Thesis Research - In the Urban Arena: A Stadium for the Future by kalyn_ahrens

In the Urban Arena: A Stadium for the Future Kalyn Ahrens

SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE AT DRURY UNIVERSITY

Contents Précis

Thesis

FIFA Structure & Corruption

World Cup Research

Thesis: Site

Thesis: Program

Precedents

Notes

Précis The World Cup inspires the gathering of people from all races, classes, genders, and ages who support their respective country’s soccer team and to celebrate the beautiful game.1 However, at a time of so much joy, support, and sharing at the world’s largest sporting event, many are unaware of the sacrifices made by locals and migrants. For example, individuals are forcefully evicted from their homes to provide space for new stadiums and workers are underpaid or mistreated when constructing the new state-of-the-art venues. After the tournament, the stadiums themselves that are originally built to be admired and celebrated become abandoned and are known as the unwanted ‘white elephants’ of the city. Unfortunately, this is evident in not only the past three World Cups in South Africa, Brazil, and Russia; but the 2022 World Cup in Qatar, too. This

is the result of poor decisions made by FIFA officials at the helm of the organization. When Canada, the United States, and Mexico were awarded as joint hosts for the 2026 World Cup, Miami was listed as a potential host city for the tournament. The geographical location, existing infrastructure, and Hispanic culture of the south Florida city does make it an ideal candidate; yet, the city lacks a stadium that is close to downtown and is not a challenge to travel to. A new stadium for the World Cup and future Major League Soccer team will be an athletic and cultural venue for the local community, a circulation hub to assist with traveling, a place to eat Hispanic inspired foods, stay at hotels, and work in offices; while addressing the issue of rising sea levels that will affect the city soon.

Thesis The stadium typology is disconnected from cities, lacks integration with its neighboring site context, and is often isolated by a moat of parking. World Cup stadiums have become infamous for claiming protective environments, homes, or valuable land of host cities, creating physical,

emotional, and economical burdens on local communities. Therefore, the typology must be multi-functional to benefit the publics needs, improve adjacent surroundings that are in poor conditions, and enhance existing site conditions to serve the local community.

FIFA Structure + Corruption

FIFA Structure The emergence of modern organized soccer in Europe at the beginning of the twentieth century led to a demand for organizing matches between clubs and different nations. Competitions varied immensely without strict playing rules to follow, therefore, the need for a single governing body that could develop and enforce rules to ensure fairness quickly became apparent. Seven European countries bounded together to organize the nonprofit organization known as the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) in 1904 without the representation of the sport’s inventors, England, who did not believe in a higher authority for the sport at the time. FIFA would demand absolute faithfulness from its officials, pledge to adhere to its statutes, and establish ultimate authority over of the game as the main organization in charge. Later, other European countries agreed to join as members to follow the rules set by FIFA, as well as South Africa, Argentina, Chile, and the United States by 1913. To rival the popularity of soccer at the Olympics, FIFA members announced plans for a tournament that would admit professional players around the world. The first official World Cup was awarded to Uruguay in 1930 because it offered to not only build a new glamourous stadium at its own expense for hosting matches, it would cover the travel costs of visiting teams as well. This was an offer that other countries

were not willing to match or financially capable to exceed. The host country went on to defeat Argentina in the final to claim the first World Cup and the event’s popularity began to surge dramatically. Yet the tournament was unable to produce any significant revenue for FIFA, and the organization continued to struggle financially for several decades. It relied largely on annual fees from members and small commissions on ticket sales for international matches. Fortunately, through the development of modern communications for advertising and television, FIFA was able to sell broadcasting rights of the tournament to high bidding companies. This income yielded much more than collecting cash at the gates from fans and allowed the nonprofit organization to consistently produce earnings on a fouryear cycle. The revenue is used for FIFA soccer programs, member associations, and staff pensions. By 2010, FIFA booked a record profit of $631 million and cash reserves reached $1.3 billion for the World Cup in South Africa. This established the World Cup as the largest, most watched, and most profitable sporting event in history. 2 Since FIFA was assembled with the seven founding members, it has grown to over 200-member associations that are divided into six confederations. The umbrella organizations that are identified by each continent are known as: the Asian Football Confederation (AFC), the Confédération

Africaine de Football (CAF), Confederación Sudamericana du Fútbol (CONMEBOL), Oceania Football Confederation (OFC), Union des Associations Européenes de Football (UEFA), and Confederation of North, Central American and Caribbean Association Football (CONCACAF). Each confederation conducts its own tournaments, World Cup qualifier matches, and outreach programs to organize their

associations. Also, each confederation is guaranteed one vice president and a select number of representatives based on economic and social background to serve on the FIFA Council, the main decisionmaking body. In this role, individuals are granted power to decide where future World Cup tournaments should be held and to organize other prestigious competitions.3

Figure 1. Diagram that explains the structure of FIFA and how the soccer world is ran. 12

FIFA Corruption In 2015, the soccer world was rattled when several of FIFA’s top executives were arrested for bribery, fraud, racketeering and money laundering through foreign accounts. These individuals engaged in illegal and corrupt practices to ensure media and marketing rights privately for businesses. They also influenced the final location of World Cup bidding processes as members of the FIFA council. Over the last few decades when these corrupt actions have occurred, an estimated value of $150 million dollars was involved. This money has been diverted from social and educational projects by host countries to help fund the tournament and corrupt practices. For-profit firms, such as Coca Cola, are controlled through the market process and other stockholders with strong influences to keep oversight, demand transparency of any committed actions to decrease the chance of corruption and may control bids for the business. Since FIFA is organized as a nonprofit organization, the executives and employees enjoy high salaries and special services while working under fewer regulations and oversight from the Swiss government, where the organization’s headquarters is located. Moreover, as a monopolist of the World Cup, FIFA executives can demand lucrative bribes because they have the authority to punish any individual who challenges them. When FIFA executives are seeking payment for selecting World Cup venues and are not

recognized for it at first, they can threaten to ban an individual’s respective national soccer team from entering in the tournament until the payment is seen as satisfactory. 4 Since the officials who were charged for facilitating illegal payments had connections in the United States or South America, they were able to be arrested by the Federal Bureau of Investigation under certain laws. This event would not have occurred or had the same level of success if it were not for the help of Chuck Blazer who was a member of the FIFA council and had connections through CONCACAF, one of FIFA’s six confederations that oversees all soccer fixtures for forty-one associations between Canada and French Guiana from its headquarters in Miami. Blazer was forced to turn as a witness working with the FBI to provide any information about corruption in FIFA after he was investigated for not paying taxes for five consecutive years. Later, he also admitted to taking bribes and kickbacks for television broadcast rights for money to fund a lavish lifestyle in New York’s Trump Tower. When working with the FBI, Blazer would undergo a series of undercover interviews with other FIFA officials in the confederation while wearing a wire to secretly record them admitting verbally to corrupt actions. The former FIFA official was described as an invaluable cooperator who exposed the rot in all levels of soccer while having a hand in the arrest of other officials who ran

FIFA as a cohesive, corrupted enterprise. Nonetheless, he was still another member who participated in various criminal

activities including fraud, bribery, and money laundering for personal gain.5

Figure 2. Diagram that explains the gains and losses not directly attributable to commercial activity, such as investments, income from interest or foreign exchange gains or losses.

Figure 3. Former FIFA President Sepp Blatter anouncing Qatar as the hosts for the World Cup in 2022

World Cup Research

2010 South Africa The world celebrated the election of Nelson Mandela in 1994 because he was the first black head of state elected president in South Africa’s history. Ten years later, the world cheered again when South Africa was named the host for the World Cup in 2010. Since this marked the first World Cup hosted on African soil, South Africa was pressured to represent fellow African countries as they wanted to show the world that they have the ability to host the world’s largest sporting event successfully. After the tournament concluded with Spain lifting the World Cup trophy for the first time in the country’s history, there was praise for the warm welcoming people in South Africa, high modernist stadiums, sound event management, tight security, functional transportation, and telecommunication networks. It was described as a massive triumph for the country, which exceeded expectations of visitors and global media and for the continent too who believed they were represented at a high level.6 To award South Africa the World Cup was news to celebrate, but it came as a bit of a shock too. However, the African country’s soccer team was not identified as a powerhouse in the sport, lacked significant fan support for the game at the time, and many possible host cities listed in the country did not possess stadiums that met FIFA standards for the tournament. Also, the spotlight shifted towards South African cities and their abilities to cope under such

pressures since existing infrastructure did not meet FIFA requirements to host the scale of the mega event. If it was not for World Cup bid votes from FIFA officials, such as Chuck Blazer, who received illegal payments to vote for an underdeveloped country compared to other countries in the running, this tournament probably would never have taken place in the underdeveloped country. Yet, South Africa had ambitions to use the tournament as a catalyst for boosting national pride and fast-tracking development in cities to construct infrastructure, such as transportation systems, in a rushed manner.7 South Africa imagined all the possible benefits of hosting the World Cup and the community was pleased that it produced a new bus system for quicker travel, an increase in police for safety, new parks or public spaces to enjoy, and overall cleaner cities. Nevertheless, this was all achieved at a heavy cost both physically and emotionally for the country. The World Cup generated a price tag of $3.8 billion which was ten times more than the projected proposal. Of the ten stadiums that were used for the World Cup, five were new constructions and the other half were renovated. One of the stadiums, Mokaba Stadium, with a capacity of over 40,000, is now rarely used by professional soccer or rugby teams. Another facility’s construction was related to corruption and three individuals involved with the allegations were murdered following

numerous construction worker strikes that prevented the building schedule to continue. Another stadium was demolished to avoid any further yearly maintenance that costed $6.8 million to run a vacant venue.8 Ironically, FIFA issues a manual to World Cup hosts to create new stadiums that “provide many benefits for the local community”, but it does not suggest any

long-term purposes or require stadiums to avoid becoming an albatross in cities or local communities after the event. The World Cup in South Africa is a positive model to follow as a host with a history of privation and minimal infrastructure, but it should be analyzed as a negative model too, since the magic of the World Cup faded just as fast as it emerged.

Figure 4. Current condition of Mokaba Stadium. 18

2014 Brazil In 2007, Brazil was awarded the rights to host the World Cup. Not only was Brazil the only country to submit a bid for hosting the tournament, it seemed to be a logical decision from a fan or outsiders’ perspective because of the amount of support the country has for soccer. It is understood that sport was born in England, but the game lives in Brazil as it defines the hearts, souls, and religion of individuals in the land of joga bonito. The country is famous for their record of winning the World Cup five teams, is known for producing incredible players such as Pele and Neymar and has fans that were willing to do whatever they can in their power to support their team on their quest for a sixth championship. However, the sacrifices made by individuals were not rewarded as the hosts suffered a humiliating 7-1 loss to Germany in the semifinals of the tournament on home soil.9 At the time of celebration when hearing Brazil would host the World Cup in 2014 as an opportunity for soccer’s homecoming, it was also a time of skepticism and opposition as Brazil’s ability to host the event successfully was in question. It was facing similar economical and structural issues that South Africa had to address; despite being the fifth-largest nation on Earth with a stronger economy rapidly emerging. Many changes had to be made to fix the existing infrastructure that were in poor physical conditions and host cities did not possess any quality of

stadium that met FIFA required standards, or adequate transportation systems for travel between venues, and hotels that would house the projected 600,000 tourists. As well as the threat of water and electricity outages that would affect daily life activities. Other concerns that were expressed by the active FIFA president at the time, Joao Havelange, were general managing and planning practices with corruption lacking transparency that would restrict Brazil’s preparation progress.10 Numerous dissenting comments arose during Brazil’s effort in establishing adequate infrastructure as a few voices represented a majority viewpoint. Carlos Alberto Fonseca, a security guard in Brazil said, “Brazil has serious problems, hospitals that don’t work, extreme, poverty and all the government thinks about is having this World Cup to please the foreigners.” At the time, Brazil was more concerned with winning the World Cup rather than hosting it. A respected columnist and former World Cup winner, Tostao, did express his optimism for the tournament but ultimately stated that “because of the violence, the problems with air transport, the terrible highways, the absence of railways, the bad structural conditions of the cities and the areas around the stadiums, the enormous government spending, the political interests and the people who take advantage, that Brazil is not prepared for such a task.” Regardless of the negative comments, the

Brazilian federations president, Ricardo Teixeira, continued to ensure that “there will be improvements in transport infrastructure, hospitals, and a significant improvement in public security” that would leave an important inheritance on Brazil’s future. 11 Some improvements were made to the country’s infrastructure as promised, but at a serious cost for the locals since an estimated 170,000 people were evicted to provide space for developments relating to the World Cup and 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro. During a series of mass evictions around cities that have been described as a war scene, police were firing tear gas into communities and homes were being demolished with belongings still inside. The razing of slums and forced evictions are the results of Brazil wanting to take advantage of the building boom trend and the country facing pressure to make construction deadlines. Theresa Williamson, the executive director of Catalytic Communities, states that mega-events like the World Cup bring a ‘state of exception’ where local authorities will grant themselves the power to do whatever is necessary by any means. Therefore, eviction threats for many favelas that sit on prime real estate illegally immediately become inevitable events. It is required by FIFA that each host country should have at least eight modern stadiums with a minimum of 40,000 capacity, one stadium with 60,000 seats for the opening match, and another stadium with 80,000 seats for the final. Brazil had intentions to go beyond the FIFA requirements to expose twelve cities and venues in the hopes to resolve some internal political conflicts. Nine of the

stadiums were new and seven of them were built on sites of former stadiums that were demolished. Additionally, four of the stadiums were constructed in cities with no professional soccer team or team playing in the first professional division of Brazil. For example, a $325 million stadium with 42,000 seats was built in Manaus where the local team plays in the second division and has an average fan attendance of 1,500. During the World Cup, the stadium was used for a total of four matches. Post World Cup and a year later, there was no professional team that plays in the stadium because it was too costly to maintain and only a few other events have ever been held there since. There were also similar fates for stadiums in Cuiabá, Brasília, and Natal as they have a prodigious amount seats for smaller fan bases of teams playing in the lower divisions and served little to no purpose afterwards. 12 One of the world’s most famous soccer venues, the Maracanã, was originally constructed in 1959 for the World Cup in Brazil. During the 1950 World Cup final between Brazil and Uruguay, there was an estimated amount of over 200,000 spectators in the stadium; this is still the record for most fans present at a single sporting event to date. Since that match, the stadium was not fully maintained over time and was in dire need of renovation to be in an acceptable quality to host another final for the World Cup in 2014. Unfortunately, the final renovation cost for the venue was calculated at an astounding $360 million to meet FIFA standards. Despite the stadium being used to host the Olympic Games in 2016 too and its iconic image, this amount was not worth the price paying for since it now sits idle and in ruin. It will continue 20

to rot until it is given another opportunity to host another mega-event in the future. 13

Figure 5. Aerial view of the current abandoned condition of Maracanã. 21

Figure 6. Goal post netting in distress and current abandoned condition of Maracanã.

2018 Russia The bid by Russia to host the World Cup in 2018 was fueled by the idea of urban and national development with the tournament as the central motivator. Massive improvement plans to the host city’s infrastructure was visualized as giant leaps forward towards the country’s overall progress in competing with Western countries. The government believed the World Cup would by the catalyst to fasttrack the investments already occurring and speed up any developmental dreams towards reality. Many Russian officials continued to express the benefits of the mega-event before the tournament stating that the benefits would extend beyond just sports stadia. Therefore, a plan to further develop transportation, promote tourism, and enhance technical infrastructure was illustrated by Putin to “create an environment on par with Europe’s” (quoted in Zubko 2010). The Russian leader wanted to use the tournament to help convey Russia as a strong country, not just in the military realm.14 When the tournament began, foreign visitors were welcomed by firstworld infrastructure, impeccable planning and friendly locals. However, this was achieved at a heavy price tag of $21 billion making it the most expensive World Cup to date. Some of the changes made in the country such as public transit in host cities are invisible to the naked eye. Other changes that are highly visible in public view are the steep bleacher additions to the

stadium in Ekaterinburg to accommodate more fans. Despite the odd appearance, this was an efficient and economical decision by Russia when renovating one of its existing stadiums. Nonetheless, the number of new stadiums that the country decided to newly construct outweighed the amount of venues renovated ten to two. Along with making improvements to airports with flat-screen televisions or microbreweries and fixing rough road conditions connecting between two host cities, Russia committed similar acts during 2014 in Sochi in preparation for the Olympics to address the stray dog issue in cities. Authorities demanded cities to become more visitor and media friendly, thus abandoned dogs were exterminated in mass qualities via poison darts and food. This method of euthanasia was used to increase the speed of cleaning cities from “biological trash” in the form of mass slaughtering. It was a sneaky practice that lead the dogs to choke on their own vomit before collapsing in the streets. This solution proved to be more economical instead of housing the animals in shelters for extended periods of time. Many animal rights activists were left distraught about the news and pressed for a more effective and long-term solution in spaying and neutering the animals.15 One World Cup venue construction in Russia, Kaliningrad Stadium, was considered controversial from the beginning

because it was built on a watery, reedy, marshy area of an island that is home to numerous inhabitants such as birds. The site, Lomse Island, is known as an urban wetland and as a protected natural area for vulnerable species and biological diversity. The ground conditions of the site were not ideal for stable stadium construction techniques; therefore, large amounts of sand were extracted from off-site quarries as a building material. After construction, the swamp island could no longer be used as a natural filter for the nearby Pregolya River, it could no longer prevent green house emissions, and it could no longer

provide oxygen to the air. After the World Cup, it was decided that the new 35,000 capacity stadium would become the new home for the local soccer team but the team struggles to attract fan attendance above 6,000. It is too soon to label the stadium as a ‘white elephant’ in the city; but it appears to be headed in that direction as the core of future destruction rather than aiding the local community as a park-like setting that promotes the natural environment . 16

Figure 7. Kaliningrad Stadium built over swamp. 24

2022 Qatar When FIFA announced that Qatar would host the 2022 World Cup, the news was shocking, a small desert state was awarded to host the world’s largest sporting event over the United States, Japan/South Korea, or Australia. Since the announcement, a series of investigations were conducted by FIFA’s independent ethics prosecutor, but Qatari organizers refused to cooperate initially. The investigations continued and it was later found that one of FIFA’s most controversial figures, Bin Hammam, illegally influenced the decisions of others when voting for his FIFA presidency campaign in 2011 as well as for the World Cup to be hosted in his home country. There was an estimated $5 million involved in the plot to buy the World Cup with the wealthy Qatari funneled money to the former CONCACAF president, Jack Warner, and other FIFA officials in exchange for World Cup bid votes. Bin Hammam was also guilty of hosting extravagant excursions for FIFA officials to sway their decisions in his favor. 17 There are several reasons why the small gulf kingdom was under investigation for its World Cup bid. One, the country with a population around 2.5 million, barely has a sporting culture, lacks infrastructure, and its summer climate. The desert country can reach extreme temperatures of over 100 degrees Fahrenheit with ease during the summer season that are well beyond playable conditions for a World Cup. The country promised to build new world-

class air-conditioned stadiums to battle the deadly heat in the beginning, an executive decision made by FIFA has moved the tournament to the winter season to avoid the summer heat for the protection of everyone involved. This decision by FIFA was also considered controversial because professional soccer club teams will be midway through their season rather than at the end of it. Nonetheless, the oil-rich Qatar and its tremendous wealth was enough to convince FIFA officials that a World Cup in Qatar should be given a shot. 18 For every World Cup, the 32 visiting national teams are required to be provided housing accommodations, training facilities, and a home base during their stay. This is in addition to the stadiums that the teams play in during the tournament; Qatar has committed itself to building nine new stadiums and renovate three existing ones to meet FIFA requirements. Moreover, it is expected that Qatar will have the following infrastructure built by 2022: hotels, tunnels, highways, a subway system, airports, and cities as event hosts. With the amount of work and construction planned, it was Qatar’s and FIFA’s plan to import migrant workers from surrounding nations such as Nepal, Bangladesh, and India for low-cost labor. The workers temporarily become residents of the country under a guest worker system, known as ‘kafala’. Unfortunately, current migrant workers who make up ninety percent of Qatar’s current population,

are experiencing poor living and working conditions. They are forced to work six to seven days a week in the heat for long hours and are only allowed to rest when they sleep for a minimum amount of time in a bedroom shared with fourteen others. At the camps that workers reside in, they are not granted local citizen rights and are at the mercy of their employer as they hold the power to their visas that are required for leaving the country. The common cause of death for these individuals is heart attacks due to their harsh working conditions. It is estimated that the death toll by the start of the World Cup in 2022 will rise to around 4,000. 19

in becoming a powerful state. The World Cup is being utilized as the ultimate advertising tool for welcoming the western world and to change its identity as a tiny desert peninsula with money. Nevertheless, it is feared that the momentum of the World Cup will quickly disappear when the tournament concludes and will not only produce a herd of white elephants spread across the country but an entire abandoned city.20

The World Cup final in 2022 will be hosted in Lusail, a metropolis that is just north of the country’s capital. This city does not officially exist yet and is currently under construction as a $45 billion master plan project funded by the government. The core of this future city will be the 80,000 capacity Lusail Iconic Stadium that will host the opening and closing matches of the tournament. Along with the stadium, Lusail will consist of a theme park, two marinas, a lagoon, and two golf courses for entertainment. There will be twenty-two different hotels to house travelers and future residents will have the options of living on the waterfront, in garden villas, or in apartment units in skyscrapers. There will be enough space in the city to accommodate for 450,000 people which is almost 200,000 more than the number of official citizens in the entire country. In the eyes of the government, Lusail is seen as more than another developmental project, but as a selfsufficient and methodically planned city that symbolizes the country’s progress and goals

Figure 8. Render of Lusail. A city proposed to host the World Cup final in 2026. 27

Figure 9. Migrant workers being transported to Lusail to construct the city. 28

Thesis: Site

About Miami Miami is currently one of seventeen potential host cities for the Canada, United States, and Mexico World Cup in 2026. It is an ideal host city for the world’s largest sporting event because the required infrastructure exists: the hotel industry has recently grown rapidly and leads the nation in occupancy, rates, and profitably; it offers some of the best entertainment and beaches in the world; it is also considered the largest passenger port in the world because it is a main American transportation hub for those traveling to and from South America, Central America and the Caribbean. It has also recently become the new home for the headquarters of the Confederation of North, Central America, and the Caribbean Association Football (CONCACAF) that oversees soccer competitions between fortyone country’s between Canada and French Guiana. Both CONCACAF and Miami played a role in the infamous FIFA corruption scandal several years ago where prestigious officials were arrested for offering and accepting bribes to earn World Cup votes. The South Florida city is also known for its large Hispanic population that makes up ninety percent of the city’s total population and international influence. The David Beckham-led Major League Soccer (MLS) project has recently released the official name of the new soccer club that will debut in 2020, Club Internacional de Fútbol Miami. The name is intented to embrace the city’s Latino

community; however, a name and logo are not enough for the club’s connection to city. Although previous attempts establish a permanent home for the new club have failed, support for the team exists; yet, finding a location has been a challenge. The existing Hard Rock Stadium that is the proposed venue in Miami for hosting World Cup matches in 2026 has a capacity of 65,000 fans and is isolated in a Northern suburb of the city that is difficult to travel to. While any proposed soccer stadium is required by MLS to be located downtown in the heart of the city, a stadium will also become a reminder for those who greedily stole millions from the beautiful game. Miami has continued to become the home to many internationals from surrounding countries, but it must now brace itself for welcoming the world and help exemplify that the country and American spirit is built on a foundation laid by immigrants.

Downtown Miami’s geographical location in the United States and topographical waterfront level of the city are vulnerable to being affected by rising sea levels soon. This travel hubmetropolis has not prepared itself for living when the seas begin to claim the southern portion of the Floridian peninsula and must be flexible to adapting with future modern technologies. Constraints with downtown Miami as the project site are the inconsistent city grid patterns that will make it difficult

to identify clear circulation paths who settled in Overtown from the for the future and existing high-rise Bahamas, Jamaica, Haiti and other towers that obstruct potential views. countries developed a melting pot of different cultures and languages, but Miami is known as a place of they shared a common ground of race. exile for newcomers who desire a new On the other hand, Cubans began to life after fleeing a country filled with establish themselves in Miami after the social and economic issues. It is home for 1959 Revolution. They have created an many Cubans, Argentines, Brazilians, entire neighborhood, “Little Havana”, Columbians, Hattians and many other that is filled with infrastructure and Latinos who have influenced the city’s businesses influenced by their Latin identity and culture. A neighborhood roots. This makes Miami a unique case of Miami, Overtown, was formerly in that it was essentially born in another known as “Colored Town” because it country but thrives as a multicultural was founded, built, and dominated hub for internationals on American soil. by black people. Black immigrants

Figure 10. Top 10 Hispanic Markets Birthplace by city. 32

Surging Seas Causes of Rising Sea Levels The current sea level is five to eight inches higher than it was in 1900 it has continued to increase. This is considered a massive change since the sea level did not change much during the past 2,000 years. It was during the Industrial Revolution that humans noticed a rise in sea levels in correlation to burning fossil fuels. When these non-reusable materials were burned, it sends carbon dioxide into the atmosphere where it absorbs heat from the sun and warm the planet’s atmosphere. The current rate of sea level rise is about an eighth of an inch per year, yet, the sea level is expected to rise even more rapidly at the end of the century. One major reason why the earth is experiencing a rise in sea levels is due to thermal expansion. As the oceans warm from climate change, the water will expand and take the space of colder water. The fact that water will expand and fill a greater volume when warm does seem odd, but this is a natural property for most objects at the molecular level and is responsible for one-third of sea level rise to date. For example, when you heat a pot of water to boil food, the molecular expansion changes are not that noticeable to the naked eye. However, when you think of the enormous number of water molecules in the ocean warming up, these expansions are not only much more noticeable but detrimental to coastal communities.

Another cause of the rise in sea levels are ice sheets, glaciers, and large land-based ice formations melting as the result of global temperature rise. This is easier to visualize thermal expansion because when the meltwater drains into the ocean, it immediately increases the ocean’s volume and global sea level. This change causes about two-thirds of current sea level rise since the land ice in Greenland and Antarctica both contribute a third to the overall sea level rise. The ice sheets and glaciers from Greenland and Antarctica are extremely vulnerable to melting away because they are exposed to heat from three different directions. The warm air that comes from above, the warm air that can reach to the sides when ice sheets break off into sea, and from below as the ocean water temperature increase. For these reasons, the ice melting patterns will vary from location as the conditions continue to change.21 Effects of Rising Sea Levels The rising sea levels are a major threat to countries around the world, islands, and other coastal areas as they can be submerged under water soon. As for the United States, forty percent of Americans call the coastal areas home and are the first to experiencing the adverse effects of flooding. This may force mass city migration and create climate change refugees that leave

their homes behind to flee inland. Rising sea levels also threaten several types of plants and animals that only thrive in cold climates to the point of extinction; such as polar bears and penguins that require cold temperature conditions in order to survive. Furthermore, beaches will be affected by rising sea levels because the more salt water that is present is harmful to the ecosystem destroying the soil and plants in it. The individuals that reside further inland from the coasts are also not safe from the effects of rising sea levels as it will also contaminate fresh water sources that are further inland that are used for drinking, irrigation, and farming. This will spark a food crisis since the ideal conditions for growing food will be vanished.22

as climate gentrification because wealthy developers have taken over the underserved communities for their prime real estate. Also, since some cities rely on their beaches for promoting their tourism industry, the future flooding will destroy the leisure setting that travelers pursue and economic factors that cities desire. Especially in Miami, where tourism and property taxes from real-estate development are the city’s two major sources of income that goes toward developing infrastructure. 23

Effects on Miami Miami, FL is already facing rising sea levels as an ineluctable aspect of daily life because the city rests on a bed of porous limestone that is susceptible to salt water seeping up, but it will face a future that is completely underwater. In the past, serious storms that because flooding would force small-business closures across the city and disrupt normal commuting routes for students going to school or professionals going to work. However, the future may cause issues that are less obvious but far worse. For example, the overflow of water from urban canals and sewers will have significant effects on an individual’s health. In terms of housing, those who live in lowincome communities, like Little Haiti, also face a spike in housing costs because the demand for land with higher ground has increased. Some have classified this

Figure 11. Downtown Miami today.

Figure 12. Downtown Miami at the end of the century. 35

Figure 13. Map of downtown Miami when the sea level rise is at 3 feet.

Figure 14. Map of downtown Miami when the sea level rise is at 8 feet. 36

Thesis: Program

2026 World Cup Stadium Athletic Venue As a stadium for the 2026 World Cup in Miami, the venue will host a series of group stage matches at the beginning of the tournament. When the tournament concludes, the stadium will become the home of Miami’s new Major League Soccer team, Club Internacional de Fútbol Miami (Inter Miami), that is set to debut in 2020. The David Beckham-led project intended to use the name of the soccer club to connect with the local Hispanic community and the club has been searching for possible sites for a new soccer specific stadium for the past several years; yet, it has not developed finalized plans for a stadium site and a team name will not be enough to connect with the Spanish-speaking individuals of the city. When the World Cup concludes, the stadium will continue to host future professional soccer competitions at the international, national, and club levels. It will also have the potential to host football games for the University of Miami and collegiate bowl games since most of the seasons for professional soccer and collegiate football are not overlapping schedules. The stadium will consist of standard seating that will wrap around the playing field for the majority of fans. There will also be box seats at an elevated level to provide fans a more luxurious experience with space from a higher vantage point with better quality seating and private

service throughout the match. Premium and VIP seating will be located near the playing field level to be closer the action and provide a more immersed experience. A ‘safe standing’ section will be located on one end of the pitch and as an environment for the active and energetic fans, known as hooligans, to cheer on their team, wave flags zealously, and move freely with more space. Additionally, there will be sections for both the home and away teams on either side of the fields’ halfway line with a referee box in between. The two team sections will be near the players tunnel, playing field, and locker rooms for convenience while the referee’s section will provide a neutral zone in between to prevent the two teams from engaging in verbal or physical conflict. The locker rooms or changing rooms will be adjacent to the players tunnel and provide space for athletes on both teams to prepare themselves before and after the game. Coaching offices will provide space for managers to finalize their game plan and to analyze the match afterwards. A warmup room will allow players to stretch and loosen muscles before playing and to cool down to prevent muscles tightening after competing. A treatment center will provide stations where players can be treated before, during, and after matches to heal their bodies and offices will provide space for the trainers to research healing techniques and practices. Furthermore, a strength and conditioning center will allow athletes to

work out during practices on non-game days as an opportunity to increase all abilities for competing at the highest level. The television and broadcasting part of the program will provide spaces for documenting the games in a variety of media. The writing room will provide space for journalists to analyze and critique in words what they are watching. A series of broadcast booths will provide space for television crews to set up equipment to film games for their respective channels. The Video Assistant Referee (VAR) is a new addition to the sport that provides information to the head referee or recommends certain actions be taken based on replays in a timely manner. A booth will provide space for VAR to watch the game not only live in detail but also to analyze any footage later for further review. When players and coaches are asked by journalists to provide their thoughts about a game when it concludes, a press room will provide space to receive those thoughts and record reactions. Moreover, a photo lab will be used by photographers to produce, gather, and record any photos taken during the game to be used for social media pages, newspapers, and websites to visually describe the events that took place. Mega-events like the World Cup are sometimes the subject to terrorist threats, therefore, it is important to provide a safe environment for all individuals. To ensure the safety of fans at the stadium, there will be secured entrances during events to prevent any individuals to enter with objects that could be used as weapons. A security office will provide space for televisions screens connected to video cameras that are placed

around the venue. The office will also be a point of contact to warn security officials in the field about suspicious individuals or fights that break out between fans. A control room will be used to control the locking mechanisms on entrances around the stadium to permit only specific private and public passages to be accessible. Also, a first aid room will be used to provide medical attention to fans that need immediate help until they are considered stable or capable to be transported to the nearest hospital . Cultural Venue When the stadium is not utilized for athletic or sporting events it will transform into a multi-functional event space for the local community to engage with. It can become a concert venue for music festivals such as Ultra Music Festival or the Tortuga Music Festival. It will provide outdoor convention space for events like Tech Weekend when the latest technology available is being showcased or for trade shows when companies want to exhibit their newest products and services. It will also host cultural fairs and art exhibitions to help promote local artists and their creations with rest of the city. During the evening hours, the stadium will transform into an outdoor cinema for movie nights. Plus, the stadium can be used for drone racing competitions because its size permits a track to be made in any pattern for any difficulty and length. Drone racing is still a relatively new sport, but it has quickly grown. It will continue to develop in the future and the stadium can help inspire new pilots in the city to pursue it as a hobby or professional career.

Work Office space Inter Miami will be incorporated into the stadium to establish its headquarters here for the franchise. The club can promote itself on social media platforms to connect with fans through the public relations office. Coaching staff offices will be used for developing training practices, scouting players to recruit, and brainstorm goals to achieve with the club throughout the season. The administration offices will assist any personnel with daily activities, keep records of the club’s history, and distribute any information required by other business partnerships or sponsors. This will play a key role in organizing the club’s infrastructure in order to establish Inter Miami as a household name in Major League Soccer. An information technology (IT) team will be present to help restore any broken technologies, provide assistance for employees struggling working with computers, and run network support throughout the work day. The headquarters for the Confederation of North, Central America and Caribbean Association Football (CONCACAF) is already located in downtown Miami, but the offices should be incorporated into the stadium to provide direct views of the soccer pitch. This view will serve as a reminder to the individuals currently working under FIFA about their service and their job’s purpose, unlike the former officials that became too isolated from the game and did not fully support the organization’s objective of bringing the world together through sport. The

CONCACAF headquarters will consist of similar programmatic elements to that of the soccer club and what it currently possesses. There will be meeting rooms for FIFA officials to discuss any issues or goals for the organization and event planning spaces for CONCACAF to decide when and where tournaments will be held, such as the Gold Cup that is hosted in North America every two years. The event planning spaces will also be the rooms where international friendlies between countries will be organized as opportunities for additional playing time for players at the international level. Stay Since movement between the event venue and housing can be challenging, a hotel will be implemented in the stadium to provide rooms for traveling fans in close proximity for increased accessibility. The hotel will consist of a lobby to welcome guests, for continental breakfast and dining, and where tourists can receive information about the city when wanting to explore it. There will be conference rooms for organizations to use when wanting to discuss business relations and matters. A spa and an indoor and outdoor pool will provide an escape for guests to relax in a peaceful setting. A gym and direct access to the stadiums roof park will allow guests to get exercise outside or inside when desired. The kitchen will be used for preparing meals throughout the day at specific meal times and for room service. Balconies from each hotel room will provide private outdoor space for individuals and a vantage point for viewing into the stadium and the city skyline.

Eat A series of restaurants inspired by the local cuisine in Miami will be added to provide tourists an opportunity to experience the variety of homegrown culinary creations and authentic Hispanic foods such as Cuban sandwiches and stone crabs. For the tourists that want to learn about the city, eating food native to the area is a good way to understand what the people are like. Each restaurant will have a kitchen to cook meals and indoor seating areas for guests. Also, the restaurants will have outdoor seating areas that will take advantage of the outdoor weather and views into the stadium. Sometimes it is a fan ritual to go out and have a meal before attending a soccer game as a pre-match activity, or for fans to watch sporting events at the bars with friends and family, the restaurants will provide the pub atmosphere that enhance the fan experience that is unlike watching games in their living rooms. Circulation Hub To integrate the stadium with the city and its surroundings, an elevated link will be a physical connector between the stadium and the surrounding high-rise context of business towers, hotels, and condos. The link will provide specific lanes for pedestrians, cyclists, and other means of small-scale transportation for traveling between events. Market space and a park along the link will provide opportunities for rest and public interaction with the community between destinations. To connect Miami with Orlando, the stadium will provide arrival

and departure gates for the Hyperloop highspeed train that will transport individuals and goods to far distances in shorter travel times. A lobby at the departure gate will have space for individuals to get tickets and approved for travel while a lobby for the arrival gate will provide information for newcomers wanting to know more about their desired destination in Miami. Moreover, a parking garage for cars, team buses, emergency vehicles, and broadcast television media vans will elevate and support the stadium above to avoid damage from the rising sea levels. Future Evolution When the sea-level rises and continues to increase, Miami will succumb to the rise of sea levels as the ocean water will eventually cover the entire city by 2100. However, the city will begin to experience the serious effects of rising sea levels as early as 2050. Since the project site is located in an area over the Miami River where the rising sea levels will affect the city first, the project will have to address this issue and how it will affect the stadium environment in the future. Therefore, the parking structure that is used to support the stadium will simultaneously grow into a reef and natural habitats for aquatic creatures to embrace the surrounding environment. To document the growth of the reef, climate change, and the surrounding environment, the stadium will transform into a marine research and science center to conduct field tests and studies. The professional club soccer team will probably move to another city in Florida that is not affected by rising sea levels, as well as most

of Miami’s current population who will seek dry land, thus the stadium will also evolve into a housing complex in a resort-like setting that is surrounded by a body of water. The city of Miami can still serve a purpose as a travel hub between the rest of the United

States and South America with the stadium as the core of circulation later and mark the beginning of Miami’s rebirth in the future.

Metromover Inner Loop

Metromover Brickell Loop

Metromover Omni Loop

Metrorail

Site Adrienne Arsht Center

School Board

11th St Wilkie D. Ferguson, Jr.

Museum Park

Park West Freedom Tower

College North

Gov’t Center

Metro Stations

Miami Ave

College/Bayside 1st St

Bayfront Park

Knight Center Riverwalk Miami River 5th St 8th St 10th St/ Promenade

Biscayne Bay

Brickell Financial District Program Adjacency Diagram This schematic map of the Metrorail and Metromover stations and route diagrammatically represents the average weekly passenger boardings per station and amount of travel in between. 44

Television + Broadcast Booth Athletic Training Room Locker Rooms Stadium Pitch Seating

Public

Static

Intimate

Fast

Slow

Crowded

Dynamic

Private

Stadium Program - Internal This diagram focuses on the main programs within the stadium. The television and Broadcast booth and athletic training room are visualized as ‘gray area’ programs that are both public and private, while the seating around the stadium and stadium pitch is extremely ‘black and white’ since it is very dense and public environment. The locker rooms are mostly only accessible by the athletes, thus it will be an intimate scale for privacy. 45

Circulation Stations Restaurants Offices Hotel Retail

Public

Static

Intimate

Fast

Slow

Crowded

Dynamic

Private

Stadium Program - External This diagram focuses on the main programs outside the stadium bowl and is more accessible to the public. Based on this analysis, the circulation stations and restaurants will benefit from being adjacent to each other as public programs and the offices and hotel should be separate from the public spaces for more privacy. The retail spaces and restaurants will consists of similar characteristics, therefore, the two programs can blend in with one another to enhance a public environment. 46

Home Team Stands Away Team Stands Referee Stands

Standard Seats Seating Box Seats Safe Standing Premium Seats VIP ADA

Playing Area

Office Space

Stadium Field

CONCACAF HQ

Meeting Rooms Event Planning Space Home Team Locker Rooms Away Team Locker Rooms Referee Locker Room Coach Offices Players Tunnel

Locker Rooms

Warm-Up Room Trainer Offices Treatment Center

Athletic Training Room

Strength + Conditioning Center Writing Room Broadcast Booth Statistics Booth

Television +Broadcasting

VAR Booth Photo Lab Press Room Coaching Staff Offices Administration Offices Public Relations Information Technology

Inter Miami Offices

Internal Program Allocation Diagram This diagram compares each program’s volume in a detailed list of elements incorporated inside the stadium. 47

Kitchen Spa Lobby

Rooms

Hotel

Pool Conference Room Gym Terrace Secured Entrances Security Officer Offices Security Control Room First Aid Room

Security + Safety

Outdoor Eating Area Indoor Eating Area

Restaurants

Waiting Room Kitchen Arrival Gates Departure Gates Ticket Booth Information Booth

Metro + Hyperloop Stations

Market Space Pedestrian Lanes Bike Lanes

Elevated Link

Roof Park Aerobics Stations Cardiovascular Stations Yoga Studio

Fitness + Training Center

Weightlifting Stations Locker Rooms Inter Miami Team Store Apparel Stores

Retail

Tourist Shops Shoe Stores

External Program Allocation Diagram This diagram compares each program’s volume in a detailed list of elements incorporated outside the stadium. 48

Physical Connection Visual Connection Circulation Elements Stadium - External Stadium - Internal Program Core Parking

Locker Rooms

Athletic Training Room

Offices

Metro + Hyperloop Stations

Seating

Stadium Pitch

Hotel

Elevated Link

Restaurants

Retail

Broadcast Booth

Program Adjacency Diagram Since the stadium pitch is the primary programmatic element of the project, most of the other programs are adjacent to it or connected visually. As another main element, the hotel must be in a convenient location for individuals to travel to from surrounding entertainment with the assistance of the public circulation elements. 49

Precedents

Oslo Opera House How can stadiums become more accessible, welcoming, and inviting to the public, even if a major event is not scheduled? Snøhetta was awarded the commission to design the Norwegian National Opera and Ballet House (NNOBH) through an international design competition in 2000 because their design promised to become a cultural landmark for the country. Ever since the NNOBH had its inaugural grand opening in 2008, this architecture has established itself in Oslo as a social monument rather than just a sculptural one, a civic building rather than just one based on aesthetics, and one that suggests a ‘we’ rather than an ‘I’. 24 The designers knew that not everyone can afford to go to the opera, or is a fan of ballet, therefore, the NNOBH was to be a keyless structure that is open yearround with the idea of the entire public as the audience. This building became a connector between the land and sea. From the very bottom of the NNOBH where it meets the water the roof begins to ascend steeply to create an expansive plaza for congregating and an accessible walkway for visitors to stroll as they pursue the best position for a view of the fjord and downtown Oslo. The NNOBH appears to be emerging from the fjord to become a part of the landscape or surrounding urban environment as a public space for the community. Since Norway is not forced to adhere to European Union

safety codes, the architects are permitted to disregard any handrails that would disrupt views to create a broad, open, and publicly accessible fifth façade. 25 On the exterior cladding system of the NNOBH, Snøhetta worked closely with artists, Kristian Blystad, Kalle Grude, and Jorunn Sannes, to create marble slabs of varying cuts, ledges, and textures for a non-repetitive and complex pattern. This material choice for the building inspires a glacial and unwelcoming appearance, yet, the accessible roof form permits people to warm it up with their presence and bring it to life as the building establishes the foundation for an urban renewal movement in an underutilized industrial area on the waterfront. The material decision and form for the interior is a stark contrast to the exterior because it incorporates an organic stairway cladded in strips of oak to warm the space visually. Furthermore, large window panes that create the transparent portion of the buildings surface diffuses natural light into the lobby and highlights the stairway as the focal point of the interior. During the dark evening hours, the building’s interior will illuminate with a warm yellow glow through the glass as a beacon to continue to welcome visitors to the building as a vantage point for viewing the night lights of Oslo and the stars above. Like NNOBH, the stadium will be a ‘keyless’ structure that is open to the

public year-round. Through the design of the buildings fifth façade. it will consist of an accessible roof that has lawn, parklike setting with local plants, and trail that follows the perimeter of the stadium. This will provide a circulation path around the stadium and link with surrounding structures at an elevated level. Since NNOBH was designed as a platform for viewing the city, the accessible roof for the similar will serve

a similar purpose in allowing views down into the stadium and of the Miami skyline that surrounds it. To allow more visitors to access the playing field for events or leisure in the stadium, the typical stadium bowl design will not be used, and a single façade be removed to visually expose the stadiums interior and permit public passage on nonscheduled match days.

Figure 15. View of the Oslo Opera Housefrom the Oslofjord. 54

Accessible Roof Front of House Back of House Oslofjord Seating Stage

Program An accessible roof that continues down to the Oslofjord and above the National Norwegian Opera and Ballet House creates a plaza over the building for the public to walk on. The diagram highlights the main programmatic elements in the building such as the front of the house that is closest to the main entrance and the back of the house that is furthest from it. Everything that is above the black line is considered public space and everything below the black line are private spaces inside the opera house. 55

Horizontal Circulation Vertical Circulation Accessible Roof

Exploded Axon Circulation The primary circulation around the National Norwegian Opera and Ballet House is on the accessible roof that allows the public to enter the building from ground level and travel to the top. There are not many vertical circulation opportunities since it is located in one main area of the building and any user can benefit from more areas to travel upward and downward. 56

1 Rectangular Volume The form does not convey a sense of hierarchy for the main entry to welcome visitors.

2 Accessibility The accessible roof slopes down to connect to the Oslofjord and to ground level to permit public accessibility and creates a more inviting structure. 57

3 Natural Light Windows are added to the facade to diffuse natural light into the space because the interior lobby does not have any other access to it and would have to rely on artificial light instead.

4 Views The accessible roof of the building and elevated levels provides the public a variety of vantage points to view the city and Oslofjord. 58

Camden Yards How can stadiums be integrated into current urban fabrics and enhance existing elements? Historically, sports stadiums were concrete donuts at monstrous scales that sat on the outer edges of cities because there was enough space for large amounts of parking for fans traveling by cars and for the stadium itself. This made the stadiums seem disconnected from the city and they were often designed as generic forms with a lifeless appearance that made them seen not worth fostering or worth visiting later. This triggered the downfall of fan attendance while forcing sports teams to move to other cities to seek support in extreme cases, such as the Baltimore Colts who desired greener grasses and decided to leave Memorial Stadium for Indianapolis.26 Baltimore did not want this probability to become a reality for the Orioles and decided to work with designers to create a stadium that was considerate of its adjacent context and integrated within the downtown area for locals to enjoy watching their city’s baseball team play. 27 Baltimore decided that Camden Station would be the ideal location for the future home of a ballpark because it is located next to a major highway exit ramp for accessibility, it is next to an abandoned railroad warehouse, B&O Warehouse, that possessed potential for cross-programming as the longest brick building on the east coast, and it is next to the Inner Harbor

district that is a sightseeing hub for locals and tourists. This location allowed the stadium to become highly visible and accessible as an element of the city’s urban fabric, yet, it was the design move to have the stadium incorporated into the abandoned warehouse rather than avoiding it or destroying that led it to become known as the innovative precedent for future ballparks in downtowns. For Camden Yards to become integrated with the architecture of B&O Warehouse, the stadium was created with asymmetrical dimensions by removing most of the seating in right field. This permitted B&O Warehouse to become a part of the stadium façade and focal point that would inspire an old-fashioned ballpark feeling for fans. When the stadium was erected next to the warehouse with the outfield facing towards the city skyline, Eutlaw Street was formed for in between as a new pattern of circulation that permits visitors to enter the stadium from the outfield rather than behind home plate. This was also a solution for avoiding heavy pedestrian traffic from the city and dense entrances on gamedays while creating an atmosphere for fans to feel like they have arrived in the stadium without sitting in their seat before the first pitch of the game. The street level of B&O Warehouse has been renovated into restaurants, bars, and shops to cater to the pregame fan experience of going out to eat and buying Oriole baseball team gear before enjoying America’s national pastime.

The above levels of B&O Warehouse were repurposed as office spaces for the baseball team, an architecture firm, and other businesses. It also provides event space and party facilities to fully utilize the massive square footage of the building. 28 Since there is an existing shopping center located just south of the selected thesis site that was newly built with an accessible roof plaza, the stadium will physically connect to this to take advantage of the commercial businesses that attract visitors. This will be achieved through the elevated link that will physically bridge the

stadium with its surroundings. The elevated link will also connect with the adjacent condos and hotels to enhance accessibility. Additionally, it will link to all other existing high rises in the city to provide a platform for circulation when the sea level rises and prohibits any travel on ground level. The three condos to the northwest of the site have the potential in becoming a part of the façade of the stadium to make it more integrated with the existing infrastructure, which will be comparable to Camden Yards utilizing B&O Warehouse as a façade in the outfield.

Figure 16. View of Camden Yards & B+O Warehouse from above. 60

Ballpark Form - Historically Some baseball stadiums in the past consisted of a concrete bowl shaped around the perimeter of the baseball playing field that forced fans’ views inward to focus on the game and direct cheers toward players.

Ballpark Form - Camden Yards Through the stadiums integrations with the existing urban elements by removing a portion of the seating in the outfield, B+O Warehouse becomes a part of the stadium façade and fans that are sitting in Camden Yards have views directed towards B+O Warehouse behind the outfield and of the city skyline.

Ballpark Circulation - Historically In the past, baseball stadium were located in the suburbs and outskirts of cities because it allowed for more space for parking around the ballpark for individuals traveling by car. Additionally, the ballpark typology forced fans to enter behind home plate as the main hub for circulation.

Ballpark Circulation - Camden Yards The asymmetrical design for Camden Yards permits a new form of ballpark entry from the outfield where the stadium and adjacent warehouse meet. This entry is for individuals traveling by foot from the city and to decrease the level of density of circulation traffic.

Eutlaw Street When Oriole Park at Camden Yards was built adjacent to the B+O Warehouse, it created Eutlaw Street in between. This street has become a major circulation element for fans that are traveling from downtown and want to enter the stadium through the outfield area.

Nouveau Stade de Bordeaux How can a stadium design represent the local surrounding environment? The construction for the 43,000 capacity Nouveau Stade de Bordeaux began on site that was surrounded by lush vegetation that was normally found in the green belt district that goes through Bordeaux, France. When it was completed in 2015, it was used to host matches for the Euro 2016 soccer championship. This is a tournament that involves European national teams and occurs between World Cup competition and is organized by the UEFA Confederation. After the tournament, the stadium became the new permanent home for the local professional soccer team, Football Club des Girondins de Bordeaux, that plays in the first division in France. The design by Herzog & de Meuron was intended to evoke the pattern created by trees and paths in the surrounding area while creating an interior atmosphere that gives every spectator optimal views of the pitch. This design was achieved by creating a stadium bowl geometry that can afford the best views possible from any seat within the stadium and the architects were able to produce a flexible design for both capacity and usage. The Nouveau Stade de Bordeaux bowl, which is a typical building form for stadiums that wraps around the playing field, is made of two overlaid tiers that are divided into four different sectors to provide multiple levels of seating and serve

as protection from the outdoor elements. A multitude of concentric strips around the stadium convey a homogeneous appearance that frames views to the pitch while diffusing natural light due to its slope. The exposed ceiling structure does not pass through the inside because it would be distractive for viewers and remove attention to games. By raising the bowl above ground level, space is produced for programmatic functions to be placed underneath in a uniform, clean, symmetrical volume. To easily orientate spectators, the stadiums characteristics consist of a smooth circulation flow around the base with simple and clean lines. In terms of the overall appearance, the stadiums unusual rectangular shaped roof that rest on the base not only looks elegant, but it provides cover for all the fans sitting underneath it too. The roof also consists of an oculus in the middle to permit natural light to illuminate the playing field during the day. Since most of the public circulation flow comes from the east and west side of the stadium, the stadiums abstract form addresses this speculation by enlarging these sides with cascading steps to be used as a plaza. The exposed structure of 900 slender white columns were designed to hold up the roof structure and filter natural night, but also serve a purpose to filter circulation flow of crowds through the various entries into the stadium.29

To reflect the Secteaur Nord Rocade tree belt that surrounds the stadium site, the stadium uses an abundance of slender white columns in around the façade that conveys an organic appearance. It is a reinterpretation of the tree belts’ exceptional natural features that line access ways and defines the overall structure. An entire public area that surrounds the stadium consist of tree lines for shade and to screen views to the stadium to enhance anxiousness among the fan experience before matches. Beyond the public area that is reserved for pedestrians, there are asphalt surfaces for bus parking and fan parking. Each parking area is enclosed with trees and uses grass-jointed concrete paths to lead visitors from their vehicles to the stadium as a journey through the woodland setting. Since most stadiums have façades that are used as intimidation factors for visitors or do not address its adjacent context, this

precedent exemplifies how it relates to the natural environment with the fan experience in mind. Since the thesis site in Miami is surrounded by condos, hotels, and shopping centers, there are not much significant natural elements to immediately make connections. Therefore, inspiration can come from the marine ecosystem since Miami is surrounded by water and will eventually be consumed by it in the future. The design can embrace the affects of surging seas rather than acting against it while still focusing on the fan experience and community engagement. Like the Nouveau Stade de Bordeaux that was designed with the future development of the surrounding site in mind, this thesis project will address any future construction proposals in downtown and support upcoming technologies that enhance circulation such as the Hyperloop.

Figure 17. Ground level view of stadium from plaza. 68

Figure 18. Detail view of stadium entrance to Section G. 69

Limited Entrances The box form of the stadium with limited entrances is not inviting to the public and restricts the freedom to enter the stadium. It is does not address its surroundings and the focus remains on the interior.

Lifted Façade The façade around the buildings perimeter is raised to the roof to create a welcoming appearance for the stadium and allows multiple possibilities for circulation from multiple directions. 70

End Notes Alegi and Bolsmann, “Africa’s World Cup,” viii. 2 Bensinger, “Red Card: How the U.S. Blew the Whistle on the World’s Biggest Sports Scandal”, 46-47. 3 Balser, B. The Structure and Policies of FIFA. 4 Boudreaux, C., Coats, R. and Karahan, G. Bend it Like FIFA: Corruption On and Off the Pitch. 5 Bensinger, “Red Card: How the U.S. Blew the Whistle on the World’s Biggest Sports Scandal,” 210. 6 Alegi, P. and Bolsmann, C. Africa’s World Cup, 1. 7 Pillay, U. and Bass, O. Mega-events as a Response to Poverty Reduction: The 2010 FIFA World Cup and its Urban Development Implications, 229-331. 8 Zimbalist, Andrew S. Circus Maximus: The Economic Gamble behind Hosting the Olympics and the World Cup, 72-73. 9 Juan, “BRAZIL’S TROUBLES: World Cup Runneth Over,” 51-52. 10 Vinton, “Is it Time for Brazil? Preparing for the Next World Cup,” 7-8. 11 “Ugly Reality Threatens World Cup in Land of Joga Bonita,” 2 12 Zimbalist, “ Circus Maximus: The Economic Gamble behind Hosting the Olympics and the World Cup,” 97-98. 13 Wright, “Maracanã in a State of Ruin as Brazil’s Authorities Leave Ground to Rot after Lining Their Pockets.” 14 Müller, “How Mega-events Capture Their Hosts: Event Seizure and the World Cup 2018 in Russia,” 4-5. 15 Kurmanaev, Anatoly and Andrew Beaton, “How Russia Gave itself a Facelift for the World Cup; Eager to Change its International Reputation Amid High Political Tensions, Russia has Handled its Role as Hosts Seamlessly--so Far,” 1-4. 16 Korolyova, “World Cup on a Swamp”. 17 AP, “Qatar Accused of ‘buying’ Right to Host 2022 World Cup,” 2014. 18 Edwards, “World Cup 2022: Why Qatar World Cup Will Be unlike Any Other before,” 2018. 19 Cubrilovic,”FIFA’s Impossible, Corrupt Qatar Math: How FIFA had to have Known Forced Labor was Needed for 2022’s Qatari World Cup,” 2015. 20 Manfred, “Qatar Is Building A $45 Billion City from Scratch for The World Cup That It Might Lose,” 2014. 1

21 Willis, “Sea Level Rise”, 2018. 22 Mambra, 2018. “Rising Sea Levels: Causes and Effects”, 2018. 23 Kormann, “Miami Faces an Underwater Future”, 2018. 24 Stevens, P, snøhetta’s kjetil thorsen discusses the oslo opera house ahead of RESONATE lisbon. 25 Craven, J, Oslo Opera House, Architecture by Snohetta. 26 Fitzgerald, “In the Same Ballpark,” 2017. 27 Gerrity, “Oriole Park at Camden Yards: A Watershed Moment for Sports Stadiums,” 2011. 28 Summers, The Architecture of Camden Yards. 29 The Angry. Architect, “Pitch Perfect: Herzog and De Meuron’s Bordeaux Stadium Proves It’s Hip to Be Square.” 2015.

Figure Citations 1. Diagram by: BBC. Source: US Attorney. 2. Diagram by: BBC. Source: FIFA. 3. Source: ImgCop Photo by: Times of Israel 4. Source: Brand South Africa. Photo by: Local Organizing Committee 5. Source: CNN. Photo by: Unknown. 6. Source: CNN. Photo by: Unknown. 7. Source: Sputnik News. Photo by: Eugene Odinokov 8. Source: Business Insider. Photo by: Getty Images 9. Source: Hurriyet Daily News. Photo by: Unknown 10. Graph by: Nielsen. Source: Nielsen Scarborough Hispanic DST Mult-Market 2015. 11. Source: Business Insider. Photo by: Google Earth/Climate Central 12. Source: Business Insider. Photo by: Google Earth/Climate Central 13. Source: Climate Central. Photo by: Surging Seas Risk Zone Map. 14. Source: Climate Central. Photo by: Surging Seas Risk Zone Map. 15. Source: The Star. Photo by: Unknown. 16. Source: Ghost of Baltimore. Photo by: Library of Congress. 17. Source: Herzog & de Meuron. Photo by: Herzog & de Meuron. 18. Source: AF Asia Photo by: Unknown.

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