CHOW Ka Lok Tim - Dissertation (2015)

TYPOLOGY OF SPATIAL BOUNDARY IN CONTEMPORARY JAPANESE HOUSE

By Ka Lok Tim CHOW

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for The degree of Bachelor of Science (Honours) in Architectural Studies

Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering City University of Hong Kong March 2015

DECLARATION I declare that this thesis represents my own work, except where due acknowledgement is made, and that it has not been previously included in a thesis, dissertation or report submitted to this University or any other institution for a degree, diploma or other qualification.

Signed ____________________________ Ka Lok Tim CHOW

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Abstract Articulation of space in Contemporary Japanese Houses is different from the conventional houses with fixed walls and shut doors. In order to study the spaces in Japanese Houses nowadays, this report aims to find out how these houses without clearly enclosed rooms make use of other forms of boundary to articulate usage and relationship within them. Moreover, spatial and functional articulation and the typologies of spatial boundary in Contemporary Japanese Houses will be studied. With the analysis techniques of space syntax, the use of other forms of spatial boundary can be explored. It is suggested that this study can contribute to a better understanding of Contemporary Japanese Houses and the way to design buildings with various forms of boundary.

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Acknowledgement I would like to express my gratitude to my thesis supervisor Mr.Ivan Ip for his continued support and guidance led me to the right direction and Ms. Virginia Fung for the useful comments in presentation.

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Declaration

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Abstract

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Acknowledgements

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Table of Contents

v-vii

List of Tables

vii

List of Figures

vii-ix

List of Photographs

ix-x

Chapter 1 – Introduction

1

1.1 Research Objective

2

1.2 Research flow

3-4

Chapter 2 – Literature Review

4

2.1 Articulation of space in history

4-6

2.2 Characteristics of Contemporary Japanese House

6-7

2.3 Articulation of space in Contemporary Japanese House

7-9

2.4 Spatial Boundary

9-10

2.5 The heart of house and function in Japanese Houses

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2.6 Space Syntax

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2.6.1 Convex space

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2.6.2 Justified graph

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2.6.3 Integration

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Chapter 3 – Research Methodology

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3.1 Implied spatial boundary in Contemporary Japanese House

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3.1.1 Horizontal space-defining elements

15-16

3.1.2 Vertical space-defining elements

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3.2 Convex space & Justified graph 3.2.1 Horizontal space-defining elements

17 17-18 v

3.2.2 Vertical space-defining elements

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3.3 Integration and Integration core

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3.4 Case selection

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3.4.1 House NA

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3.4.2 House in Kokubunji

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3.4.3 Complex house

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3.4.4 House H

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3.4.5 Machi-House

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3.4.6 House in Shimoda-Chou

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Chapter 4 – Data Collection

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4.1 House NA

27-34

4.2 House in Kokubunji

35-44

4.3 Complex house

45-50

4.4 House H

51-57

4.5 Machi-House

58-64

4.6 House in Shimoda-Chou

65-70

Chapter 5 – Discussion

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5.1 Shifting the focus of interaction

72-73

5.2 The articulation of private activities

74-75

5.3 Introduction of hierarchical space & local rings

75-77

Chapter 6 – Conclusion

83-87

6.1 Limitation and recommendation

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6.2 Implication

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Reference Appendix vi

Appendix A-1: The integration value of House NA Appendix A-2: The integration value of House in Kokubunji Appendix A-3: The integration value of House in Complex House Appendix A-4: The integration value of House in House H Appendix A-5: The integration value of House in Machi-House Appendix A-6: The integration value of House in Shimoda-Chou Appendix A-7: Plans & Sections of House NA Appendix A-8: Plans & Sections of House in Kokubunji Appendix A-9: Plans & Sections of Complex House Appendix A-10: Plans & Sections of House H Appendix A-11: Plans & Sections of Machi-House Appendix A-12: Plans & Sections of House in Shimoda-Chou

List of Tables Table 3.1 Articulation of convex space with elevated floor and glazed floor Table 3.2 Articulation of convex space with overhead plane and skylight Table 3.3 Articulation of convex space with vertical linear element Table 3.4 Summary of methodology

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Table 3.5 Summary of Implied boundaries used in every case Table 4.1 Summary of symbols used for data indication Table 4.2 Summary of findings Table 5.1 The focus of integration of House NA, House in Kokubunji and Complex House Table 5.2 The focus of integration of House H, Machi-House and House in Shimoda-Chou Table 5.3 The effect on the interaction in LDK

25 26 71 78 79 81

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List of Figures Fig. 1.1 Research flow chart Fig. 2.1 Palazzo antonini (Left) and Beaufort House (Right) Fig. 2.2 Shoin style house (Left) and Farmhouse (Right) Fig. 2.3 Overhead plane by Ching (1996) and the Japanese House with the varying ceiling heights Fig. 2.4 Ceiling opening by Ching (1996) and the Japanese House with the skylight.

Fig. 2.5 Two major types of elevated plane (left) by Ching (1996) and the Japanese House with the elevated floor (right).

Fig. 2.6 Framing by vertical linear element by Ching (1996) and the Japanese House with the framed space Fig. 2.7 The representation of the elementary building Fig. 2.8 Interact in convex spaces (Left), base plan (Middle) and convex map (Right) Fig. 2.9 Convex map (Left) and Justified graph (Right) of the convex map.

Fig. 2.10 Tree-like (Left) and Ring-like (Right) structures Fig. 3.1 Spatial boundary defined in elevated floor with direct

3 4 6 8 8 9 9 10 12 13 13 15

physical access. (Left) and glazed floor (Right) Fig. 3.2 Spatial boundary defined in overhead planes Fig. 3.3 Spatial boundary defined in Skylight Fig. 3.4 Spatial boundary defined in the space with vertical linear elements Fig. 3.5 Color range of integration value generated by Depthmap Fig 4.1 Base plan (Left) and convex map of House NA (Right) Fig 4.2 Justified graph of House NA Fig 4.3 Distribution of Integration on convex map of House NA Fig 4.4 Distribution of Integration on justified graph of House NA

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Fig 4.5 Distribution of Integration core on convex map of House NA Fig 4.6 Distribution of Integration core on justified graph of House NA Fig 4.7 Base plan of House in Kokubunji Fig 4.8 Convex map of House in Kokubunji Fig 4.9 Justified graph of House in Kokubunji Fig 4.10 Distribution of Integration on convex map of House in Kokubunji Fig 4.11 Distribution of Integration on justified graph of House in Kokubunji Fig 4.12 Distribution of Integration core on convex map of House in Kokubunji Fig 4.13 Distribution of Integration core on justified graph of House in Kokubunji

33 34 35 36 37 39 41 42 43-44

Fig 4.14 Base plan (Left) and convex map of Complex house (Right) Fig 4.15 Justified graph of Complex House

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Fig 4.16 Distribution of Integration on convex map of Complex House Fig 4.17 Distribution of Integration on justified graph of Complex House Fig 4.18 Distribution of Integration core on convex map of Complex House Fig 4.19 Distribution of Integration core on justified graph of Complex House Fig 4.20 Base plan of House H Fig 4.21 Convex map of House H Fig 4.22 Justified graph of House H Fig 4.23 Distribution of Integration on convex map of House H Fig 4.24 Distribution of Integration on justified graph of House H

47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55

Fig 4.25 Distribution of integration core on convex map of House H Fig 4.26 Distribution of integration core on justified graph of House H Fig 4.27 Base plan of Machi-House Fig 4.28 Convex map of Machi-House Fig 4.29 Justified graph of Machi-House Fig 4.30 Distribution of Integration on convex map of Machi-House Fig 4.31 Distribution of Integration on justified graph of Machi-House Fig 4.32 Distribution of integration core on convex map of Machi-House Fig 4.33 Distribution of integration core justified graph of Machi-House

56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64

Fig 4.34 Base plan (Left) and convex map of House in Shimoda-Chou (Right) Fig 4.35 Justified graph of House in Shimoda-Chou Fig 4.36 Distribution of Integration on convex map of House in Shimoda-Chou Fig 4.37 Distribution of Integration on justified graph of House in Shimoda-Chou Fig 4.38 Distribution of integration core on convex map of House in Shimoda-Chou Fig 4.39 Distribution of integration core on justified graph of House in Shimoda-Chou Fig. 6.1 Proposed strategy 1 of implied boundary Fig. 6.2 Proposed strategy 2 of implied boundary

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Fig. 6.3 Proposed strategy 3 of implied boundary Fig. 6.4 Proposed strategy 4 of implied boundary Fig. 6.5 Proposed strategy 5 of implied boundary Fig. 6.6 Proposed strategy 6 of implied boundary

86 86 87 87

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List of Photographs Photo 3.1 Photo of House NA showing the overlook and elevated floor

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Photo 3.2 Photo of House in Kokubunji showing the overlook, double ceiling heights and skylight Photo 3.3 Photo of Complex House showing the overlook, elevated floor and

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double ceiling heights Photo 3.4 Photo of House H showing the overlook, vertical linear element and varying ceiling heights Photo 3.5 Photo of Machi-House showing the overlook, skylight and varying ceiling heights Photo 3.6 Photo of House in Shimoda-Chou showing the overlook, glazed floor and elevated floor Photo 5.1 Bedroom of House in Kokubunji, Complex House and House H

23 23 24 73

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Chapter 1 – Introduction Social interaction between people is one of the important issues for understanding the architecture in various cultures, especially for domestic architecture. To study a house, the list of functions and the sizes of rooms are not as important as the relationship and articulation of the spaces and how people interact within the spaces. Spatial boundary is the element which controls the separation and connection between spaces and enables the articulation of space in various ways.

In Japan, there are many designs which look very different from conventional houses.

The unusual approaches for articulating spaces have been generated by the new ideas of space which are different from the clear division by solid walls. It becomes a question on how these houses make use of other forms of boundary to articulate uses and relationship within the house without any clearly enclosed rooms. The objective of this report is to analyze the use and effects of spatial boundary in Contemporary Japanese Houses with Space Syntax. In order to study the spatial boundary, the articulation of space in history and in Contemporary Japanese houses will be included. It will also discuss the notion of spatial boundary in architecture, the unusual strategies used in Contemporary Japanese Houses according to their characteristics, as well as the phenomenon of interesting spaces in Japanese Houses.

For the research methodology, the implied spatial boundaries will be defined from the study of articulation of space in Japan and the basic space-defining elements in architecture.

The definition makes possible the comparison of conventional boundary and implied boundary. To find out the effect of implied spatial boundaries and the typology of these implied boundaries as used in Contemporary Japanese Houses. Six houses will be selected for this study and all the boundaries will be analyzed with Space Syntax. The heart of house and integration core will be also studied for exploring the relations between function, spatial properties and the spatial boundary. The data collection covers the analysis of 1

convex maps, justified graphs, integration values for both conventional and implied boundaries. The final part will discuss the effects of implied boundary on the function and activities inside a house

1.1 Research Objective This study has three objectives: -

Find out how the other forms of spatial boundary articulate functions and their relations in Contemporary Japanese Houses.

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Compare the solid and implied boundaries in terms of spatial configuration and functional distribution.

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Find out the characteristics of spatial boundaries in Contemporary Japanese Houses.

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1.3 Research flow

Fig. 1.1 Research flow chart

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The flow chart (Fig.1.1) shows the overall structure of this report. Three areas will be studied in literature review part. The background of spatial articulation in architecture reviews the conventional articulation of space in history. Then the reasons that make the houses different in Japan and the unconventional strategies will be reviewed. After that, the second part introduces the effect of spatial boundary in space for the further exploration of new set of boundary. The background information of technique for this report, Space Syntax, will also be studied in this part. In order to find out the typology of spatial boundary in Contemporary Japanese Houses, this study is going to compare two sets of boundary for six houses and try to find out the similarities and differences in the houses under the implied boundaries, by using convex map, J-graph and integration value.

Chapter 2 – Literature review 2.1 Articulation of space in History “If anything is described by an architectural plan, it is the nature of human relationships, since the elements whose trace it records - walls, doors, windows and stairs are employed first to divide and then selectively reunite inhabited space.” (Evans, 1978, p.73). It can be seen that the basic elements for spatial articulation are walls, doors, windows and stair.

Fig. 2.1 Palazzo antonini (Left) and Beaufort House (Right)

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Also, Evans (1978) has mentioned that there were fewer choices for people’s movement in the “thoroughfare rooms” of the Palazzo antonini (Fig.2.1). It means that the passages are also included in the room and doors are the only access between them. Later, a corridor was introduced in Beaufort House as a device for removing traffic from the rooms (Fig.2.1). It could serve both connector and separator of the spaces.

On the other hand, Lefebvre (1991) has stated that the wall is the fundamental element for articulating spaces; it may cut off the social sense in terms of people interaction. The door would be an only way for the people moving around those spaces and the window is providing views from inside to outside and from outside to inside. All the elements have well-defined roles for articulation. Clear spaces and fixed functions, which are divided by the walls, doors, windows and corridors, can easily be found among both traditional and modern western houses.

For Japan, Ueda (1990) has stated that there is a huge gap between the western and Japanese concept of wall and door in articulating the spaces and functions. He mentioned that the Japanese wall was designed as a thin, single-layer sheet instead of the solid wall, it might be called a “curtain” in western parlance. In contrast with the well-defined roles for articulation in western houses, the sliding panel serve as flexible spatial partition, they can also considered types of walls. The Japanese wall seems to be movable space divider instead of a fixed solid wall. Doors in Japan can be called a “movable wall”, it is translucent sliding panels which separated the interior rooms. When the sliding door slides aside, the entire room can integrate with the other rooms and become larger. To distinguish the western door and the Japanese door, the purpose of the doors in traditional western house is to provide access between rooms and the Japanese door is even act as space divider. The function of window is quite similar with the window in western house, providing views from inside to outside and from outside to inside.

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Fig. 2.2 Shoin style house (Left) and Farmhouse (Right)

Inaba and Nakayama (2000) have mentioned the different styles of the traditional Japanese houses, Farmhouse and Shoin style house are quite dominant in traditional Japanese Houses. They are both dividing rooms by sliding panel and allows to access from the veranda which like an outdoor corridor. Since the veranda functions as a connector for accessing the different rooms from outside, the interior rooms are connected directly which similar with "thoroughfare rooms" in western houses. Single rooms that can be subdivided with flexible partitions, the rooms are always temporary without fixed use. In Fig2.2, various floorings in the Japanese House gives a signal in dividing the zones. The usage of the area with earthen floor in Japanese house is similar with the porch in western houses.

Traditional Japanese house seems a hybrid design of "thoroughfare rooms" and the house with corridor.

2.2 Characteristics of Contemporary Japanese Houses Hanson (1998) has mentioned that the analysis of domestic space configuration will be related to the design of houses and their social consequences. There are some sayings about the social factors in relation to the design of the Japanese houses nowadays from Pollock (2005) and Hildner and Wiegelmann (2011). Privacy in Japan means the inhabitant cannot be seen from outside, but they are not really concerned about the privacy between family members. Also, the living environment should be symbiosis and adaptation, rather than a big house with some useless functions. Pollock (2005) and Hildner and Wiegelmann (2011) also pointed out that the reasons for appearance of experiment designs in Japan are related 6

to the house market due to the demand increased on the small house since most people can afford only a tiny land since 1990s.

Hildner and Wiegelmann (2011) stated that the house is built for satisfying the needs of a moment of their lifetime due to the short useful life of house. On the other hand, Pollock (2005) has mentioned that the Japanese houses are concerned with functional flexibility; fixed functions in a big house with solid walls and firmly shut doors are not prevalent for Japanese since the awareness of other family members is difficult to create.

2.3 Articulation of space in Contemporary Japanese Houses As mentioned in 2.2, due to the short useful life of Contemporary Japanese Houses, Japanese clients are more open-minded to unconventional “experiment�.

There are some strategies pointed out by Pollock (2005) and Hildner and Wiegelmann (2011). Since the concept of privacy and saving space in a tiny house, while the boundary between inside and outside is clear and formal, the interior spaces and functions are interlocked. The spaces are usually divided by moving screens, curtains, sliding elements and opening on the wall.

Moreover, in order to make use of space in tiny houses, vertical expansion helps offset cramped quarters instead of horizontal. There are strategies for increasing the sense of expansiveness to the spaces which are more dominant in Japan stated by Pollock (2005) and Hildner and Wiegelmann (2011). The strategies can be related to the basic spatial articulation pointed out by Ching (1996).

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According to the strategies stated by Pollock (2005), Hildner and Wiegelmann (2011) and Ching (1996), there are the different types of unconventional boundaries which will be further contributed into the studies. It includes overhead plane, ceiling/ roof opening, elevated plane and framing by vertical linear element.

Fig. 2.3 Overhead plane by Ching (1996) and the Japanese House with the varying ceiling heights

1. Varying ceiling height/voids to create spatial hierarchy in Japan stated by Pollock (2005) which can be referred to the overhead plane by Ching (1996) as a sheltering element for below, part of visual and spatial continuity are interrupted (Fig.2.3).

Fig. 2.4 Ceiling/ roof opening by Ching (1996) and the Japanese House with the skylight.

2. Skylights in Japanese Houses framing a view of the sky to link a confined space to the boundlessness of the natural environment outside stated by Pollock (2005) can be referred to as various openings on ceiling/ roof (Fig.2.4).

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Fig. 2.5 Two major types of elevated plane (left) by Ching (1996) and the Japanese House with the elevated floor (right).

3. According to Hildner and Wiegelmann (2011), the elevated floor has been used for a long history in Japan. It conveys signals about how certain spaces are used such as the next space after taking shoes off, and how to interact with the space. It also has a relation with the two types of elevated plane mentioned by Ching (1996). In Fig.2.5, the difference of spatial continuity between these two types are shown by red line.

For the first case, the spatial continuity is maintained, step allows people access without stair or ramp. The second case is that the spatial continuity is interrupted and the physical access requires the use of stair and ramp. In addition, glazing floor is considered to have similar properties as elevated floor in terms of articulating spaces.

Fig. 2.6 Framing by vertical linear element by Ching (1996) and the Japanese House with the framed space

4. According to Hildner and Wiegelmann (2011), columns in Japanese Houses usually used to divides spaces into different zones by framing them without blocking the spatial continuity, it can be related to the vertical linear element (Fig.2.6) which defines the perpendicular edges of spaces by Ching (1996).

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2.4 Spatial Boundary As noted in 2.1, the effect of conventional boundaries such as wall, door and window are articulating the social interaction as well as providing permeability and visibility between spaces. On top of that, the effect of spatial boundary on the experience of the space has been introduced by Van de Ven (1987). He claimed that the essential thing of architecture is not the corporeal members, the façade or the ornaments, but the voids between walls which means space, being defined by the walls. People can experience space by its direction and measures and the movement.

In response to experience of space, Hall (1969) has mentioned that the boundaries are regulated by the use of the perception, to exhibit behavior within the spaces as well as to distinguish between space and distance. The spatial perception is in relation to the articulation of space in Japan stated in 2.1 and 2.3, some spaces are divided by an elevated area, varying ceiling heights, skylights and so on. Therefore, the spatial boundary is not only a blockage, but also enables one to see additional spaces in existing spaces, offers the specific spatial perception on people’s behavior. To conclude, the experience of space can affected by spatial boundary which separates and connects spaces in various ways.

Hanson (1998) has introduced the general relationship between boundary and spatial configuration in the elementary building (Fig.2.7). She claimed that the spatial organization for social purpose is not simply as either continuous or bounded, but also the conversion of the spatial continuum by a system of boundaries to affect the spatial organization. It simply shows the effect of boundary on the spatial configuration which is controlling the connection and separation between spaces.

Fig. 2.7 The representation of the elementary building

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2.5 The heart of house and function in Japanese Houses Spatial articulation is always in relation to functions and uses, especially for a house. In Japan, Pollock (2005) stated that traditionally, the heart of Japanese House called “chanoma� served as a multi-purpose space, or its contemporary equivalent, the combined living, dining and kitchen. It is supposed to gather people and engage social activities. The space is usually divided flexibly and allows the functions flow into each other. Pollock (2005) has also described the use of sleeping and bathing spaces. For the sleeping space in Japanese House, it is not as private as the western houses. In some cases, family members will share the bedroom/ loft and sleep together. The bathroom and toilet are relatively clear in articulation and are usually divided into independent spaces used by different people at the same time.

According to Hildner and Wiegelmann (2011), children usually sleep with their parent until they are nine years old in Japan. After that, they are given a small space for their own, the space for children is barely separated from the other living spaces, the reason which relates to the importance of awareness of family members. Traditionally, garden is a way to display the status of the owner and serves to entertain guests and provide a view for them.

Nowadays, guests are only rarely invited into one’s house, so most of the garden in small house may provide to inhabitants for entertainment. The effect of spatial boundaries will be analyzed with the functions to see how the implied boundaries deal with the requirements of a Japanese house.

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2.6 Space Syntax Space syntax is a set of theories and techniques formulated by Hillier and Hanson which are used to study the relationship between spatial configuration of building, city and the society. “Space syntax is used for the representation, quantification and interpretation of spatial configuration in buildings and settlements” (Hillier, Hanson and Graham, 1987). By arranging the spaces of the building in pattern, the relationship between space and people can be realized. Basically, it can be represented by axial line, convex space and isovist.

Klarqvist (1993) mentioned that the relationships of permeability between all the convex spaces can be represented by justified graph. There is a global measure called integration, which represents the average depth of a space to all the other spaces in a spatial system.

2.6.1

Convex space

Convex space can be identified by the best area-perimeter ratio which means the “fattest”. Also, no line between any two points goes outside a convex space. By the rule of convex space, convex map means breaking up the building layout into the fattest and fewest convex space, and lines are drawn as the connection between spaces (Hillier and Hanson, 1984).

Fig. 2.8 Interact in convex spaces (Left), base plan (Middle) and convex map (Right).

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2.6.2 Justified Graph As mentioned in 2.5, justified graph is a method of representing permeability between convex spaces. Normally, there is a specific point putting at the base as “root�, then all points one step away from this root space are put on the level above. Lines between points are representing the connection between convex spaces (Hillier and Hanson, 1984).

Fig. 2.9 Convex map (Left) and Justified graph (Right) of the convex map.

In addition, two structures describing the connection in the J-graph which are tree-like and ring-like. Tree-like has fewer number of connections joining the configuration and ring-like is adding extra permeability, which means every space in a ring are connecting to every other (Hillier and Hanson, 1984).

Fig. 2.10 Tree-like (Left) and Ring-like (Right) structures

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2.6.3 Integration Integration is one of the major measures used in Space Syntax. Hillier (1996) has stated that the integration value is a global measure, which describes the average steps from a space to every other spaces in a system. It can be measured by Depthmap, a computer software that helps to analyze the integration and visibility (Turner, 2001). Therefore, the ranking from the most integrated to the most segregated space can be found by comparing the average steps. Hanson (1998) also stated that the integration allow us to understand the social content and see the buildings at a collective level. We can predict the level of social interaction in certain spaces by understanding the value and the distribution of integration.

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Chapter 3 – Research Methodology 3.1 Implied Spatial Boundary in Contemporary Japanese Houses After the reviews in 2.3, there are the implied spatial boundaries in relation to the horizontal and vertical elements. For the horizontal elements, there are four types of implied boundary which are elevated floor, glazed floor, overhead plane and skylight.

Vertical linear element is the only type for the vertical element defining space.

3.1.1 Horizontal space-defining elements

Fig. 3.1 Spatial boundary defined in elevated floor with direct physical access. (Left) and glazed floor (Right)

As noted in the 2.3, the elevated floor here belongs to the first type which includes the physical access with the plane and no extra stair or ramp required. The conventional boundary already exists in the other type which requires the stair or ramp to access, and the spatial continuity is interrupted. The implied boundary will only count on the elevated plane without the stair or ramp as shown in Fig.3.1. The other is glazed floor, different treatment with the surface can also define boundary in order to divide different spatial zones. The operation on the floor is to generate a spatial zone and realm within its boundary.

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Fig. 3.2 Spatial boundary defined in overhead planes.

The overhead plane can be the major space-defining elements for the house (Fig.3.2), especially for the house with limited space. It can be manipulated to articulate spatial zones within a room or space. It can be lower or higher to control the spatial perception in which the spatial boundaries were implied.

Fig. 3.3 Spatial boundary defined in Skylight

Implied boundaries will define the spaces which are articulated by skylight (Fig.3.3).

The openings on the overhead plane can articulate spaces by offering different degree of visibility and within a space.

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3.1.2

Vertical space-defining elements

Fig. 3.4 Spatial boundary defined in the space with vertical linear elements.

They define the perpendicular edges of the spaces and spatial zones can be articulated by placing the columns to frame the spaces (Fig.3.4). They also create the points to divide zones on base plane.

3.2 Convex space & Justified graph In order to compare two set of boundary systems, two sets of map will be generated, the first set is based on the conventional convex space which is fattest and fewest and the other set is based on the implied boundaries defined above. Below are the illustrations showing the differences between these two sets of map.

3.2.1 Horizontal space-defining elements

Table 3.1 Articulation of convex space with elevated floor and glazed floor

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Table 3.2 Articulation of convex space with overhead plane and skylight

3.2.2 Vertical space-defining elements

Table 3.3 Articulation of convex space with vertical linear element

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3.3 Integration & Integration core As noted in 2.5.3, the convex maps are put into Depthmap in order to find the integration values. The spaces can be ranked from the most integrated to the most segregated associated with color range shown in the Fig.3.5; red represents the most integrated space and dark blue represents the most segregated space. For analyzing the distribution of functions and interaction within a house, the integration value for every space and the mean integration for the whole system will be used. The integration core can be used for further analysis, which is the set of most integrating spaces of a system. In this study, the top 15% of most integrated spaces are considered as integration core.

Fig. 3.5 Color range of integration value generated by Depthmap

Each house is analyzed as two versions, one is the convex map with conventional boundaries and the other one is the convex map with implied boundaries. This is to study the changing of integration pattern and mean integration between the two versions, and to show how the properties of certain spaces and functions change according the application of implied boundaries. The distribution of integration is related to the social relation within house, so it is able to see the effects of implied boundaries on people’s interaction.

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Table 3.4 Summary of methodology

3.4 Case Selection To focus on the interior articulation of space, it is proposed to set a criterion which is a simple square or box shape with various partitions. Below are the criteria for selecting the cases for this study.

1. Single/composite box or rectangular building shape.

2. Designed by different architects in order to study various circumstances.

3. At least one implied spatial boundary can be found in each case.

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3.4.1 House NA

Photo 3.1 Photo of House NA showing the overlook and elevated floor

Architect: Sou Fujimoto architects Project year: 2008 Area: 150sqm Design concept: Living within a tree (Archdaily, 2012).

Implied spatial boundary contains: elevated floor

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3.4.2 House in Kokubunji

Photo 3.2 Photo of House in Kokubunji showing the overlook, double ceiling heights and skylight

Architect: Suppose design office Project year: 2011 Area: 119sqm Design concept: Create dozens of views between rooms. (Dezeen, 2012).

Implied spatial boundary contains: varying ceiling height, skylight and elevated floor

3.4.3 Complex House

Photo 3.3 Photo of Complex House showing the overlook, elevated floor and double ceiling heights

Architect: Tomohiro Hata Project year: 2011 Area: 106sqm Design concept: Examine a row of small rooms towards the depth (Archdaily, 2014).

Implied spatial boundary contains: elevated floor, double ceiling height and skylight

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3.4.4 House H

Photo 3.4 Photo of House H showing the overlook, vertical linear element and varying ceiling heights

Architect: Hiroyuki Shinozaki architects Project year: 2012 Area: 64sqm Design concept: house as living symbol by utilizing structural member in their daily life rather than just image. (Archdaily, 2013).

Implied spatial boundary contains: elevated floor, varying ceiling height and framing

3.4.5 Machi-House

Photo 3.5 Photo of Machi-House showing the overlook, skylight and varying ceiling heights

Architect: UID-Architects Project year: 2011 Area: 75sqm Design concept: make a room give space like exterior, and depth, so people can feel a vague condition.

(Archdaily, 2012).

Implied spatial boundary contains: elevated floor, skylight, varying ceiling heights.

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3.4.6 House in Shimoda-Chou

Photo 3.6 Photo of House in Shimoda-Chou showing the overlook, glazed floor and elevated floor

Architect: EANA Project year: 2012 Area: 78sqm Design concept: opened and closed space to be suitable for an owner’s multiple lifestyles. (Archdaily, 2013).

Implied spatial boundary contains: elevated/glazing floor and skylight

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Table 3.5 Summary of Implied boundaries used in every case

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Chapter 4 – Data Collection Below are the symbols that will be used for indicating the data. The table shows the line type, representation of changed convex space, and the rule for naming the functions in the graphs.

Table 4.1 Summary of symbols used for data indication

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4.1 House NA

Conventional case

Case with implied boundaries

Fig 4.1 Base plan (Left) and convex map of House NA (Right)

27

Elevated floor is the major element for articulating all the spaces which relate to the theme of living within a tree. The base plan of House NA shows the circulation, room name and level of every plane that helps to draw convex spaces over the plan. According to the definition of spaces in the previous section, the conventional convex spaces will only count as “fattest” and “fewest”, even though there are level difference between two planes but without stair or ramp. For this house, some of the elevated floors are already articulated as an individual space without any step in-between. The implied boundaries will only include in the elevated floor with a step in-between such as the first type of elevated plane in 2.3.

The graphs (Fig.4.1) show that the GR1, L1, L4, L6, L9, B1, G5 and G6 are changed after including the implied boundaries. The configurational changes can be seen in the convex map, GR1 is divided into GR1a and b which is creating one more interface between GR1 and parking as two links for a single space changed to one link for each. L1 and L4 has 5 connections with the other living spaces. After applying implied boundaries, L1a, L1b and L4a has one extra connection with other spaces and the links become well-connected with each other. Also, the changes in bedroom are similar with guestroom, the articulation of convex space in garden divided more clearly as G5 change to G5a which aligning with BA1 and G3. The link between G5 and G10 is shifting to connect G10 and G6, G6 functions as a connector when the connection of garden area is concentrated on G6.

28

Conventional case

Case with implied boundaries

Fig 4.2 Justified graph of House NA

Fig.4.2 shown that more choices are created within GR, elevated plane create more subdivided spaces, links and spatial rings in the living space, L1a become the intersection of 3 rings as shown on A. More depths and double circulation in the bedroom as B1a and b divided in single direction. Besides that, the choice is added into B1b, people are not necessary to pass through B1a. For garden, G5a is more segregated than G5 as some connections of that are shifting to G6a.

29

Conventional case

Case with implied boundaries

S1

0.3398

S1

0.3492

GR2

0.3398

GR2

0.3492

L3

0.7064

L3

0.7094

Mean integration

L6a

0.7094

0.4746

L1a

0.7094

Mean integration 0.4936

Fig 4.3 Distribution of Integration on convex map of House NA

Fig.4.3 shows that the mean integration is increased from 0.4746 to 0.4936 after including the implied boundaries, the house tends to be more integrated. For the overall distribution of integration pattern, the focus of high integration value is on the 1/F and the spaces are more integrated towards the 1/F both from the G/F and 2/F, the case with implied boundaries is more obvious. As bolded above, L3 has highest integration value, S1 30

and GR2 are lowest for the conventional case. The most integrated spaces which are A and B in Fig.4.3 has been changed from L3 to L3, L6a and L1a in the case with implied boundaries, it seems distributed more evenly. The most segregated spaces S1 does not change.

To look at LDK, after reorganizing the living spaces by implied boundary, most of the living spaces are more integrated. Although dining and kitchen do not have the configurational change by inclusion of implied boundary, integrations of them still increase.

The implied boundary in living space affects the kitchen and dining space as well, the effect tends toward global, and the interaction in LDK is preferable. Bedroom which serves the intimate needs even more integrated than the mean integration, it is not supposed to integrate with the other spaces. Therefore, the boundary segregates the bedroom. B1 is divided into B1a and b shown as A and B in Fig4.4, the privacy of B1a is increased by the elevated plane and it maintains the privacy needs in this transparent house. Most of the garden spaces and guestroom are segregated than the average, these functions seemed not to expose too much to the house. The segregation on the 2/F is more obvious in the case with implied boundaries. Except the garden, the social distance has been enlarged between the functions in 2/F and the focus of integration in 1/F.

31

Conventional case

Case with implied boundaries

Fig 4.4 Distribution of Integration on justified graph of House NA

For both versions in Fig.4.4, the route is a graduated sequence from less integrated, shallower spaces to more integrated, deeper spaces and finally to the segregated and deeper spaces. The overall articulation of segregated and integrated spaces are clearer as some of the light blue color has been changed to dark blue. The significant difference between B1 and B1a and b, B1b is already changed to the green color which is more segregated than B1. It reflects the need of privacy in the bedroom and the clearer articulation between living space, bedroom and the deeper spaces has been maintained.

32

Conventional case

Case with implied boundaries

Fig 4.5 Distribution of Integration core on convex map of House NA

For the integration core, it is highlighted as red bolded line in Fig.4.5. There are 6 spaces for conventional case and 7 spaces for case with implied boundaries. Most of the spaces within the core are living spaces, the others are kitchen and circulation. As the living and kitchen are part of integration core and the dining is also close to the core, LDK is in a high position of House NA in terms of integration. After reorganizing the configuration of living spaces, the shape of core is changed accordingly. The shape of core is shorten and more concentrated at the middle part of living space.

33

Conventional case

Case with implied boundaries

Fig 4.6 Distribution of Integration core on justified graph of House NA

When the integration core is represented in the J-graph (Fig.4.6), the coverage of core is quite similar, the difference is that there is one more space in lv7 included into the core.

The focus tends to be concentrated at the middle level in terms of spatial structure. For both, the core zone of interaction captures the inhabitants of the House NA have retreated from the shallow interface with the guest in entrance and guestroom.

34

4.2 House in Kokubunji

Fig 4.7 Base plan of House in Kokubunji

35

Conventional case

Case with implied boundaries

Fig 4.8 Convex map of House in Kokubunji

Skylight is the major implied boundary in this house which covers circulation, LDK, tatami, bedroom, bathroom and loft, skylight will create the glazed floor for the above floor as well. In general, the effect of skylight and glazed floor on convex space is to break them from a single space into a series of spaces and connected together, the convex complexity is increased accordingly. It seems to create the hierarchy for the spaces, break-up of the domestic interior into a set of independently perceived spatial domains.

LDK is not combined function space for this case, it separated by the corridor. The implied boundaries divides them into different zones within their original room, the distance between LDK has been changed. Bedroom and bathroom are separated from the other function spaces.

36

Conventional case

Case with implied boundaries

Fig 4.9 Justified graph of House in Kokubunji

37

J graph shown that more local rings appeared between the changed spaces, local ring means a ring connected locally, but not overlapping with the overall spatial structure. The ringly circulation is created by skylight and glazed floor, more selections are also created in the dining/ kitchen as A and B in Fig.4.9. The original loft space is a ring, more routes and local rings within the loft are created by the articulation of skylight. Different zones of loft space are interpenetrated and the similar things are also seen in the bedroom. C and D are showing the difference of bathroom and circulation, one more space is added in bathroom, BA1a, b and C12 are become deeper in terms of the spatial level. The living space is also divided into a series of space and provide more choices between circulation and living space. The next step is trying to see the effects on the integration pattern, how is the pattern changed by skylight boundaries.

38

Conventional case

C5

0.9497

D2

0.4053

Case with implied boundaries

Mean integration

C5

0.8870

D2c

0.3633

Mean integration

0.6271

0.5731

Fig 4.10 Distribution of Integration on convex map of House in Kokubunji

The overall integration is reduced, the house is more segregated than the conventional case. The most integrated space is C5 which is the circulation space for both cases, D2 and D2c are lowest. LDK is less integrated than the average and dining spaces are relatively segregated. The heart of house tends to have more privacy than the corridor inside the

39

house, the integration of circulation spaces are high, especially the vertical circulation between G/F and 1/F. After including the implied boundaries, the focus of integration is penetrated some function spaces such as tatami and loft (indicated as A and C in Fig.4.10).

Even for the circulation, the integration is also penetrated into C3a (B). But the LDK has the opposite result which become more segregated.

40

Conventional case

Case with implied boundaries

Fig 4.11 Distribution of Integration on justified graph of House in Kokubunji

41

LDK seems to have more zones with different degree of privacy after including the implied boundaries. It both tends to divide different zones to deeper spatial level (Fig.4.11).

When a local ring is created in TA1 and TA2, TA1 is become more integrated with the corridor. Although the loft and bedroom spaces are at the deep level, their integration rankings are higher than the conventional case. It seems that their functional ranking is higher than conventional case in terms of the integration.

Conventional case

Case with implied boundaries

Fig 4.12 Distribution of Integration core on convex map of House in Kokubunji

42

The shape of core is sharper extended into the inside of G/F and 1/F as the spaces are subdivided into smaller shape, some of the spaces created by implied boundaries are including to the integration core such as C3a, B1a and C9e. The core is shortening the coverage on dead-end circulation in C6 and penetrating to the inner spaces of the house.

The skylight draws tatami room and bedroom to the integration core in the case with implied boundaries, the interaction on tatami and bedroom seems to be proposed.

Conventional case

43

Case with implied boundaries

Fig 4.13 Distribution of Integration core on justified graph of House in Kokubunji

The integration core tends to move deeper from the starting point at lv2 to lv3 and the end point from lv6 to lv8 (Fig.4.13). For the j graph with implied boundary, more choices are created in the core, it is not just the single circulation route for interaction, but also distributes into different function spaces of house.

44

4.3 Complex House

Conventional case

Case with implied boundaries

Fig 4.14 Base plan (Left) and convex map of Complex house (Right)

45

All of the implied boundaries in the Complex House articulates the function spaces. For the G/F, L1 and D1 are divided into smaller spaces by overhead plane, more connections have been created (Fig.4.14). Elevated floor seems to pushing the part of the garden deeper from L1, the similar effect in D1a and L1b is to separate them for one more steps from K1 and C2. The strategies of pushing the part of space deeper are dominant on 1/F, CR1a is one more step away from C4 after applying the implied boundary. The use of skylight and elevated floor are in L2, make most of L2 spaces separated from the corridor.

Conventional case

Case with implied boundaries

Fig 4.15 Justified graph of Complex House

The spatial level of the case with implied boundaries is deeper than conventional one, most of the spaces created by implied boundaries are deep from the entrance (Fig.4.15).

The structure tends to be two individual parts and connected by the staircase. All of the circulation spaces do not changed by implied boundaries. LDK is connected together, a local ring is created in L1a, D1a and b. It becomes two activities zones for living-dining and living-garden instead of two separated route.

46

Conventional case

C2

1.1668

Mean Integration

CR2

0.4052

0.6791

L2

0.4052

Case with implied boundaries

L2d

0.4739

C2

0.9298

L2e

0.4739

ST1

0.9298

BA1

0.4739

Mean Integration 0.6204

Fig 4.16 Distribution of Integration on convex map of Complex House

To compare two cases in Fig.4.16, implied boundary reduces the mean integration of the house from 0.6791 to 0.6204. The value of most integrated space of C2 is almost thrice as the value of most segregated space which is L2 and CR2. All the function spaces at the 1/F are less integrated than the average. Some function spaces such as L1a and CR1b occupies a higher functional ranking, the integration of them for the case with implied boundaries is relatively higher. The focus of integration for this house is on the corridor and staircase, not 47

on the function spaces. The interaction in Complex House seems to encourage on the circulation space.

The focus of segregation on G/F has increased in garden and bathroom. Garden has a sharp increase in segregation, it separates from the focus of interaction space. The effect of boundary is to prevent enforced interaction between LDK and garden. Overhead plane for divides a space to the two spaces which push the one part of space to the focus of integration and remaining part is more segregated.

Conventional case

Case with implied boundaries

Fig 4.17 Distribution of Integration on justified graph of Complex House

As shown as A and B in Fig.4.17, the focus of integration is extend to the deeper spaces among the circulation, the spaces near to the most integrated are become more integrated.

L1a, D1a and b forms a ring by additional spaces created by boundary. The function spaces that more than one step away from C2 are less integrated than the average. The significant effect of implied boundary on integration is from ST1 to C4. It seems the focus of interaction is among the circulation between floors and the function spaces serves the activities locally.

48

Conventional case

Case with implied boundaries

Fig 4.18 Distribution of Integration core on convex map of Complex House

It is not surprising that the integration core is extend among the circulation between floors. Although the boundaries are mainly located in the function spaces, but none of the function spaces included into the core. Perhaps the effect of implied boundaries is not to push the function spaces to the zone of public interaction.

49

Conventional case

Case with implied boundaries

Fig 4.19 Distribution of Integration core on justified graph of Complex House

The integration core functions as an interface between the visitors and inhabitants, from shallow to deep. It covers the circulation spaces and connected to the living space and guestroom. The effect of implied boundaries is extending the core to the upper floor and towards to the bedroom and child room as well. Living space, child room and bedroom are both close to the social area.

50

4.4 House H

Fig 4.20 Base plan of House H

51

Conventional case

Case with implied boundaries

Fig 4.21 Convex map of House H

The effect of vertical linear elements and overhead planes in living/dining are quite similar to the previous cases. It divided a single convex space into a series of spaces and linked together. As shown in Fig.4.21, each zone has its connection with the other spaces and more links will be created to connect E1 by the different zones of living space. Some of the spaces pushs deeper by the hierarchical configuration such as four steps needed by reaching L/Dg from entrance. Garden is divided by the skylight, G1b functions as a private zone between inhabitants and visitors. The overhead planes on bedroom are increasing the convex articulation and separating B1a and B7a/b from the circulation. The convex articulation creates the different degree of privacy in bedroom.

52

Conventional case

Case with implied boundaries

Fig 4.22 Justified graph of House H

In Fig.4.22, the implied boundaries on L/D makes part of space isolated, more selections in L/D. Local rings are appeared to form local interaction and L/D is quite independent in this house. Only L/Da is still in a ring with garden, the rest of living spaces are forming the new rings which connects to the circulation as well. G1b becomes a zone with high privacy which avoid the direct access from E1 and G3. The major effect on bedroom is to push the spaces deeper and form the ring within the single route, create more choices to the people interact in bedroom.

53

Conventional case

Case with implied boundaries

LO3

0.2874

LO3

0.2555

C5

0.7812

C5

0.7722

Mean integration

Mean integration

0.5002

0.5032

Fig 4.23 Distribution of Integration on convex map of House H

In Fig.4.23, the mean integration of House H is marginally increased from 0.5002 to 0.5032, the most integrated and segregated space in the house do not change, but the value is reduced for both. Only L/Df and g are more segregated, the rest of living spaces are more integrated than conventional case. Not only the living space, garden, some of circulation and the bedroom are more integrated than the conventional case as well. The effect of inclusion of implied boundaries tends to increase integration of the specific zone instead of the entire space, articulating the activities with zones in function and circulation

54

spaces of House H. Conventional case

Case with implied boundaries

Fig 4.24 Distribution of Integration on justified graph of House H

The additional living spaces created by implied boundary makes the integration of entrance and garden increased. The living/ dining space in this house is not a separated space, the social distance between L/D and entrance is close. Also, the circulation on the G/F is good for interaction which can connect the different zones of living spaces. B7a provides more choices for the people who are in B7c. B4 - 6, ST5 and LO3 are become isolated as the integration had been transited by the ring.

55

Conventional case

Case with implied boundaries

Fig 4.25 Distribution of integration core on convex map of House H

The integration core gradually towards C2 at G/F and B1a at the 1/F (Fig.4.25). It seems to penetrate to the living/dining space which may serve the guest who are coming from entrance and the inhabitant from the bedroom on the upper floor. The inclusion of C2 in core, encourage the interaction between LDK. The integration core in the case with implied boundaries is not only cover the circulation, but also get close to the living space and bedroom. Like Complex house, the integration core functions as an interface between the visitors and inhabitants.

56

Conventional case

Case with implied boundaries

Fig 4.26 Distribution of integration core on justified graph of House H

The integration core in Fig 4.26 shows the extension of shape, it towards the deep space.

It is more clearly that the core is shortening the social distance between living/dining and sleeping space. Since the local rings are separated from the integration core, it is more independent and private activities can be carried out.

57

4.5 Machi-House

Fig 4.27 Base plan of Machi-House

58

Conventional case

Case with implied boundaries

Fig 4.28 Convex map of Machi-House

59

In Fig.4.28, the effect of elevated floor on GR1 is similar to the House in Kokubunji and Complex House which is divided single space into hierarchical space. Long corridor and the large space in kitchen/dining on 1/F are divided into the smaller spaces and more links connecting each other. Child room have a change on configuration, CR1b become a subdivided space which connect to the CR1a and CR3. CR1b is also become more private zone for children which more segregated with the circulation and living space.

Conventional case

Case with implied boundaries

Fig 4.29 Justified graph of Machi-House

All the changes in Fig.4.29 are not shallow to the entrance. C4 in the case with implied boundaries is extending to the deeper spatial level by the effect of skylight in articulating the plan. It forms a new ring between C4 and K/D. The distance between LDK becomes longer due to more transition space in C4. CR1a and b are adding the link and space into the original ring, more choices have been provided. GR1a, b and c forms a local ring, creating more choices within a room and pushing the part of guestroom deep. The steps to K/D and G2 are become more, they are not allowed to access directly from the starting point on 1/F which is C4a.

60

Conventional case

LO1

0.4401

ST1

1.0478

C4

1.0478

Mean Integration 0.6858

Case with implied boundaries

LO1

0.4643

ST1

1.0552

Mean Integration 0.6788

Fig 4.30 Distribution of Integration on convex map of Machi-House

61

The house is slightly segregated in the case with implied boundaries, when the guestroom is divided into a series of spaces, GR1b and c seems to be separated from the circulation as A in Fig.4.30. Adding boundaries to C4 on the 1/F increases the convex articulation and considerably increase its overall segregation. The effect is not only on C4 and K/D, but also affects G2, more segregated from green color to dark blue. It seems to be a private garden which prevent enforced interaction with the other spaces and the use is only for the certain inhabitants. With the slightly change on the configuration of CR, the integration value is increased accordingly.

Conventional case

Case with implied boundaries

Fig 4.31 Distribution of Integration on justified graph of Machi-House

Most of the spaces created by implied boundaries are relatively segregated, it makes some of the original spaces at shallow and middle level more segregated such as E2, C1 and C2 as well. Due to the circulation between entrance and deep space are become segregated. It makes the interaction far away from entrance and interact in a more segregated way in deeper level.

62

Conventional case

Case with implied boundaries

Fig 4.32 Distribution of integration core on convex map of Machi-House

The shape of integration core is shorten in the case with implied boundaries in Fig.4.32.

By dividing C4 into a series of space, the boundaries make the part of corridor excluded from the core and more concentrated on the spaces near to the vertical circulation. The interaction between public and G2 seems not preferable.

63

Conventional case

Case with implied boundaries

Fig 4.33 Distribution of integration core justified graph of Machi-House

The shape of integration core shown in Fig.4.33, all versions is quite similar which is covered from C1 to L1. The implied boundary offers one more selection for C4a. In both version of J-graph, the core is covering the circulation and living spaces which may be a reflection of encouraging people pass through the floors from G/F to the living space.

64

4.6 House in Shimoda-Chou

Conventional case

Case with implied boundaries

Fig 4.34 Base plan (Left) and convex map of House in Shimoda-Chou (Right)

65

In Fig.4.34, the convex complexity has been increased by implied boundaries which distribute to all floors including entrance, circulation, loft and living/dining. The boundaries creates more layers from entrance to the entrance hall as well as to the original C4. The configuration within L/D is being complicated, different zones have been created.

Conventional case

Case with implied boundaries

Fig 4.35 Justified graph of House in Shimoda-Chou

The local ring on E4 provides more selections for visitor, as well as elongated the social distance between entrance and the function spaces such as T1, 2 and BA1. Since C4 is connecting the private function such as T1, 2 and BA1, the additional spaces in C4 are creates the transitions and choices from the entrance in order to increase the privacy of toilet and bathroom spatially. It is similar in loft, dining and living space at the deeper level.

Part of living/dining is more segregated with the kitchen. The rings distributes evenly from the shallow to deep, it seems every function spaces more independent. The multi-selection 66

allows people accessing the different zones of function spaces.

Conventional case

Case with implied boundaries

K2

0.3119

C2

0.3352

K3

0.3119

C4c

0.7175

C4

0.8089

ST1

0.7175

Mean Integration

Mean Integration

0.5369

0.5065

Fig 4.36 Distribution of Integration on convex map of House in Shimoda-Chou

The case with implied boundaries is segregated than the conventional case, when looking at the specific functions and their integration pattern, the function for intimate needs are more segregated such as toilet and bedroom. The effect of boundaries on the 67

integration pattern increases the social distance between entrance and private space on the ground floor. The most segregated space is shifted from the kitchen to C2 as the more layers created in entrance. The integration of vertical circulation and the spaces near to staircase becomes higher. Different integration in L/D may reflect that there will be different options for the inhabitant’s interaction.

Conventional case

Case with implied boundaries

Fig 4.37 Distribution of Integration on justified graph of House in Shimoda-Chou

The focus of integration is extend in single way from C4a to ST4 (Fig.4.37). The integration is rapidly increased in the circulation spaces which connects the different floors.

The integration is also penetrated to the LDK which are at the deep level. On the other hand, the spaces for visitor such as GR1, C1 and C2 are more segregated than the conventional case. More clear articulation between inhabitant and visitor are created by implied boundaries.

68

Conventional case

Case with implied boundaries

Fig 4.38 Distribution of integration core on convex map of House in Shimoda-Chou

69

Conventional case

Case with implied boundaries

Fig 4.39 Distribution of integration core on justified graph of House in Shimoda-Chou

The shape of integration core is extending to the deeper spaces which is consistent with the extension of integration shown in convex map (Fig.4.38). The integration core functions as the connector which linked the function spaces between different floors.

70

Table 4.2 Summary of findings

71

Chapter 5 – Discussion 5.1 Shifting the focus of interaction The focus of interaction can be analyzed through the distribution and the core of integration. The higher integrated zone is encouraging the interaction as it takes less steps from the other spaces, the focus of integration can cover various functions inside the house.

This section aims to see the effects of implied boundaries on the distribution of integrated spaces in the house.

Not only for the integration pattern, but also functions within the zone shifted according to the inclusion of implied boundary. Except the Machi-house, all of the cases are extending the focus of integration vertically to the upper floors rather than extending horizontally on the same level. It is response to the statement in 2.3, not only increasing the sense of expansiveness to the spaces, but also extending the social interaction vertically.

Similarly, for the House in Kokubunji, Complex House and House H, the integration is extend from the G/F to the bedroom on the upper level. Especially for House in Kokubunji and House H, the bedroom is covered by the integration core. It is easy to understand in the Photo 5.1, the bedroom contains various openings which connecting the other spaces and staircases. Bedroom is not a segregated space in these cases, but the spaces proposed for people to interact within. It relates to the statement in 2.2 and 2.5, they do not really care about the privacy between inhabitants, they are more concerning the awareness between them. It is more significant that they are not only share a bed for sleeping, but also share the sleeping space with each other spatially. The similarities between Complex house and House in Shimoda-Chou are both extending the focus among vertical circulation between floors, adjacent spaces near to the core are being more integrated at the same time. They are both emphasizing the interaction among vertical connection and adjacent spaces surrounding the core.

72

Photo 5.1 Bedroom of House in Kokubunji and House H

According to the 2.5, LDK is supposed to gather people and engage social activities. The effect of implied boundary causes different results in LDK. The effects are quite similar in Complex house, House H and House in Shimoda-Chou. The functional ranking of LDK is become higher for the house in terms of integration ranking. It tends to more integrated among the circulation for these three cases. The implied boundaries in LDK may be seen to elaborate the space of which it is an integral part. The interaction in the heart of house flows into the circulation, the activities are able to overlap. For House in Kokubunji and Machi-house, the focus of interaction is diffused by the elevated floor and skylight. The heart of house in these two case tends to more independent which engage the people interact in a private way. To response to the statement in 2.5, it allows the different zones in LDK flowing into each other instead of flowing into the other function, to encourage the interaction between different zones.

The only case that shortens the shape of integration core after articulating more spaces in convex map is Machi-house. It seems the only case that reduce the area of integration focus and the effect of boundaries for this case is not enhancing the interaction as the other houses. For analyzing the activities within a house, segregation is also an important aspect, the next step is to find out the effect of implied boundaries on privacy.

73

5.2 The articulation of private activities By articulating the implied boundaries of the spaces in the house, a series of smaller spaces results within the overall shape of convex space which can be utilized to zone activities. Besides the increasing of integration, it gives rise to privacy from the more integrated zones to the more locally secluded as well, so that certain activities pursued can withdraw from the social arena to the sidelines.

House NA, House in Kokubunji, House H and House in Shimoda-Chou all segregates the bedroom. The implied boundaries affecting the bedroom directly in the House NA and House in Kokubunji, the more segregated bedroom spaces are the spaces that subdivided by the elevated floors and skylights. The bedrooms in House H and House in Shimoda-Chou are affected indirectly which means the spaces do not subdivide, but the segregation still increase by the effect of implied boundaries in the other spaces. Perhaps it gives a more true-to-life account of how the implied boundaries makes bedroom available for sleep instead of penetrating the bedroom into the other function in every designs.

According to 2.5, Garden displays the status of owner, the views for people and the entertainment space for inhabitants and visitors. It is usually more segregated after applying implied boundaries. There are three houses with garden which are House NA, Complex house and Machi-house. The gardens in every house all increase the segregation other than the part of garden in House NA, it needs more steps from the other spaces as a result of the effect of elevated floor in subdividing the spaces. It captures the extent to which the activities in the garden have retreated from the other spaces, creating more private activities within garden. Boundary may be seen to elaborate the garden of which it is a private part of the house and only provide a view without direct access.

74

Living space is not always tend to be more integrated, the obvious segregation of living spaces can be found in House in Kokubunji, House H and House in Shimoda-Chou. It is interesting that the living space will not be more segregated for the whole space, but only some subdivided spaces will be more segregated than the original. Perhaps it is the effect of creating hierarchical spaces within a single space, thus controlling the activities in the different zones with degree of privacy as well as the degree of exposure. It is also related to 2.5, LDK is usually divided flexibly, and different requirements can be achieved within a single space.

The hierarchical spaces and the local ring will be discussed in the following

section.

5.3 Introduction of hierarchical spaces and local rings Since the potential of private interaction has been enhanced by the implied boundaries, there are two types of spatial properties which seem to control the privacy of certain activities which are the hierarchical space and local ring. Creating the hierarchy is to increase the social distance between certain spaces as well as break up the large space into a series of space. The hierarchical spaces usually form the local rings which will provide more choices within the spaces. The interaction within the spaces will be affected accordingly.

Hierarchical spaces and local rings are created by implied boundaries in every case, it appears both in the function space and circulation space, but the frequency in function space is higher. The approaches of hierarchical space in every case are creating more spaces in a single route and forming a ring within a single space. Except the Machi-house and House in Shimoda-Chou, all the cases create the hierarchy in the bedroom by implied boundaries, it includes elevated floor in House NA and Complex house and the overhead plane, skylight in House in Kokubunji and House H. Most of the results show that the 75

bedroom space is divided into a series of spaces in a single direction or forms a local ring.

The result of distributing integration in the hierarchical space consistently, a subdivided space within the hierarchical space which near to the high integration space maintains its integration or even higher. On the other hand, the remaining spaces will be segregated than the conventional case. A similar result for both is that the integration of subdivided spaces near to the circulation is increased, and the rest of the spaces far from the circulation are decreased. In fact, the result is not only for the bedroom, but for all the functions which are affected by the properties of hierarchical spaces and local rings. It seems that by providing more options to carry out activities with different degree of privacy, the parts of function become more independent. It is easy to understand about the symbiosis and adaptation in 2.2 for Japanese Houses.

The effects of hierarchical space and local ring are easy to understand with some social requirements of inhabitant’s functions such as bedroom, living, dining, garden and so on. It gives more options for carrying out the activities in certain function. Even though the bedroom is not an independent space articulated by the fixed wall, the privacy can also be maintained by the use of spatial boundaries. The implied boundaries in Contemporary Japanese House elaborates the space of which it is an integrated or a segregated part of house. The hierarchical spaces offer the different spatial zones in order to control the interaction with the degree of privacy and the implied boundaries are still maintaining the visual connection in order to achieve the awareness of family members (Pollock, 2005).

For the functions which are supposed to integrate with the house such as living space in every case except Machi-house, they are all subdivided by the implied boundaries. The subdivided spaces such as L/Da to L/Df in House H links with the adjacency spaces 76

individually instead of L/D connecting all the adjacency spaces. It seems not only creating the social distance with the other spaces, but also proposing different options for activities and flexibility for people interacting in different ways within a space.

77

78

79

The table 5.1 and 5.2 shows the comparison of the conventional case and case with implied boundaries. For the conventional case, the colors for each column are the original integration color which will be changed by the boundary above. The table shows the general effect of boundaries on integration and the functional ranking for each case which discussed in chapter 4 and 5. For example, part of the bedroom will become segregated after including the elevated floor in House NA and some additional bedroom spaces are changing the color from yellow to orange, occupies a higher functional ranking in the case with implied boundaries.

80

81

Table 5.3 summarize the effects of implied boundaries in the heart of house LDK. The degree of interaction depends on the integration which stated in chapter 4. To clarify the symbols, living space will be an example. Bold circle means the overall interaction of living spaces are increased. Thin circle means the degree of interaction is increased only in the space with implied boundaries. Skylight decrease the overall and individual interaction frequently. The potential of interaction has been increased by elevated floor in living space for half of the all cases, it increases integration of the space in different ways including reorganizing the spaces in House NA and creating the hierarchical spaces and local rings in House in Kokubunji and Complex House. It can benefit the way of interaction in living spaces, as well as improve the balance of interaction within LDK. It gathers people in the several high integration spaces instead of focus on one most integrated space. The part of living spaces will become segregated after creating the hierarchy; on the other hand, the remaining part will be more integrated with circulation and the interaction among the circulation is preferable.

Most of the dining space tend to be more segregated after applying the implied boundaries. As the components of LDK, the integrations of dining and kitchen are always decreases with adding implied boundaries. The boundary gives a signal that the activities in dining and kitchen tends to belong each other within LDK instead of integrating with the other spaces. As a result, the living spaces seems to be an interface with the other functions and overlapping people’s interaction with them. The dining and kitchen is holding the private activities for inhabitants.

82

Chapter 6 – Conclusion According to the Chapter 5, there are some common ways for articulating functions and their relations by the use of implied boundaries. The major strategy is breaking up both the function and circulation spaces into a series space, the different zones of space can be arranged in integrated and segregated way. The interaction is allowing to extend to the different function in different floors. It could be said that the articulation between functions are not only in the horizontal way with the partition but also vertical way with various forms of boundary, perhaps it relates to the size of Contemporary Japanese Houses. Also, the relation between spaces is not simply as one space to another space, the findings shows that a single space is sub-divided into a series of space with different interfaces. It is easy to control the degree of privacy and exposure in order to fulfill specific requirement inside a house. The use of implied boundaries can be a new version of flexible spatial partition used in Traditional Japanese Houses.

As noted above, the inclusion of implied boundaries makes the spatial configuration more complex as the sub-divided space appeared. The solid and implied boundaries both are able to offer the flexibly for the Japanese Houses, the differences between them are that only wall treatment (movable partition) for the solid boundary, there are more options with different spatial qualities can be achieved by implied boundaries. It seems that the implied boundaries helps the Contemporary Japanese Houses achieving “adaption” as the spaces can be sub-divided into several spaces. Also, no physical blockage is required. For the functional distribution, it is able to penetrate the function to the different floors, the activities are not only placed into a room, but also flow into the entire house in terms of the spatial configuration.

83

The inclusion of implied boundaries creates more spaces and links, it is supposed to have more steps and the house become more segregated. But the result shows that some of the houses are being integrated and the certain function such as LDK got a higher functional ranking. Implied boundaries can make the specific spaces more suitable for people interact. It could be said that the effects of implied boundaries can provide local and global effects. From Table 5.3, skylight is mainly used for decrease integration in order to create privacy in LDK, elevated floor is a trying to increase the ability of interaction in LDK both locally and globally. For increasing the interaction, glazed floor and skylight are usually used in LDK and the effects are achieved locally. The implied boundaries are having the different effects for the people interaction, below are the suggestion of using implied boundaries for the building design.

After studying the implied boundaries in every cases, the effects of the implied boundaries can be summarize into six types which can regulate the people’s interaction.

Below are the illustration showing the strategies for controlling the integration of space by placing implied boundaries. It can contribute to the small scale buildings which are similar with the Contemporary Japanese Houses in this report (below 200sqm) by using same logic with examples (Fig.6.1-6.6)

84

Fig. 6.1 Proposed strategy 1 of implied boundary

When the elevated floor adds into the space like House NA (Fig6.1) which both connected to the integrated and segregated space, most of the spaces become segregated as Fig 6.1. According to the logic of subdivided convex spaces by implied boundaries, the effects can be also achieved by varying ceiling height or vertical linear element.

Fig. 6.2 Proposed strategy 2 of implied boundary

When the elevated floor adds into very integrated space, it is allowing a part of space retreated from them as House NA (Fig 6.2). The effects can be also achieved by varying ceiling height or vertical linear element.

85

Fig. 6.3 Proposed strategy 3 of implied boundary

When the skylight add into an integrated space, the most of the spaces decreases the integration by adding more steps in House in Kokubunji (Fig6.3).

Fig. 6.4 Proposed strategy 4 of implied boundary

Elevated floor adds into segregated space, it is allowing a part of individual space become the part of corridor (Fig.6.4) and more integrated. The effects can be also achieved by varying ceiling height or vertical linear element.

86

Fig. 6.5 Proposed strategy 5 of implied boundary

When the vertical linear element height adds into a space, the integration will change according to the adjacency spaces (Fig6.5). It can fulfill the different degree of privacy within a single space.

Fig. 6.6 Proposed strategy 6 of implied boundary

Skylight makes the space become very segregated by breaking a long space into a series of small spaces (Fig.6.6). The effects can be also achieved by varying ceiling height or vertical linear element.

87

6.1 Limitation and recommendation Due to the limited time, it is important to note the methodological limitations of the studies involved in this research. First is the comparison of maps, the map with all implied boundaries is possible to divide into several maps with only one type of implied boundary.

This could give a more detailed analysis in spatial structure, relation and the effect of each type of boundary. Another important limitation of this study is the exclusion of visibility analysis, it is interesting to include implied boundaries which affects the people interaction by visibility. The sets of permeability and visibility analysis could offer a comprehensive understanding in articulation of Contemporary Japanese Houses.

6.2 Implication In this research, the effects of implied boundary on spatial and functional articulation are analyzed and the usage of other forms of boundary in the Contemporary Japanese house are also found. The maps with conventional and implied boundaries are studied with the analysis techniques of Space Syntax. Two different spatial properties and functional distributions for the same house are compared to find the characteristic of them, and interpret to the social interaction. The results shows that the potential of people interaction is affected by the use of implied boundaries. The effects and strategies of the use of implied boundaries are summarized and able to contribute to the building design.

The other important factor can also applied as implied boundaries which is the visibility between spaces, the Contemporary Japanese House without clearly enclosed room is not only propose a new way of permeability between spaces, but also the visibility. Some separated spaces can also be connected by visual links. By using the same method in this research, two maps with different visibility can be compared to find the similarities and differences.

88

References Ching, F. (1996), “Architecture: Form, Space, and Order”, 2nd edition, Wiley John Sons incorporated publishing, USA Evans, R (1978). “Figures, Doors and Passages”, Architectural Design No. 48, Academy Editions, UK, pp 267-278.

Hall, E (1969), “The hidden dimension, man’s use of space in public and private”, Anchor Books, USA Hanson, J. (1998), “Decoding Homes and Houses, Cambridge University Press, U.K. Hillier, B. (1996), “Space is the machine: a configurational theory of architecture”, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. Klarqvist, B, (1993), “A Space Syntax Glossary”, Environment and Planning B Vol. 20, UK, pp 29-66.

Lefebvre, H. (1991), “The Production of Space”, Blackwell Publishing, UK Pollock, N. (2005), “Modern Japanese House”, Phaidon Press Limited, UK. Turner, A, (2001), “Depthmap: A program to perform visibility graph analysis”, 3rd International Space Syntax Symposium Atlanta 2001 Vol. 31 University College London, UK, pp31.1-31.9 Ueda, A. (1990), “The inner harmony of Japanese House”, Kodansha international Ltd., Japan.

Van de Ven, C., (1987), "Space in Architecture”, Van Gorcum & comp, The Netherlands.

Hillier, B. and Hanson, J. (1984), “The social logic of space”, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. Hildner, C. and Wiegelmann, A. (2011), “Small houses: contemporary Japanese dwellings”, Birkhauser Publishing, Swiss.

89

Inaba, K and Nakayama, S. (2000), “Japanese Homes and Lifestyles�, Shokokusha Publishing Co., Ltd., Japan.

Hillier, B, Hanson, J, and Graham, H, (1987), "Ideas are in things: the application of the space syntax method to discovering house genotypes", Environment and Planning B Vol. 14, UK, pp 363-385.

90

Conventional

Case with

case

implied boundaries

E1

0.3764

S2

0.4414

S4

0.4481

E1

0.3871

S2

0.4203

S4

0.3787

E2

0.4255

C3

0.4764

S3

0.4996

E2

0.4367

C3

0.4824

S3

0.4137

P1

0.3794

ST3

0.5558

S5

0.5214

P1

0.3881

ST3

0.5619

S5

0.4283

ST1

0.4748

K1

0.6608

B1

0.5926

ST1

0.4854

K1

0.6671

B1a

0.4736

ST2

0.5926

G2

0.4702

S6

0.4481

ST2

0.6007

G2

0.4765

B1b

0.5261

C1

0.5331

D1

0.5515

S7

0.4626

C1

0.5425

D1

0.5579

S6

0.3787

C2

0.4567

ST4

0.6578

BA1

0.4218

C2

0.4652

ST4

0.6559

S7

0.3899

T1

0.4567

L5

0.6861

LD1

0.3431

T1

0.4652

L5

0.6846

BA1

0.3621

S1

0.3398

L2

0.5759

C4

0.6262

S1

0.3492

L2

0.5828

LD1

0.3715

GR1

0.3804

L3

0.7064

C5

0.5291

GR1a

0.3909

L3

0.7094

C4

0.6246

GR2

0.3398

L6

0.7099

G7

0.3844

GR1b

0.3515

L6a

0.7094

C5

0.5916

L1

0.7029

G8

0.4255

GR2

0.3492

L1a

0.7094

G7

0.4192

L4

0.5950

G9

0.5291

L1b

0.5938

G8

0.4666

L7

0.5158

G4

0.3603

L4a

0.6029

G9

0.5296

L8

0.4439

G3

0.3886

L7

0.5226

G4

0.3929

L9

0.6

G6

0.4345

L8

0.4505

G3

0.3629

L10

0.5177

G5

0.3929

L9a

0.6007

G6a

0.4779

G1

0.5196

G10

0.3498

L10

0.5226

G5a

0.4295

G1

0.5226

G10

0.4169

Appendix A-1: The integration value of House NA

91

Conventional

Case with

case

implied boundaries

D1

0.5599

LO6

0.5504

L1a

0.5095

C3a

0.6971

B1a

0.7295

LO1d

0.5767

K1

0.5473

LO5

0.5208

C4a

0.6181

C3b

0.6209

B1b

0.6372

LO1c

0.5779

K/D

0.4725

LO4

0.4993

C4b

0.5308

C3c

0.5621

B1c

0.6372

LO1b

0.5767

D2

0.4053

LO3

0.5208

TA2a

0.5767

L1f

0.5598

B1d

0.6675

LO1a

0.6512

C3

0.6774

LO2

0.5504

TA2b

0.5767

L1e

0.5019

B2a

0.6109

LO2

0.5907

L1

0.5599

LO1

0.6017

TA2c

0.5009

L1d

0.4450

B2b

0.6138

LO3

0.5539

C4

0.5504

C12

0.4679

TA1

0.6759

L1c

0.4045

B2c

0.5842

LO4a

0.4701

TA2

0.5293

BA1

0.5599

C2b

0.7717

L1b

0.4525

B3a

0.5633

LO4b

0.5351

TA1

0.6501

C10

0.5907

C2a

0.6528

C5

0.8870

B3b

0.5225

LO4c

0.4709

C2

0.8072

C11

0.6869

ST2

0.8503

C6c

0.5609

B3c

0.5076

LO4d

0.5125

ST2

0.9128

B3

0.6290

ST1

0.8116

C6b

0.6593

ST4

0.4890

LO4e

0.4541

ST1

0.8649

ST4

0.5567

T1

0.5563

C6a

0.7946

C10a

0.5256

LO5

0.5115

T1

0.6250

B2

0.6727

S1

0.4344

C7

0.8190

C11a

0.5868

LO6

0.5383

S1

0.4485

C9

0.7283

C1

0.5609

ST3

0.7139

C11b

0.6209

C1

0.6458

C8

0.6249

E1

0.4899

C8

0.6528

BA1a

0.5372

E1

0.5322

B1

0.7451

D1

0.4981

C9e

0.7255

BA1b

0.4717

L12

0.3492

C7

0.8497

K1

0.4890

C9d

0.6124

C12

0.4192

ST3

0.6822

K/D

0.4457

C9c

0.5633

C6

0.7939

D2a

0.4009

C9b

0.6342

C5

0.9497

D2b

0.3638

C9a

0.6576

D2c

0.3633

D2d

0.4015

Appendix A-2: The integration value of House in Kokubunji

92

Conventional

Case with

case

implied boundaries

E1

0.6109

C3

0.8958

E1

0.5694

C3

0.9068

C1

0.8553

ST2

0.7547

C1

0.7272

ST2

0.8641

T1

0.6309

C4

0.6309

T1

0.5784

C4

0.8072

BA1

0.4872

B1

0.4998

BA1

0.4739

B1a

0.6865

C2

1.1668

L2

0.4052

C2

0.9298

B1b

0.5441

GR1

0.7855

CR1

0.4998

GR1

0.6955

L2a

0.5784

GR2

0.5745

CR2

0.4052

GR2

0.5523

L2b

0.4769

T2

0.7547

T2

0.6865

L2c

0.4769

ST1

1.0402

ST1

0.9298

L2d

0.4739

L1

0.8553

L1a

0.7732

L2e

0.4739

D1

0.6309

L1b

0.6172

CR1a

0.5209

K1

0.4872

D1a

0.6070

CR1b

0.6500

G1

0.6109

D1b

0.6121

CR2a

0.5284

K1

0.4963

CR2b

0.4398

G1a

0.4246

G1b

0.5066

Appendix A-3: The integration value of Complex House

93

Conventional

Case with

case

implied boundaries

T2

0.4795

TA1

0.5322

LO1

0.4003

T2

0.5148

TA1

0.5388

LO1

0.4112

BA1

0.4105

T3

0.4613

LO2

0.3561

BA1

0.4427

T3

0.4696

LO2

0.3777

C4

0.5698

C7

0.6545

LO3

0.2874

C4

0.6096

C7

0.6495

LO3

0.2555

T1

0.4748

C8

0.5504

T1

0.5110

C8

0.5516

C3

0.6822

ST3

0.4657

C3

0.7316

ST3

0.4728

ST1

0.7338

C5

0.7812

ST1

0.7554

C5

0.7722

C2

0.5979

ST2

0.7451

C2

0.6748

ST2

0.7316

C1

0.5072

C6

0.7019

C1

0.5744

C6

0.6557

K1

0.4992

ST4

0.4070

K1

0.5560

ST4

0.4290

L/D

0.5180

B1

0.6545

L/Dg

0.4528

B1b

0.6150

G2

0.3954

B2

0.5504

L/Df

0.4528

B1a

0.6814

G3

0.4505

B3

0.4702

L/De

0.5265

B2

0.5744

G1

0.3497

C9

0.5594

L/Dd

0.5226

B3

0.4929

E1

0.3115

C10

0.4913

L/Dc

0.6096

C9

0.5516

B7

0.4526

L/Db

0.4664

C10

0.4964

B6

0.3969

L/Da

0.5346

B7a

0.3927

B5

0.4019

G2a

0.4162

B7b

0.4041

B4

0.3439

G3

0.4696

B7c

0.4484

ST5

0.3197

G1a

0.3707

B6

0.3658

G1b

0.3697

B5

0.3325

E1

0.3317

B4

0.3035

Appendix A-4: The integration value of House H

94

Conventional

Case with

case

implied boundaries

B1

0.5547

LO1

0.4401

B1

0.5804

LO1

0.4643

CR1b

0.5495

C3

0.7098

G2

0.7417

C3

0.7098

G2

0.4689

ST2

0.5560

LD1

0.5547

C4

1.0478

LD1

0.5804

C4a

1.0478

CR3

0.5560

GR1

0.5547

K/D

0.7588

GR1a

0.5952

C4b

0.8678

T1

0.5642

C5

0.7098

GR1b

0.4939

C4c

0.6929

BA1

0.4616

L1

0.9567

GR1c

0.4939

C4d

0.5628

C2

0.8573

C7

0.7859

T1

0.5877

K/Da

0.7429

G1

0.6409

C6

0.7676

BA1

0.4862

K/Db

0.6109

C1

1.0156

T2

0.6001

C2

0.8598

C5

0.7453

ST1

1.0478

S2

0.5894

G1

0.6586

L1

0.9878

E2

0.7766

CR2

0.6601

C1

0.9985

C7

0.8075

E1

0.6056

CR1

0.6472

ST1

1.0552

C6

0.7937

S1

0.5947

ST2

0.5324

E2

0.7738

T2

0.6274

P1

0.4889

CR3

0.5367

E1

0.6149

S2

0.6190

S1

0.6069

CR2

0.6828

P1

0.5047

CR1a

0.6729

Appendix A-5: The integration value of Machi-House

95

Conventional

Case with

case

implied boundaries

E1

0.4109

ST3

0.6812

E1

0.3769

C5b

0.5072

ST3

0.6869

E2

0.4978

ST4

0.6163

E2

0.4344

C5a

0.6017

ST4

0.6589

E3

0.6120

LO1

0.4884

E3

0.4968

L/De

0.4019

LO1c

0.4613

E4

0.7190

C5

0.5393

E4d

0.6249

L/Dd

0.4613

LO1b

0.4613

C1

0.4175

L/D

0.4706

E4c

0.5442

L/Dc

0.4657

LO1a

0.5473

C2

0.4884

C6

0.4109

E4b

0.5599

L/Db

0.4635

CR1b

0.5495

C3

0.5627

K1

0.3595

E4a

0.4942

L/Da

0.5412

ST2

0.5560

C4

0.8089

K2

0.3119

C1

0.3799

C6

0.4679

CR3

0.5560

ST1

0.7844

K3

0.3119

C2

0.3352

K1

0.4082

ST2

0.7396

C3

0.4249

K2

0.3574

B1

0.6163

C4c

0.7175

K3

0.3574

T2

0.4884

C4b

0.5665

B1

0.4772

BA1

0.4884

C4a

0.6869

T2

0.4082

T1

0.6163

ST1

0.7175

BA1

0.4819

GR1

0.4541

ST2

0.7071

T1

0.5800

GR1

0.3697

Appendix A-6: The integration value of House in Shimoda-Chou

96

G/F Plan

1/F Plan

2/F Plan

R/F Plan

Appendix A-7: Plans & Sections of House NA

97

G/F Plan

1/F Plan

2/F Plan

Appendix A-8: Plans & Sections of House in Kokubunji

98

G/F Plan

1/F Plan

99

Appendix A-9: Plans & Sections of Complex House

100

G/F Plan

1/F Plan

101

Appendix A-10: Plans & Sections of House H

102

G/F Plan

1/F Plan

Appendix A-11: Plans & Sections of Machi-House

103

G/F Plan

1/F Plan

104

2/F Plan

Appendix A-12: Plans & Sections of House in Shimoda-Chou

105