National Endowment for the Humanities Summer 2016 Session
}
}
THE NEWBERRY
July 11 — Aug 12
CARTOGRAPHIC EXPLORATIONS AND SURVEYS OF
THE OREGON TRAIL, TO
ASCERTAIN THE EVER EVOLVING LANDSCAPE OF TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES
FROM THE
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS OF EXPLORATION TO ITS CONTEMPORARY STATE. MADE UNDER THE INSPIRATION OF THE NEWBERRY LIBRARY SEMINAR “MAPPING, TEXT AND TRAVEL”
VOLUME 1.
CHICAGO:
KAREN LEWIS, ARCHITECT 2016.
This is the front cover— Kindly start at the back to travel “East to West”
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Casper ���� �������
Independence Rock
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Council Bluffs
St. Joseph Fort Leavenworth
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5000
1000
Oregon City The Dalles
Fort Hall
South Pass
Casper
Fort Kearney
Kansas City
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1928, 53, 56 Air Routes
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Air Freight Transit lines Pipelines Coal Deposits
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Highways
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UP Railroads
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1848 Rivers and Rail 1860 Pony Express 1888 Union Pacific Railroad
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PART III.
NETWORK PROJECTIONS
1968
Edison Electric Institute
Principal interconnected transmission lines in the United States
Newberry Library
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1964
Jeppesen and Company
Low altitude enroute charts Jepco Avigation United States
map4C G4051.P6 1976 .J4
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1961
Rand McNally and Company
Trailways bus system
special road atlas of the United States, Canada and Mexico.
oversize RMcN atlas .T7 1961
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1956
American Airlines, inc.
American Airlines Airfreight
map4F G3701.P62 1956 .A4 (PrCt)
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Mapped
1955
American Airlines, inc.
National System of Interstate and Defense Highways
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Portland
Rupert
Pocatello
Tremonton
Casper
Ogalla
North Platte
St. Joseph
Kansas City
OREGON TRAIL
CONNECTIONS
NODES
RIVERS
1950
Trans World Airlines,
TWA air routes in the United States
folio RMcN Airlines 4C 40 (PrCt)
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1945
Northwest Airlines, inc.
Northwest passage coast-to-coast :air map and flight log.
folio RMcN Airlines 4C 26 (PrCt)
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1937
Consolidated Freight Lines
Consolidated Freight Lines Inc.
offers incomparable service to large & small shippers. Map of operations showing participating carriers [in western U.S.].
McN AE 177.8 (PrCt)
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1930
National Association of Motor Bus Operators
Established motor bus routes in the United States
RMcN AE 179.19
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1930 United States. Dept. of Agriculture
United States System of Highways
adopted for uniform marking by the American Association of State Highway Officials, November 11, 1926
RMcN AE 179.20 (PrCt)
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1930
Chicago : La Salle Extension University
Pipelines
from the Atlas of Traffic Maps
folio RMcN atlas .A73 1930 (PrCt)
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1928
C.S. Hammond & Co
Airway and airport map of the United States Mail service airways, commercial airways, and airports shown in red.
http://www.davidrumsey.com
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OREGON TRAIL AIR ROUTES
Portland
Pendleton
Boise
Twin Falls
Idaho Falls
Green River
North Platte
St. Joseph
OREGON TRAIL
AIR CONNECTIONS
AIR NODES
RIVERS
1921
Automobile Club of Southern California.
Automobile road map of the United States showing transcontinental routes and other main highways.
temp map6F G3701.P2 1925 .A9 (PrCt)
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1915
Campbell, Marius Robinson,
National Old Trails Road
part A.The Northern Pacific route, with a side trip to Yellowstone Park
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1906
Peabody Coal Co.
Coal Fields of the United States
The Peabody atlasshipping mines and coal railroads in the central commercial district of the United States : accompanied by chemical, geological, and engineering data
Baskes oversize G1201.H9 B46 1906
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1867
Warren, Gouverneur Kemble / War Department
Map of the territory of the United States
from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean;originally prepared to accompany the reports of the explorations for a Pacific railroad route
map8F Graff 4308
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1867
Union Pacific Railway Company.
Union Pacific Railroad and connections.
oversize Govt. W8.5 geol. atlas (PrCt)
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1860 Stevens, Isaac Ingalls
Pony Express
of the region north of the 36th parallel...between the Atlantic & Pacific Oceans.
Stunning map – first time I’m seeing the pioneer movement duplicated by the map. This map also only shows rivers and railroads, and doesn’t indicate state boundaries. Its truly stunning to imagine and consider.
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1860 Stevens, Isaac Ingalls
Isothermal chart
of the region north of the 36th parallel...between the Atlantic & Pacific Oceans.
Stunning map – first time I’m seeing the pioneer movement duplicated by the map. This map also only shows rivers and railroads, and doesn’t indicate state boundaries. Its truly stunning to imagine and consider.
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1848 Pratt, F.M. publisher and proprietor
Pratt’s river and railroad guide
with illustrated maps of the Mississippi, Missouri, Ohio, Illinois and Hudson rivers, and the connecting lines of railroad between Boston and New Orleans, with correct table of distances
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1846 Fremont, J.C. and Preuss, Charles
Map Of The Road From Missouri To Oregon in seven sections
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PART II.
STUDIED TECHNICS
This map contains the largest amount of written data. Copious notes are included from October 10th through October 25th. The last note tells about the first sighting of the Columbia River. Fremont notes that the distance from the mouth of the Kansas to “this place” is about 2,000 miles. They were greeted at Fort Wallah-Wallah by Mr. McKinley, the commander of the post, who received them “with great civility.”
1870
Fremont, J.C. and Preuss, Charles Map Of The Road From Missouri To Oregon ... Section VII
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The accompanying notes state, “This is the most trying section for the traveller on the whole route. Water, though good and plenty, is difficult to reach, as the river is hemmed in by high and vertical rocks and many of the bystreams are without water in the dry season. Grass is only to be found at the marked camping places, and barely sufficient to keep strong animals from starvation. Game there is none. The road is very rough by volcanic rocks, detrimental to wagons and carts. In sage bushes consists the only Fuel. Lucky, that by all these hardships the traveller is not harassed by the Indians, who are peacable & harmless.�
Fremont, J.C. and Preuss, Charles Map Of The Road From Missouri To Oregon ... Section VI
Notes in this section include a mention of the Great Salt Lake as “one of the wonders of nature, and perhaps without a rival in the world...� The travelers were now out of danger from the Indians as the Snake Indians were considered to be friendly.
1870
Fremont, J.C. and Preuss, Charles Map Of The Road From Missouri To Oregon ... Section V
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This section of the map includes the Wind River Mountains and a discussion of the continental divide by Fremont. In his report Fremont states, “We mounted the barometer in the snow of the summit ... giving 13, 570 feet for the elevation above the Gulf of Mexico. Fields of snow lay far below us: boundless mountains stretched before us. A stillness the most profound, and a terrible solitude, forced themselves constantly on the mind as the great features of this place.� This section traverses the war ground of the Indians, and so it is noted that guards and watches should be in place.
Fremont, J.C. and Preuss, Charles Map Of The Road From Missouri To Oregon ... Section IV
Map includes a chart of meteorological observations giving remarks, the temperature reading, and the altitude. From the notes on the map, this appears to have been a difficult stretch of road. No game was found 30 miles each way from Fort Laramie. Grass was scanty as was fuel. It is stated that, “Sioux Indians are not to be trusted.” Notes from Fremont’s report states that Fort Laramie should be used as an established military post. It would make the whole area safer and could also continue to be a trading post.
1870
Fremont, J.C. and Preuss, Charles Map Of The Road From Missouri To Oregon ... Section III
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Map includes a chart of meteorological observations giving remarks, the temperature reading, and the altitude. Buffalo are present in “inumerable bands,� and it is suggested that the dung be used for fuel. Timber is scarce , except on the islands. It is noted that the Pawnee pose a threat to the traveler as they are likely to rob the emigrants along the route. A note from Fremont’s report about the first viewing of the buffalo is included below the map.
Fremont, J.C. and Preuss, Charles Map Of The Road From Missouri To Oregon ... Section II
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Fremont, J.C. and Preuss, Charles Map Of The Road From Missouri To Oregon ... Section I.
Map includes a chart of meteorological observations giving remarks, the temperature reading, and the altitude. It is also noted that “This section abounds with grass, water and fuel so that emigrants may encamp almost anywhere.� But, elk and deer, the only game, are very scarce.
The Oregon Trail 1870
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Indian Tribes of Montana, Wyoming, Nevada and Dakotas Philippe Vandermaelen 1827
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Indian Tribes of North America Albert Gallatin 1836
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North Louisiana and Mexico P.F. Tardieu
1820
Lower Falls of the Columbia Lewis and Clark Expedition Sketch
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Mouth of the Columbia River Lewis and Clark Expedition Sketch
1815
Falls and Portage Map
Great Shoot or Rapids
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Great Falls of the Columbia River
Mouth of Columbia River Lewis and Clark Expedition Sketches
Lewis and Clark Expedition mapped both the eastern and western river valleys (Platte and Snake)
1814
1804-6
notes from the seminar: This map was drawn during the war of 1812 – and that war helped open passages to the west
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Expedition of Lewis and Clark Paul Allen, Nicholas Biddle, William Clark & Meriwether Lewis
1814
1804-06 Lewis and Clark
This issue incorporates the Lewis and Clark discoveries (and other discoveries) and remaps the entire continent west of the Mississippi. The changes between this and the last edition (1811) are monumental. This copy is from the collection of Sir Charles Broke (or Brooke, subsequently Vere). Broke was in Lower Canada with his regiment, the 5th (Northumberland) Regiment of Foot, which was at the battle of Plattsburg in 1814. Later, he was with the Army of Occupation in France, receiving the Waterloo medal despite arriving from Canada too late for the battle (from Manasek). Without color. Dissected into 40 sections and mounted on linen. Folds into a new gray cloth covered box case 29x22x7 with “North America A. Arrowsmith 1814� stamped on the spine in gold.
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Discoveries of the Interior of North America Aaron Arrowsmith
1814
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Discoveries of the Interior of North America Aaron Arrowsmith
1811
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Frontier of British North America and United States British North America
1807
No one knew just how big Louisiana was. This map, drawn in 1804, shows it extending west to the Rocky Mountains. Mapmaker unknown.
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“Map of North America” based on Aaron Arrowsmith’s 1802 map, from Brookes’ General Gazetteer Improved (...), 1806.
Lewis and Clark lacked detailed knowledge about the North American interior. The best-known maps of the era showed the regions between the Mississippi River and the Pacific Ocean as virtually empty.
1806
The Pike Expedition (July 15, 1806 – July 1, 1807) was a military party sent out by President Thomas Jefferson and authorized by the United States government to explore the south and west of the recent Louisiana Purchase. [1] Roughly contemporaneous with the Lewis and Clark Expedition, it was led by
United States Army Lieutenant Zebulon Pike, Jr. It was the first official American effort to explore the western Great Plains and the Rocky Mountains in present-day Colorado. Pike contacted several Native American tribes during his travels and informed them of the new US rule over the territory. The expedition documented
the United States' discovery of Pikes Peak. After splitting up his men, Pike led the larger contingent to find the headwaters of the Red River. A smaller group returned safely to the US Army fort in St. Louis, Missouri before winter set in.
1805-06 Pike
Expedition by Lieutenant Zebulon Pike identified the Great Plains as “Unfit for human habitation”
Anthony Nau, compiler. “A Sketch of the Mississippi from the Town of St. Louis to its source in Upper Red Cedar Lake. . . Taken from the notes of Lieutenant Zebulon Montgomery Pike . . . 1805 and 1806.” St. Louis: ca. 1806. Page 1. Manuscript map. Courtesy of National Archives, Washington, D.C. (102) http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/lewisandclark/images/ree0102b.jpg
1806
Beinecke Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Yale University
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President Thomas Jefferson issued the following instructions to Meriwether Lewis: "The object of your mission is to explore the Missouri river, and such principal stream of it, as, by its course and communication with the waters of the Pacific Ocean, whether the Columbia, Oregon, Colorado and/or other river may offer the most direct & practicable water communication across this continent, for the purposes of commerce.
1803
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Arrowsmith’s “Map Exhibiting All the New Discoveries in the Interior Parts of North America, dated 1 January 1795
Arrowsmith’s Map, 1802
1802 1795
Westward Expansion Timeline
1840: Investment switches over to railroads 1837: Financial Panic of 1837 ends construction
1833: Canal system is expanded with additional feeder canals
1843: The Great Migration of 1843 1842 : Elijah White organized a wagon train to emigrate west
846 : The Oregon Treaty ended
e British boundary dispute
1837 : William Drummond Stewart invites Alfred Jacob Miller to a pre-Oregon Trail expedition
1841 : The Bartleson-Bidwell Party was the first credited in using the Oregon Trail to emigrate west.
1840
840–1920: Immigration from Europe
1836 : Marcus Whitman, Henry Spalding and families travel the Oregon Trail
1830
1825 :
between
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1811: To connect the Potomic and Ohio Rivers
1806: Cumberland Road be
THE NATIONAL RO
: Completion of Erie Canal n Buffalo and Albany.
1817: Construction begins on the Erie Canal.
1808: Legislature authorizes
a survey of possible canal routes.
ERIE CANAL
1813 : American Fur Company
partner Robert Stuart arrives back east to report to Astor.
War of 1812 1820
1810
1804–06 : Lewis and Clark Expedition
1861: Telegraph reaches Ft. Churchill, NV and Ft. Kearney, NE reducing the Pony Express run 1861: Telegraph is completed 1869: Overland telegraph line is
1860: Bill passes to subsidize
replaced by a mult-line constructed alongside the railroad
building a transcontinental telegraph line
TELEGRAPH
1861: One year later, the Pony Express is discontinued PONY EXPRESS
1918 : Eric Canal is replaced by the larger New York State Barge Canal
1884 : New York, West Shore and Buffalo Railway is completed
1877 : Canal system is expanded with additional feeder canals
IE CANAL
1920
1859 : Expedition of Topographical Engineers
1855 : Emigrants slowed considerably
The Civil War 1910
1900
1890
1880
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1850
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January 24, 1848: Gold is discovered in California at Sutter’s Mill by James W. Marshall.
1840: Investment switches over to railroads 1837: Financial Panic of 1837 ends construction
1811: To connect the Potomic and Ohio Rivers
1806: Cumberland Road begins
THE NATIONAL ROAD
1833: Canal system is expanded with additional feeder canals
1825 : Completion of Erie Canal between Buffalo and Albany.
1817: Construction begins on the Erie Canal.
1808: Legislature authorizes
a survey of possible canal routes.
ERIE CANAL 1843: The Great Migration of 1843 1849 : The Gold Rush
Cholera epidemics set in
1842 : Elijah White organized
a wagon train to emigrate west
1846 : The Oregon Treaty ended the British boundary dispute
1837 : William Drummond Stewart invites Alfred Jacob Miller to a pre-Oregon Trail expedition
1841 : The Bartleson-Bidwell Party was the first credited in using the Oregon Trail to emigrate west.
1836 : Marcus Whitman, Henry Spalding and families travel the Oregon Trail
1813 : American Fur Company
partner Robert Stuart arrives back east to report to Astor.
1804–06 : Lewis and
1783 : Paris Peace Treaty gives US
Clark Expedition
access to land east of the Mississippi
THE OREGON TRAIL
War of 1812 1840
1840–1920: Immigration from Europe
1830
1820
1810
1800
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PART I.
CARTOGRAPHIES OF TIME
GENERAL TABLE OF CONTENTS.
INTRODUCTION
PART I. CARTOGRAPHIES OF TIME
PART II. STUDIED TECHNICS
PART III. NETWORK PROJECTIONS
LETTER TO THE LEADERS OF THE MAPPING TEXT AND TRAVEL SEMINAR. Chicago, I. L., August 9, 2016.
MADAM AND SIR: I have the honor to submit my final report of the explorations made by me and under my direction, in the weeks July 11–August 9, 2016, to determine the latent and overt technics of the Oregon Trail landscape. The maps, diagrams, cartographic drawings, plans, itineraries and routes projected here reflect a new found appreciation for the cartographer, explorer, tourist, traveler, visitor, guide, and humble researcher. I am, very respectfully, your most obedient, KAREN J. LEWIS Assoc. Professor of Architecture
2016
National Endowment for the Humanities Summer 2016 Session
}
THE NEWBERRY
}
July 11 — Aug 12
CARTOGRAPHIC EXPLORATIONS AND SURVEYS OF
THE OREGON TRAIL, TO
ASCERTAIN THE EVER EVOLVING LANDSCAPE OF TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES
FROM THE
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS OF EXPLORATION TO ITS CONTEMPORARY STATE. MADE UNDER THE INSPIRATION OF THE NEWBERRY LIBRARY SEMINAR “MAPPING, TEXT AND TRAVEL”
VOLUME 1.
CHICAGO:
KAREN LEWIS, ARCHITECT 2016.