KU Co Op Research Booklet

U R B A N T R A N S F O R M A T I O N S UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS + GENSLER + GASTINGERWALKER CHICAGO

+

DENVER

+

KANSAS CITY

+

LOS ANGELES

In our final year of the MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE degree, six students converged from the UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS to study urban areas and gain professional experience through a Co-Op program. In conjunction with GENSLER & GASTINGERWALKER&, we spanned across four cities to develop research. Posed with the topic of GENTRIFICATION, we present our findings.

Thanks to all of those who have supported us through this endeavor. We are forever thankful for your wisdom and guidance.

And a special thanks to our mentors...

Gensler + Chicago David Broz Max Cantu-Lima Patrick Griffin Katie Smith Brianna Sorensen

Gensler + Denver Sarah Marvez Rebekah Wagoner

Gensler + Los Angeles Kristin Byrd Richa Date Adam Gumowski Joel Spearman

GastingerWalker& + Kansas City Kylie Dixon Kevin Harden

University of Kansas + Lawrence Shannon Criss Kadim Al-Asady

4

CONTENTS

1 QUESTION

HOW CAN WE BEGIN TO UNDERSTAND TRANSFORMATIONS?

2 FOCUS

WHERE DID WE LOOK AT CASE STUDIES OF TRANSFORMATIONS?

3 SYNTHESIS

HOW CAN WE MEASURE THE IMPACT OF TRANSFORMATIONS?

4 ANALYZE

HOW CAN WE COMPARE THE MEASUREMENTS?

5 APPLY

HOW CAN WE USE OUR KNOWLEDGE TO MAKE A POSITIVE IMPACT?

6 APPENDIX

PROCESS, MEETING MINUTES, AND REFRENCES

5

INTRODUCTION Who are we?

We are the KU Co-Op -- a group of fifth year graduate students at the University of Kansas working professionally while jointly doing academic research at various firms and locations throughout the United States. We each come from various background, various cities, with various professional goals, but all seek to learn more about the topic at hand: Urban Transformations in the modern city.

How did we get here?

The program, founded by KU alumni at Gensler, seeks to provide students with professional firm experience, while working on graduate research in a atypical manner. By working at different locations, the we were challenged to work together via digital platforms, while learning to balance normal project work.

6

CHICAGO

DENVER GRETCHEN KELLY

KAITLIN HUT

Grand Haven, MI Gensler | Chicago

KANSAS CITY

Highlands Ranch, CO Gensler | Denver

LOS ANGELES BAILEY BARNHART

Olathe, KS GastingerWalker | Kansas City

JESHUA MONARRES

Overland Park, KS GastingerWalker | Kansas City

HALEY DOUGHERTY

St. Louis, MO Gensler | Los Angeles

ANDREW MARQUETTE

Castle Rock, CO Gensler | Los Angeles

7

OUR EXPERIENCES How do we collaborate?

The other 20% of time was spent discussing and collaborating via various technology platforms. To complete a cohesive and comprehensive project as a team, strong communication remained key to working across different offices, different time zones, and different cities.

How do we spend our time?

During the work week, about four out of five business days, we spent doing typical project work within our respective offices and studios. We each worked on a wide variety of project types, from university buildings, sports stadiums, and large resorts to small corporate offices and tenant infill projects and everything in between.

8

THESIS - 20% Research Interviews Synthesis Analysis Graphics

PROJECT WORK - 80% Construction Documents Schematic Design Conceptual Design Masterplanning Model Building Programming Visioning Finish Selection Design Development Branding Rendering User Studies Post Occupancy Studies Client Meetings

9

CHICAGO,IL DENVER, CO KANSAS CITY, MO LOS ANGELES, CA

10

CONNECTIVITY In a world so intertwined with technology, How do we work Nationally? collaborating digitally across the nation is becoming more mainstream. Working between different offices, different cities, and different time zones is a complicated problem even with the supposed ease of video conference calls, workplace chat platforms, and cloud based file sharing. Overcoming these challenges was always the first step to completing any part of this research, which was only possible through constant communication and the help of IT, Slack, GoTo Meeting, Skype, Google Hangouts, and Google Drive.

11

1

QUESTION HOW CAN WE BEGIN TO UNDERSTAND TRANSFORMATIONS?

With the vague topic at hand of ever-prevalent GENTRIFICATION, we began our research aware of its CONTROVERSIAL nature.

Before we could dive into what gentrification means for urban environments, we had to first identify it as A TYPE OF URBAN TRANSFORMATION. We gathered data and all sorts of perspectives involving urban transformations to begin our research.

INTRODUCTION Disclaimer In the following report, concepts and terminology are considered and defined under a specific lense of understanding. Our definitions and descriptions come from our collective interpretations of research alone and do not suggest absolute fact. We consciously began this research with the intent of removing our biases that reflect previous impressions and opinions of the topic; our findings are based solely off of concepts we developed together through research.

Report Terms and Definitions Places consist of components, characteristics, and transformations. Components are measurable elements within a place. Characteristics are qualities of those components which reflect identity. Transformations are inevitable changes of components and characteristics that happen to all places over time (Gentrification is a type of transformation). Variations of these transformations, also described throughout this report as evolution or change, are differentiated by different types of forces. In this scope, forces were categorized into economic, social, and design forces.

16

COMPONENTS + people + communities + businesses + education + transportation + amenities + politics + economy + technology

CHARACTERISTICS + prevalence of crime + housing values + availability of opportunities + availability of jobs + quality of education + quality transportation + availability of amenities + climate of politics + state of the economy

TRANSFORMATIONS + development + growth + restoration + regeneration + degeneration + deterioration + depreciation + gentrification

QUESTION | 17

QUESTION A Polarized Subject Gentrification is a polarizing topic, as it carries a heavy load of factors and plays a powerful role in urban characteristics. It is defined in many different ways, depending on where the definition comes from.

Gentrification has been described as the migration of affluent people. It may be characterized as the displacement of lower income residents. It can be seen as investment in property. It can resemble renovation and rejuvenation of a neighborhood. It may be considered a result of systematic racism. The idea of gentrification is complex to say the least, varying in meaning from person to person.

What is Gentrification?

We looked at dictionaries, news articles, and scholarly journals to understand the greater use of the word, and by doing so we found a large variance in tones of the definitions, a few of these shown to the right. Based on the sources position tied to developers, gentrifying neighborhoods, and the like, they varied in how they perceived the term to be affecting the places.

18

“Working class quarters have been invaded by the middle class … until all or most of the working class occupiers are displaced and the whole social character of the district is changed.”

“The process by which a poor neighborhood in a city is changed by people who have money.”

“Reinvention of neighborhoods that does not always respect the inherent culture.”

“The process of repairing and rebuilding homes and businesses in a deteriorating area.”

“It is mostly a matter of forcing poorer people to move.”

“The movement into a formerly deteriorating community by middle-class or affluent residents.”

“The improvement of the physical and economic environment o fa neighborhood.”

QUESTION | 19

SURVEY METRICS In order to try to further understand and evaluate how the people understand the term, we sent out a simple survey to gather more definitions.

Who was Surveyed?

Survey participants included coworkers, student peers, friends, family, and various others. Although only including 140 surveyed, results captured a large range of occupations, backgrounds, and lifestyles. These variants made for interesting definitions and opinions.

Identifying Generational Differences Through analysis of the survey data, we began to notice trends within age ranges; we lumped people into the various generational groupings to highlight those trends. These differences, shown through the subgroups of Millennials and Generation Z as well as Baby Boomers and Generation X, highlight the substantially differing overall opinion of the definition of gentrification. These variances from generation to generation could easily be caused by the various events that marks their generation, such as market crashes that alter housing prices or large advances in technology that alter the was cities function-- either way, these variances could point to how gentrification will be handled in the years to come.

20

2% 66+

+ Baby Boomers

6% 56-65

35% 18-25

+ Baby Boomers

13% 46-55

+ Generation Z + Millennials

+ Generation X + Baby Boomers

15% 36-45

+ Generation X

29% 26-35

+ Millennials

Generation Z &Millennials

5% Unknown Definitions

Generation X & Baby Boomers

2% Unknown Definitions 22% Positive Definitions 20%

Neutral Definitions

31%

54% Positive Definitions

Neutral Definitions

41% Negative Definitions

24%

Negative Definitions

QUESTION | 21

DATA ANALYSIS Understanding Results By asking the general population to define the vague term of gentrification, we were able to gather thoughts and opinions across a spectrum. Through dividing definitions based on positive or negative terms and tone, we were able to determine a general range of views on whether gentrification is a positive affect, negative detriment, or if the definition was taking a neutral standpoint.

In seeing how the definitions were divided, we found that the population surveyed has a evenly broken up opinion-- a third standing with each category. In seeing this, we would like to further understand why there is such variation, and possibly clarify and further define what is truly gentrification.

22

33% Postive

27% Neutral

36% Negative

* “Middle Class” * “Renovating” * “Rapid New Development”

+ “Revitalization” + “Upgrading a neighborhood” + “Improvement” - “Displacement of citizens” - “Upheaval of neighborhoods” - “Increasing cost of living”

QUESTION | 23

SURVEY CONCLUSION Our Findings Following the trend of previous research from the team, we concluded through our findings with the survey that no two definitions were the same. Gentrification’s understood definition in the general public seems to be along a spectrum of positive acceptance to negative retaliation.

Now What?

Variances in definitions may be because of a participant’s relationship with the word, such as a personal history of displacement or a tie to large scale developers. Either way, clarification on the word by redefining what gentrification is caused by could be helpful in understanding how to pursue addressing those negative viewpoints.

24

“The upcycling of old neighborhoods into something ‘trendy.’”

“Influx of affluent individuals to low income areas which tends to drive out original community members in the area due to the higher cost of living.”

“Indirectly forcing poorer people to move out of an area due to increased cost of living.”

“Reinvention of neighborhoods that does not always respect the inherent culture.”

“The growth, renovation, and modernization of a particular area that is intended to change the culture to be more attuned to the tastes of middle class society.”

“Improving an area that is developing to fit its needs.”

“The improvement of the physical and economic environment of a neighborhood or area of a city.”

“The natural economic outcome of determining highest and best use.”

QUESTION | 25

2

F O C U S WHERE DID WE LOOK AT CASE STUDIES OF TRANSFORMATIONS?

We understand that gentrification is a type of transformation that VARIES IN MEANING from person to person. So how do we CLARIFY its definiton and distinguish this type of urban transformation from other types? We took a look at DIFFERENT neighborhoods, comparing how their components and characteristics TRANSFORMED OVER TIME.

CHICAGO, IL

Humboldt Park West Loop DENVER, CO

Globeville RiNo LOS ANGELES, CA

Boyle Heights South Park

30

KANSAS CITY, MO

Downtown KCMO West Bottoms

URBAN EXPLORATION Neighborhoods of Interest To better understand what gentrification actually is, our next step in the research process was to begin identifying transformations in our own cities. Hoping to distinguish something specific about gentrification compared to other transformations, we found a couple of neighborhoods that could be used as case studies for different types of transformations.

FOCUS | 31

BOYLE HEIGHTS

LOS ANGELS, CA 151,385 PEOPLE

GLOBEVILLE

KANSAS CITY, MO 9,222 PEOPLE

DENVER, CO 12,224 PEOPLE

HUMBOLDT PARK

RINO

SOUTH PARK

WEST BOTTOMS

WEST LOOP

DENVER, CO 42,849 PEOPLE

KANSAS CITY, MO 309 PEOPLE

32

DOWNTOWN KCMO

CHICAGO, IL 55,011 PEOPLE

LOS ANGELS, CA 18,032 PEOPLE

CHICAGO, IL 33,768 PEOPLE

URBAN EXPLORATION Identifying Catalysts of Transformations We figured something must cause cities to transformation over time; we were curious to see if the difference in transformation type was due to different types of catalysts.

We narrowed down our selection to two neighborhoods from each city. We chose some neighborhoods that were similar and some that were different. From choosing neighborhoods that were different, such as an art district verses a business district, we hoped to discover different catalysts that spur transformations.

The neighborhoods that were similar allowed us to identify patterns of change. Population, density, history, infrastructure, architectural typology, and other characteristics were all considered in relation to each other when choosing our neighborhoods.

FOCUS | 33

BOYLE HEIGHTS Los Angeles, CA. Boyle Heights, a neighborhood just east of Downtown Los Angeles, is mixed with industrial on the southern side and residential/commercial on the northern side.

It is separated from the central part of LA by the Los Angeles River, railroad connections and I-10. It is sandwiched between multiple interstates including I-10, I-5, and I-101, which were built to bring suburban residents into the city from an area known as the “inland empire.

As more people moved to Los Angeles, low income residents were pushed to the less desirable places in the city. Boyle Heights is one of these areas, especially after the interstates were built in the 50s and 60s, making pollution a major problems of living conditions.

33

LOS ANGELES, CA Boyle Heights

34 | LOS ANGELES, CA

35

LOW INCOME REALTORS MAP LA OR S MOVE SAVORY AS RESIDENT BRIDGE CONNECTS STOCK YARDS AND UNION LA MAP INCOME LOW REALTORS MAP LOW INCOME REALTORS US LASPUR LARGE HAZORDO TO “HARSH” CITY TO THE EAST GROWTH OR DEPOT S MOVEAREAS AS SAVORY RESIDENT AS SAVORY OR RESIDENTS MOVE HAZORDOUS TO “HARSH” AREAS HAZORDOUS TO “HARSH” AREAS

1871

1869

AIR QUALITY THE NUMBER OF ENTREPRENEURS SEE LA HOME PRICES HIGH IN EXCEEDS TO LD S OPPERNIT HOUSEHO FRUGAL DECREASE SEE Y IN AIR QUALITY THE NUMBER OF ENTREPRENEURS CONTINUE THE WAR ENDS AND PRICESTO RISE LA HOME WORLD WAR II SEE OF HOMES NEURS AREAS OF QUALITY NUMBER ED AREA AIR THE THE NUMBER ENTREPRE TRAFFICK THE HIGH IN EXCEEDS PRICES HOUSEHO LD AND MISSOUR S TO I LA HOME FRUGAL OPPERNITY IN MANUFACTURING JOBS DECREASE KANSAS TO RISE CONTINUE MANUFACTURING IN Y HIGH IN EXCEEDS TO LD S OPPERNIT HOUSEHO FRUGAL DECREASE OF HOMES ED AREAS AREA THE CONTINUE TO RISE THE NUMBERRIVER FLOOD TRAFFICK ARE LOST JOBS AREA THE TRAFFICKED AREAS THE NUMBER OF HOMES CONNECTS STOCK YARDS AND UNION 1900s 1990s BRIDGE CITY TO THE EAST DEPOT SPUR LARGE GROWTH

1903 1900s 1900s

1940

1871

1990s 1990s

ANO PUS

1945

1869

NEW PUBLIC ARTIST STUDIOS RESIDENTS RESIST ENTS ARE ALONG CESAR OPEN IMPROVEM PUBLIC SPUR NEWATTEMPTS ARTIST STUDIOS ENT NEW SDEVELOPM MED AVE. CHAVES UNWELCO RESIST LEVEESTUDIOS SYSTEMS RESIDENT NEW PUBLIC ARTIST WORLD W ARE IN ENTS IMPROVEM GROWTH IOPEN ALONG CESAR MISSOUR ANDENTS KANSAS S RESIST RESIDENT ENT NEW DEVELOPM PREVENT FLOODI ARE CESAR ALONG OPEN IMPROVEM MANUFACT MED AVE. CHAVES UNWELCO ENTERTAINMENT RIVER FLOOD NEW DEVELOPMENT MED AVE. CHAVES UNWELCO JOBS 2000s

2000s 1903 1974 2000s

36 | LOS ANGELES, CA

194

Plan of Boyle Heights in 1877 | Wikipedia

Major highways framing the area | KCET

Proximity to DTLA | KCET

FOCUS | 37

38 | LOS ANGELES, CA

RESIDENTS Social Force As Los Angeles has grown overtime, there has been a major housing shortage. We see a trend of people moving back to the city, which is affecting areas around Boyle Heights. Many artists and a coffee shop have recently moved to the commercial district of the neighborhood, and the original residents are pushing back.

The residents have stood up to anyone looking to purchase rental space in the neighborhood, afraid of prices soaring higher. Although there is resistance against new development that would push out current residents, there has been a major push to build affordable housing and other projects that promote affordability. The catalyst of this city are the people that live there, as they resist a certain kind of development in Boyle Heights.

FOCUS | 39

DOWNTOWN KCMO Kansas City, MO.

Known for its rich history, famous jazz music, and world-renowned Barbecue, Downtown Kansas City, Missouri was founded in the 19th century by Frenchmen, Francois Chouteau, who traded furs with the native Americans. Straddling the border between Kansas and Missouri, Downtown KCMO would become the perfect trading post for Industrial districts.

Prior to 2001 KCMO was in a large recession and had many businesses shut down and buildings boarded up. Several of its large attractions, such as the Union Station and World War I Memorial, were in danger of being permanently closed. During this time the civic council of Kansas City reached out to Sasaki Associates for help, who planned the next century of Downtown KCMO. Today, Downtown KCMO has shown significant growth in investments and population.

33

KANSAS CITY, MO Downtown KCMO

40 | KANSAS CITY, MO

41

THE DOWNTOWN THE DOWNTOWN DOWNTOWN DISTRICT IS UNSAFE THE DS AND UNIONDISTRICT ISBRIDGE UNSAFECONNECTS AND UNPOPULATED DISTRICT IS UNSAFE CITY TO THE EAST LARGE GROWTH AND UNPOPULATED AND UNPOPULATED

871

1869

N ART STUDIO START I MISSOUR ANAND ART STUDIO STUDIO START START FIRSTKANSAS FRIDAY’S AN ART FIRST FRIDAY’S FLOOD RIVER FIRST FRIDAY’S

1903

POWER AND LIGHT SPRINT CENTER BRINGS THE KAUFFMAN POWER AND LIGHT DEVELOPMENT SPURS SPRINT CENTER BRINGS CULTURE AROUND THE KAUFFMAN CENTER BECOMESTHE AN KAUFFMAN THE WAR POWER AND ENDS LIGHTAND SPRINT BRINGS WORLD WARCENTER II ANOTHER MAJOR FLOOD AN DEVELOPMENT SPURS BUSINESS GROWTH CULTURE AROUND ENTERTAINMENT CENTER BECOMES ICON FOR THE ARTS MANUFACTURING JOBS DEVELOPMENT SPURS CULTURE AROUND MANUFACTURING CENTER BECOMES AN PUSHES BUSINESSES BUSINESS GROWTH ENTERTAINMENT ICON FOR FOR THE THEOUT ARTS ARE LOST STOCK YARDS AND UNION BRIDGE CON BUSINESS GROWTH ENTERTAINMENT JOBS ICON ARTS CITY TO THE DEPOT SPUR LARGE GROWTH

1940

2007

2007 2007

1945

2011

1871

1951 2011 2011

1869

DOWNTOWN ATTEMPTS SPUR DOWNTOWN INCREASED TRENDY NIGHT BECOMES A HUB OF HAUNTED HOUSE LEVEE SYSTEMS TO KANSAS DOWNTOWN AND MISSOURI GROWTH INHUB OFECONOMIC FLOW INCREASED TRENDY NIGHT NIGHT BECOMES A LIFE AND CULTURE DESTINATIONS ABANDONED BUILD PREVENT FLOODING INCREASED TRENDY BECOMES A HUB OF RIVER FLOOD ENTERTAINMENT ECONOMIC FLOW LIFE AND CULTU DESTINATIONS ECONOMIC FLOW LIFE AND CULTUR DESTINATIONS

1974

42 | KANSAS CITY, MO

1903 1988

Grand Blvd 1872 | PINIMG

Grand Blvd 2000 | PINIMG

Grand Blvd 2013 | PINIMG

FOCUS | 43

44 | KANSAS CITY, MO

DEVELOPER Economic Force While the master plan was being created in 2001, a group of artists decided they wanted to start an event where people could gather to display and view artwork.

This event would be called First Friday and was one of the first catalyst of the downtown area.

In 2007 a multi-purpose stadium arena, The Sprint Center, and an entertainment district, Power and Light District emerged. These two developments were also significant catalysts for future downtown investment; they helped bring in the Kauffman Center for Performing Arts, The Street Car, One Light, Two Light, and many more businesses.

The Downtown of Kansas City Missouri continues to grow and attract new development. This successful downtown embraces its history with new developments and is currently working on more residential buildings, larger parks, and is expanding its walkability and cycling flow. The civic council is proud of its accomplishments and strongly believes that downtown Kansas City will be the center for performing arts in the region.

FOCUS | 45

HUMBOLDT PARK Chicago, IL. Humboldt Park is a residential neighborhood in Chicago, known for its large open space on the east side of the neighborhood. Humboldt Park spans 5 miles around the northwest area of the central business district in Chicago. Humboldt Park area is well known for a large Puerto Rican population. In recent decades, the population has grown to be more diverse and full of multiple types of ethnic communities.

33

CHICAGO, IL Humboldt Park

46 | CHICAGO, IL

47

ATTRACTS JOBS AND PEOPLE ATTRACTS JOBS AND ATTRACTS JOBS AND PEOPLE PEOPLE

EXISTING NEIGHBORHOOD ABANDONED RAIL LINE EXISTING NEIGHBORHOOD ABANDONED RAIL LINE BRIDGE STOCK YARDS AND UNION ABANDONED EXISTING NEIGHBORHOOD RAIL CONNECTS LINE CITY TO THE EAST DEPOT SPUR LARGE GROWTH

1871

1869

INCREASED TIME POPULARITY IN AREA INCREASED TIME INCREASED TIME POPULARITY IN AREA AND MISSOURI POPULARITY IN AREA KANSAS RIVER FLOOD

1903

CREATION OF 606 ELEVATED LINEAR PARK CREATION OF 606 WAR ENDS CREATION OF 606 ELEVATED LINEAR PARK WORLD WAR II BRIDGETHE CONNECTS STOCK YARDS AND UNION MANUFACTURING ELEVATED LINEAR PARK MANUFACTURING CITY TO THE EAST DEPOT SPUR LARGE GROWTH ARE LOST JOBS

1871 1940

18691945

GROWTH WITHIN INCREASED HOME VALUES NEIGHBORHOOD GROWTH WITHIN INCREASED HOME VALUES GROWTH WITHIN NEIGHBORHOOD INCREASED HOME I VALUES AND MISSOUR KANSAS NEIGHBORHOOD ATTEMPTS FLOOD SPUR RIVER GROWTH IN ENTERTAINMENT

1903

1974

48 | CHICAGO, IL

Existing Neighborhood

606 elevated Park

Humboldt Park | Timeout

FOCUS | 49

50 | CHICAGO, IL

PUBLIC AMENITIES Design Force Recently, an abandoned rail line was turned into a linear park that has brought much attention to the neighborhood. The raised park connects Humboldt Park to Wicker Park, which is another highly desirable neighborhood. This new connection functions as an important public amenity to the community, raising its economic value, and bringing more people to the area.

FOCUS | 51

GLOBEVILLE Denver, CO. Globeville is a small neighborhood located in district nine of Denver, sitting north of the city center, and directly adjacent of the RiNo Arts District. Globeville is cut off from the rest of Denver because of natural and manmade barriers, such as the Platte River, highways, and railroad tracks.

The area has historically always been self-sustaining due to its isolation from Denver. Since the industrial revolution, everyone that worked there lived there. A small community remained in Globeville after the turn on the mid-century and even after construction of 1-70 and 1-25 during the 70s, which bisected right in the middle of the neighborhood.

There has been efforts put in place over the last decade to reconnect and improve urban conditions in Globeville. A neighborhood plan has been a work in progress to refresh the waterfront area and build a mixed use development on one of Globeville’s primary streets. There are also efforts to built more paths and public transit stops within the globeville boundaries to help connect the neighborhood to the city center and improve accessibility. Some minor improvements have already taken place, such as painting the walls of the highway underpass.

33

DENVER, CO Globeville

52 | DENVER, CO

53

NDUSTRIAL INDUSTRIES AND STOCKYARDS BOOM AND INDUSTRIAL INDUSTRIES

STOCKYARDS BOOM INDUSTRIAL INDUSTRIES AND 1880 STOCKYARDS BOOM

1880

1880

ATTRACTS JOBS AND PEOPLEJOBS AND ATTRACTS

PEOPLE JOBS BRIDGE AND CONNECTS STOCK YARDS AND ATTRACTS UNION PEOPLE CITY TO THE EAST DEPOT SPUR LARGE GROWTH

1871

1869

RIVER AND TRAIN NEIGHBORHOODS TRACKS RIVER ISOLATE AND TRAIN WORLD WAR II FORM CLOSE BY I MISSOUR AND NEIGHBORHOOD KANSAS NEIGHBORHOODS STOCK YARDS AND UNION TRACKS ISOLATE MANUFACTURING BRIDGE CONNECTS RIVER FLOOD AND TRAIN FORM CLOSE BY DEPOT NEIGHBORHOODCITYRIVER JOBS TO THE EAST SPUR LARGE GROWTH NEIGHBORHOODS TRACKS ISOLATE FORM1903 CLOSE BY NEIGHBORHOOD 1940

1871

1869

SELF SUFFICENT DEVELOPMENT OF COMMUNITY REMAINS,WORLD ATTE I SELF SUFFICENT MISSOUR AND KANSAS HIGHWAYS INCREASE MANUFA INDUSTRY DECLINES BUT IS PHYSCIALLY DEVELOPMENT OF FLOOD RIVER COMMUNITY REMAINS, GR ISOLATION JO HIGHWAYS INCREASE INDUSTRY DECLINES SELF BUTSPLIT IS PHYSCIALLY ENTE DEVELOPMENT OF ISOLATION COMMU SPLIT 1903 19 HIGHWAYS INCREASE INDUSTRY DECLINES BUT I 1940 - 1970 PRESENT ISOLATION 1

1940 - 1970

PRESENT

1940 - 1970

54 | DENVER, CO

PR

Globe Smelter | Globeville Story

Intersection of 1-70 and 1-25 | Wikipedia

Globeville town homes

FOCUS | 55

56 | DENVER, CO

HIGHWAY DEVELOPMENT

Economic Force

Once more resources and funding starting pouring into Denver to revitalize downtown in the 70s, 1-70 and 1-25 were built right in the center of the Globeville community. This reinforced the separation between Globeville and the rest of Denver, as well as devaluing and destroying much of the real estate in the neighborhood at the time.

Although the highways systems intersect in Globeville, a community still remains. Today, the west of the 1-25 exists as strictly industry, with storage and packing warehouses. The west side of 1-25 sits the Globeville neighborhood, which includes a collection of houses and town-homes, an elementary school, church, and small businesses.

FOCUS | 57

RINO Denver, CO. The River North District, coined RiNo, is formally an industrial area recently transformed into a vibrant arts district. RiNo is positioned north of the central business district, south of 1-70 , around the Platte River, and sandwiched within railroad tracks.

During the industrial revolution, many people moved into Denver for work. In the mid-century, as we see across the nation, a large amount of the population migrated out of cities. There were no formal residential buildings in River North at this time, so crime increased as less activity was happening and buildings were being abandoned. Eventually urban renewal took hold around Denver. A younger artistic demographic began moving into the withered industrial area of the River North District because rent was cheap and it was near downtown. Communities were formed, and artist spaces and galleries started emerging. As less space is available throughout Denver for new development today, RiNo has received more attention by the city and the mainstream population.

33

RiNo is amongst the more recently developed areas in Denver. As a part of a collection of neighborhood plans throughout District Nine, RiNo has received a new public transit stop, a refresh of Brighton Blvd, along with dozens of new businesses. RiNo is abundant with street art, breweries, and art-centric public events.

DENVER, CO RiNo

58 | DENVER, CO

59

IES AND ATTRACTS JOBS AND OM PEOPLE INDUSTRIAL INDUSTRIES AND ATTRACTS JOBS AND STOCKYARDS BOOM PEOPLE INDUSTRIAL INDUSTRIES AND ATTRACTS JOBS AND STOCK YARDS AND UNION PEOPLE BRIDGE CONNECTS STOCKYARDS BOOM CITY TO THE EAST DEPOT SPUR LARGE GROWTH

1880

1880

1871

INDUSTRY DECLINES

1940

1869

PEOPLE LEAVE, BUILDINGS BECOME VANCANT PEOPLE LEAVE, WORLD WAR II INDUSTRY DECLINESKANSAS AND MISSOURI BUILDINGS BECOMEMANUFACTURING PEOPLE LEAVE, FLOOD RIVER INDUSTRY DECLINES 1980 CONNECTS VANCANT BRIDGE STOCK YARDS AND UNION JOBS BECOME BUILDINGS CITY TO THE EAST DEPOT SPUR LARGE GROWTH VANCANT

1940

1903 1940 1871

1980

1940 18691980

CHEAP RENT & THE ART DISTRICT LOCATION ATTRACTS ATTEM WORLD I IS BORN YOUNG PEOPLE KANSAS MISSOUR GRO CHEAPAND RENT & MANUFAC THE ART FLOOD RIVERATTRACTS ENTER LOCATION CHEAP RENT & JOB IS B YOUNG PEOPLE LOCATION ATTRACTS

1903

60 | DENVER, CO

YOUNG PEOPLE

194 19

1900 Livestock Exchange | Historic Denver

Vacant building on Arkins Court near 35th Street | Denverite

Our Mutual Friend Brewery Company

FOCUS | 61

62 | DENVER, CO

ART COMMUNITY Social Force This recent spurt in growth has recognizably changed the urban landscape, culture, and function of the River North District. Now branded with an illustrative rhinoceros, RiNo is widely known for its grungy, artistic aesthetic. While moving through the area, an explosion of street art, color, and urban sculptures cover old factories and brick facades. The ways in which RiNo has been recently transformed is due to the artists that originally re-purposed it.

The artist community is the most influential catalyst of RiNo’s recent urban transformation. Just like any urban transformation, many forces are in play influencing development, but here this social force is what noticeably shaped RiNo. Without the influence of the artists, RiNo could have been torn apart by the city.

Instead, many buildings were maintained, re-purposed, and rejuvenated with a fresh coat of paint, literally.

Although much of its character has been maintained, new developments have rapidly been integrated into the district. Giant apartment complexes, chain yoga studios, and expensive restaurants also exist amongst the grungy galleries today. RiNo has maintained its roots, but at the same time more and more heteronormative businesses and residential buildings are being plopped into the arts district, raising its economic value and giving it mainstream attention.

FOCUS | 63

SOUTH PARK Los Angeles, CA. Defined today by it’s large entertainment district, South Park of Downtown Los Angeles was once a dilapidated portion of the downtown urban fabric. Before the large developments popped up, the blocks of DTLA that make up this neighborhood were simply residential districts, parking lots, and empty lots. The name, South Park, comes from a failed plan for a large urban park that would occupy the dozens of empty lots. This plan fell through with financial and governmental funding crises.

The neighborhood remained undeveloped until the founder of the now successful Anschutz Entertainment Group, or AEG, came along in hopes of building a home for the NBA team, the Kings, in 1996. This now iconic building, the Staples Center, became the center of a larger scale development, LA Live!, taking over not only the unused lots, but residential land as well. AEG had to partner with a community redevelopment agency in order to appease residents and relocate them into new homes. The population of the neighborhood before LA Live! was 18,000, and today it is rising above 50,000 with the additional mixed use towers that are still being built today.

33

LOS ANGELES, CA South Park

64 | LOS ANGELES, CA

65

AREA REMAINS AREA REMAINS LANS FOR UNPOPULATED WITH WITH UNPOPUL PARK FAILS PLANS FOR NEW ATED MAKESHIFT HOMES HOMES T MAKESHIF FAILS STOCKPUBLIC YARDS PARK AND UNION DEPOT SPUR LARGE GROWTH 0s

1970s

1871

AREA REMAINS ATED WITH UNPOPUL BRIDGE CONNECTS MAKESHIFT HOMES CITY TO THE EAST

1970s

1869

MOVE IN AND THE DISTRICT STAPLES CENTER THE DISTRICTPEOPLE PEOPLE MOVE IN AND STAPLES CENTER THE WAR ENDS ANDMOVE IN AND LDS MOVE WITH S NEIGHBOR POPULATE WORLD WAR II HOOD DISTRICT HOOD THENEIGHBOR PEOPLE OF ANOTHE MOVE SURGE KANSAS WITH S AEG BUILDSBRINGS POPULATE CENTER I STAPLES MISSOUR AND OF BRINGS SURGE MANUFACTURING JOBS HOOD S A KINGS AMENITIE IMPROVES NEW MANUFACTURING BRIDGE CONNECTS MOVE WITH S BUILDS STOCK YARDS AND UNION AEG NEIGHBOR POPULATE ENT DEVELOPM PUSHES S IN LA KINGS AMENITIE IMPROVES NEW OF SURGE BRINGS FLOOD RIVER ENT DEVELOPMKINGS LOSTEAST CITYARE TO THE IN LA AMENITIES IMPROVES NEW DEPOT SPUR LARGE GROWTH ENTJOBS DEVELOPM

1999

1999 1903

2000s 1940 1999 1871

2000s

1945 1869

2000s

CITY PUSHES DEVELOPMENT CITY PUSHES DEVELOPM WORLDENT WAR I S TO ATTEMPTS SPUR CONTINUE IMPROVEMENTS I CITY PUSHES AND MISSOUR KANSAS TO S ENTS CONTINUE IMPROVEM MANUFACTURIN LEVEE SYSTEMS BOOM IMPROVEMENTS TO IN AND WALKABILITY GROWTH FLOOD RIVER BOOM WALKABILITY AND JOBS PREVENT FLOODING ENTERTAINMENT ITY WALKABIL AND

2018

66 | LOS ANGELES, CA

1903 2018 1974

FUTURE

1940 FUTURE 2018

Original plans for new public park | KCET “Lost LA”

The construction of Staples Center | Staples Center Youtube

The growth of the South Park BID | Urbanize Los Angeles

FOCUS | 67

68 | LOS ANGELES, CA

CORPORATE GROWTH Economic Growth LA Live! And it’s many entertainment hubs have become a new destination for the city of Los Angeles, attracting not only residents and tourists, but the city’s attention as well. Because of the popularity of the district, the city has continued to invest public funding into improving the area for the safety and livelihood of those who it serves.

In the early 2000s the city proposed a business improvement district (BID) in order to master plan changes and public amenities. This BID now holds $2.5 million that will be directed towards “clean and safe programs” such as a bike share program, bike lanes, improved and widened sidewalks, and street cleaning, as well as marketing the area not only as an entertainment and corporate hub, but a great place to call home and for small business to feel welcome.

FOCUS | 69

WEST BOTTOMS Kansas City, MO The West Bottoms was once the main business district of Kansas City, Missouri. Nestled between the Missouri River to the north and the Kansas River to the south, it was perfect as a hub for transportation of goods in and out of the city. The main products being moved in and out of the neighborhood was cattle from the hinterlands and steel during World War II. After World War II ended, many people left the area to find work. A few years later in 1951, a large flood devastated the neighborhood. This forced people to build a new business district up the hill on safer ground.

The West Bottoms has never fully recovered.

Attempts in the 1980’s to bring businesses to the neighborhood brought a new arena and nationally recognized haunted houses but still the area lacked residents. Toady, the neighborhood is showing small signs of growth with a community of local art studios and public events and festivals.

33

KANSAS CITY, MO Westbottoms

70 | LOS ANGELES, CA

71

BRIDGE CONNECTS CITY TO THE EAST H STOCK UNIONCONNECTSBRIDGE CONNECTS BRIDGE RDS AND UNION YARDS AND SPUR LARGECITY GROWTH TO THE EAST CITY TO THE EAST R LARGEDEPOT GROWTH

1869

1871

1871

1869

1869

THE WAR ENDS AND WORLD WAR II ANOTHER MAJOR FLOOD S AND MISSOURI MANUFACTURING JOBS MANUFACTURING PUSHES BUSINESSES OUT VER FLOOD THE WAR ENDSBRIDGE AND CONNECTS THE WAR ENDS AND JOBS WORLD ARE WARLOST II STOCK WORLD WAR II YARDS AND UNION ANOTHER MAJO ANOTHER MAJOR FLOOD AND MISSOURI KANSAS I KANSAS AND MISSOUR MANUFACTURING JOBSTO MANUFACTURING JOBS MANUFACTURING CITY THE EAST MANUFACTURING DEPOT SPUR LARGE GROWTH PUSHES PUSHES BUSINESSES OUT BUSINE RIVER FLOOD RIVER FLOOD 1903 ARE LOST ARE LOST 1940 JOBS 1945 1951 JOBS

1903

1903

NDS AND RING JOBS OST

1940

ANOTHER MAJOR FLOOD PUSHES BUSINESSES OUT

5

1951

1940

1871 1945

72 | LOS ANGELES, CA

1951

1988

1974

HAUNTED HOUSES IN ABANDONED BUILDINGS

1988

1869 1951

ATTEMPTS SPUR BRIDGE CONNECTS STOCK YARDS AND LEVEE UNIONSYSTEMS TO HAUNTED HOUSES IN WORL GROWTH IN I MISSOUR AND KANSAS CITY TO THE EAST DEPOT SPUR LARGE GROWTH ABANDONED BUILDINGS MANUF FLOODING ENTERTAINMENTATTEMPTS SPURPREVENT ATTEMPTS SPUR RIVER FLOOD HAUNTED HOUSJ TO GROWTH INLEVEE SYSTEMS TOLEVEE SYSTEMS GROWTH IN ABANDONED BUIL PREVENT FLOODINGPREVENT FLOODING ENTERTAINMENT ENTERTAINMENT 1871 1869 1903

1974

LEVEE SYSTEMS TO PREVENT FLOODING

1945

19

1974

1988

RENOVATIONS SPUR WORLD WAR II I KANSAS ARTS STUDIOS AND AND MISSOUR MANUFACTURING RIVER ANTIQUE SHOPS MOVE IN FLOOD GROWTH THROUGH JOBS

1903 PRESENT

1940

Stock Yards

Flood of 1951

One of Full Moon Production’s Haunted Houses

Transportation Hub

FOCUS | 73

74 | LOS ANGELES, CA

FLOODS Natural Force Since the 1951 flood, an extensive water management plan was implemented to prevent the flooding of the Missouri and Kansas River with a Levee system and up stream reservoir. The reservoir system was built because the West Bottoms were only one of many neighborhoods along the Missouri river that flooded in 1951. It was proven to work in 1993 when another major rainfall caused floods along the Kansas and Missouri rivers, yet the West Bottoms remained dry. The West Bottoms, however, have not recovered from the stigma.

The stigma of flooding remains in the West Bottoms, and many developers and businesses choose to do construction in the new downtown business district; there has not been much growth in the West Bottoms neighborhood over time. The infrastructure still remains although much of it remains vacant. However, a few businesses do exist in the neighborhood including an event arena, artist studios, and haunted houses.

FOCUS | 75

WEST LOOP Chicago, IL. The West loop sits just west of the central business district in Chicago, called The Loop. The West Loop is a formally industrial area and used to be filled with manufacturing warehouses and meat processing plants. For many decades this area stayed empty, without any growth or development to the vacant area.

The Chicago Tribune had a paper printing operation in of the area during this time, but nothing else was really happening until the recent decades.

33

CHICAGO, IL West Loop

76 | CHICAGO, IL

77

EXISTING FORMER LIGHT CLOSE PROXIMITY TO CENEXISTING FORMER LIGHT CLOSE PROXIMITY TO CENINDUSTRIAL NEIGHBORHOOD TRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT BRIDGE CONNECTS STOCK YARDSNEIGHBORHOOD AND UNION INDUSTRIAL TRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT CITY TO THE EAST DEPOT SPUR LARGE GROWTH

1871

1869

TY TO CENS DISTRICT

TY TO CENS DISTRICT

HARPO STUDIO MOVES GREAT RECESSION HUGE OF AND THEINFLUX WAR ENDS HARPO STUDIO MOVES GREAT RECESSION HUGE INFLUX OF WORLD WAR II IN CREATING SLOWS DOWN GROWTH I MODERN BUILDINGS MISSOUR AND KANSAS MANUFACTURING IN CREATING STOCK YARDS ANDSLOWS DOWN GROWTH BUILDINGSJOBS BRIDGE CONNECTS MODERN MANUFACTURING UNION MOVEMENT FLOOD RIVER ARE LOST MOVEMENT CITY TO THE EAST DEPOT SPUR LARGE GROWTHJOBS

1903 1986 1986

GREAT RECESSION SLOWS DOWN GROWTH GREAT RECESSION SLOWS DOWN GROWTH

2008 2008

1940 2008 2008

1871

HUGE INFLUX OF MODERN BUILDINGS

1945 PRESENT PRESENT

1869

1951

INFLUX OF CORPORATE HEADQUARTERS

HUGE INFLUX OF INFLUX OF CORPORATE MODERN BUILDINGS HEADQUARTERS BRIDGE CONNECTS THE WAR E STOCK YARDS AND UNION ATTEMPTS SPURWORLD WAR II I THE MISSOUR AND KANSAS TO EAST MANUFACTU PRESENT CITYINCREASED DEPOT SPUR LARGE GROWTH SENSE OF INCREASED VALUES TO LEVEE SYSTEMS TREND INCREASED SENSE OF GROWTH IN MANUFACTURING RIVER FLOOD PLACE VALUES TREN AREAB L AND DESIRE TO JOBS INCREASED PREVENT FLOODING PLACE AND DESIRE TO ENTERTAINMENT LIVE AND WORK PRESENT LIVE AND WORK 1871 1869 1903

1974

INCREASED SENSE OF PLACE AND DESIRE TO LIVE ANDSENSE WORK OF INCREASED

PLACE AND DESIRE TO LIVE AND WORK

78 | CHICAGO, IL

INFLUX OF CORPORATE INFLUX OF CORPORAT ANOTHER MAJOR HEADQUARTERS HEADQUARTERS PUSHES BUSINESS

INCREASED VALUES

KANSAS AND MISSOURI INCREASED VALUES RIVER FLOOD

1903

1940

TRENDY NIGHTLIFE AND CULTURE WORLD WAR II MANUFACTURING TRENDY NIGHTLIFE AND CULTURE JOBS

1940

194

THE WAR E MANUFACTU ATTEMPTS SPUR ARE L GROWTH IN ENTERTAINMENT

1945

1974

Madison and Clinton Street 1946 | Chicago History Today

Harpo Studios | Chicago Business

McDonald’s West Loop Headquarters | Downtown Apartment Company

Restaurant with view of skyline | TripSavvy

FOCUS | 79

80 | CHICAGO, IL

CORPORATE GROWTH Economic Force

The West Loop has taken off in popularity in the past 20 years. The area started developing once Harpo Studios established its home in the neighborhood in 1986. With its close proximity to the central business district and the movement of people migrating back to cities at the turn of the century, investment and development started happening in the area.

Now, The West Loop is home to many corporate headquarter and is known in Chicago for its restaurant scene and nightlife. Corporate growth is the primary catalyst that kick-started mixed-use development throughout the neighborhood.

FOCUS | 81

CATALYSTS & FORCES Catalysts of Urban Transformations After researching neighborhood characteristics, history, and how they transformed over time, we discovered a primary catalyst in each place which had the strongest influence over the neighborhood transformation. We assumed the different catalysts would identify the type of urban transformation that occurred in the neighborhood. Instead, the catalysts identified common forces that were linked to transformations.

Forces of Catalysts After understanding a specific catalyst that spurred a transformation, we saw common patterns relating to larger forces. We identified many types of forces, but the most common types were economic, social, and design forces. Since we only looked at eight neighborhood transformations, it did not seem logical to assume a specific catalyst will only cause a specific type of transformation. However, forces could be associated with a specific types of transformations.

82

BOYLE HEIGHTS

DOWNTOWN KCMO

CATALYST: Residents FORCE: Social

CATALYST: Developer FORCE: Economic

GLOBEVILLE

HUMBOLDT PARK

CATALYST: Highway FORCE: Economic

CATALYST: Amenities FORCE: Design

RINO

SOUTH PARK

CATALYST: Art Community FORCE: Social

CATALYST: Corporate Growth FORCE: Economic

WEST BOTTOMS

WEST LOOP

CATALYST: Flooding FORCE: Natural

CATALYST: Corporate Growth FORCE: Economic

FOCUS | 83

3

SYNTHESIS HOW CAN WE MEASURE THE IMPACT OF TRANSFORMATIONS?

Through all the neighborhoods that the team looked at, it came to a point of wanting to COMPARE these places by understanding how the CATALYST impacted the area.

The difference between urban transformations in different neighborhoods is dependent on how the catalyst shaped ECONOMIES, COMMUNITIES, and the DESIGN of the urban fabric.

COMPARE CATALYST Comparing Varying Neighborhood Catalysts It became a matter of not only distinguishing what the different catalysts were, but how they were affecting various components and characteristics of the urban environment.

The team had to somehow quantify information and research that was gathered for each city and neighborhood. Taking a broad look at census data, interviews, and articles, common threads started to emerge. It became more clear that various catalysts were impacting the same components of places, but in different ways. A list of questions were created, which focused on the status of specific components based on the recent change of the catalyst. Through asking the same questions in the context of each neighborhood catalyst, the team could compare the results of the catalysts through a more visual and measurable methodology. The questions were grouped into three broad categories of economic, social, and design forces.

88

< << << << << << << << << ===========

<<

>>>>>

>>>>>

<<<

<<<

<<<

<<<

<<<

<<<

<<<

>>>>>

<<

<<<

>>>>>

>>>>>

> > >>> > > > >>>> > > >>>> > > >>>>>>> >>>> >> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> >

< <<< <<< ><>> > > >

======================= ========= === === = = === == === = === == = === = ====== == ===== = === == = <<<<<<< = <<<<<<<<<=<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<< === = === === = = = === === === = = ===== == = = = = = == ============ >>>>>>>>>>>=>

== <<<<<< <<<<<< >>> = >> == <<<<<<<< < = < < >> < = <<< = <<<<<< = < <<< >>> =<<<<< <<< > ===<=<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<> ====== < == == === = > = = === = == = >> == = === > = == = ======== >> == > == ====== ==== >> > === >> ====== = = >=== = = > = = = > === == == > = > === >>>> == >> >>>> =>=>> >>>> > = >>>>>> === == = == >> >>>>> == = > >>>>+ = > > == >>>>>>>>>>>>>>

SYNTHESIS | 89

<<

<<

<<

<<

<<

<<

=

=

== =

==

=

== =

MATRIX CREATION Economic Economic forces play a significant role in the way urban spaces transform. Without investments and funding, there is no way to fuel development. Within the matrix, the questions that focus on the economics are associated with businesses, taxes, and job availability.

Social The social environment of a place is extremely important in evaluating the status of the urban environment and how it changes. In the measuring of social forces within urban transformations, the team looked at community involvement with the catalyst, availability of amenities in relation to the needs and interests of communities, status of social activities, as well as displacement.

Design Design is an essential part in measuring and comparing catalysts of change. In the evaluation of the catalyst influence on urban transformation in context of design, the team looked at the sustainability of the catalyst, how well the catalyst allowed the design to fit into existing context, as well as how well it brings in new or improved infrastructure within different scales.

90

ECONOMIC Did development grow local economy?

Did development spur a mix of businesses?

Did development spur new businesses?

Were taxes able to remain the same?

Did development bring jobs to the area? $

Did cost of living maintain?

SOCIAL SOCIAL Did catalyst maintain social interests of previous community?

Did catalyst spur social activities that were not there before?

Was the neighborhood previously unoccupied?

Were people able to stay after the catalyst was built?

Was the community involved in the development of the plans?

Are new amenities available for the general public to us?

DESIGN Did the catalyst spur improved infrastructure in neighborhood?

Did the catalyst spur new infrastructure in neighborhood?

Did the catalyst create sustainable design?

Did the catalyst influence later design in the neighborhood?

Does new catalyst create an icon in neighborhood?

Does new catalyst reflect existing neighborhood?

SYNTHESIS | 91

THE MATRIX Quantifying Catalysts Posing questions that are answered between 1 - 5 creates the ability to see how these catalyst created positive or negative across a spectrum; a strong positive scores as 5, neutral as 3, and strong negative as 1. Six questions exist within each category of force, so a maximum score for any one forces is 30.

92

NEIGHBORHOOD CATALYST

ECONOMIC FORCE

Business Development

Funding

EVALUATING THE CATALYST FORCES Did the catalyst spur improved infrastructure in neighborhood?

5

4

3

2

1

Did the catalyst spur new infrastructure in neighborhood?

5

4

3

2

1

Did the catalyst create sustainable design?

5

4

3

2

1

Did the catalyst influence later design in the neighborhood?

5

4

3

2

1

Does new catalyst create an icon in neighborhood?

5

4

3

2

1

Does new catalyst reflect existing neighborhood?

5

4

3

2

1 SYNTHESIS | 93

NEIGHBORHOOD CATALYST

SOCIAL FORCE

Business Development

Funding

EVALUATING THE CATALYST FORCES

94

Did catalyst maintain social interests of previous community?

5

4

3

2

1

Did catalyst spur social activities that were not there before?

5

4

3

2

1

Was the neighborhood previously unoccupied?

5

4

3

2

1

Were people able to stay after the catalyst was built?

5

4

3

2

1

Was the community involved in the development of the plans?

5

4

3

2

1

Are new amenities available for the general public to us?

5

4

3

2

1

NEIGHBORHOOD CATALYST

DESIGN FORCE

Business Development

Funding

EVALUATING THE CATALYST FORCES Did the catalyst spur improved infrastructure in neighborhood?

5

4

3

2

1

Did the catalyst spur new infrastructure in neighborhood?

5

4

3

2

1

Did the catalyst create sustainable design?

5

4

3

2

1

Did the catalyst influence later design in the neighborhood?

5

4

3

2

1

Does new catalyst create an icon in neighborhood?

5

4

3

2

1

Does new catalyst reflect existing neighborhood?

5

4

3

2

1 SYNTHESIS | 95

BOYLE HEIGHTS, LA DRIVING FORCES WITHIN CATALYST

Residents

SOCIAL

ECONOMIC

NEIGHBORHOOD CATALYST

OUTCOMES

Business Development

Funding

Did the catalyst spur new infrastructure in neighborhood?

3 Did the catalyst spur new infrastructure in neighborhood?

1

Community Involvement

Did catalyst maintain social interests of previous community?

1

Culture

Are new amenities available for the general public to use?

3

DESIGN

Infrastructure

Did the catalyst spur improved infrastructure in neighborhood?

1

Architecture

Did the catalyst spur new infrastructure in neighborhood?

1 96 | LOS ANGELES, CA

TOTAL

EVALUATING THE CATALYST FORCES

Did the catalyst spur new infrastructure in neighborhood?

1 Did the catalyst spur new infrastructure in neighborhood?

1

Did catalyst spur social activities that were not there before?

Did the catalyst spur new infrastructure in neighborhood?

3 Did the catalyst spur new infrastructure in neighborhood?

3

Was the neighborhood previously unoccupied?

3

1

Was the community involved in the development of the plans?

1

Did the catalyst reflect the existing neighborhood?

12

Were people able to stay after the catalyst was built?

12

3

Did the catalyst create sustainable design?

1 Did the catalyst create an icon in the neighborhood?

1

3 Did the catalyst influence later design in the neighborhood?

8

1 SYNTHESIS | 97

DOWNTOWN KCMO DRIVING FORCES WITHIN CATALYST

Developer

SOCIAL

ECONOMIC

NEIGHBORHOOD CATALYST

OUTCOMES

Business Development

Funding

Did the catalyst spur new infrastructure in neighborhood?

5 Did the catalyst spur new infrastructure in neighborhood?

5

Community Involvement

Did catalyst maintain social interests of previous community?

5

Culture

Are new amenities available for the general public to use?

3

DESIGN

Infrastructure

Did the catalyst spur improved infrastructure in neighborhood?

3

Architecture

Did the catalyst spur new infrastructure in neighborhood?

5 98 | KANSAS CITY, MO

TOTAL

EVALUATING THE CATALYST FORCES

Did the catalyst spur new infrastructure in neighborhood?

Did the catalyst spur new infrastructure in neighborhood?

3

3

Did the catalyst spur new infrastructure in neighborhood?

Did the catalyst spur new infrastructure in neighborhood?

5

1

Did catalyst spur social activities that were not there before?

Was the neighborhood previously unoccupied?

3

3

Was the community involved in the development of the plans?

Were people able to stay after the catalyst was built?

3

3

Did the catalyst reflect the existing neighborhood?

Did the catalyst create sustainable design?

3

3

Did the catalyst create an icon in the neighborhood?

Did the catalyst influence later design in the neighborhood?

5

22

20

22

3 SYNTHESIS | 99

GLOBEVILLE, DENVER DRIVING FORCES WITHIN CATALYST

Highway Development

SOCIAL

ECONOMIC

NEIGHBORHOOD CATALYST

OUTCOMES

Business Development

Funding

Did the catalyst spur new infrastructure in neighborhood?

1 Did the catalyst spur new infrastructure in neighborhood?

1

Community Involvement

Did catalyst maintain social interests of previous community?

1

Culture

Are new amenities available for the general public to use?

3

DESIGN

Infrastructure

Did the catalyst spur improved infrastructure in neighborhood?

1

Architecture

Did the catalyst spur new infrastructure in neighborhood?

1 100 | DENVER, CO

TOTAL

EVALUATING THE CATALYST FORCES

Did the catalyst spur new infrastructure in neighborhood?

Did the catalyst spur new infrastructure in neighborhood?

3

1 Did the catalyst spur new infrastructure in neighborhood?

Did the catalyst spur new infrastructure in neighborhood?

3

1

Did catalyst spur social activities that were not there before?

Was the neighborhood previously unoccupied?

1

1

Was the community involved in the development of the plans?

Were people able to stay after the catalyst was built?

1

Did the catalyst reflect the existing neighborhood?

10

12

5

Did the catalyst create sustainable design?

1

1 Did the catalyst create an icon in the neighborhood?

1

Did the catalyst influence later design in the neighborhood?

8

3 SYNTHESIS | 101

HUMBOLDT PARK, CHICAGO DRIVING FORCES WITHIN CATALYST

Public Amenities

SOCIAL

ECONOMIC

NEIGHBORHOOD CATALYST

OUTCOMES

Business Development

Funding

Did the catalyst spur new infrastructure in neighborhood?

3 Did the catalyst spur new infrastructure in neighborhood?

3

Community Involvement

Did catalyst maintain social interests of previous community?

5

Culture

Are new amenities available for the general public to use?

5

DESIGN

Infrastructure

Did the catalyst spur improved infrastructure in neighborhood?

5

Architecture

Did the catalyst spur new infrastructure in neighborhood?

5 102 | CHICAGO, IL

TOTAL

EVALUATING THE CATALYST FORCES

Did the catalyst spur new infrastructure in neighborhood?

Did the catalyst spur new infrastructure in neighborhood?

3

1

Did the catalyst spur new infrastructure in neighborhood?

Did the catalyst spur new infrastructure in neighborhood?

3

3

Did catalyst spur social activities that were not there before?

Was the neighborhood previously unoccupied?

1

5 Was the community involved in the development of the plans?

Were people able to stay after the catalyst was built?

5

24

3

Did the catalyst reflect the existing neighborhood?

3 Did the catalyst create an icon in the neighborhood?

5

16

Did the catalyst create sustainable design?

5 Did the catalyst influence later design in the neighborhood?

26

3 SYNTHESIS | 103

RINO, DENVER DRIVING FORCES WITHIN CATALYST

Artist Community

SOCIAL

ECONOMIC

NEIGHBORHOOD CATALYST

OUTCOMES

Business Development

Funding

Did the catalyst spur new infrastructure in neighborhood?

5 Did the catalyst spur new infrastructure in neighborhood?

5

Community Involvement

Did catalyst maintain social interests of previous community?

1

Culture

Are new amenities available for the general public to use?

1

DESIGN

Infrastructure

Did the catalyst spur improved infrastructure in neighborhood?

5

Architecture

Did the catalyst spur new infrastructure in neighborhood?

3 104 | DENVER, CO

TOTAL

EVALUATING THE CATALYST FORCES

Did the catalyst spur new infrastructure in neighborhood?

Did the catalyst spur new infrastructure in neighborhood?

3 Did the catalyst spur new infrastructure in neighborhood?

1 Did the catalyst spur new infrastructure in neighborhood?

5

1

Did catalyst spur social activities that were not there before?

Was the neighborhood previously unoccupied?

5

5

Was the community involved in the development of the plans?

Were people able to stay after the catalyst was built?

3

16

1

Did the catalyst reflect the existing neighborhood?

Did the catalyst create sustainable design?

3

3

Did the catalyst create an icon in the neighborhood?

Did the catalyst influence later design in the neighborhood?

5

20

22

3 SYNTHESIS | 105

SOUTH PARK, LA DRIVING FORCES WITHIN CATALYST

Corporate Growth

SOCIAL

ECONOMIC

NEIGHBORHOOD CATALYST

OUTCOMES

Business Development

Funding

Did the catalyst spur new infrastructure in neighborhood?

5 Did the catalyst spur new infrastructure in neighborhood?

5

Community Involvement

Did catalyst maintain social interests of previous community?

3

Culture

Are new amenities available for the general public to use?

5

DESIGN

Infrastructure

Did the catalyst spur improved infrastructure in neighborhood?

5

Architecture

Did the catalyst spur new infrastructure in neighborhood?

3 106 | LOS ANGELES, CA

TOTAL

EVALUATING THE CATALYST FORCES

Did the catalyst spur new infrastructure in neighborhood?

Did the catalyst spur new infrastructure in neighborhood?

3

3

Did the catalyst spur new infrastructure in neighborhood?

Did the catalyst spur new infrastructure in neighborhood?

3

5

Did catalyst spur social activities that were not there before?

Was the neighborhood previously unoccupied?

5

5

Was the community involved in the development of the plans?

Were people able to stay after the catalyst was built?

1

22

3

Did the catalyst reflect the existing neighborhood?

Did the catalyst create sustainable design?

3

3

Did the catalyst create an icon in the neighborhood?

Did the catalyst influence later design in the neighborhood?

5

24

24

5 SYNTHESIS | 107

WEST BOTTOMS, KC DRIVING FORCES WITHIN CATALYST

Flooding

SOCIAL

ECONOMIC

NEIGHBORHOOD CATALYST

OUTCOMES

Business Development

Funding

Did the catalyst spur new infrastructure in neighborhood?

1 Did the catalyst spur new infrastructure in neighborhood?

1

Community Involvement

Did catalyst maintain social interests of previous community?

3

Culture

Are new amenities available for the general public to use?

1

DESIGN

Infrastructure

Did the catalyst spur improved infrastructure in neighborhood?

1

Architecture

Did the catalyst spur new infrastructure in neighborhood?

3 108 | KANSAS CITY, MO

TOTAL

EVALUATING THE CATALYST FORCES

Did the catalyst spur new infrastructure in neighborhood?

Did the catalyst spur new infrastructure in neighborhood?

1

1

Did the catalyst spur new infrastructure in neighborhood?

Did the catalyst spur new infrastructure in neighborhood?

1

3

Did catalyst spur social activities that were not there before?

Was the neighborhood previously unoccupied?

1

1

Was the community involved in the development of the plans?

Were people able to stay after the catalyst was built?

1

1

Did the catalyst reflect the existing neighborhood?

8

8

Did the catalyst create sustainable design?

1 Did the catalyst create an icon in the neighborhood?

1

3 Did the catalyst influence later design in the neighborhood?

10

1 SYNTHESIS | 109

WEST LOOP, CHICAGO DRIVING FORCES WITHIN CATALYST

Corporate Growth

SOCIAL

ECONOMIC

NEIGHBORHOOD CATALYST

OUTCOMES

Business Development

Funding

Did the catalyst spur new infrastructure in neighborhood?

5 Did the catalyst spur new infrastructure in neighborhood?

5

Community Involvement

Did catalyst maintain social interests of previous community?

5

Culture

Are new amenities available for the general public to use?

3

DESIGN

Infrastructure

Did the catalyst spur improved infrastructure in neighborhood?

5

Architecture

Did the catalyst spur new infrastructure in neighborhood?

3 110 | CHICAGO, IL

TOTAL

EVALUATING THE CATALYST FORCES

Did the catalyst spur new infrastructure in neighborhood?

Did the catalyst spur new infrastructure in neighborhood?

5

1

Did the catalyst spur new infrastructure in neighborhood?

Did the catalyst spur new infrastructure in neighborhood?

3

3

Did catalyst spur social activities that were not there before?

Was the neighborhood previously unoccupied?

5

5

Was the community involved in the development of the plans?

Were people able to stay after the catalyst was built?

1

Did the catalyst create sustainable design?

5

5

22

3

Did the catalyst reflect the existing neighborhood?

Did the catalyst create an icon in the neighborhood?

22

3 Did the catalyst influence later design in the neighborhood?

26

5 SYNTHESIS | 111

MATRIX CONCLUSIONS Cross Comparing Neighborhood Catalysts After running the matrix through each neighborhood catalyst, a common theme was noticed. The three categories within the same matrix typically have different scores across the board, despite a few exceptions. This suggests that when a catalyst causes an urban transformation, the ways in which the forces are being affected may not be happening equally or to the same degree.

For a city or neighborhood to have a favorable urban transformation, a catalyst must score high in all the force categories. A catalyst that unequally scores in the three force is more likely to see an unfavorable transformation.

112

ECONOMIC

SOCIAL

DESIGN

22

22

26

WEST LOOP

24

22

24

SOUTH PARK

16

24

26

HUMBOLDT PARK

22

20

22

DOWNTOWN KANSAS CITY

20

16

22

RINO

08

08

10

WEST BOTTOMS

10

12

08

GLOBEVILLE

12

12

08

BOYLE HEIGHTS

SYNTHESIS | 113

4

A N A LY Z E HOW CAN WE COMPARE THE MEASUREMENTS?

Once data was synthesis, CONCLUSIONS could be made on how these eight catalyst AFFECTED their neighborhoods and cities. As COMMUNITIES CHANGE after the completion of a catalyst, these urban transformations can be lumped into three categories.

THREE TYPES of urban transformations that were considered are STAGNANT, REVITALIZATION and GENTRIFICATION.

WEST LOOP

Economic Forces

HUMBOLDT PARK

Social Forces

Design Forces

GLOBEVILLE

RINO

FAVORABLE CHANGE UNFAVORABLE CHANGE

WEST BOTTOMS

DTKC

SOUTH PARK

BOYLE HEIGHTS

ANALYZE | 119

URBAN TRANSFORMATIONS Identifying Transformation Types After analyzing the results of the matrix, the team was able to group together similar results of catalysts to distinguish three types of transformations. These types were identified based on the numerical scores that were given to each neighborhood catalyst.

Scores of 20+ / 30 are considered favorable change, wheres scores below 20 describe unfavorable change.

Some neighborhood catalysts scored above 20 in all three forces, and some scored only low scores below 20 in all categories. There were also a few neighborhood catalysts that scored both favorable scores and unfavorable scores in different force categories.

Neighborhood catalysts that scored high in all forces are considered to have gone through the transformation or revitalization. Catalysts scoring entirely low scores in all forces are considered to have a stagnant transformation. Catalysts that experience high scores in some forces, but low in others are considered as gentrification.

120

The Source Hotel | 2017 to 2018

ANALYZE | 121

STAGNANT Stagnant Urban Transformation A neighborhood catalyst that scores low in all force categories is considered to be a stagnant urban transformation. Low scores indicate that the catalyst did not have a strong influence over forces either in a positive way or any way at all. In both Globeville and the West Bottoms, the catalysts negatively affected the urban, social, and design climate immediately, and over time development has not yet progressed much further.

122

WEST BOTTOMS

GLOBEVILLE

?

Residents protest new businesses in order to prevent potential increases in housing prices.

2000s

New public improvements are unwelcomed.

Trendy coffee shops and artisit studios open storefronts along Cesar Chavez Ave.

An unsure future awaits the strongwilled neighborhood, but will be determined by residents.

FUTURE

BOYLE HEIGHTS

ANALYZE | 123

REVITALIZATION Revitalization Urban Transformation The transformation can be deemed as revitalization when all forces were positively affected by the catalyst.

High scores in all categories reflect generally healthy, sustainable change with the various components and characteristics of the area. In South Park and the West Loop, the catalyst created jobs, homes, public space and amenities, public transit, and overall enhanced the design and social environments. It is important to note that the neighborhoods did not have much of a community presence before the catalyst merged. Social disruption did not occur to an existing community; only new social infrastructure and opportunities emerged.

124

COMMITMENT

The city proposes a district improvement plan to improve streets and walkability.

Area continues to boom with new developments.

2018

FUTURE

SOUTH PARK

WEST LOOP

ANALYZE | 125

GENTRIFICATION Gentrification Urban Transformation The team identified an urban transformation gentrification when there were both positive and negative influences on forces. Typically, economic and design forces scored high while the social force scored lower. In RiNo and the downtown of Kansas City, new businesses have emerged, art has flooded the streets, and life has grown in multiple ways. However, this caused the social climate to shift, disrupting existing communities.

In this type of urban transformation across the nation, there is a common trend happening. Economic and design forces take hold of development, adding a lot of life and opportunities into the area, but the social force is not given equal amount of attention. Communities are uprooted from their homes, small businesses shut down, and poverty becomes more concentrated in relation to the city-wide scale.

126

RINO

606

HUMBOLT PARK

DTKC

ANALYZE | 127

KEY INSIGHTS Balance All Forces If catalysts of development do not have balanced forces, then a transformation of a place will be more susceptible to gentrification.

Social Forces Determine Transformation Type Gentrification is a tricky type of transformation to identify. It is also confusing to tell if it is benefiting a neighborhood or harming it. Ultimately, gentrification is undesirable. Although it brings life and development to an area, it is not entirely sustainable because there are problems on a social level. Social forces are the key to identify if a place is undergoing gentrification or revitalization. Recognizing the difference is necessary to being a responsible contributer to society. Once we can identify social neglect, we can respond more effectively.

When Revitalization Comes Easiest It is important to note that the neighborhoods that were considered revitalized did not have much of a community presence before the catalyst merged. Social disruption did not occur to an existing community; only new social infrastructure and opportunities emerged.

128

BALANCE THE FORCES SOCIAL = ECONOMIC = DESIGN

ANALYZE | 129

5

A P P L Y HOW CAN WE USE OUR KNOWLEDGE TO MAKE A POSITIVE IMPACT?

So how do we RESPOND to impending transformations of our neighborhoods? How do we AMEND the consequences after unfavorable urban transformations already happen?

neighborhood?

community?

Did ca spur activit were n

Did development spur a mix of businesses?

TOOLKIT The questions in the matrix not only allow us to evaluate the economic, social, and design forces after catalysts cause a transformation, but they also allow Did the us to see specifically which pieces in the process catalyst create sustainable are not thriving. Through the low scoring questions design? in the matrix, we can see which components and characteristics need improvement more clearly. We can begin to respond to unwanted urban transformations, including gentrification.

Did the cost of living maintain?

The toolkit provides a range of recommendations intending to improve social conditions or to prevent unwanted change based off of the factors in the matrix.

Were people able Each recommendationDid is development modeled after an action that to stay in their bring jobs to the homes after the has been successful in preventing or responding to area? catalyst was unwanted change in urban environments. built?

Did development spur a mix of businesses?

Did the catalyst create sustainable design?

134

Does new catalyst create an icon in neighborhood?

Does catalyst exist neighbo

Did the catalyst maintain the social interests of the existing community?

Did deve grow th econ

Are new a available general p use

Did the catalyst spur new infrastructure improvements in neighborhood?

atalyst social ties that not there

s new t reflect ting orhood?

elopment he local nomy?

amenities e for the public to e?

Did catalyst spur social activities that were not there

Did the catalyst create sustainable design?

Did development bring jobs to the area?

Did development spur a mix of businesses?

Were people able to stay in their homes after the catalyst was built?

Does new catalyst create an icon in neighborhood?

Does new catalyst reflect existing neighborhood?

Did development grow the local economy?

Are new amenities available for the general public to use?

APPLY | 135

ACTION ITEMS + For People in Government Policy making is a common response to improve conditions from a top-down approach. Government entities also need to support communities on a localized level. Jurisdictions must address issues from multiple angles in order to move towards more sustainable and holistic social solutions.

+ For Community Members Community members can heavily influence how their neighborhood evolves over time. Becoming an active member and investing into the community will go a long way to ensure it changes in the ways that are desirable.

+ For People in Design Those involved in cultivating our urban landscapes have a social responsibility to address consequences that come with urban transformations. Those designing and constructing our environment must be consciously designing in socially sustainable ways and continuing to communicate between all parties involved.

136

IMPLEMENT POLICIES

CONNECT TO COMMUNITY

+ Community land trust model + Inclusionary zoning + Mixed-use development incentives + Transit-oriented development incentives + Anti-displacement policies

FORM GROUPS

+ Encourage community engagement + Provide resources + Support local businesses + Support co op organization initiatives

INVEST IN COMMUNITY + Visualize and create community goals + Stay informed and be involved + Share resources with community

+ Support local businesses + Take pride in your neighborhood + Participate in events and fundraising

DESIGN IN SOCIALLY

FACILITATE OPEN

SUSTAINABLE WAYS

COMMUNICATION + Regularly assess social impacts + Incorporate social infrastructure + Support and preserve existing services, networks, and groups

+ Involve community in design process + Facilitate communication and coordination with other architecture firms + Maintain open relationships

APPLY | 137

GOVERNMENT Policy Making Policy making is an action aimed to improve social conditions from a large-scale approach. Through policy, cities attempt to disperse funding and resources equitably, create and preserve affordable housing, and hold developers accountable to provide more equal opportunity. However, policy making alone will never provide enough affordable housing and mitigate the consequences of gentrification.

Connect to Community Government entities need to support community needs on a local level in other ways besides policy. Supporting community committees, local businesses, co ops, and collaborations addresses problems in the neighborhood scale. Approaching consequences of gentrification from a smaller scope is directly creating solutions.

+ Examples Tiny house projects are a great example of how the city can connect and support the community. Tiny home villages aim to empower its members and provide resources. Co ops and collaborations are the true trailblazers in conducting projects that directly assist the community. Government bodies need to support efforts and projects created by community groups through ease and cost of legal procedures.

138

A Bridge Home | Curbed Los Angeles

Beloved Community Village | Colorado Village Collaborative

APPLY | 139

COMMUNITY Form Groups Communities can take action to prevent or rectify unwanted neighborhood change by coming together to generate a collective voice. Group meetings and events keep community members informed and involved, and more issues can be addressed and handled directly by the people who are living within the transforming conditions.

Invest in Community As an individual community member, one must be invested in their neighborhood. Without a sense of pride, ownership, and integrity for oneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s home, it would not be taken care of and eventually transform into disrepair. A community member has a small role to help maintain their neighborhood by investing time and care in a variety of ways. Investment could range from picking up trash, contributing to a community garden, buying locally, or speaking up to congress.

+ Examples Waydotte County in Kansas City sets a good precedent for how community groups can guide urban and social change in their neighborhood. Community meetings occur regularly and attempt to hear about concerns and unmet needs. So far, with conversations and connections to politicians and architects, several project have emerged in response to these requests.

140

Community Meeting in Wyandotte County | The Dotte Agency

Community Meeting in Wyandotte County | The Dotte Agency

APPLY | 141

DESIGN Social Sustainability Architects and designers have a responsibility to be consciously designing in socially sustainable ways.

Understanding existing social systems, culture, lifestyle, etc. rather than assuming context is essential.

Considering design and space as a tool to enhance social infrastructure can reframe the design intent in order to address the consequences of gentrification.

Providing the necessary and appropriate public spaces and amenities is fundamental to a healthy urban transformation, which when neglected results in undesirable urban transformations.

Open Communication Facilitating communicate between all parties involved in the process of urban growth is extremely important.

When all people involved are on the same page and are working toward the same goal, the transformation will likely benefit in a more holistic way because everyone is engaged.

+ Examples Some projects prioritize social sustainability by directly tackling social issues. The Mobile Market in Kansas City is a mobile piece of architecture that creates a new system which addresses the problem of food availability by directly solving the issue of accessibility.

142

Artwork by Anna Charney on The Hub in RiNo | Anna Charney Instagram

The Mobile Market Opening 2018 | The Dotte Agency

APPLY | 143

BALANCE OF

BALANCE OF

CATALYST

EFFORTS

FORCES

144

HOLISTIC APPROACH There is no single solution that will solve gentrification and the consequences that come with unbalanced urban transformations. All types of people and solutions need to collectively happen to create positive change.

Gentrification is different in every single place, so solutions cannot necessarily be applicable everywhere. Problems need to be addressed from all angles and scales. Only with help from people involved in government, people involved in design, and community members, can urban places be optimized for sustainability, equity, economy, and all its other components and characteristics.

APPLY | 145

6

APPENDIX PROCESS, MEETING MINUTES, AND REFRENCES

2018 . 09 . 06 Gentrification Overview What factors make up the larger concept of gentrification? Broken down into a timeline of events, gentrification can be understood through understanding the identity of a space and the catalysts and factors that affect change in a neighborhood or city.

Main Talking Points This is an overview of the base research for the rest of the semester, focusing on the generic topic of gentrification.

WHAT MAKES A CITY IDENTITY OF A PLACE • Every city has similar defining characteristics that are shown differently based on the space and the residents.

• Cities are inherently different, economically, politically, and socially, making it important to factor in those characteristics when comparing to other cities.

TIMELINE OF GENTRIFICATION CHANGES IN THE CITY • Through the history of the US, there have been specific themes that cause changes in spaces where people reside, including key events such as white flight.

• Gentrification could be viewed as a cycle, developing over time but eventually returning to its’ initial state and repeating.

FACTORS OF GENTRIFICATION BEFORE AND AFTER THE ACT • Different factors increase or decrease when gentrification occurs, notably being those in the social or economic categories.

• Positive or negative viewpoints are inevitable, with gentrification being seen as necessary or unwelcome to the “legacy residents” MOVING FORWARD CULTURE | OWNERSHIP | AUTHENTICITY • The future of cities is pushing towards mobile residents, renting instead of owning • What are the triggers or catalyst for revitalized or changes in a neighborhood?

148

Upcoming Dates Next Week

0909 0910

0911

0912

0913

Work Day | Urban Exploration

0914

Week After

0915

Research Plan Interns in each city will be finding and studying different neighborhoods or parts of the city that have evolved and changed through time. The goal through these case studies will be to find the unique tipping point that caused the change in the space, that being a policy change, a business moving in or out, a developer investing money, etc. We will try to then find similarities and differences in all of these catalysts, and develop a presentation for informal discussion.

2018 . 09 . 20 September Progress Meeting What neighborhoods in each unique city stand out when thinking of the term “gentrification”? Finding these places in Chicago, Denver, KC and LA that fall along the gentrification spectrum and identifying what makes them different from each other and makes them change is crucial in moving forward to identifying the triggers for revitilization.

Main Talking Points

Each city chose three cities to start focusing on; to discover the characteristics of the place, how the place came to be, and policies, cultures, and developments have done to impact the place.

CHICAGO WEST LOOP, WRIGLEYVILLE, HUMBOLDT PARK • Industrial, entertainment, and residential districts alike, each of the neighborhoods have seen significant change in the past years • Distinct developments in each place may have sparked the influx of new residents and businesses KANSAS CITY KCMO, OVERLAND PARK, WEST BOTTOMS • Arts, residential, and industrial districts, distinct in their devleopment guidelines laid out by the cities • Plans have been put in place by each neighborhood to spark economic and political activity and revitilization in each LOS ANGELES BOYLE HEIGHTS, DTLA, ECHO PARK • Places each on a different location of the spectrum, one having undergone change, one in the process, and one halting change.

• Each phase is notably seen through these places, and through understanding these, we may further understanding reasoning behind why other places may change DENVER GLOBEVILLE, RINO, HIGHLANDS • Highlighting what social media can do to impact the built place -- how can this presence affect the quality of life?

• Noted how the physical qualities of the place are determined by economic and political characteristics of the area.

Upcoming Dates Next Week

0923

0925

0924

0926

0927

Work Day | Urban Exploration

0928

Week After

0929

1001

1002

0930

1003 1004

Mid Review: Urban Exploration [Go-To Meeting + External Reviewers]

1005 1006

Research Plan Further development on the understanding on the unique places within each city; We will research specific consistent statistics of each neighborhood, trying to distinquish which of these are impactful in the changing of the place. Additonally, interviews with residents and local officials will aid in getting a better understanding of the intricacies and intimacies of these places. Finally, we will develop a concrete thesis to start streamlining the research process.

APPENDIX | 149

2018 . 10 . 04 Mid-Review: Urban Exploration In order to see what makes a place change, we needed to identify the forces in play. Through documenting the past several weeks of research, we’ve identified what is the catalyst for change in each neighborhood- the factor that stands out as the one that has made what this place is today.

Main Talking Points Each of the 8 neighborhoods, 2 from each main city, has taken the same approach to identify the catalysts at play, working together to mold the physical and cultural characteristics of a place, narrowing down to one main catalyst for change.

MAPPING IT OUT WHAT EXISTS AND WHAT IS COMING? • Noting what the neighborhood looks like today, as well as main icons and upcoming projects.

HISTORY WHAT HAS FORMED THIS PLACE? • Through noting the largest periods of the place, we can see what main drivers are at play.

• Even though these cities are very different, many have seen similar periods of change and similar driving factors.

CATALYST WHAT IS THE STRONGEST FORCE? • In some places this was corportate influences, in others it was the arts community, while in some it was a kind-of anti-catalyst.

• This main catalyst is a clue into what could be a way to measure success change in future cities.

COMPARING TRENDS WHAT ARE SOME COMMONALITIES? • Comparing not only the main catalysts, but also the densities of the place help to further understand how the places • These main catalysts inform how we will move forward in forming a matrix to measure the factors that create a successful place.

150

Upcoming Dates Next Week

1007 1008

1009

1010

1011

Work Day | Diving Deeper

1012

Week After

1013

Research Plan Moving forward, through discussion and advice from mentors, we plan on creating a matrix to measure different qualities and characteristics that aid in making a place change. This matrix, through pulling from existing knowledge of the research already done, will note common threads of influential factors that could potentially be applied to all American urban settings to see if a place will be labeled as successful in its’ revitilization attempts.

2018 . 10 . 18 Progress Meeting: Diving Deeper Through the weeks of research, and with the lense of wanting to understanding how different catalysts for change compare in different instances, synthesis of information through an evaluation matrix will aid in further understanding how these catalyst are influential.

Main Talking Points Through notes in the past weeks, the following were the main action items to be developed in order to further our understanding on the topic at hand.

LENSE OF UNDERSTANDING HOW ARE WE UNDERSTANDING THE TOPIC? • Gentrification is a type of complex tranformation.

• This word can be used to mean either a postive type of transformation or a negative one -- these connations of the term are what we steering clear from.

• By taking a neutral stance on whether or not gentrification is good or bad, we are able to find out why the thoughts on this take these standpoints.

MATRIX DEVELOPMENT HOW CAN WE COMPARE DIFFERENT CATALYSTS? • In order to compare the factors within the catalysts and their effects on a place, creating a system of evaluation is necessary.

• The branches of Economic, Social, and Design have become the most influential through discussion and research and will be the forces behind the matrix.

• By breaking up the catalyst into three of the largest forces that effect the larger topic of gentrification, we can pin point what factors are the most favorable in an area, and what areas could be improved.

SURVEY DEVELOPMENT HOW CAN WE GATHER MORE OPINIONS? • Until now, much of the evaluation has been based on a narrow viewpoint, and in order to broaden the thoughts on the importance of different factors, a survey is necessary.

• The survey will be broken up into two part -- one directed more at a designer viewpoint, and the other directed at the general public of the local communities being studied.

Upcoming Dates Next Week

1021 1022

1023

1024

1025

Week After

Work Day | Synthesize + Storyboard

1026 1027

Research Plan Through the next few weeks the two methods of data colletion and evaulation will take place. The two survey types (the designer influenced, and the general public influenced) will go out to help to gather data and testimonials on the three sectors of gentrification: economics, social, and design. In addition, the matrix will be massaged and put into action in order to compare different facets of influence of the neighborhoods previously studied. This will help to understand what is the most influential through the different catalysts.

APPENDIX | 151

2018 . 11 . 01 Engaging the Environment After putting the evaluating matrix into play, these catalysts are able to be quantified and compared with one another. Through using quantifiable data, we are able further understand what forces have the most impact in the way a catalyst is viewed and what areas can be improved.

Main Talking Points

Synthesis of knowledge collected was further analyzed in order to further our understanding of how we can quantify and compare different catalysts.

NARROWING DOWN THE THESIS WHAT EXACTLY ARE WE FOCUSED ON? • Through a specific lense of understanding we have narrowed down our focus onto the following: If catalysts for development do not have a balance of forces, then a transformation of a place will be more susceptible to gentrification.

MATRIX IN ACTION HOW ARE THE CATALYSTS QUANTIFIED? • By scoring the catalysts through our knowledge so far, we were able to understand how places rank against each other.

• The differences between the three forces -- economic, social, and design -- allow for us to see the variance in a catalysts effects.

Through these variances we can determine whether a place is gentrified, revitilized, or stagnant.

• In order to achieve revitilization, rather than gentrification or stagnation, a balance of all forces need to be reached.

• In the future, the matrix can be used to predict, through realistic expectations, how a catalyst will transform a place.

INTERVIEWS WHO CAN HELP TO INFORM THE RESEARCH? • Interviews with corresponding interviewees to the three forces -economic, social, and design -- aim to provide further insight into how scores on the matrix are determined.

• A general survey asking “What is Gentrification?” will be sent out to gather a breadth of quotes to back up the idea of how the term has such a fluctuating definition.

152

Upcoming Dates Next Week

1104 1105

1106

1107

1108

Work Day | Producing Final Deliverables

1109

Week After

1110

Research Plan To further the knowledge gathered through the matrix, interviews will be completed to back up the scored answers in all categories.

Through these interviews, our knowledge of these places and their corresponding catalysts will be understood through a wider lense.

Additionally, the beginnings of the book will be furthered, and the video and poster will be created.

2018 . 11 . 15 Progress Meeting: Synthesis Looking back, a survey to understand how people understand the term gentrification became a useful tool to now use. And as analysis of previous research is being wrapped up, a toolkit for application of the knowledge found became necessary to show how the balance of forces can be achieved through simple actions.

Main Talking Points BROADER UNDERSTANDING GENTRIFICATION SURVEY • Looking back at the semester, we wanted to find what our coworkers and peers thought about the term gentrification-- do to so a basic 5 question survey was sent out to have participants give their definition of the term gentrification.

• Based on the survey data gathered, we were able to break down defintions based on common buzz words and bias within the definition to categorize them as positive, negative, or neutral.

APPLYING OUR KNOWLEDGE TOOLKIT FOR ACTION • Geared towards answering any lower scoring questions in the created matrix, the toolkit is geared towards subgroups to apply their expertise in fixing these unbalanced forces.

• By directing simple actions or different ways of thinking, government and policy makers, designers, architects, and planners, as well as community members can help to balance our social, economic, and design forces to create ideal urban settings.

TEASER FINAL PRESENTATION TRAILER • Trailer is in the works --storyline will follow different urban settings with voiceovers of different definitions of gentrification.

FINISH LINE FINAL PRESENTATION & BOOKLET • The outline for the final presentation was presented, showing new section headers, corresponding with the new title slide and flyer.

• Booklet will follow the same sequence as final, with presentation appendix items looped into the final narrative.

Upcoming Dates Next Week

1118 1119

1120

1121

1122

Holiday [Office Closed]

1123

Holiday [Office Closed]

Week After

1124

Research Plan The team will be finalizing all facets of the project in the last few weeks.

The flyer and video will be cleaned up to be sent out to the offices; the final presentation will be outlined and finalized to be presented on 11/29 and 12/06; and finally, a very clean rough draft of the booklet will be put together for the end of the term. This booklet will be finished fully in the spring, with possible additional documentation of the spring studio research and design work.

APPENDIX | 153

SOURCES Research

The Denver Post - https://www.denverpost.com/2018/07/29/i-70-construction-project-denvertransportation-central-70/

Medici Counseling Group - http://www.medicicommunities.com/what-we-do/development/ The Colorado Real Estate Journal - https://crej.com/news/source-hotel-instant-icon/ The Dirt / American Society of Landscape Architects - https://dirt.asla.org/2014/09/26/isurban-revitalization-without-gentrification-possible/

Urban Displacement / University of California, Berkley - http://www.urbandisplacement.org/ blog/how%E2%80%99d-they-do-it-look-three-places-avoided-gentrification Strong Towns.com - https://www.strongtowns.org/journal/2018/4/17/5-must-read-perspectives-ongentrification The Guardian - https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2016/sep/29/gentrification-global-problembetter-solution-oliver-wainwright & https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2016/jul/14/white-privilegegentrification-denver-america-favourite-city#top CityLab/ The Atlantic Monthly Group - https://www.citylab.com/equity/2016/11/in-search-ofanswers-on-gentrification/506267/ The New Republic - https://newrepublic.com/article/152041/anatomy-successful-anti-gentrificationprot The Philadelphia Voice - https://www.phillyvoice.com/community-group-turns-to-land-trusts-inkensington/ The Urban Land Institute - http://uli.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/Report-5-ManagingGentrification.ashx_.pdf The Huffington Post - https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/11/07/most-gentrifiedcities_n_4234239.html The Local Initiative Support Coalition - http://www.lisc.org/our-resources/resource/staking-aclaim-in-gentrification The Planning Practice and Research Journal - https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/0 2697459.2016.1198546 Connect Our Future, Denver - https://connectourfuture.org/tools/transit-oriented-developmentincentives/ Metropolitan Area Planning Council - https://www.mapc.org/resource-library/managingneighborhood-change-anti-displacement-strategies-toolkit/ & http://www.mapc.org/wp-content/ uploads/2017/11/Managing-Neighborhood-Change-Report.pdf The Civic Council of Greater Kansas City - https://www.downtownkc.org/wp-content/ uploads/2018/04/Sasaki-Plan-2001.pdf Governing.com - http://www.governing.com/gov-data/denver-gentrification-maps-demographic-data.

154

Images

Metropolitan Area Planning Council - https://www.mapc.org/resource-library/managing-

neighborhood-change-anti-displacement-strategies-toolkit/ & http://www.mapc.org/wp-content/ uploads/2017/11/Managing-Neighborhood-Change-Report.pdf The Civic Council of Greater Kansas City - https://www.downtownkc.org/wp-content/ uploads/2018/04/Sasaki-Plan-2001.pdf Governing.com - http://www.governing.com/gov-data/denver-gentrification-maps-demographic-data. html Public Media Group of Southern California - https://www.kcet.org/shows/lost-la/the-originalsouth-park-an-oasis-in-south-los-angeles Staples Center - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hYeC4jUXlQk Urbanize Los Angles - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hYeC4jUXlQk KCET - https://www.kcet.org/shows/city-rising/boyle-heights-residents-face-significant-obstacles-tohomeownership KCET - https://www.kcet.org/shows/city-rising/the-historical-roots-of-gentrification-in-boyle-heights Wikipedia - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyle_Heights,_Los_Angeles PINIMG - https://i.pinimg.com/originals/71/71/ee/7171eedc993694bc73faf0188aa30db4.jpg Historic Center - https://historicdenver.org/national-western-stock-show-site/ Globeville Story - http://globevillestory.blogspot.com/2016/12/ Denverite - https://denverite.com/2017/03/31/denver-rino-art-district-move-forward-plan-rino-parkbuilings/ TripSavvy - https://www.tripsavvy.com/chicagos-neighborhood-watch-west-loop-4100684 Downtown Apartment Company - https://www.downtownapartmentcompany.com/blog/ apartments-mcdonalds-west-loop-headquarters/ Chicago History Today - https://chicagohistorytoday.wordpress.com/tag/west-loop/ Chicago Business - https://www.chicagobusiness.com/article/20160601/NEWS07/160609971/ mcdonald-s-moving-hq-to-oprah-s-old-harpo-studios-digs Colorado Village Collaborative - https://www.coloradovillagecollaborative.org/ Curbed Los Angeles - https://la.curbed.com/2018/9/5/17823012/homeless-emergency-shelterspueblo-photos-design Anna Charney Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/annacharneyart/ Timeout - https://www.timeout.com/chicago/humboldt-park

APPENDIX | 155

In our final year of the Master of Architecture degree, six students converged from the University of Kansas to study urban areas and gain professional experience through a Co-Op program. In conjunction with Gensler & GastingerWalker&, we spanned across four cities to develop research. Posed with the topic of urban transformations, we present our findings.

UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS + GENSLER + GASTINGERWALKER BARNHART + DOUGHERTY + HUTT + KELLY + MARQUETTE + MONARRES