Layout by Lou Marcial M. Cuesta Cover design by Joseph Bryant J. de los Santos Copyright 2022 by Kapawa All photos used in this book are credited to their rightful owners as shown in the following pages. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission of the publisher. FAIR USE DISCLAIMER Copyright Disclaimer under Intellectual Property Code - Republic Act No. 8293, allowance is made for “fair use” for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, education, and research. Fair use is a use permitted by copyright statutes that might otherwise be infringing. This journal is intended for educational purposes.
KAPAWA
Beyond Limits Science & Technology Journal
VOLUME 6 ISSUE 14
KAPAWA editorial staff S.Y. 2021-2022
Lou Marcial M. Cuesta Editor-in-Chief
Leon Emanuel E. Advincula Kyle Lenard A. Mangubat Assistant Editor-in-Chief Assistant Associate Editor
Jewel Irish S. Belascuain Therese Mariette P. Rosos Associate Editor Assistant Managing Editor
Nicole Frances H. Sazon Sophia Nicole C. Dayao Managing Editor Assistant News Editor
Angeli M. Geroso Prima Ysabela S. Arciaga News Editor Assistant Feature Editor
Francis Exequiel P. Ampil Julliana Renee S. Ogapong
Feature Editor Assistant Science & Technology Editor
Giollan Henry P. Demaulo Sean Carlo O. Samonte Sports Editor Assistant Sports Editor
Ryan A. Rodriguez Oona Marie Aquilina C. Oquindo Literary Editor Assistant Literary Editor
Joseph Bryant P. de los Santos Ma. Avrille Marquiela C. Loraña
Layout, Graphics, and Photos Editor Assistant Layout, Graphics, and Photos Editor
Ana Dominique G. Manabat Claire Denise S. Chua
Creative Layout Editor Assistant Creative Layout Editor
Paul Gabrielle T. Corral Zamantha Zaynn J. Chiefe Rishiana Claire D. Dadivas Miles U. Guancia Kirsten Ann G. Limosnero Maria Mikaela H. Tormon
Vinz Andrew S. Coresis Anna Sophia C. Galzote Melissa E. Gequillana Sam Hervey T. Sabordo News Writers
Feature Writers
Jewelyn L. Liberato Science & Technology Writer
ABOUT the COVER When one hears the word “science” or “technology,” a plethora of terms are branched to it. Maybe because every single thing on the planet and far beyond it is, one way or another, subject to the realm of possibilities, invention, and human discernment that caters to the inquiries people have been pondering all their life. Most scientific experts and engineers are concealed in their laboratories, formulating a procedure with one hand holding a flask and an eye looking over a microscope, hoping to grasp the unknown and the undiscovered. They dedicated their career and purpose in life to provide the answers to countless “Is it possible?” queries. Sweat trickling, hands shaking, heart pounding as chemical x finally met the beloved compound like it was the last piece to a prospected modern breakthrough. And for the nth testing, a smoke finally puffed. So when scientists do stumble on one distinctive revelation, commence the unthinkable, or create the extraordinary, the world is more likely to be unprepared for it— Or will it never be?
Andrea Kirstin D. Ramirez Layout Artist
Angela Marie N. Amodia Aikka Heart L. David George Margaux M. Gitano Althea D. Marijana Kailah May T. Paceno Kyle Bryan T. Palparan Jose Paolo P. Parroco Marie Shella Ann G. Patigas
Jezaira Z. Constantino Jason Lee J. Pamati-an Janna M. Remus Illustrators
Timothee Ramon S. Consing Stephanie Anne O. Alolon Xiomara Ann B. Mondragon
Literary Writers
Photojournalists
Ashgan Al Rayeh Moh’d Idrees B. Bkheet Ryba Angela N. Moderacion Sports Writers
Rhiznan Faith D. Fernandez, LPT Moderator
EDITOR’S note
At some point in our lives, we have to admit that we did have a moment where we would put a hiatus on things and just speculate numerous theories regarding various concepts that run beyond our understanding—silently or out loud. Despite our lack of proficiency under the banner, it is undeniable that these suppositions caught our attention. Because, at the very beginning, we wouldn’t have arrived at such modernity if it weren’t for these endless questions that lingered with us until we were pulled back from our reveries. Or maybe they didn’t leave at all. We are already past the era where we inquire whether the Earth is flat or not, what flower is the biggest of them all, or when can humans land on the moon. From one “what if” that segued into another, our curiosity craved for enlightenment—what if we can do more? With textbooks and technology at our disposal, we can start with that just one idea. You can open your laptop and research peculiar phenomena that have problems left unaddressed. You may as well go out and explore the world and find the most interesting of remarkable things people have not come to explore yet. Or if you are lucky enough, you might accidentally stumble upon a historic find or be a part of something noteworthy. The sky’s the limit, they say. But what if there’s no limit, to begin with? I say explanations are always waiting for the worthy seeker. Jewel Irish S. Belascuain Associate Editor
acknowledgments
I am delighted to place on record the invaluable cooperation of certain individuals who supported the science and technology team’s inaugural journal. My first thank you goes to Lou Marcial M. Cuesta, our editor-in-chief, for being my partner in creating this output. From when the work was once just an idea to now that it became a reality—you are a part of it. Thank you for the support and time you have given to ensure the output’s quality. No doubt that your creative and skillful self will take you anywhere. Special thanks go to my successor, Julliana Renee S. Ogapong, whom I know will do wonderfully in her time. You’re smart and flexible. Thank you for always being present whenever I needed you and for braving the training and trials. My sincerest appreciation belongs to Ms. Rhiznan Faith D. Fernandez for her unwavering commitment, sound authority, and firm passion for aiding campus journalists to shed light on what is crucial. To Jewelyn L. Liberato as well as Leon Emanuel E. Advincula and Kyle Lenard A. Mangubat, for being my mentees and for your continual love for the team. May your passion for science and technology writing guide you to become more valiant and truthful as journalists. To the contributors, for featuring stories that are imperative and real in the modern world. You have researched and placed things and events that are worth perceiving and recognizing. You detailed the special significance, feats, and traits that go well under the theme. May you continue piquing the interest of those who find wonders in your narratives. I give my love to the creatives team headed by Joseph Bryant J. de los Santos and Ana Dominique G. Manabat. Thank you for lending your skills and talents in visual arts to the journal. May your ideas and strokes persist in enhancing every piece of literature you find. From one journalist, I thank the Kapawers who taught me to thrive in difficulties. You are the most talented, creative, and fearless bunch I have ever met. You have given me the courage to stand for what is right. I am forever proud to be once a part of this family. To our friends and family, for motivating us to speak from the heart and for trusting the mission and vision of the publication. I would also like to thank Justin Andrei D. Tanilon for your mentorship and for constantly believing in my capabilities to keep the section thriving. Above all, I am grateful to the Lord for making things possible—for this to happen. He provided the wisdom, strength, and hope we needed to tackle the challenge. All honor and glory belong all to You God Almighty! Having completed this ritual of acknowledgments, the only thanks I offer is this issue which I hope will fulfill every earnest expectation. Your suggestions for improvement will be highly appreciated.
Contents 8
Bioscrap Inc.
10
A Voyage in the Sky with Diamonds
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Benjamin List and David MacMillan Win Nobel Prize in Chemistry
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Quantum Computer Originated Time Crystals
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As the Wheels Keep Turning
30
Actions Speak Louder than Words
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Onto Modernization While the Sun Shines
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Viewing Life in a Different Magnitude
National Gems
Problems & Crisis
Inside Labs
Prey & Predator
The Small But Terrible
Recent Discoveries
Beautiful Yet Dangerous
Deep Below
BIO scrap INC.
Article by Paul Gabrielle T. Corral
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Illustration by Joseph Bryant J. de los Santos
Many have known that the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) as the “periodic inventory” of life derives a “balance” in the genetic build-up from both a mother and a father whenever an “adjusting entry” is needed. Yet DNA is simply the hereditary material present in every living being on the planet. As it is taught in school, its molecular composition is constituted of two strands that coil around each other to form a double helix structure. The backbone of each strand is made up of sugar (deoxyribose) and phosphate groups that alternate. Each sugar has one of four bases attached to it: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T). Bonds between the bases hold the two strands together. The base sequence along the backbones serves as a set of instructions for putting protein and ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules together. Usually, that is what people learn, but there is more out there, especially about the genetic blueprint of humanity. Junk DNA sounds rather second-rate when first heard, yet it is one of the most unique topics in either the field of genetics or genomics. According to research done
by the Department of Biology at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, it does not code for proteins, which is contrary to what is really known. Furthermore, there are four principal types of Junk DNA: introns, pseudogenes, satellite sequences, and interspersed repeats. For many years, it has baffled scientists why such an ungiving functionary portion exists only for itself without contributing to an organism’s health. Moving on, transposition, or the migration of sections of DNA to various places in the genome, is also a common cause in sections of Junk DNA. Consequently, transposons, which are sequences that copy or cut themselves out of one area of the genome and reinsert themselves, are found in abundance in most of these sites. Generally, genomes are dynamic constructs with new functional elements appearing all the time and old ones disappearing. Plus, non-protein-coding DNA— from useless leftovers of previous evolutionary variations, as materialistic models claim—controls the use of other information in the genome. As a result, Junk DNA has the potential to develop into functional
DNA. The term exaptation was coined by the late evolutionary biologist Stephen Jay Gould and Yale University paleontologist Elisabeth Vrba to describe how various genetic elements might engage new roles regardless of their initial function—even if they have no purpose at all. Scientists are exposing the role of nonprotein-coding DNA, thanks to the quantity of genomic sequence information at public disposal. In the end, Junk DNA is one of the most overwhelming concepts to be ever embraced in the academe— rather controversial per se. This is just one of many instances where intelligent design offers scientific predictions that can and have been proven through needed investigation. Crucially, the notion of Junk DNA was not predicated on a lack of understanding of the human genome. On the other hand, it reflected well-known information on size variation, duplication, and mutational degradation mechanisms. Furthermore, every one of those findings and theoretical issues is still relevant today and tomorrow as the general journal of life is totally expounded.
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A Voyage in the Sky
with Diamonds Article by Jewelyn L. Liberato Photos taken from Ron Miller & NASA Edited by Ma. Avrille Marquiela C. Loraña & Lou Marcial M. Cuesta
Exploring space as technology continues to arise, people wonder what are the possibilities and treasures behind the beauty of the solar system. Technology is going to delve into the pint-size pieces—asteroids, comets, meteors, and other chunks of space rock. The launching of National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s (NASA) Lucy mission to the Trojan asteroids, which has never been explored before, has now embarked to travel through the vast of the universe. Lucy may appear to be an unusual name for a space mission, but it is named after a fossilized skeleton discovered in Ethiopia in 1974. According to Arizona State University, the fossil is approximately three million years old and has taught people about
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humankind’s evolution—it was a suitable name for a space mission that NASA envisions. Yet, Lucy’s tale apparently started years ago; it assembled a team of scientists and engineers for years to plan where Lucy would go and what she would have to perform. Lucy’s engineers then had to assemble her from different bits and pieces to put her together like a puzzle. Moreover, Lucy had to undergo a series of physical tests to prove that she was mission-ready.
not lose any screws during the shaky rocket launch. Although Lucy was a little rusty and the analyses were not simple, they made Lucy prepare for the pilgrimage ahead. Lucy will be heading to the Trojan asteroids—a cluster of asteroids orbiting the Sun about as far away as Jupiter. The Lucy spacecraft might appear to be a long-distance away, but she is an up-to-the-challenge adventurer who is ready to journey to her destinations. On her 12-year journey, Lucy intended to encounter “Lucy, how are you holding up?” asteroids in both Trojan swarms. These asteroids At that moment, they might be have been in these whistling in the dark for that question orbits for was deemed to be the vibration and billions of sound testing to ensure that Lucy does y e a r s
due to the gravitational balancing act. Conquering these targets remains to be a tedious process. Lucy, a brave adventurer, will be the first spacecraft to interact with these asteroids. According to scientific evidence, the Trojan asteroids were chosen because there are still questions that remain unanswered from planet creation. These asteroids might contain crucial information about the solar system’s past—like a treasure hunt. It could reveal the heart of the solar system’s evolution and how the planets, including Earth, came to become the way they are. Eurybates—Lucy’s initial Trojan target—is classified as a carbonaceous Jupiter trojan, with a diameter of 63.9 kilometers. There are just a few known trojan asteroids with satellites, and Eurybates is particularly interesting in the presence of such. The sole observations of these asteroids have been from afar, using telescopes on the earth—the Hubble Space Telescope. Scientists have gathered basic information about Lucy’s Trojan asteroid destinations using a variety of telescopes, including where they are, how they are traveling, how big they are, and what their general color is. They might also get a very rough notion of their general shape— which would be a big help—if a streak of good luck happens. Nothing, however, compares to flying straight past these asteroids and having a close look at them. As Lucy will be approaching the main-belt asteroid—Donald Johanson—this will offer Lucy an opportunity to check the instrumentations before venturing out to Trojans. Lucy Rapidly Adapting Lateral Position Handler (L’RALPH) is the name of the first instrument. It will use visible and infrared light to take color photographs of the Trojan asteroids, allowing scientists to map craters and mountains and determine what the asteroids are made of. Lucy Long Range Reconnaissance Imager (L’LORRI) is following
next; this camera will get the highest detailed photographs of the Trojan asteroids’ surfaces, to assist scientists in determining what has occurred since the formation of the solar system. The Lucy Thermal Emission Spectrometer (L’TES) is essentially a touchless thermometer. It will take temperature readings on the Trojan asteroids’ surfaces to determine if they are rocky or dusty. Finally, the mission would not be complete without the terminal tracking cameras or T2CAMS, which always keep the asteroids in view, and the high-strength antenna, which allows communication with Earth. On Lucy’s 12-year journey, there are five more Trojan asteroids to uncover, each with a unique story to tell about the solar system’s history. Polymele is the next stop, with a diameter of only 21 kilometers. After that, Lucy will be speeding past Leucas which rotates at a glacial pace. Following that, Lucy will travel to Orus which is thought to be rich in organics and carbon. Finally, Lucy will arrive in Patroclus and Menoetius, a twin pair of asteroids. These asteroids, which have remained remarkably unchanged for four billion years, will provide humankind a glimpse into the solar system’s distant past. Now, take off. The voyage will seek pieces of immense detail, and they carry with them the entirety of humanity. This would give way to the navigation, synchronization, and manifestation of scientific principles. Indeed, the magnificence and vast physical grandeur of the cosmos will help science to enliven human lives and pervade the culture. Some of the journeys are driven by individuals whether it’s people or the spacecraft they created, from celestial bodies throughout the solar system, these pilgrims have broadened the beauty of the human psyche. Thus, people might be delighted to support Lucy on her journey to discover the Trojan Asteroids. It’s not rocket science to hold up what Lucy will uncover.
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SciTechSavv
12
y
’ s o a n a Mind m e G n a e l u r Ce -life mystery discover a real the If one dares to avel south to tr , es ey r ei the before th as and behold Se t en ri O e rigao del Pearl of th l river in Su ca ti ys m a River. sight of Enchanted n ua at in H Sur—the agical the tales of m Enriched by s are er at w ue ese crystal bl r in ve ri t creatures, th es be the deep feet 0 8 considered to nd s—being arou rs ne ig re fo the Philippine y said that man s stream, deep! It is r’ touch the rive ccessfully have tried to su ed ac rf e resu e deep th but no on h ing to reac a cave ed after attempt er ve also discov ha s er iv D ystical d. m en e rneath thes de un d te d ca lo appe it out. ve not fully m ha t ye s er at w lan Modesto Faro io The diplomat “R d lle ca famous poetry e on e th ed or as th au to it at referred th ” do ed ta at iv an pt nc E so ca er as he was Enchanted Riv Mindanao’s in r hidden ve ri e e th by which no on river’s fish— he — T . om le fr ng e ju m where they co seems to know “Hymn of d lle ca e tune th . to ar pe ap loudspeakers anated from em n” ua at in H
es H. Sazon
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Photos taken by Xiomara Ann B. Mondragon from various sources
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SciTechSavvy
A Thirst to Strengthen Negros Occidental’s Water Security What should have been a basic need can ultimately be a scarce resource for some, and in this case, water is no different. During the launching of the Provincial Integrated Water Security Program in 2021, Governor Eugenio Lacson stated that 25% of Negrenses are said to have no access to water supply and 18% have no access to sanitation services. Whenever certain areas are hit by disaster, the exact figures will inevitably skyrocket. Due to the rising demand brought by a growing population, along with threats brought by typhoons, flooding, pollution, et cetera, there is a pressing need to enforce a provincial water security road map—one that allocates efforts for increased accessibility, that improves resource management, and that ensures distribution. All things considered, this issue poses a question on how this thirst can be quenched without compromising both urban sectors and the natural environment while also keeping an eye out for calamities.
Words by Kailah May T. Paceno
Photos taken from Safewater Project EU, UNICEF, & Asian Development Bank Edited by Stephanie Anne O. Alolon & Lou Marcial M. Cuesta
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Benjamin List and David MacMillan Win Nobel Prize in Chemistry Article by Kyle Bryan T. Palparan
Chemistry is a difficult craft to master. Science is fairly known for its extravagant discoveries of otherworldly bodies, bizarre experimentations, and mind-bending formulas. New fossil remains and simulations of the universe have surely fascinated humans before. But so often, the miniature theater of microbes and bacteria fails to be noticed—a product to be formulated from textbooks as it requires more than the naked eye. Generally, we hear little of the inner sphere of molecules that build up all that is in the world as it needs to be scrutinized with diligence since breakthroughs can happen in a moment—or be it years. Such is the case for Benjamin List of Germany and David MacMillan of Scotland, who were awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, last October 2021, for the development of a new type of catalysis called asymmetric organocatalysis—the acceleration of chemical reactions by introducing an organic catalyst. Surprisingly, List from the Max Planck Institute and MacMillan of Princeton University developed the catalysis independent of each other way back in 2000 when the field was yet to be a household name. Over twenty years later, the Nobel Committee finds the development of the catalyst as “a gold rush” and now serves as
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a tool staple in chemists’ toolboxes. Ever since the dawn of chemistry, scientists and researchers have only known two types of catalysts:
metals and enzymes. This inaugurated the discovery of List and MacMillan into a treasure trove of investment for future discoveries and concepts. It was not until the early twenty-first century that the study of organocatalysis exploded on the scene, of which the pair also remained leaders of the same field. In an interview with Adam Smith, the Chief Scientific Officer of Nobel Media, List expressed, “We really
think our molecules have a certain beauty to them, and making them is like creating something beautiful, especially if they’re natural products.” Similarly, in a separate interview, MacMillan said, “[This was one that came successfully] and it sounds obvious to say we were lucky. [There were more ideas that failed] than ever succeed. We were very excited about it at the beginning; we thought it had a very low probability of success, but it took off [....] like gangbusters, and that was wonderful to see.” Asymmetric organocatalysis is a new quirky name for the construction of molecules. Whether capturing light in solar cells, creating lightweight running shoes, or stopping disease within the body, all of these require the wisdom of chemists to build the molecules needed and the catalysts vital for those molecules. Given their carbon framework, organic catalysts are able to attach with other active groups of chemicals often with elements like oxygen, nitrogen, or phosphorus, making the catalyst environmentally friendly and cheap to produce with less waste to handle. In addition, researchers are able to produce volumes of various asymmetric molecules. As new and further studies are being developed yearly in areas
Photos taken from Cable Ridson & Bernhard Ludewig Edited by Claire Denise S. Chua & Lou Marcial M. Cuesta
like chemistry, certain chemists like List and MacMillan have paved the way for others to follow in their footsteps or create their own path. Whatever forms of art scientists may soon forge, it is certain that chemistry is best utilized by master craftsmen.
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SciTechSavvy
How Far Can
GENETIC ENGINEERING
Go?
In late 2018, what was only a concept straight out of science fiction turned to reality as Dr. Jiankui He of the Southern University of Science and Technology in Shenzhen claimed that he and his team created the world’s first genetically edited babies. This revelation had the scientific community asking about the ethics of genetic modification and the future it holds. However, the real question arose: How were they able to do it? A powerful gene-editing tool known as Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) has allowed scientists to cheaply and easily alter an organism’s deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) by targeting, deleting, and repairing any mutated sequence with the aid of the CRISPR associated protein 9 (Cas9) enzyme. From producing better crops and livestock to treating diseases like cancer, this technique proves to be a breakthrough. Yet as revolutionary as it is, CRISPR-Cas9 might still unintentionally trigger unwanted changes. What concerns people the most though is not only how unethical or dangerous it is when used for embryo manipulation but also how it could create designer babies with desirable traits and features—potentially ridding those who are often judged as biologically inferior.
Words by Angeli M. Geroso
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Photos taken from Sarah Han-de-Beaux, Hiroyuki Motomura, Christian Jakimowitsch, & Thomas Marent
Edited by Timothee Ramon S. Consing & Lou Marcial M. Cuesta
SciTechSavvy
Hunter & Hunted Imagine yourself sitting within a thick bush of greenery, salivating and thirsting over a cheeseburger held on a pedestal a few inches from you. Do you go for an allout attack? Or do you plan before acting? Welcome to Earth, a planet synonymous with the constant war of predator and prey. Some may think that predators only come in huge, bulky builds—able to rip off flesh in seconds—like something out of a sci-fi movie. Some hunters have developed bizarre habits such as eating their mates and only having a diet for blood. However, in the case of the Formica archboldi ant, they have an outlandish convention of targeting prey larger than them, while taking their severed heads as trophies. However, if predators would be so ambitious and have developed this deadly evolution in taking down prey, wouldn’t they eventually run out of food sooner or later? However true this statement may be, predators would not be the only end of the chain to evolve as prey has also developed “anti-predator” adaptation. These include hiding through camouflage, only being active at night, and going so far as producing toxininduced spikes to ward off hunters. The relationship of hunter and prey is indeed one of the world’s wonders; their tale of predation, as old as time, has been deemed essential for survival.
Words by Giollan Henry P. Demaulo
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Article by Jewel Irish S. Belascuain Photo taken from Erik Lucero Edited by Ma. Avrille Marquiela C. Loraña & Lou Marcial M. Cuesta
With electrons and photons under its microscope, quantum physics has become a powerful mechanism for comprehending the properties and conducts of the very building blocks of nature—matter, energy, and information—at their most quintessential levels. However, as computations persist to rise at an exponential complexity, the demand for an international collaborative effort to contrive a computer competent in utilizing quantum physics capabilities has heightened. Despite this and giants blocking scientists from engineering such, contemporary prototypes still prove their purpose in manifesting exceptional endeavors and undertakings. From transistors to lasers, the venture to create inventions unimaginable in theory and experiment was now just at hand’s reach. Within the laboratory walls of Princeton University and the Max Planck Institute for Physics of Complex
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Systems, Stanford assistant professor Vedika Khemani with doctoral advisor Shivaji Sondhi and Achilleas Lazarides with Roderich Moessner, respectively, were only studying non-equilibrium many-body localized systems—an introspection where the particles get “stuck” in the state in which they started and can never relax to an equilibrium state—when they tripped over their work accidentally and formulated the procedure of what was deemed to be “the new phase of matter.” With the touch of Google’s Sycamore quantum computing hardware, the doors of opportunities became limitless. Time crystals, a quantum system of particles whose lowest-energy state is one in which the particles are in repetitive motion, are an example of a novel class of non-equilibrium quantum stage of matter. Just as how a crystal’s form repeats in space, a time crystal reoccurs in time and does so infinitely and even in the absence of energy
inputs—like a clock that runs forever without any batteries. To elaborate, the configuration cannot renounce energy to the environment and arrive at a halt because the system is already in its quantum ground state. As a result, the particles’ motion does not represent kinetic energy in the same way that ordinary motion does; instead, it possesses the “motion without energy” behavior. As quantum computers became a medium for unraveling finer discoveries, these devices have provided scientists a window to glimpse new non-equilibrium regimes in many-body physics. As they move away from the original computation goal, researchers and experts are positioning this kind of computer instead to function as a special experimental platform to discover and witness unexplored phases of matter. Not only that, but quantum computers will also serve to analyze further systems in their domain of condensed
matter physics, which studies the novel phenomena and properties brought about by the collective interactions of many objects in a system. What was deemed to only be for computations now achieved a greater purpose than what it was destined for—an unprecedented, table-turning outcome that rendered nods from laureates and science awardees. It was an Ising model, a “kick” from a laser, and a hint of spontaneity that birthed time crystals. Initially, Khemani, Sondhi, Lazarides, and Moessner were only curious about stages that might evolve in such systems when a laser occasionally kicks them. They slid down the rainbow when they found a non-equilibrium phase where the spins of the particles flipped between patterns that repeat in time forever at a duration twice that of the laser’s driving period—thus, producing a time crystal. The time crystal’s spins unusually flip between
two states, completing a cycle only after being kicked by the laser twice. This means the system’s strength in equilibrium is broken and the rhythm to dynamics is desynced. The systematic kick is a loophole that causes time crystals feasible. To complete the time crystal, Khemani and her co-proponents collaborated with a department at Google Quantum AI. While employing the quantum equivalent of a classical computer’s bits of information known as qubits, they programmed 20 “spins” by utilizing Google’s Sycamore quantum computing hardware. Despite the experiment’s limitations in time and size, the researchers designed a paradigm of conventions and protocols to concretize the quantum computers’ foundation and versatility, which guaranteed the world a crystal they had never known until today. As science continues to improve and evolve, there is still so
much for quantum physics to offer. Other than computations and arithmetics, quantum computers do not stop from exploring where their abilities can take them. At present, the most intriguing advantage of quantum computers is that it bridges for people to learn and appreciate fundamental quantum physics more. This could also pave the way for young and brilliant minds to contribute to scientific knowledge and become pioneers of change of their own. This is plausible, knowing how the extraordinary could also appear without one expecting nor practicing. Given the ratio of chances, it will indeed only take time—and energy, and matter—to create another “time crystal” that the world has yet to prepare itself to see. And who knows, one might soon unintentionally stumble upon ways in producing another breakthrough that would transform the world forever.
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As the WHEELS Keep Turning Article by Anna Sophia C. Galzote
Living in a world with tons of places to see, mankind has hopped from one adventure to the next with the help of their wheeled friends—may it be in the form of automobiles, motorcycles, or trains. However, deep beneath car cushions, there lies stories of how modern-day vehicles came to be as they have shifted in various structures before getting to their present-day figures. As decades have passed, scientists and engineers continue to innovate the world of transportation here in the Philippines. Before the idea of using motors and gasoline to energize these vehicles, animals with the likes of horses have guided us through the Philippine roads, where the popularly known Calesa came to be. This was introduced to us by the Spaniards in the 18th century and was majorly intended for the use of noble, high ranking officials back in the day. It was built in the form of a twowheeled cart, anchored to a horse, and these are still prevalent in today’s time as they are often used for tourism and are commonly found in the streets of Vigan City, Ilocos City. Fast forward to the 1900s, a wealthy doctor named Dr. Juan Miciano was the first person known to buy and drive a motor vehicle called the Georges Richard Automobile. This was the year when the Philippines trading system peaked, paving the way for the introduction of cars and motorcycles, including this model. The said car was manufactured by Bachrach Motors owned by the late Frenchman Georges Richard. Thereafter, motor vehicles started roaming around Filipino streets
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Photos taken from Alex Castro Photo Archives Edited by Andrea Kirstin D. Ramirez & Lou Marcial M. Cuesta
which included the frequently used mode of transportation in the country today—jeepneys. These four-wheeled rectangular vehicles were previously termed as G.P or General Purpose cars, and they drove around the country during the historical World War II which were used by the Americans and army troops. As they fleeted, jeepneys were left behind and that was when the Filipinos started using them as a part of everyday transportation. Three-wheeled vehicles were also introduced alongside jeepneys which included motorized tricycles, pedal-operated pedicabs, and the traditional habal-habal. The public utility vehicle, commonly known as tricycles, resembled the form of India’s auto-rickshaws and Thailand’s tuk-tuks, where a cab enclosing a sitting compartment for passengers is attached at the right side of the motorcycle. On the other hand, pedicabs are the cycling version of tricycles, where a bicycle is connected instead. These two are often spotted in provincial areas and smaller, residential streets.
& Known as motorcycle taxis in other parts of the globe, the habal-habal is also another indigenous mode of transportation in the Philippines which are often driven in mountainous and remote regions. Being an archipelagic country consisting of 7,107 islands, wheeled vehicles with the likes mentioned above are inconvenient in situations when crossing one island to another, especially when sea transport is needed. This was when the small, traditional sea fare Banca sailed through the country’s shores. This miniature and manually-rowed boat was first used by fishermen, but has now become a means of travel for shorter or in-island transport. The transportation industry has evolved all throughout the years, as the aforementioned vehicles above can attest to that. It has gone from being maneuvered by animals to now being powered by gasoline; and who knows what lies ahead in the future? With great minds mixed with efficiency, and design, the growth of Philippine transportation persists.
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Photo taken from Stephen Belcher Edited by Stephanie Anne O. Alolon & Lou Marcial M. Cuesta
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SciTechSavvy
These Yellow Crazy Ants Yellow crazy ants, scientifically learned as Anoplolepis gracilipes, are known to be one of the world’s worst invasive species. Despite its size, it has wreaked havoc on multiple ecosystems around the world. These ants were first discovered in West Africa but have been introduced to places like Asia and America, causing major problems. These ants have been responsible for the death of up to 20 million Red land crabs on Christmas Island during the first half of the 20th century, as well as the decline of native species in areas they have invaded. Yellow crazy ants are also a threat to the sugarcane industry because of their strong mutualism with honeydew and nectar-producing insects. While they are just about 5 millimeters long individually, they can create ecosystem-changing situations as a colony. These creatures may be tiny but they pose a serious threat to the earth, especially in tropical and sub-tropical areas along the equator—making them a perfect example of being small but terrible.
Words by Vinz Andrew S. Coresis
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SciTechSavvy
On The Radar The World Health Organization (WHO) Philippines has once dived into the depths of digital contact tracing to monitor tuberculosis, making the process of contact tracing familiar to the country. However, it was not until the onslaught of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) came that digital contact tracing systems fully surfaced— one of them being the Bacolod BacTrac system. Adapted from the South Cotabato Covid Contact Tracing System (SC-CCTS), BacTrac contains an individual’s address, contact number, gender, and birthdate that will only be accessible to authorities with a uniquely-assigned quick response (QR) code. By scanning the code through the Covid Contact Tracing System (CCTS) Logger app, establishments will see the number of people that have entered the premises. Every checkin records one’s whereabouts, helping identify who came in close contact with positive cases. This innovation has been continuously promoted by the National Economic and Development Authority as it can substantially aid the Philippines in recovering from the pandemic.
Words by Althea D. Marijana
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Photos taken from various sources Edited by Xiomara Ann B. Mondragon & Lou Cuesta
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Actions Speak Louder thanWords Article by Kyle Lenard A. Mangubat Illustration by Sean Carlo O. Samonte
People live in a sphere of uncertainties where they may have no other choice but to register into a ceaseless expedition—a wander seeking for a single truth until one can finally see the phase of the Earth that aches for solace: the people who this convoluted planet has disabled to journey in a state of normality. Some are treading on the path despite having an amputated leg, a few are walking but are unable to have a clear sight of the pathway, while some are lacking the ability to convey stories they long to tell. The world is unfair—at least, it’s that one certain fact existing in this conundrum-filled home of ours. Talking about the deaf and mute community, it must be such an arduous circumstance for them to face. With their inability to hear and speak, comes their several plights: discrimination, self-esteem
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degradation, and the agony of being different—impelling them not to commingle with others. And albeit many people have deep respect towards them, the innate shame of having an incapacity has been the sole reason for their despondency. With their situation keeping them blindfolded, their experiences have taught them not to seek hope. However, the void is full of possibilities—limitless, as it comes across as—making the voyage of those with complications absolutely realizable. With the advanced technology society has today, inventions can definitely be devised and further reinforced to their extremity, engineered to help those who are stuck on the steeper side of the mountain. Should people make use of it, the key is to envision and innovate with a purpose
to make life here on earth better and more congenial for all. Regardless of our fellows’ inabilities, every individual might reach the endpoint of this journey, victoriously. That, if they opt to contrive ways that can enable them to defy all odds. With modern society’s realized imaginations, the speech-impaired can now finally speak with the aid of the combined powers of artificial intelligence (AI) and microcontrollers. However, who would’ve thought a device that can interpret Filipino Sign Language (FSL) and convert it into English speech in real-time could be invented? Well, thanks to these ingenious Filipino electrical engineering students of Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges namely Francis Anthony de Guzman, Rency de la Cruz, Klenn Arvin Alcibor,
Photo taken from Francis Anthony De Guzman Edited by Sean Carlo O. Samonte & Lou Marcial M. Cuesta
Joana Renz Jimenez, and Andrea Moran, who led this breakthrough for their thesis project. Despite the pandemic and limited resources, they have thrived in pioneering an apparatus that can be of benefit to people—a beneficent deed through this intelligent creation, leaving a legacy not only for the future generation of researchers to further optimize but also epitomizing individuals to help with what they have. But the infamous inquiry still wonders many: How do these gestureto-speech gloves function? The gloves utilize flex sensors to detect finger gestures and an MPU6050—a Microelectro-mechanical system (MEMS) that helps to measure velocity, orientation, displacement, and other motion-like features—to recognize angular hand rotations. Then, the collected data will be transferred to a device or a computer via Wi-Fi for the translation to be processed, after which the message will be deciphered through a speaker attached to the gadget. This innovation is truly a great work, being a boon for those who have always been deprived of the capacity to express themselves. Not only could it make communication possible for them but it will also benefit the creators as their names leave a mark on our modern-day history— written on the digital landscape as the first in the Philippines to concoct this functional equipment. On the contrary, there are a few statements suggesting that the gloves might not be as helpful as people think. In an article stating an in-depth analysis about it, arguments assert that it is apparently a bit ineffective. The point is supported by the fact that sign language does not only include simple gestures but also brow motions, mouth movements, and orientation shifts in the signer’s torso. It also says that this mechanism is not designed to recognize such nuances in the FSL, leaving certain parts of it debatable.
Contrariwise, the wonders of science and the initiatives of inventive minds can always amaze; hence, it is meant to be delved by the nextgeneration inventors. It may take a tremendous time following in one’s footsteps, but the passion to help by employing modern technology could
This marvelous discovery is just the beginning. It could be the head start to all those aspiring innovators with brilliant ideas—an awakening call to those who dream but are still unsure. And while there are people who are left behind, the world will always be
create more spaces for progressive innovations. One day, people would just wake up in a highly developed world where the deaf can talk and the blind have sight—where having disabilities is no longer a hindrance to continue the voyage.
but a globe blanketed by uncertainties, and clouded by prejudices. Thus, to forge ahead in a world put on the nexus of a life-long expedition is through only one way: to trek with camaraderie.
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Photo taken from Ori Fragman-Sapir Edited by Timothee Ramon S. Consing & Jezaira Z. Constantino
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SciTechSavvy
Death in the
Face of Beauty When something possesses such an enticing appearance, it is natural to be allured by it. Beauty can be helpful in some instances, just like how plants in the genus Aconitum behold so much loveliness. With Aconitum’s deceiving charm, it does not only seem like it has garnered the name “Queen of Poisons” but is also widely utilized to lure carnivores and enemies. This genus was used in fantastical stories as the poison is employed to kill werewolves, yet these tales are built on the foundation of the plants’ factual components. Among the different alkaloids that Aconitum contains is its lethal aconitine condensed in its roots and seeds, which could kill anyone with its toxins. Once this alkaloid chemical enters the body, it will open sodium channels acute to tetrodotoxins, causing an increase in the influx of sodium and a repolarization delay—putting anyone who consumes it at a higher risk of cardiac arrest.
Words by Prima Ysabela S. Arciaga
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SciTechSavvy Its physical appearance seems like a sexy piece of lingerie floating under the seawater, but do not be deceived. This clothing-like creature is a sea cucumber called Pink see-through fantasia discovered in the depths of the Celebes Sea in the Western Pacific Ocean about 2,500 meters deep in 2007. Pink see-through fantasia, also known as Enypniastes eximia, goes by many names due to its strange appearance; headless chicken fish, Spanish dancer, and headless chicken monster are a few examples. It has transparent skin wherein its mouth to the anus are all visible. The small ones are light pink but the large adult ones are dark brownish red to crimson. There are no definite facts regarding the possible sizes of this stunning creature. So, as of now, researchers believe that there’s a possibility that their sizes will be equivalent to their related species, ranging from 4.3 to 9.8 inches. Unlike other sea cucumbers, Pink see-through fantasia can swim—it is assumed that they use this adaptation to escape predators or to move to new feeding grounds. Moreover, any bioluminescent beings like this creature can emit light to scare away predators. Who could ever blame them though if they did not want to see their next meal’s digestive system from top to bottom before eating them?
What Lies Beneath Words by Ryba Angela N. Moderacion Illustration by Jason Lee Pamati-an
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Onto Modernization While
the Sun Shines Article by Julliana Renee S. Ogapong Illustration by Janna M. Remus
Ever since the pre-mechanical age, humans have become more creative and ambitious with their inventions. This led to breakthroughs after breakthroughs, making the world as it exists today. In this new age of technology, thanks to research and recent discoveries, what seemed straight out of science fiction before are now made possible—like utilizing the sun to satisfy the power demand. Stimulating current for heating or lighting, renewable energy is energy extracted from unlimited natural sources such as wind, water, and sunlight. Through different mediums—may it be a spinning windmill or a driving turbine—humans can convert these replenishing power sources to gather electricity for usage
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or even storage. With its promise of a cleaner future, renewables continue to be one of mankind’s emerging innovations that does not compromise ensuing liabilities. What then lies in the lands of Cadiz City, popularly known as the City of Whales, is a solar power plant considered to be the biggest in Southeast Asia and the seventhlargest in the entire world. Named as the Helios Solar Power Plant, this solar farm generating 132.5-megawatt (MW) was first constructed last July 2015 and opened last March 3, 2016 through a partnership between Gregorio Araneta Inc. (GAI) and Soleq Holdings Incorporated, one of Southeast Asia’s largest solar independent producers. This facility
Photo taken from Bouygues Energies & Services Edited by Lou Marcial M. Cuesta
aims to transmogrify the sun’s illumination into electricity with the assistance of solar panels that are designed to absorb the radiation from the sun. These panels are like flat-plate collectors consisting of a blackened metal plate and are filled with several solar cells. Also known as Photovoltaic (PV) panels, they are covered with one or two sheets of glass that are heated by the sunlight falling on them, creating a photovoltaic effect—the actual process of converting absorbed sunlight energy into electricity. Covering 176 hectares, the inauguration of the Helios farm imparted a major contribution to the nation’s shift towards more renewable or clean energy. What makes solar power unique is the sound of it is a perfect alternative energy source. Although solar energy has been around since 1839, it was not until 1893 that the first genuine solar cell was first introduced to the world by Charles Fritts, an American inventor. With these humble beginnings, the emergence of solar panels occurred. For the Philippines being geographically located near the equator and having a tropical climate,
taking advantage of the sun to spark off a supplement to light up homes and manufacturing establishments, makes a great deal out of the situation. Among the benefits that solar panels bring, having one of the planet’s most abundant and freely available energy sources which is the sunlight, ensures that it has an inexhaustible supply and can be harnessed in all areas of the world. Furthermore, solar energy can be put to use for diverse applications including providing power for water pumps and communications systems in remote areas. In Cadiz City, the Helios Solar Power Plant was projected to produce 188,500 MWh of solar-generated power annually, enough to energize an estimated 167,526 households— gratifying the province’s surplus on current necessities. When this solar farm was under construction, it was estimated to save 177.7 million liters of water and lower carbon emission by 94,627 tonnes per year which are equivalent to 2.4 million planted trees protected. These prove that investing in this type of clean energy ensures a success story not only
for the consumers but also for the environment. Although the established solar farm was a PHP 10 billion project—an indication that the cost of construction is fairly high—the maintenance expense will not be as pricey in the long run since energy plants do not require in-depth preservation. Moreover, its operation would attract investors, supporting the economic growth of not only Cadiz City but of the country as well. The launching of this solar plant demonstrated that the Philippines can advance world-class energy projects, thus setting the nation as one of the front runners that integrate clean energy to nourish the needs of the people together with all its advantages. As creations are built to cater to the enrichment of one’s lifestyle without mistreating the natural world—mankind could create a symbiotic relationship with the earth and to continue to evolve in sustainable habitats. As renewables continue to grow, man’s mission leans on making better and smarter technological advancements towards more ecofriendly modernizations.
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Life in a Different Magnitude Viewing
Article by Leon Emanuel E. Advincula
Photos taken from SciTech Daily and University of Queensland Edited by Jewel Irish S. Belascuain & Lou Marcial M. Cuesta
Quantum dots, coronavirus disease, and lymphocytes. What do these have in common? Microscopic, right? There is always that kid in you being fascinated with photographs of scientists looking into a microscope with their smart-looking lab gowns. Of course, viewing microscopes is an excellent experience—perceiving the world on a microscopic scale. However, behind these photographs lies a magnificent narrative. Understanding the world has never been better since the dawn of microscopes. Piles of lenses compiled into different refraction and reflection rates allow the magnification of any material exposed to it. As
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humans progress, technology has also developed, paving the way to discoveries and extending branches of genetic technology, human pathology, and even biophysics. Recently, a group of Australian and German scientists at the University of Queensland (UQ), Australia invented the microscope that would alter the technologies of microscopy. The study entitled “Quantum-enhanced nonlinear microscopy” revealed the efficacy of employing quantum entanglement to improve microscopic imaging. A quantum microscope is a new type of microscope that employs quantum entanglement to produce images 35% better than that of the current laser microscope without destroying the biological specimen.
Compared to the laser microscope, this has a better signal-to-noise ratio, allowing clearer reproduction of the output image. The innovation barred the greatest barrier of microscopes: Lasers, when increased in intensity, destroy the test specimen. Distinctively, they modified the behavior of particles—in this case, photons—in orderly comportment to ameliorate reproduction and transmission of light. Since the output produced lesser noise, this improved the overall quality of the image. Fewer laser lights mean less biological damage to the test subject. Specifically, they were able to surpass limitations by the modification of methods in the process. They concentrated photons into a laser pulse
for a few billionths of a second long. This catalyzed quantum entanglement 10,000 times more than the previous quantum laser technologies. Popularly described as “the spooky action at a distance” by Albert Einstein, quantum entanglement paved the way to the advancement of microscopy. Entanglement is a novel class of particle correlation, in this specific instance between photons in a laser pulse. “Entanglement is thought to lie at the heart of a quantum revolution […] We’ve finally demonstrated that sensors that use it can supersede existing, non-quantum technology,” said Professor Warwick Bowen from UQ’s Quantum Optics Lab and the ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems (EQUS). In particular, when two or more particles interact in a specific way, their states remain connected regardless of how far away they are in space. That is, they share a unified quantum state. This invention would benefit vast fields of science and its technological application towards human beings and the environment. “This breakthrough will spark all sorts of new technologies— from better navigation systems to
better Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) machines, you name it,” said Professor Bowen. In the field of human health, applications, especially in medical diagnostics, pathology, and imaging, will be catapulted to a new level. Exploring the human biome may be more improved to the extent of discovering in vivo and in vitro mechanisms—solving the greatest medical mysteries. Microorganisms would be studied despite their delicate structure—minimizing damage while viewing. This would allow further studies to aid and prevent infecting humans destructively. Presumably, the environment would also benefit from this progression. Comprehension of the complex nature of the interaction of the living and non-living things on the Earth would be more explored due to the introduction of this technology. The advancement and restoration of flora and fauna would be more studied to produce vast solutions in this crucial state of the planet. Humans shall expect advancement in every field of science, especially those that involve the investigation of biological samples.
Correspondingly, while stimulating a domino effect to catalyze the involvement of other studies collectively aiming to answer scientific questions. Undeniably, this technological invention will be the frontier of microscopic studies—while laying the grounds for international quantum technology roadways. Quantum advancements are predicted to revolutionize computers, communications, and sensing. According to Australia’s Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), the industry targets to be priced at 86 billion Australian dollars worldwide business by 2040. Indeed, science is a continuous study evolving time after time. This is due to the increasing need for scientific knowledge to fill the gaps of the entangled, complex, and infinite questions of the universe. In this case, people would be looking into the tiniest of things to magnify and shed light on those not seen by the naked eye. Now, every citizen awaits for another renaissance of scientific discovery. Surely, in time, people will be viewing the world in a different magnitude, far beyond what’s noticed!
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INDEX A Aconitine Aconitum Alkaloid Anoplolepis gracilipes Anti-predator adaptation Asymmetric organocatalysis
33 33 33 27 21 16
B Bacolod BacTrac system Banca Bioluminescent
28 24 35
C Calesa Carbon framework Cardiac arrest Chemistry Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats Coronavirus disease 2019 CRISPR associated protein 9 enzyme
24 16 33 16 18 28 18
D Deoxyribonucleic acid Donald Johanson
9 11
E Enypniastes eximia Enzymes Embryo manipulation Eurybates Exaptation
35 16 18 11 9
F Filipino sign language Flooding Formica archboldi ant
30 15 21
G Genetic modification Genomes Gesture-to-speech gloves Georges Richard Automobile
18 9 31 24
H Habal-habal Helios Solar Power Plant Hinatuan Enchanted River Hubble Space Telescope Hymn of Hinatuan
25 36 13 11 13
J Jeepney Junk DNA
25 9
L Laser Leucas Lucy Long Range Reconnaissance Imager Rapidly Adapting Lateral Position Handler Thermal Emission Spectrometer M Matter Metals Menoetius Microelectro-mechanical system N National Aeronautics and Space Administration Nobel Prize Non-equilibrium many-body localized systems O Orus P Patroclus Pink see-through fantasia Photovoltaic panels Pollution Polymele Predator Prey Provincial Integrated Water Security Program Q Quantum computers entanglement microscopes physics Queen of poisons
22, 38 11 10 11 11 11 22 16 11 31
10 16 22 11 11 35 37 15 11 21 21 15 22, 38, 39
22 39 38 22 33
R Red land crabs Renewables Ribonucleic acid
27 36 9
S Sanitation Space Solar energy panels power plant Solar system
15 10 36, 37 36 37 36 10
T Terminal tracking cameras Tetrodotoxins Time crystals Transportation Transposition Transposons Trojan asteroids Typhoon
11 33 22 25 9 9 10 15
W Water World Health Organization Philippines
15 28
Y Yellow crazy ants
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Made by Joseph Bryant J. de los Santos & Ana Dominique G. Manabat