10 -18 / 1 x 10-12) = 60 dB

Conclusion The external noise with a combined SPL of 60 dB generated from traffic noise, street activity noises and noises from the back lane travels into the library compound without passing through walls that will cause transmission loss. Therefore, the combined SPL of the external noise is approximately the total sound pressure level in the library.

The required sound pressure level for a library is 35 dB but the sound pressure level calculated has extremely exceeded at 60 dB. Appropriate and necessary actions has to be taken to reduce the sound pressure level into the library.

3.1.1 Space 1 - Reading Pod

First Floor Plan

Section A-A

Table 9 Sound Pressure Level Chart

Sound Pressure Level Calculation – Peak Hour Power Addition Calculation Formula: L = 10 log10 ( I / Io ) Highest Reading = 65 dB

Lowest Reading = 59 dB

65 Antilog 6.5 I I

59 Antilog 5.9 I I

= 10 log10 (I / Io) = I / 1 x 10-12 = (106.5) (1 x 10-12) = 3.16 x 10-6

Total Intensities, Itotal = (3.16 x 10-6) + (7.94 x 10-7) = 3.95 x 10-6

= 10 log10 (I / Io) = I / 1 x 10-12 = (105.9) (1 x 10-12) = 7.94 x 10-7

Combined SPL = 10 log10 (p2 / po2), where po = 1 x 10-12 = 10 log10 (Itotal / Io) = 10 log10 [(3.95 x 10-6) / (1 x 10-12)] = 65.95 dB

Rule of Thumb Method Difference between the 2 Values 0,1 2,3 4–9 10 or greater When Highest Reading = 65dB, Lowest Reading = 59dB Difference between 2 Values = Highest Reading – Lowest Reading = 65dB – 59dB = 6dB (difference) Hence, 65dB + 59dB = 66dB

Add to Larger SPL +3 +2 +1 0

Sound Pressure Level Calculation – Non - Peak Hour Power Addition Calculation Formula: L = 10 log10 ( I / Io ) Highest Reading = 60 dB

Lowest Reading = 52 dB

60 Antilog 6.0 I I

52 Antilog 5.2 I I

= 10 log10 (I / Io) = I / 1 x 10-12 = (106) (1 x 10-12) = 1 x 10-6

Total Intensities, Itotal = (1 x 10-6) + (1.58 x 10-7) = 1.16 x 10-6

= 10 log10 (I / Io) = I / 1 x 10-12 = (105.2) (1 x 10-12) = 1.58 x 10-7

Combined SPL = 10 log10 (p2 / po2), where po = 1 x 10-12 = 10 log10 (Itotal / Io) = 10 log10 [(1.16 x 10-6) / (1 x 10-12)] = 60.64 dB

Rule of Thumb Method Difference between the 2 Values 0,1 2,3 4–9 10 or greater

Add to Larger SPL +3 +2 +1 0

When Highest Reading = 60dB, Lowest Reading = 52dB Difference between 2 Values = Highest Reading – Lowest Reading = 60dB – 52dB = 8dB (difference) Hence, 60dB + 52dB = 61dB

Conclusion As a result, the average external sound pressure level for reading pod during peak and non-peak hour are 65.96dB and 60.64dB. Besides that, using the rule of thumb method able to prove the power addition calculation is correct.

3.1.2 Space 2 - Office

Ground Floor Plan

Section A-A

Table 10 Sound Pressure Level Chart

Sound Pressure Level Calculation – Peak Hour Power Addition Calculation Formula: L = 10 log10 ( I / Io ) Highest Reading = 66 dB

Lowest Reading = 63 dB

67 Antilog 6.7 I I

64 Antilog 6.4 I I

= 10 log10 (I / Io) = I / 1 x 10-12 = (106.7) (1 x 10-12) = 5 x 10-6

Total Intensities, Itotal = (5 x 10-6) + (2.51 x 10-6) = 7.51 x 10-6

= 10 log10 (I / Io) = I / 1 x 10-12 = (106.4) (1 x 10-12) = 2.51 x 10-6

Combined SPL = 10 log10 (p2 / po2), where po = 1 x 10-12 = 10 log10 (Itotal / Io) = 10 log10 [(7.51 x 10-6) / (1 x 10-12)] = 68.76 dB

Rule of Thumb Method Difference between the 2 Values 0,1 2,3 4–9 10 or greater When Highest Reading = 66 dB, Lowest Reading = 63 dB Difference between 2 Values = Highest Reading – Lowest Reading = 66 dB – 63 dB = 3 dB (difference) Hence, 66 dB + 63 dB = 68 dB

Add to Larger SPL +3 +2 +1 0

Sound Pressure Level Calculation – Non - Peak Hour Power Addition Calculation Formula: L = 10 log10 ( I / Io ) Highest Reading = 51 dB

Lowest Reading = 45 dB

50 Antilog 5.0 I I

45 Antilog 4.5 I I

= 10 log10 (I / Io) = I / 1 x 10-12 = (105.0) (1 x 10-12) = 1 x 10-7

Total Intensities, Itotal = (1 x 10-7) + (3.16 x 10-8) = 1.32 x 10-7

= 10 log10 (I / Io) = I / 1 x 10-12 = (104.5) (1 x 10-12) = 3.16 x 10-8

Combined SPL = 10 log10 (p2 / po2), where po = 1 x 10-12 = 10 log10 (Itotal / Io) = 10 log10 [(1.32 x 10-7) / (1 x 10-12)] = 51.21 dB

Rule of Thumb Method Difference between the 2 Values 0,1 2,3 4–9 10 or greater

Add to Larger SPL +3 +2 +1 0

When Highest Reading = 51 dB, Lowest Reading = 45 dB Difference between 2 Values = Highest Reading – Lowest Reading = 51 dB – 45 dB = 6 dB (difference) Hence, 51 dB + 45 dB = 52 dB

Conclusion As a result, the average external sound pressure level for office during peak and non-peak hour are 68.76 dB and 51.21 dB. The drastic change of sound level occurs in the office due to the amount of people occupying the space. Besides that, using the rule of thumb method able to prove the power addition calculation is correct.

3.2 Reverberation Time, RT 3.2.1 Space 1 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Gallery

Ground Floor Plan

Table 11 Typical Reverberation Time in a space

Reverberation time is deliberated to define the space quality in relation to human comfort. Hence, the space chosen is the gallery because all sorts of activities can be done here so an optimum acoustic surrounding must be provided.

Reverberation Time Calculation Room Height

: 3.8 m

Standard Reveberation Time for discussion rooms

: less than 1 second

Peak Hour Capacity

: 50 people

Volume of Gallery, (m3): (12m x 5.4m) x 3.8m

= 246.24 m3

Component

Material

Surface Area, m2

Wall

Glass Plaster Concrete Concrete Plywood

57.51 38.28 64.8 64.8 28.35 50

Floor Ceiling Door Occupants(peak)

Absorption Coefficient, a (2000 Hz) 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.24 0.46 Total Absorption

Sound Absorption, Sa 2.3 0.77 1.3 1.3 6.8 15 27.47

Formula: Reverberation Time, RT = 0.16V / A RT = 0.16V / A = (0.16 x 246.24) / 27.47 = 1.43s

Conclusion The reverberation time for the gallery during peak hours is 1.43s. According to the standards of reverberation time, the standard comfort reverberation for the gallery is between 0.5s to 1.0s. Hence, the reverberation time of the gallery on 2000Hz exceeded the optimum reverberation time. This is probably due to less of fittings or furniture in this space in reference to it spacious size. However, there is still ways to reduce the reverberation time such as drapery curtain can be installing against the curtain walls or carpets can be inserted on the floors.

3.2.2 Space 2 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Entrance Hall (Foyer)

First Floor Plan

Table 11 Typical Reverberation Time in a space

Reverberation time is deliberated to define the space quality in relation to human comfort. Hence, the space chosen is the entrance hall because that is the main library space where occupants will enter the space by using the staircase from ground floor. This space is where occupants use it for study and reading most of the time.

Reverberation Time Calculation Room Height

: 3.8 m

Standard Reveberation Time for discussion rooms

: less than 1 second

Peak Hour Capacity

: 30 people

Volume of Entrance Hall, (m3): (17.7m x 5.6m) x 3.8m

= 376.66m3

Component

Material

Surface Area, m2

Table Chair (30 pcs) Bookshelves Floor Ceiling Occupants(peak)

Timber Fabric Plywood Concrete Concrete -

20.5 0.98 (per pcs) 54.84 99.12 99.12 30

Absorption Coefficient, a (2000 Hz) 0.2 0.28 (per seat) 0.24 0.02 0.02 0.46 Total Absorption

Sound Absorption, Sa 4.1 8.23 13.16 1.98 1.98 13.8 43.25

Formula: Reverberation Time, RT = 0.16V / A RT = 0.16V / A = (0.16 x 376.66) / 43.25 = 1.39s

Conclusion The reverberation time for the gallery during peak hours is 1.39s. According to the standards of reverberation time, the standard comfort reverberation for the entrance hall (foyer) is between 0.4s to 1.6s. Hence, the reverberation time of the gallery on 2000Hz is within the standard comfort reverberation time.

3.3 Sound Transmission Loss 3.3.1 Space 1 - Reading Pod

Second Floor Plan

This reading pod is located on the second floor at the front of the building to increase the value of the front faรงade from the street. Besides that, it is located beside a children space where it is potentially to bring a lot of noise to the reading pod. Hence, transmission loss from the children space to the reading pod should minimal.

Transmission Loss Calculation Formula: 1

TL = 10 Log ( ) Tav

Tav =

( T1 × A1)+(T2 ×A2)+(T3 ×A3)+…(Tn×An) Total Surface Area

Tcn = the transmission coefficient of material Sn = the surface area of the material n

Components

Materials

Curtain Wall Sliding Door Wall

Glass Glass Concrete

Transmission Coefficient of Materials Curtain Wall and Sliding Door SRI (glass)

= 10 log (1/ Tglass)

35

= 10 log (1/ Tglass)

Antilog 3.5

= 1/ Tglass

Tglass

= 3.16 × 10-4

Wall SRI (concrete) = 10 log (1/ Tconcrete) 42

= 10 log (1/ Tconcrete)

Antilog 42

= 1/ Tconcrete

Tconcrete

= 6.31 × 10-5

Transmission Coefficient , T 3.16 x 10-4 3.16 x 10-4 6.31 x 10-5

Area (m2) 35.1 8.1 22.88

Sound Reduction Index (SRI) 35 35 42

Average Transmission Coefficient of Materials

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Total Sound Reduction index, SRI 1

SRI = 10 log10 ( ) Tav

= 10 log10 (1/ 6.951 x 10-4) = 32 dB

Noise level in Reading Pod = 65 dB â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 32 dB = 33 dB

Conclusion The overall transmission loss from the children room to the reading pod area is 32 dB. Assume that the sound pressure level in the children space is approximately 65 dB, the sound that is transmitted through the wall and curtain walls into the reading pod area is 33 dB. According to the noise criteria environment perception, 33 dB is below soft whisper noise which is considered as quiet range. It is considered as an ideal value for the reading pod area as it is a place for study and reading zone without the noise disturbance from the children space.

3.3.1 Space 2 - Bedroom

First Floor Plan

This is a budget accommodation for the occupants to stay in the library at the same time able to read and study in the space. This bedroom is located at the first floor beside the foyer. Hence, there will have all sort of activities going on at the area where by the noise control of the area should be controlled in order to not affect the occupants who stays in the bedroom.

Transmission Loss Calculation Formula: 1

TL = 10 Log ( ) Tav

Tav =

( T1 × A1)+(T2 ×A2)+(T3 ×A3)+…(Tn×An) Total Surface Area

Tcn = the transmission coefficient of material Sn = the surface area of the material n

Assuming the reading pod noise is 70 dB, the minimum interior noise required for a children room is 55dB. Therefore, the transmission loss should be 15 dB.

Components

Materials

Window Door Wall

Glass Plywood Concrete

Transmission Coefficient of Materials Window SRI (glass)

= 10 log (1/ Tglass)

35

= 10 log (1/ Tglass)

Antilog 3.5

= 1/ Tglass

Tglass

= 3.16 × 10-4

Door SRI (plywood) = 10 log (1/ Tconcrete) 31

= 10 log (1/ Tconcrete)

Antilog 3.1

= 1/ Tconcrete

Tconcrete

= 7.94 × 10-4

Transmission Coefficient , T 3.16 x 10-4 7.94 x 10-4 6.31 x 10-5

Area (m2) 0.96 3.99 17.05

Sound Reduction Index (SRI) 35 31 42

Wall SRI (concrete) = 10 log (1/ Tconcrete) 42

= 10 log (1/ Tconcrete)

Antilog 4.2

= 1/ Tconcrete

Tconcrete

= 6.31 Ă&#x2014; 10-5

Average Transmission Coefficient of Materials

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Total Sound Reduction index, SRI 1

SRI = 10 log10 ( ) Tav

= 10 log10 (1/ 5.332 x 10-5) = 43 dB

Noise level in Bedroom = 55 dB â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 43 dB = 12 dB

Conclusion The overall transmission loss from the foyer to the bedroom is 43 dB. Assuming that the sound pressure level in the foyer is approximately 55 dB, the sound that transmitted through the walls into the bedroom is approximately 12 dB. According to the noise criteria environment perception, 12 dB is below the whisper noise. Hence, it is an ideal value for the bedroom as it is place for occupants to study and do reading in the space comfortably.

acoustics design - AcousTect. (2016). Acoustect.com. Retrieved 9 July 2016, from http://acoustect.com/acoustics-design.html Chan, Y. (2016). Artificial light sources. Lecture, Taylors Lakeside.

DN571B LED20S/840 PSED-E C WH LuxSpace, recessed - Philips Lighting.

(2016).Lighting.philips.com. Retrieved 9 July 2016, from http://www.lighting.philips.com/main/prof/indoorluminaires/downlights/luxspace/luxspace-recessed/910503594415_EU/product E. Richman, E. (2016). Requirements for Lighting Levels (1st ed., p. 2). Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. Retrieved from https://www.wbdg.org/pdfs/usace_lightinglevels.pdf Kuppusamy, S. (2016). Architectural Acoustic Calculations. Presentation, Taylrs Lakeside.

Solar Reflectance Index (SRI) values for colored concrete. (2014) (1st ed.). Los Angeles.

Retrieved from http://www.daviscolors.com/Downloads/Literature/DC1020.pdf