Architectural Preservation Project of Legnano Castle

SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, URBAN PLANNING, CONSTRUCTION, ENGINEERING Architectural Preservation Studio | Professors: : Francesco Augelli, Andrea Garzulino, Matteo Rigamonti Horse Stable | Legnano Castle Group 12 Cihangun Kaan Hacimemisoglu Cihangir Demirel

1.1 GENERAL OVERVIEW OF AREA

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SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, URBAN PLANNING, CONSTRUCTION, ENGINEERING Architectural Preservation Studio | Professors: : Francesco Augelli, Andrea Garzulino, Matteo Rigamonti Horse Stable | Legnano Castle Group 12 Cihangun Kaan Hacimemisoglu Cihangir Demirel

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1.2 PHOTOGRAPHIC SURVEY

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SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, URBAN PLANNING, CONSTRUCTION, ENGINEERING Architectural Preservation Studio | Professors: : Francesco Augelli, Andrea Garzulino, Matteo Rigamonti Horse Stable | Legnano Castle Group 12 Cihangun Kaan Hacimemisoglu Cihangir Demirel

3. DISCRIMINATORY ANALYSIS AND NEW PROPOSALS - Shooting Solutions

- Lighting preferences

- Photo Camera - Lenses

- Quality of the processing workflow

For better shooting solutions, we have to take more sharp results of the pictures. Because we are amateur photographers with no experience, tripod somehow will help us to take smoother, sharper shooting.

The sunny weather can have different chalanges for taking better pictures. We think that, cloudy weather will help us to avoid glare problem.

Our camera were quite succesfull for quality.

Ideally, a camera with GPS, remote trigger and intervallometer would be preferred.

For timesaving for sure that we need better machine with better specification. In our case, the computer that we losed a lot of times to get best quality picture.

2 THREE-DIMENSIONAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY 1. SHOOTING PHASE

2. PROCESSING

- Photo Camera Brand: Nikon Model: D7000 Effective Pixels (Megapixels): 16.2 million Sensor Size: 23.6 mm x 15.6 mm Image Sensor: Format DX Image Sensor Type: CMOS Total Pixels: 16.9 million

- Workflow 01. Adding Photos We used Agisoft Photoscan as software to get 3D Modelling of our facade. We imported a set of photos to software.

02. Align Photos We aligned the photos with high pair preselection setting.

03. Dense Cloud Since this step is important for quality of orthoimage, we set the quality as high.

04. Mesh For best quality we would set face count as high however it took so much time, and we chose medium face count.

05. Texture We build texturized it.

06. Position We re-position the model in both way which are object and region.

07. Erasing Trashes We delete some sky trashed to get clear model.

erase

- Lens Focal length: 18-105 mm Maximum opening: f / 3.5-5.6 Minimum opening: f / 22-38 Optical scheme: 15 elements in 11 groups Field angle: 76 ° - 15 ° 20 ‘ Minimum focusing distance:0.45 m Maximum reproduction ratio: 1/5 Number of diaphragm blades: 7 (circular)

- Camera Settings F-stop: f/2.8 Shutter speed: 1/4000s ISO: 400 No Flash

-Photos

08. Orthomosaic We setup orthomosaic to get orthoimage from model.

09. Final 3D Model Finally we got clear model to proceed it.

10. Export We export the model in .3ds for 3D modelling and .jpeg for orthoimage.

11. Correction of Orthoimage We used Photoshop to get more quality for orthoimage.

BEFORE

03 01 02

- Raw Data Dimensions: 5184 x 3456 Color space: RGB Color profile: sRGB Resolutions: 72 dpi

- Difficulties

During shooting phase, we suffered from sunlight which could not brighten every part of facade. However, it was better in afternoon time. But that time, we had another problem which the sun was positioned behind of facade and it affected the fifth shoot of shooting positions which the sunlight directly arrived the lens.

AFTER

12. Scaling We imported jpeg file to Autocad and with “align” comment, we re-scale picture properly.

13. Dimensioning Finally we add general dimensions and level of important parts.

GEOMETRIC DRAWING (B-B SECTION | 1:20

3 PHOTOGRAMMETRY AND GEOMETRIC DRAWING

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PHOTOGRAMMETRIC RESULT | 1:20

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SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, URBAN PLANNING, CONSTRUCTION, ENGINEERING Architectural Preservation Studio | Professors: : Francesco Augelli, Andrea Garzulino, Matteo Rigamonti Horse Stable | Legnano Castle Group 12 Cihangun Kaan Hacimemisoglu Cihangir Demirel

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GEOMETRIC DRAWING (FRONT) | 1:20

GEOMETRIC DRAWING (A-A SECTION) | 1:20

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SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, URBAN PLANNING, CONSTRUCTION, ENGINEERING Architectural Preservation Studio | Professors: : Francesco Augelli, Andrea Garzulino, Matteo Rigamonti Horse Stable | Legnano Castle Group 12 Cihangun Kaan Hacimemisoglu Cihangir Demirel

4.1 MATERIAL SURVEY | ELEVATION | 1:20

LEGEND Clay Brick M1.1

Natural Stone M3

Clay Brick-Arches M1.2

Iron M4

Lime Plaster M2

Ceramic Stone M5

M4

Cement Plaster M2.2

Lime Mortar M2.3

Plywood M6

SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, URBAN PLANNING, CONSTRUCTION, ENGINEERING Architectural Preservation Studio | Professors: : Francesco Augelli, Andrea Garzulino, Matteo Rigamonti Horse Stable | Legnano Castle Group 12 Cihangun Kaan Hacimemisoglu Cihangir Demirel

4.2 STRATIGRAPHIC SURVEY | ELEVATION | 1:20

New Existing Facade

Demolished Front Porch

Phase 1 It is first construction of this wall. Missing parts on the same level are clues about demolished beams of slabs and roof structure.

Also this wall was the seperator wall between stable and front porch.

Phase 2 After demolished front porch, they made the seperator wall as main facade. We predict that line of lime plaster is related with reconstructed bricks which are above of this border. The line is inclined because side walls are not on the same levels. Facade was also strenghtened with two sloped walls.

Missing Roof Structure Missing Slab Structure Butress Different arrangement of bricks

SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, URBAN PLANNING, CONSTRUCTION, ENGINEERING Architectural Preservation Studio | Professors: : Francesco Augelli, Andrea Garzulino, Matteo Rigamonti Horse Stable | Legnano Castle Group 12 Cihangun Kaan Hacimemisoglu Cihangir Demirel

5 DEGRADATION SURVEY | ELEVATION | 1:20

D4

LEGEND Biological Colonization Biological Patina-Moss D1.1

Erosion D4

Colonization of the stone by plants and micro-organisms such as bacteria, cyanobacteria, algae, fungi and lichen (symbioses of the latter three).

Loss of original surface, leading to smoothed shapes.

Biological Colonization Plant-Algea D1.2

Missing Parts D5

Vegetal living being, having, when complete, root, stem, and leaves, though consisting sometimes only of a single leafy expansion (e.g. Tree, fern, herb).

Empty space, obviously located in the place of some formerly existing stone part.

Structural Crack D2

Rooted Joist D6

Individual fissure, clearly visible by the naked eye,resulting from separation of one part from another.

Piece of wood from old slab coming out from the wall.

Efflorescences D3 Generally whitish, powdery or whisker-like crystals on the surface. Efflorescences are generally poorly cohesive and commonly made of soluble salt crystals.

D6

D6

D1.2

D6

SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, URBAN PLANNING, CONSTRUCTION, ENGINEERING Architectural Preservation Studio | Professors: : Francesco Augelli, Andrea Garzulino, Matteo Rigamonti Horse Stable | Legnano Castle Group 12 Cihangun Kaan Hacimemisoglu Cihangir Demirel

6 INTERVENTION PROJEJCT | ELEVATION | 1:20

LEGEND Biological Colonization Biological Patina-Moss D1.1

Missing Parts D5

4.1. General Cleaning of Dirt and Dust 2.2. Temporary Cover 1.2.2. Thermography 1.2.4. Digging 7.2 New Drainage Application 4.3.1. Cleaning of Patina-Mosses - Spraying 7.1 Shelter Design

4.4. Cleaning of Crack and Gaps 1.2.3. Sonic Test 5.4. Filling of Missing Parts 5.1. Excavation and Underpinning

Biological Colonization Plant-Algea D1.2

Rooted Joist D6

4.1. General Cleaning of Dirt and Dust 2.2. Temporary Cover 1.2.2. Thermography 1.2.4. Digging 7.2 New Drainage Application 4.3.2. Cleaning of Plants - Cutting 5.2. Grouting and Repointing Lime Mortar

3.3. Removal of Wooden Rooted Joist 4.4. Cleaning of Crack and Gaps 5.4. Filling of Missing Parts

Structural Crack D2

New Works

4.1. General Cleaning of Dirt and Dust 4.4. Cleaning of Crack and Gaps 1.2.1. Crack Monitoring 1.2.3. Sonic Test 5.3. Injection of Crack 5.1. Excavation and Underpinning

7.1 7.2 7.3

Efflorescences D3 4.1. General Cleaning of Dirt and Dust 1.2.2. Thermography 1.2.4. Digging 7.2 New Drainage Application 4.2. Cleaning Effloresences

Erosion D4 4.1. General Cleaning of Dirt and Dust 2.2. Temporary Cover 1.2.2. Thermography 1.2.4. Digging 7.2 New Drainage Application 5.2. Grouting and Repointing Lime Mortar 7.1 Shelter Design

Shelter Design New Drainage Application Inner Glass Facade

ARCHITECTURAL PRESERVATION STUDIO

Horse Stable | Legnano`s Castle Report

Group 12 Cihangun Kaan Hacimemisoglu Cihangir Demirel

SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, URBAN PLANNING, CONSTRUCTION, ENGINEERING Master Course | Architectural Preservation Studio Tutors: : Francesco Augelli, Andrea Garzulino, Matteo Rigamonti

INDEX

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8.

INTRODUCTION HISTORY LOCATION DESCRIPTION AND MATERIALS STRATIGRAPHY DECAYS TENDER WORKS 7.1. SITE PREPARENCE 7.2. INVESTIGATIONS 7.3. REMOVALS 7.4. CONSOLIDATIONS 7.5. MAINTAINANCE 7.6. NEW WORKS BIBLIOGRAPHY

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1. INTRODUCTION The report describes the present condition of northeast faรงade of horse stables of the Castello Visconteo (figure 1, figure 2) in Legnano, Italy and proposed restoration, conservation and maintenance work which have the objective of restoring the pre-existing character of the building. These consist principally of works to repair the northeast faรงade of stable building in Castle of Legnano(figure 3, figure 4).

During a semester, we worked on the faรงade of a building in the castle and produced documents about survey of existing condition, materials, decays and intervention.

Figure 1: Aerial View of Castle

Figure 3: Worked part of Castle

Figure 2: Castle View

Figure 4: Elevation of Worked Facade

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2. HISTORY We researched the history of castle and old drawings for understand the stable alteration and development on the beginning.

Historical background and condition reporting It is very crucial that to be aware of historical background and condition of the building before making any intervention or analyze on the facade. Current historic values of the faรงade should be identified to protect the historical heritage. Otherwise, fixing the damages also can cause more problems to the facade.

Historical Periods of the Building The origins of the castle of Legnano are connected to an ancient convent of Augustinian Regulars dedicated to Saint George, whose presence has been documented since 1231.

After battle of Legnano (1176), Napoleone della Torre bought most of lands in Legnano with this convent. Between 1261 and 1273, as confirmation of the strong control over Legnano, Napoleone della Torre extended the building of the ex-monastery building two wings - one on the right and the other on the left of the original tower - that became the fortified castle. The partial preservation of the ancient monastery is not excluded because the style in use at the time, exposed brick and pointed windows, was common to all the buildings made except for very few variations, and therefore they were useful for the purpose. Also, Della Torre used this castle as a prestigious residence for royal of England.

After battle of Desio (1277), the castle passed to Ottone Visconti. He decided to establish his residence at the castle of Legnano. The castle of Legnano, and its properties, were administered by the Visconti family until the fifteenth century: the only exceptions were Guido della Torre in 1311, which temporarily managed to impose itself in the lordship of Milan for a short time. In the fifteenth century a political and administrative link was created between the Visconti and the Lampugnani, who brought the ownership of the Legnano castle to the latter noble family In fifteen century, Oldrado II Lampugnani took the castle of Legnano as a gift for repaying his service who were both military and diplomatic in 1437. In 1445 Lampugnani obtained permission to fortify the building, and the next year they produced the towers , the walls defensive, a ditch flooded and a bridge drawbridge. With this expansion the main entrance was suppressed, which was once on the west side , and a new and larger entrance tower was built. The castle was used by Oldrado II Lampugnani more than anything else as a summer residence; however, being fortified, it still belonged to the system of military structures that protected Milan from enemy attacks.

In 1798 the castle was bought by the marquis Carlo Cristoforo Cornaggia. The Cornaggia used the castle as a summer residence until the end of the nineteenth century, when they decided not to live in it even during the warmer season, remaining throughout the year in their main stately home, which was in Milan. As a consequence, for the castle of Legnano, a phase of decadence began, being no longer followed directly by their owners. In 1883 the Cornaggia decided to turn the castle into a farm , given the substantial founding properties present in its surroundings that provided a large amount of hay: from a noble residence was converted into a simple home for peasants. On this occasion the dairy cattle stables were built, or the low building that is located, entering from the entrance of the main tower, frontally on 3

the left side, and the similar low building that is located on the left side of the castle used as a manor residence. Originally the number of hosted cattle reached about fifty animals After being abandoned by the Cornaggias, the manor of San Giorgio was no longer the subject of maintenance. In addition, the new tenants, or the sharecropper and the peasants, modified the residential part of the castle with the construction of partition walls inside the larger rooms. In 1963, the town of Legnano signed a preliminary contract with the Cornaggia heirs, prior to the sale of the historic building. The purchase process ended in 1973, with the acquisition, by the municipality of Legnano, of the castle, the Cornaggia mill and 240,000 square meters of surrounding land. After decades of degradation and negligence, the castle was renovated and reopened to the public in 2005. Since 2007, as part of the SALe Legnano project, it is an exhibition center together with Palazzo Leone da Perego.

Significance Our building is next to the building built by Oldrado II Lampugnani are located part of the barns and stables built by the Marquis Cornaggia in the twentieth century (figure 5). The Cornaggias then added an open space to the south of the structure that was originally intended as an internal garden, they eliminated the battlements of the walls (except for a short section) and demolished the towers south of the complex.

Figure 5: Stable in 20th Century (Right building)

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3. LOCATION The Visconteo Castle is a medieval fortification that rises south of Legnano on a natural island of the Olona river. It is also known as The Castle of San Giorgio since the 13th century. The architectural complex is located in Viale Toselli, between the Castello park and Piazza I Maggio. (figure 6, figure 7, figure 8)

Figure 6: Legnano City Map

Figure 7: Legnano Castle Map

Figure 8: Relation with Environment

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4. DESCRIPTION AND MATERIALS After researching castle, we went to project site to survey, take photo and analysis the faรงade.

We created 3D model with photo scan method. We draw geometrical drawings from outputs of 3D model and got orthoimage. (figure 9) On the first glance, we took notes about materials on the faรงade and after we researched every material deeply from internet and books.

Figure 9: Orthophoto of Main Facade (Unscaled)

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From informations that we collected, we created materials cards which are specifically describing to every materials. Besides, we created material survey board to see easily every material on the façade (figure 10).

Figure 10: Material Survey (Unscaled)

The facade is outer part of brick masonry wall and mostly the bricks combine with lime mortars which is shown on the survey with cream color (Card M.2.3). Lime mortar is composed of lime and an aggregate such as sand, mixed with water. Ä°t is the material which is used to keep bricks together. So, it is spreading all around the wall between brick units. Lime mortars are quite commonly sold in bags of premixed binder and aggregate, which simply require water to be added. These pre-batched mortars have the advantage of reducing the preparation time of the mortar and allow an element of certainty about the mix, as they eliminate any error associated with incorrect proportions of binder and aggregate.

Basically, facade has door with ceramic stone (Card M.5) which is shown with green color frame and it is used as a frame for entrance door at the middle of the facade and the door frame consist of two vertical elements at the sides and one horizontal at the top, top stone is working as a lento with the structural arch just above it. Inside the frame, there is plywood door (Card M.6) on the middle and it is brown color on the survey.

Top of the facade, it has mostly lime plaster (Card M.2) with red color on the survey which is a type of plaster composed of sand, water, and lime, usually non-hydraulic hydrated lime (also known as slaked lime, high calcium lime or air lime).

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It is also used that two type bricks. One of them is clay brick which is shown with blue color on the survey (Card M.1.1) and they are small rectangular block typically made of fired or sun-dried clay for general surface and these are mainly small bricks which has about 10cm width and 5-6 cm height. The faรงade mainly constructed from clay bricks. These are the selection of bricks while re-construction process of this facade. The first type we analyzed are mainly located at the lower level of the wall and side parts. There are different kind of bricks according to their current situations, positions and dimensions. Some bricks are deformed because of the re-construction and some of them over-cooked.

Other one is clay brick for arcs (Card M.1.2) which are longer ones and they are cyan color on the survey board. They are second common types after short ones. Because of re-construction they are spread around the wall but, mainly cluster at the side and upper parts of the wall. These are mainly small bricks which has about 10cm width and 5-6 cm height.

Cement plaster (Card M.2.2) is composed of cement and sand and it is magenta color on the board. When water is mixed in with this product, the cement is activated. The main reason seems that it is used as a reinforcement at the corner point. Cement mortar just applied at the limited part probably for a specific reason. It covers about 1 square meter area.

There are also pebble stones (Card M.3) which are small smooth round stones, especially one found on a beach or in a river. Pebble stones are shown with yellow color on the board. There are many natural stones at that wall that are probably coming from the river. They are generally located at the upper side of the facade as a horizontal lines and lime plaster applied around these stones as a coherent material. All of them have different sizes and shapes. It is possible to see from very small one (around 2x2cm) to a bigger one (around 20x25cm) It seems the stones are randomly chosen and placed. There is no clear order between them. They are just focused at the two left and right upper mid-level of the wall.

There is an iron bar (Card M.4) anchored at the top side of the sloped part. Just half a meter away from old window opening. This bar is not in a good condition. It is buckled and rusted. It has around 20 cm length at the outside part of the wall. It is hard to relate the bar any functional purpose.

Probably it is used for hanging a lightning element at the top side of the door.

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5. STRATIGRAPHY We know from researches (figure 11) that stable building was constructed with front porch in beginning of twenties century and the northeast faรงade was contiguous with castle wall.

Figure 11: Old Plan of Castle

Figure 12: Diagram of Alteration

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After that the front porch is demoslihed and seperator wall between stable and porch became main faรงade. Also the slabs are demolished and because of structural problem main faรงade was partly reconstucted. We predict that line of lime plaster is related with reconstructed bricks which are above of this border. The line is inclined because side walls are not on the same levels. Facade was also strenghtened with two sloped walls (figure 12).

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6. DECAYS After material cards we created decay cards from our analysis on the site. We determined the alteration and problems and discuss about them. We used ICOMOS to get information about these decays as reference and we created decay survey which show every decay on the faรงade.(figure 13)

Figure 13: Degradation Survey (Unscaled)

The condition of faรงade has mainly some structural problems related with structural cracks (Card D.2). It is shown with red color on the survey. The crack is individual fissure, clearly visible by the naked eye, resulting from separation of one part from another. There is one big crack is appearing at the upper- middle of the wall. According to size it is a huge crack. The gap is changing around 2-4 cm. It is caused by earth movements, wrong placement of the bricks and disorder. Maybe process of demolishing the existing floor slab can be another reason for generation of this crack. Because it is going up to down from one of the hole which is at the level of the old slab.

Second problematic condition is biological colonization which there are two types of them on the faรงade. First one is biological colonization-moss by patina (Card D1.1) with yellow color and microorganisms such as bacteria, cyanobacteria, algae, fungi and lichen (symbioses of the latter three).

Biological colonization also includes influences by other organisms such as animals nesting on and in 11

stone. The inclined wall causes the vegetation. Because rainwater is flowing from this inclined wall and it finds out the vegetations. Vegetation caused some damage on brick wall. This allows growth to gain a foothold on the surface of the brickwork and penetrate the wall core.

Second biological colonization is by plants (Card M.1.2) with green color which is vegetal living being, having, when complete, root, stem, and leaves, though consisting sometimes only of a single leafy expansion (e.g. Tree, fern, herb). Small plants and roots are clearly visible mainly at the surface of inclined wall and some lower parts of the wall at the right side. Vegetation caused some damage on brick wall.

This allows growth to gain a foothold on the surface of the brickwork and penetrate the wall core.

For these two type of biological colonization, damp causes erosion on the mortar and because of that plants can easily grow up in that spaces. But this issue mainly based on locational situation of the facade because it effects the sunbath period of the wall and sunlight angles. The wall facing north-east and that means period of receiving sunlight is limited. When these locational disadvantages combined with the lack of protection of the wall from ground and top, they create a suitable atmosphere to plants and micro-organisms to place between the bricks.

There is efflorescence (Card D.3) with dark blue color with salt mostly on the bricks of right side of faรงade. Salts are a big problem in brickwork. We mainly see this issue at the lower parts of the wall. It directs us to think that salt entered bricks through water ingress. In this case salt came from ground to wall. It created expansion of crystals within bricks. This is eventually forcing the structure of the brick apart. It is obvious sign of the presence of salts that is efflorescence, a white powdery deposit on the brick. There is a thick buildup of white crystals.

Almost all faรงade has erosion problem (Card D.4) with cyan color. Brick and mortar expands and contracts as moisture enters and evaporates. Over time, the natural expansion and contraction of the brick and mortar caused by water infiltration causes erosion or crumbling of the mortar. Erosion is visible almost everywhere on the facade, but it mainly placed at the left side corner of the wall.

Lastly, there are some missing parts (Card D.5) with magenta color on the faรงade and some missing bricks at the different part of the wall. Some of them at the lower right side and most of them at the middle in a horizontal line which is probably the line of previous existing slab level.

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7. TENDER WORKS

7.1.

SITE PREPERATION and SAFETY CONDITIONS It is a first and elementary stage to start to make an intervention to the wall. It is basic step, but it

is crucial to apply all the works properly. The scope of this work covered under these specifications pertain to excavation of foundations, trenches, pits and over areas, in all sorts of soil, soft and hard rock, protections of existing underground utilities of any, such as water lines, electric cables etc. dewatering and shoring if necessary. Before the earth work is started the area coming under cutting and filling shall be cleared of all obstruction, loose stones, shrubs, rank vegetation, grass, bushes and rubbish.

Before starting to work, the site should be covered with fence and putting some cautions about safety for workers and people who walk around.

The application of vertical scaffolding system to reach and work easily at the upper parts of the wall. Scaffolding and temporary works must be capable of being constructed without the need for major intervention into historic fabric and also it should be self-supported system to not apply any extra load to the wall.

7.2.

DIAGNOSTICS

Diagnostics have an important role on the intervention process. The first step in diagnosing the issue is understanding the construction and current condition of the building. Masonry construction methods vary depending not only on where the structure was built, but on when in Italian history it was constructed as well. If the history of the building is known, the ability to choose compatible repair materials is significantly enhanced.

Non-destructive tests are used to get preliminary information for further interventions. These kinds of technics don`t damage the materials so they are very useful for our case which the materials have historic values.

Crack monitoring is another important test to understand the stability problems of the faรงade and danger level of the existing crack (Card D2) and examine the crack is growing or not. It can be monitored by putting some simple crack monitors. (figure 14) Oonce this monitor is fixed in position an initial reading is taken. Then more readings are taken at regular intervals to establish if movement is occurring and if so, at what rate. By comparing the different rates of movement for cracks at different locations in a building, the cause and location of the weakness can be established. The monitors should be left in place for as long as possible to establish whether the crack is moving or not, and for a minimum of eight weeks.

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Figure 14

Many methods of diagnostics are not useful when the humidity value is high at the faรงade. For a wall like ours has a current rising damp and humidity problems, it is better to use proper methodologies like thermography and sonic test which give better results under this condition. Thermography is useful in building inspections to be able to see the heat emanating from a building. Water, for example, will heat up and cool down at a slower rate than the rest of a building faรงade. This makes it possible to view where there may be water infiltration using a thermal imager. (Figure 15)

Figure15

Sonic Test is a one of the most proper methodology for qualification of the masonry through the morphology of the wall section; detection of internal defects (voids, cracks) or changes to physical characteristics of the wall; control repair using the injection technique.

Digging The excavations required in this case are investigations and reconnaissance excavations considering the site as an archaeological site. Many problems close to the ground level of the wall like Biological colonization and Efflorescence show us the signs of water absorption from ground, so it is useful to see the current drainage solutions with digging.

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7.3.

REMOVALS

After the analysing the materials on the faรงade and their values as archaeological and historic materials, some of the materials should be removed from the surface which has no function and possible cause to damage or stayed from past wrong interventions.

Removing the Iron Element At the upper middle level of the facade, at the top finishing of the baluster there is a one rusted iron bar. It seems has no functionality or relevancy with the facade. With a help of a small crane it can be removed by hand from the surface. Important point at this process is not damaging the wall while removing process.

Removal of Plywood These plywood panels are used as a temporary solution for covering the existing door. They are not connected with any system. They can easily removed by hands. The opening will be covered by a new offered glass door (more details in chapter 7.2).

Removal of Wooden Joist Scope of this work is removing one rooted joist which is located at the middle of the faรงade (Card D6). This joist was a beam of a previous slab at that level and it has no usage in the current situation. It will be removed from that wall manually maybe with the help of a saw. After removal the gap will be filled with placing diagonal bricks and filling between them with mortar. It should have applied at the back side of the hole so from outside it can still seem as a hole but, this solution will block any water or animal entrance to inside.

7.4.

CLEANINGS One crucial thing to be considered before starting the cleaning process is removing the main

cause of the decays. Main cause is a lack protection from rain and ground water with related to lack of drainage and roof covering.

General Cleaning General cleaning is a first step of the many interventions because it help us to see the degradations clearly with naked eye or with diagnostic methodologies. Dirt and dust at the facade will be cleared by mechanical techniques without using the water for not applying extra water to the wall while it has humidity problems. Brushing is the simplest form of the mechanical cleaning. It is useful to remove dust and adherent materials such as moss and some plants. Type of the brush is important. Fine-wired, compact phosphor bronze brushes should use for effectiveness. Surface rubbing and brushing will help us to see the decays or cracks clearly. Bird droppings also will be removed by this method. Detergents and hot water can be effective for some local problems. Although this seems a simple job, the dirt may not have settled evenly on the building and achieving an even result from cleaning can be difficult.

Removing dust from the surface to make the facade ready for the further actions to be carried out.

15

Cleaning of Biological Colonisations Related with the main causes mentioned above, specific decays are generally concentrated at top and bottom parts of the wall. As a first and clear example biological colonization problems stated at the both parts. And also, mainly concentrated at the face of the buttress, because of the incline. (Card D1.1) Moss and algae are easy to recognise as a biological patina. Alkalis or abrasive methods are popular for removing organic growths. However, to kill the growth with steam or a fungicide and allow the organic matter to weather away. This leaves the masonry undamaged. Then the dead growths should have removed by soft sponging from the surface. Weed-wipers can be used to reduce the usage of chemicals. On the other hand, at the lower levels where is erosion is higher at mortar many plants and roots are recognizable. (Card D.1.2) Plants and shrubs should be killed with a herbicide, excess foliage cut away and roots left to decay. Repointing may be necessary later. If the area is inaccessible and liable to water ingress, the roots should be gouged out and repointing done immediately.

Cleaning of Efflorescence Efflorescence is mainly stated at the lower parts of the wall. Because bricks are directly starting from the ground they are absorbing the vapour of ground water. (Card D3) Once the cause of efflorescence is corrected, the removal of the deposit is relatively easy, since most efflorescing salts are water soluble. In general, efflorescence can be removed by dry-brushing followed by flushing with clean water. If this is not satisfactory, walls can be washed with a five to ten percent solution of muriatic acid. It is always advisable that a small inconspicuous test area be tried first to determine whether etching or other discolouring will occur. After the acid treatment, the surface should be immediately and thoroughly flushed with clean water. If chemicals are used, shrubberies and plantings along the building perimeters should be well protected or removed. It is also advisable to ascertain that the contractor assigned this work is experienced and to check a few references. Acid treatment of masonry walls can do more harm than good if wrongly applied.

Cleaning of Missing Parts and Crack There is one huge crack on the faรงade at the middle. Like described at the Diagnostics section the crack should be monitored to avoid serious stability problems for the wall. On the other side there are many missing parts at the middle level as a horizontal line and they will be filled to protect the wall from water ingress. Before all these steps, cleaning of the missing parts and cracks is necessary. The intervention of filling the missing parts(holes) in the facade with placing diagonal bricks and filling between them with mortar. It should have applied at the back side of the hole so from outside it can still seem as a hole. But this solution will block any water or animal entrance to inside.

16

7.5.

CONSOLIDATIONS

Excavation and Underpinning Small exploratory shafts and excavations to understand stability and geometrical survey of the foundations. Because of this site is an archeological site, excavations should be done precisely to not damage the wall. So, the excavations will made by hand carefully. The material characteristics and the soil properties have also to be known. In-situ and laboratory tests on the foundation soil are also needed in order to predict settlements or the state of stress and strain of the soil under new loading conditions after adding new shelter.

Grouting and Repointing Lime Mortar Lime mortar is one of the most crucial material for our wall and this consolidation are necessary to maintain that material. Grouting is a technique for solidifying the core of a wall where the original mortar has decayed or perhaps where the core originally contained insufficient mortar, or none at all. As a result, the inside and outside leaves of the wall can take on an independent existence. Specialist firms usually use a cementitious mix, and this should be avoided as it may have unforeseen consequences and, if problems arise, the process cannot be reversed. Grouting is a difficult procedure which must be preceded by the consolidation of the exposed masonry, the removal of vegetation, the raking out and cleaning of joints and the repointing of joints. The repointing is most important as the grout has to be contained within the wall. In the raking-out process, some joints are raked right through to the core of the wall in a regular pattern and a plastic grout tube is fitted and held in place by the re-pointing mortar.

On completion of the repointing, a lime grout is inserted under pressure of gravity or using a hand operated grout pump. Grouting continues until the grout appears at the next tube vertically. Both tubes are then temporarily plugged, and the sequence continues along the wall and then to the next level, and so on. As the grout hardens the grout tubes can be withdrawn and the joints repointed. Grout, by virtue of its high-water content, is not suitable for filling very large voids. These may have to be opened to allow sufficient access for conventional filling with mortar and small stones. The specific mix and methodology is a matter for specialist advice.

Injection of Crack After all the stability diagnostics about the faรงade we can suggest that to close the gap which crack created along the wall. The process of the work will start with deep cleaning with compressed air for the crack then the crack must be well dry and degreased at the time of the resin injection and in the end sealing the joint through a reversible non-greasy material and the continuous injection of epoxy resin, through properly located and executed holes. After drying the resin, the crack must be plastered with proper lime mortar.

17

7.6.

NEW WORKS

New Shelter As we know from researches that stable building had two sloped roof before demolishing. Also, the roof on an archaeological site is always an imposition, in conflict with the intrinsic historical and natural character of the site Today, lack of roof causes the some problems which we mentioned on the decays part. For this and aesthetical reason, we suggest new shelter and its structure to behind of the facade. We suggest steel and wood mixed structure and the cover can be mainly based on wooden elements. The refined functional model of the tent is also reflected in the shelter design. Consequently, this instils confidence in the future performance of the shelter, which could not be afforded either by computer modelling or by the conventional design-and-build process. Testing and modelling of this kind is relatively rare on archaeological sites but is beneficial in developing a system that works and reduces remedial conservation treatment.

The specific environmental strategy to protect the façade wall requires management of rainfall, temperature, relative humidity, ventilation, solar gain and drainage, by passive means and with no mechanical control. This will be achieved by the shelter’s cladding materials and its design. The main components are timber, which being naturally hygroscopic will help to buffer fluctuations in relative humidity.

New Drainage System From the beginning of this work, we realized that drainage is most problematic point about decays of façade since most of decays are related with water flowing and accumulation and they concentrate the lower part of facade. To solve the effects of this case we suggest new drainage system, but we were not sure that the site is archaeological, and it could be dangerous. After some researches we decided to suggest new French drain system which should be applied carefully, and methodology should be suitable. We choose this type of system because of its easiness to apply without any impact to existing foundation. The solution can be limited because also we need ventilation for the existing foundation but as we mentioned to protect the wall from any damage, it is reasonable.

New Glass Façade Suggested new works should be related with the proposal of new design and re-use function of the building. Although we did not spend too much time for the new re-use design for the building, after some researches of possibilities and reference projects which has some similarities with our building, we proposed a glass curtain wall with steel supporters which they carry also the proposed new shelter. It will create a direct contrast between old and new interventions. Also, the façade will cover the door opening at the middle which nowadays covered with some fake plywoods temporarily. Many construction techniques can be applicable at this stage like: transom-mullion systems or spider systems. We preferred the aluminium transom-mullion systems because it is easier to apply and low-cost methodology. At the page below, you can see the proposed new scenario (figure 16) with some reference projects.( Figure 17, 18) 18

Figure16

Reference Projects

Figure17

CASA SABUGO by Tagarro-De Miguel Arquitectos, Sabugo, Spain

Figure18

Dovecote Studio by Howart Tompkins United Kingdon

Snape, 19

8. BIBLIOGRAPHY Nicola Ashurst `Cleaning Historic Building` Robert A., Historic preservation technology Forsyth M., Materials & skills for historic building conservation, Oxford Investigation procedures for the diagnosis of historic masonries, L.Binda, A.Saisi, C.Tiraboschi J.Stanley Rabun, Structural Analysis of Historic Buildings https://theconstructor.org/practical-guide/ndt-testing-of-masonry-structures/9489/ http://thehelpfulengineer.com/index.php/2011/05/measuring-cracks-with-tell-tales/ https://inspectapedia.com/structure/Concrete-Masonry-Damage-Tests.php https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castello_Visconteo_(Legnano) http://www.icomos.org.tr/ https://content.historicengland.org.uk/images-books/publications/building-environmentconservation/

20

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MATERIAL CARD BRICK - TYPE 1

Definition:

CARD M1.1

A small rectangular block typically made of fired or sun-dried clay, used in building. ( Oxford Dictionary)

Localization: The faรงade mainly constructed with clay bricks. It contains also the selection of bricks while re-construction process of this facade ( located at the right side of the lower part). The first type we analyzed are mainly located at the lower level of the wall and side parts.

Disposition and dimension: These are mainly small rectangular bricks which have about 6-10cm width and 5-6 cm height.

Composition: There are different kind of bricks according to their current situations, positions and dimensions. Some bricks are deformed because of the re-construction and some of them over-cooked.

Tutors: Francesco Augelli, Andrea Garzulino, Matteo Rigamonti Group No: 12 Students: Cihangun Kaan Hacimemisoglu, Cihangir Demirel

Date:03.07.2018

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MATERIAL CARD BRICK - TYPE 2

Definition:

CARD M1.2

A small rectangular block typically made of fired or sun-dried clay, used in building. ( Oxford Dictionary)

Localization: Second type of the bricks are longer ones. They are second common types after short ones.

Because of re-construction they are spread around the wall but, mainly cluster at the side and upper parts of the wall.

Disposition and dimension: These bricks are generally not eroted like other type of bricks. These are more longer bricks which has about 10-15 cm width and 5-6 cm height. But also at the middle part around the window they are not precisely rectangular.

Composition: These bricks used for some structural purposes. At the top of the door they used this vertical bricks as an arch to create the opening. And also at the middle previously they used to create a small window which is filled with bricks now. Other usage is close to top part probably constructed at the re-building process to strengthen that part.

Tutors: Francesco Augelli, Andrea Garzulino, Matteo Rigamonti Group No: 12 Students: Cihangun Kaan Hacimemisoglu, Cihangir Demirel

Date:03.07.2018

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MATERIAL CARD LIME PLASTER

Definition:

CARD M2.1

Lime plaster is a type of plaster composed of sand, water, and lime, usually non-hydraulic hydrated lime (also known as slaked lime, high calcium lime or air lime). ( wikipedia )

Localization: Lime plaster generally used at the top side of the facade. But it is clearly visible that it has eroted at some parts. Also they used it to combine the pebble stones with bricks at the right and left side of the wall.

Disposition and dimension: It is concantrated at the top side more and some applications at the lower levels. It is spreading as a finishing material and probably used for reinforce that specific areas.

Composition: To understand the composition and ingredients labarotory test should be applied but we can assume that lime plaster is a mixture of some materials such as; composed of sand, water, and lime, usually non-hydraulic hydrated lime (also known as slaked lime, high calcium lime or air lime).

Tutors: Francesco Augelli, Andrea Garzulino, Matteo Rigamonti Group No: 12 Students: Cihangun Kaan Hacimemisoglu, Cihangir Demirel

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MATERIAL CARD CEMENT PLASTER

Definition:

CARD M2.2

Cement plaster is composed of cement and sand. When water is mixed in with this product, the cement is activated. ( English Heritage Council )

Localization: It placed at the bottom right corner of the facade. The main reason seems that it is used as a reinforcement at the corner point.

Disposition and dimension: Cement plaster just applied at the limited part probably for a specific reason.

It covers about 1 squaremeter area.

Composition:

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MATERIAL CARD LIME MORTAR

Definition:

CARD M3

Lime mortar is composed of lime and an aggregate such as sand, mixed with water. ( Turkish Heritage Council )

Localization: Lime mortar is the material which is used to keep bricks together. So it is spreading all around the wall between brick units.

Disposition and dimension: Lime mortars in normal condition starting around 1 cm behind from exterior brick level but here it is visible to see that he mortars are eroted and these depths became 2-3 cm. The distance between the bricks which filled with mortar is also changing at the different parts according to arrangement of bricks.

Composition: Lime mortar is composed of lime and an aggregate such as sand, mixed with water. Rational lime mortar is a combination of lime putty and aggregate (usually sand). A typical modern lime mortar mix would be 1 part lime putty to 3 parts washed, well graded, sharp sand.

Tutors: Francesco Augelli, Andrea Garzulino, Matteo Rigamonti Group No: 12 Students: Cihangun Kaan Hacimemisoglu, Cihangir Demirel

Date:03.07.2018

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MATERIAL CARD PEBBLE STONES

Definition:

CARD M4

a small smooth round stone, especially one found on a beach or in a river. ( Cambridge Dictionary )

Localization: There are many natural stones at that wall that are probably coming from the river. They are generally located at the upper side of the facade as a horizontal lines and lime plaster applied around these stones as a coherent material.

Disposition and dimension: All of them have different sizes and shapes. It is possible to see from very small one(around 2x2cm) to a bigger one (around 20x25cm) Composition: It seems the stones are randomly choosen and placed. There is no clear order between them. They are just focused at the two left and right uppermid level of the wall.

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MATERIAL CARD IRON

Definition:

CARD M5

A long rigid piece of metal. ( Oxford Dictionary )

Localization: There is an iron bar anchored at the top side of the sloped part. Just half a meter away from old window opening.

Disposition and dimension: This bar is not in a good condition. It is buckled and rusted. It has around 20 cm length at the outside part of the wall.

Composition: It is hard to relate the bar any functional purpose. Probably it is used for hanging a lightning element at the top side of the door.

Tutors: Francesco Augelli, Andrea Garzulino, Matteo Rigamonti Group No: 12 Students: Cihangun Kaan Hacimemisoglu, Cihangir Demirel

Date:03.07.2018

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MATERIAL CARD GRANITE STONE Definition:

CARD M6

Granite is a light-colored igneous rock with grains large enough to be visible with the unaided eye. (geology.com)

Localization: Ceramic stones are used as a frame for entrence door at the middle of the facade. The frame containsthree ceramic stones.

Disposition and dimension: The thickness of the stone around 20 cm. The length of the vertical stones are around 212 cm and the horizontal one is around 180 cm.

Composition: The door frame consist of to vertical elements at the sides and one horizontal at the top.

Top stone is working as a lento withthe structural arch just above it.

Tutors: Francesco Augelli, Andrea Garzulino, Matteo Rigamonti Group No: 12 Students: Cihangun Kaan Hacimemisoglu, Cihangir Demirel

Date:03.07.2018

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MATERIAL CARD PLYWOOD

Definition:

CARD M7

A type of strong thin wooden board consisting of two or more layers glued and pressed together with the direction of the grain alternating.. ( Oxford Dictionary )

Localization: There are some partial uses of wooden materials. One of them is as a covering material at the door. They put two wooden slim panels to close the door.

Disposition and dimension: The thickness of the plywoods are around 5 cm. Size of the one panel is around 130x210 cm.

Composition: There are two wooden panels facing with eachother to cover the opening.

Tutors: Francesco Augelli, Andrea Garzulino, Matteo Rigamonti Group No: 12 Students: Cihangun Kaan Hacimemisoglu, Cihangir Demirel

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ALTERATION and DETERIORATION CARD BIOLOGICAL COLONIZATION BIOLGICAL PATINA-MOSS Definition:

CARD D1.1

Colonization of the stone by plants and micro-organisms such as bacteria, cyanobacteria, algae, fungi and lichen (symbioses of the latter three). Biological colonization also includes influences by other organisms such as animals nesting on and in stone.

Description: The inclined wall cause the vegetation.

Because rainwater is flowing from this inclined wall and it finds out the vegetations. Vegetation caused some damage on brick wall. This allows growth to gain a foothold on the surface of the brickwork and penetrate into the wall core.

Causes of decay: Damp causes erosion on the mortar and because of that plants can easily grow up in that spaces. But this issue mainly based on locational situation of the facade because it effects the sunbath period of the wall and sunlight angles. The wall facing north-east and that means period of receiving sunlight is limited. When these locational disadvantages combined with the lack of protection of the wall from ground and also top, they create a suitable atmosphere to plants and micro-organisms to place between the bricks.

Diagnostics: By using infrared thermography model it is possible to study the energy balance of the wall surface, and to measure the temperature of the surfaces where transpiration occurs. The amount of transpiration is affected by the air and wall temperature, the radiant heat, the wind speed and the relative humidity of the air inside the pores of the materials.

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ALTERATION and DETERIORATION CARD BIOLOGICAL COLONIZATION PLANTS Definition:

CARD D1.2

Vegetal living being, having, when complete, root, stem, and leaves, though consisting sometimes only of a single leafy expansion (e.g. Tree, fern, herb).

Description: Small plants and roots are clearly visible mainlt at the surface of inclined wall and some lower parts of the wall at the right side. Vegetation caused some damage on brick wall. This allows growth to gain a foothold on the surface of the brickwork and penetrate into the wall core.

Causes of decay: Damp causes erosion on the mortar and because of that plants can easily grow up in that spaces. But this issue mainly based on locational situation of the facade because it effects the sunbath period of the wall and sunlight angles. The wall facing north-east and that means period of receiving sunlight is limited. When these locational disadvantages combined with the lack of protection of the wall from ground and also top, they create a suitable atmosphere to plants and micro-organisms to place between the bricks.

Diagnostics: Thermography is not only related to see humidity level or temperature differences but also for the location of detached parts behind the plaster which the plants and roots are expand

Tutors: Francesco Augelli, Andrea Garzulino, Matteo Rigamonti Group No: 12 Students: Cihangun Kaan Hacimemisoglu, Cihangir Demirel

Date:03.07.2018

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ALTERATION and DETERIORATION CARD STRUCTURAL CRACK

Definition:

CARD D2

ndividual fissure, clearly visible by the naked eye,resulting from separation of one part from another.

Description: One big crack is appearing at the uppermiddle of the wall. According to size it is a huge crack.

The gap is changing around 2-4 cm.

Causes of decay: Earth movements, wrong placement of the bricks and disorder. Maybe process of demolishing the existing floor slab can be another reason for generation of this crack. Because it is goes up to down from one of the hole which is at the level of the old slab.

Analysis Needed: Movement monitoring, The tell-tale measures the relative movements that occur in a crack spot in a construction structural elementi, it can be useful to putting some testers at the two opposite side of the crack to measure the movement of the crack at different times. We can understand that the crack is active or not.

Diagnostics: Sonic test is a testing technique is based on the generation of sonic or ultrasonic impulses at a point of the structure. It will be helpful to determine crack and damages on the facade. Thermography is also helpful investigation of crack in detail.

Tutors: Francesco Augelli, Andrea Garzulino, Matteo Rigamonti Group No: 12 Students: Cihangun Kaan Hacimemisoglu, Cihangir Demirel

Date:03.07.2018

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ALTERATION and DETERIORATION CARD EFFLORESCENCES-SALTS

Definition:

CARD D3

Generally whitish, powdery or whisker-like crystals on the surface which are generally poorly cohesive and commonly made of soluble salt crystals.

Description: Salts are a big problem in brickwork. We mainly see this issue at the lower parts of the wall. It directs us to think that salt entered bricks through water ingress. In this case salt came from ground to wall.

It created expansion of crystals within bricks. This is eventually forcing the structure of the brick apart.

It is obvious sign of the presence of salts that is efflorescence, a white powdery deposit on the brick. There is a thick build up of white crystals.

Causes of decay: Mainly base on wrong localization of the bricks They are so close to ground level and so they are directly abosrbing the water vapour coming from ground because lack of drainage.

Analysis needed: Digging is useful to see the reason of humudity clearly. Photogometric surveys are helpful to see where is that problem localized clearly.

DÄąagnostÄącs: With Thermograpgy possible to study the energy balance of the wall surface, and to measure the temperature of the surfaces where transpiration occurs. The amount of transpiration is affected by the air and wall temperature, the radiant heat, the wind speed and the relative humidity of the air inside the pores of the materials.

Tutors: Francesco Augelli, Andrea Garzulino, Matteo Rigamonti Group No: 12 Students: Cihangun Kaan Hacimemisoglu, Cihangir Demirel

Date:03.07.2018

SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, URBAN PLANNING, CONSTRUCTION, ENGINEERING MASTER COURSE - ARCHITECTURAL PRESERVATION STUDIO

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ALTERATION and DETERIORATION CARD EROSION

Definition:

CARD D4

Loss of original surface, leading to smoothed shapes.

Description: Brick and mortar expands and contracts as moisture enters and evaporates. Over time, the natural expansion and contraction of the brick and mortar caused by water infiltration causes erosion, or crumbling of the mortar. Erosion is visible almost everywhere on the facade but it mainly have placed at the left side corner of the wall.

Causes of decay: Probably the most common cause of damage is due to water trapped in porous masonry freezing and expanding, causing the surface to disintegrate. Similarly, chemical salts in solution (derived from groundwater or from the masonry itself) can crystalise and expand as the water evaporates out of the wall, damaging the face.

Diagnostics: Thermography is useful to see humidity level at the different part of the wall and also it helps to see the level of the decay which we cant see with naked eye. Some minimal damages can be ignored.

But at some parts damage is huge and it cause that the bricks starting to crumble. At that points a suitable intervention is may required. On the other hand, finding the reason of moisture problem is helpful to solve this problem. Digging is necessary at his step to check existing drainage solution and understannding soil type.

Tutors: Francesco Augelli, Andrea Garzulino, Matteo Rigamonti Group No: 12 Students: Cihangun Kaan Hacimemisoglu, Cihangir Demirel

Date:03.07.2018

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ALTERATION and DETERIORATION CARD MISSING PARTS

Definition:

CARD D5

Empty space, obviously located in the place of some formerly existing stone part. Protruding and particularly exposed parts of sculptures (nose, fingers..) are typical locations for material loss resulting in missing parts.

Description: There are some missing bricks at the different part of the wall. Some of them at the lower right side and most of them at the middle in a horizontal line which is probably the line of previous existing slab level.

Causes of decay: Earth movements, wrong placement of the bricks and disorder. Order of bricks were wrong and every brick has diffirent size. It creates a problem of stability arrangement of bricks. This caused missing some bricks on the wall. The facade had reconstruction in the past. Moreover, the level of destroyed slabs has some missing bricks.

Diagnostics: Sonic test aims to understand the morphology of the wall section, to detect the presence of voids and flaws.

Tutors: Francesco Augelli, Andrea Garzulino, Matteo Rigamonti Group No: 12 Students: Cihangun Kaan Hacimemisoglu, Cihangir Demirel

Date:03.07.2018

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ALTERATION and DETERIORATION CARD ROOTED JOIST

Definition:

CARD D6

Empty space, obviously located in the place of some formerly existing stone part. Protruding and particularly exposed parts of sculptures (nose, fingers..) are typical locations for material loss resulting in missing parts.

Description: There are some rooted oists coming out from the facade. One is at the middle level of the wall verticaly and the other one is at the top side, placed horizontally inside the wall.

Causes of decay: These are structural materials from the previous structures. The one at the middle probably belongs to old slab and the one at the top is probably related with the old roofing. These joist causing damages for the wall because they allowed the water entrance from the gaps they are creating.

Tutors: Francesco Augelli, Andrea Garzulino, Matteo Rigamonti Group No: 12 Students: Cihangun Kaan Hacimemisoglu, Cihangir Demirel

Date:03.07.2018