TJTES / 2016 1

Page 1

ISSN 1306 - 696X

TURKISH JOURNAL of TRAUMA & EMERGENCY SURGERY Ulusal Travma ve Acil Cerrahi Dergisi

Volume 22 | Number 1 | January 2016

www.tjtes.org



TURKISH JOURNAL of TRAUMA & EMERGENCY SURGERY Ulusal Travma ve Acil Cerrahi Dergisi Editor-in-Chief Recep Güloğlu Editors Kaya Sarıbeyoğlu (Managing Editor) M. Mahir Özmen Hakan Yanar Former Editors Ömer Türel, Cemalettin Ertekin, Korhan Taviloğlu Section Editors Anaesthesiology & ICU Güniz Meyancı Köksal, Mert Şentürk Cardiac Surgery Münacettin Ceviz, Murat Güvener Neurosurgery Ahmet Deniz Belen, Mehmet Yaşar Kaynar Ophtalmology Cem Mocan, Halil Ateş Ortopedics and Traumatology Mahmut Nedim Doral, Mehmet Can Ünlü Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Ufuk Emekli, Figen Özgür Pediatric Surgery Aydın Yagmurlu, Ebru Yeşildağ Thoracic Surgery Alper Toker, Akif Turna Urology Ali Atan, Öner Şanlı Vascular Surgery Cüneyt Köksoy, Mehmet Kurtoğlu

www.tjtes.org


THE TURKISH ASSOCIATION OF TRAUMA AND EMERGENCY SURGERY ULUSAL TRAVMA VE ACİL CERRAHİ DERNEĞİ President (Başkan) Vice President (2. Başkan) Secretary General (Genel Sekreter) Treasurer (Sayman) Members (Yönetim Kurulu Üyeleri)

Kaya Sarıbeyoğlu M. Mahir Özmen Hakan Yanar Ali Fuat Kaan Gök Gürhan Çelik Osman Şimşek Orhan Alimoğlu

CORRESPONDENCE İLETİŞİM Ulusal Travma ve Acil Cerrahi Derneği Şehremini Mah., Köprülü Mehmet Paşa Sok. Dadaşoğlu Apt., No: 25/1, 34104 Şehremini, İstanbul, Turkey

Tel: +90 212 - 588 62 46 Fax (Faks): +90 212 - 586 18 04 e-mail (e-posta): travma@travma.org.tr Web: www.travma.org.tr

ISSUED BY THE TURKISH ASSOCIATION OF TRAUMA AND EMERGENCY SURGERY ULUSAL TRAVMA VE ACİL CERRAHİ DERNEĞİ YAYIN ORGANI Owner (Ulusal Travma ve Acil Cerrahi Derneği adına Sahibi) Editorial Director (Yazı İşleri Müdürü) Managing Editor (Yayın Koordinatörü) Amblem Correspondence address (Yazışma adresi) Tel Fax (Faks)

Kaya Sarıbeyoğlu Kaya Sarıbeyoğlu M. Mahir Özmen Metin Ertem Ulusal Travma ve Acil Cerrahi Dergisi Sekreterliği Şehremini Mah., Köprülü Mehmet Paşa Sok., Dadaşoğlu Apt., No: 25/1, 34104 Şehremini, İstanbul +90 212 - 531 12 46 - 588 62 46 +90 212 - 586 18 04

p-ISSN 1306-696x • e-ISSN 1307-7945 • Included in Index Medicus, Medline; EMBASE, Excerpta Medica; Science Citation Index-Expanded (SCI-E), Index Copernicus, DOAJ, EBSCO, and Turkish Medical Index (Index Medicus, Medline; EMBASE, Excerpta Medica; Science Citation Index-Expanded (SCI-E), Index Copernicus, DOAJ, EBSCO ve TÜBİTAK ULAKBİM Türk Tıp Dizini’nde yer almaktadır.) Publisher (Yayımcı): KARE Yayıncılık (KARE Publishing) • www.kareyayincilik.com • Design (Tasarım): Ali Cangül • Graphics (Grafikler): Edibe Çomaktekin • Linguistic Editor (İngilizce Editörü): Merve Şenol • Redaction (Redaksiyon): Erman Aytaç • Online Manuscript & Web Management (Online Dergi & Web): LookUs • Press (Baskı): Yıldırım Matbaacılık • Press date (Basım tarihi): January (Ocak) 2016 • This publication is printed on paper that meets the international standard ISO 9706: 1994 (Bu dergide kullanılan kağıt ISO 9706: 1994 standardına uygundur.)

KARE www.tjtes.org


INFORMATION FOR THE AUTHORS The Turkish Journal of Trauma and Emergency Surgery (TJTES) is an official publication of the Turkish Association of Trauma and Emergency Surgery. It is a peer-reviewed periodical that considers for publication clinical and experimental studies, case reports, technical contributions, and letters to the editor. Six issues are published annually.

tion, called “Upload Your Files”.

As from 2001, the journal is indexed in Index Medicus and Medline, as from 2005 in Excerpta Medica and EMBASE, as from 2007 in Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-E) and Journal Citation Reports / Science Edition, and as from 2008 in Index Copernicus. For the five-year term of 2001-2006, our impact factor in SCI-E indexed journals is 0.5. It is cited as ‘Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg’ in PUBMED.

Figures, illustrations and tables: All figures and tables should be numbered in the order of appearance in the text. The desired position of figures and tables should be indicated in the text. Legends should be included in the relevant part of the main text and those for photomicrographs and slide preparations should indicate the magnification and the stain used. Color pictures and figures will be published if they are definitely required and with the understanding that the authors are prepared to bear the costs. Line drawings should be professionally prepared. For recognizable photographs, signed releases of the patient or of his/her legal representatives should be enclosed; otherwise, patient names or eyes must be blocked out to prevent identification.

Submission of a manuscript by electronic means implies: that the work has not been published before (except in the form of an abstract or as part of a published lecture, review, or thesis); that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere; and that its publication in the Turkish Journal of Trauma and Emergency Surgery is approved by all co-authors. The author(s) transfer(s) the copyright to the Turkish Association of Trauma and Emergency Surgery to be effective if and when the manuscript is accepted for publication. The author(s) guarantee(s) that the manuscript will not be published elsewhere in any other language without the consent of the Association. If the manuscript has been presented at a meeting, this should be stated together with the name of the meeting, date, and the place. Manuscripts may be submitted in Turkish or in English. All submissions are initially reviewed by the editor, and then are sent to reviewers. All manuscripts are subject to editing and, if necessary, will be returned to the authors for answered responses to outstanding questions or for addition of any missing information to be added. For accuracy and clarity, a detailed manuscript editing is undertaken for all manuscripts accepted for publication. Final galley proofs are sent to the authors for approval. Unless specifically indicated otherwise at the time of submission, rejected manuscripts will not be returned to the authors, including accompanying materials. TJTES is indexed in Science Citation Index-Expanded (SCI-E), Index Medicus, Medline, EMBASE, Excerpta Medica, and the Turkish Medical Index of TUBITAK-ULAKBIM. Priority of publications is given to original studies; therefore, selection criteria are more refined for reviews and case reports. Open Access Policy: Full text access is free. There is no charge for publication or downloading the full text of printed material. Manuscript submission: TJTES accepts only on-line submission via the official web site (please click, www.travma.org.tr/en) and refuses printed manuscript submissions by mail. All submissions are made by the on-line submission system called Journal Agent, by clicking the icon “Online manuscript submission” at the above mentioned web site homepage. The system includes directions at each step but for further information you may visit the web site (http://www.travma.org/en/ journal/). Manuscript preparation: Manuscripts should have double-line spacing, leaving sufficient margin on both sides. The font size (12 points) and style (Times New Roman) of the main text should be uniformly taken into account. All pages of the main text should be numbered consecutively. Cover letter, manuscript title, author names and institutions and correspondence address, abstract in Turkish (for Turkish authors only), and title and abstract in English are uploaded to the Journal Agent system in the relevant steps. The main text includes Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results, Discussion, Acknowledgments, References, Tables and Figure Legends. The cover letter must contain a brief statement that the manuscript has been read and approved by all authors, that it has not been submitted to, or is not under consideration for publication in, another journal. It should contain the names and signatures of all authors. The cover letter is uploaded at the 10th step of the “Submit New Manuscript” sec-

Abstract: The abstract should be structured and serve as an informative guide for the methods and results sections of the study. It must be prepared with the following subtitles: Background, Methods, Results and Conclusions. Abstracts should not exceed 200 words.

References: All references should be numbered in the order of mention in the text. All reference figures in the text should be given in brackets without changing the font size. References should only include articles that have been published or accepted for publication. Reference format should conform to the “Uniform requirements for manuscripts submitted to biomedical journals” (http://www.icmje.org) and its updated versions (February 2006). Journal titles should be abbreviated according to Index Medicus. Journal references should provide inclusive page numbers. All authors, if six or fewer, should be listed; otherwise the first six should be listed, followed by “et al.” should be written. The style and punctuation of the references should follow the formats below: Journal article: Velmahos GC, Kamel E, Chan LS, Hanpeter D, Asensio JA, Murray JA, et al. Complex repair for the management of duodenal injuries. Am Surg 1999;65:972-5. Chapter in book: Jurkovich GJ. Duodenum and pancreas. In: Mattox KL, Feliciano DV, Moore EE, editors. Trauma. 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2000. p. 735-62. Our journal has succeeded in being included in several indexes, in this context, we have included a search engine in our web site (www. travma.org.tr) so that you can access full-text articles of the previous issues and cite the published articles in your studies. Review articles: Only reviews written by distinguished authors based on the editor’s invitation will be considered and evaluated. Review articles must include the title, summary, text, and references sections. Any accompanying tables, graphics, and figures should be prepared as mentioned above. Case reports: A limited number of case reports are published in each issue of the journal. The presented case(s) should be educative and of interest to the readers, and should reflect an exclusive rarity. Case reports should contain the title, summary, and the case, discussion, and references sections. These reports may consist of maximum five authors. Letters to the Editor: “Letters to the Editor” are only published electronically and they do not appear in the printed version of TJTES and PUBMED. The editors do not issue an acceptance document as an original article for the ‘’letters to the editor. The letters should not exceed 500 words. The letter must clearly list the title, authors, publication date, issue number, and inclusive page numbers of the publication for which opinions are released. Informed consent - Ethics: Manuscripts reporting the results of experimental studies on human subjects must include a statement that informed consent was obtained after the nature of the procedure(s) had been fully explained. Manuscripts describing investigations in animals must clearly indicate the steps taken to eliminate pain and suffering. Authors are advised to comply with internationally accepted guidelines, stating such compliance in their manuscripts and to include the approval by the local institutional human research committee.


YAZARLARA BİLGİ Ulusal Travma ve Acil Cerrahi Dergisi, Ulusal Travma ve Acil Cerrahi Derneği’nin yayın organıdır. Travma ve acil cerrahi hastalıklar konularında bilimsel birikime katkısı olan klinik ve deneysel çalışmaları, editöryel yazıları, klinik olgu sunumlarını ve bu konulardaki teknik katkılar ile son gelişmeleri yayınlar. Dergi iki ayda bir yayınlanır. Ulusal Travma ve Acil Cerrahi Dergisi, 2001 yılından itibaren Index Medicus ve Medline’da, 2005 yılından itibaren Excerpta Medica / EMBASE indekslerinde, 2007 yılından itibaren Science Citation Index-Expanded (SCI-E) ile Journal Citation Reports / Science Edition uluslararası indekslerinde ve 2008 yılından itibaren Index Copernicus indeksinde yer almaktadır. 2001-2006 yılları arasındaki 5 yıllık dönemde SCI-E kapsamındaki dergilerdeki İmpakt faktörümüz 0,5 olmuştur. Dergide araştırma yazılarına öncelik verilmekte, bu nedenle derleme veya olgu sunumu türündeki yazılarda seçim ölçütleri daha dar tutulmaktadır. PUBMED’de dergi “Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg” kısaltması ile yer almaktadır. Dergiye yazı teslimi, çalışmanın daha önce yayınlanmadığı (özet ya da bir sunu, inceleme, ya da tezin bir parçası şeklinde yayınlanması dışında), başka bir yerde yayınlanmasının düşünülmediği ve Ulusal Travma ve Acil Cerrahi Dergisi’nde yayınlanmasının tüm yazarlar tarafından uygun bulunduğu anlamına gelmektedir. Yazar(lar), çalışmanın yayınlanmasının kabulünden başlayarak, yazıya ait her hakkı Ulusal Travma ve Acil Cerrahi Derneği’ne devretmektedir(ler). Yazar(lar), izin almaksızın çalışmayı başka bir dilde ya da yerde yayınlamayacaklarını kabul eder(ler). Gönderilen yazı daha önce herhangi bir toplantıda sunulmuş ise, toplantı adı, tarihi ve düzenlendiği şehir belirtilmelidir. Dergide Türkçe ve İngilizce yazılmış makaleler yayınlanabilir. Tüm yazılar önce editör tarafından ön değerlendirmeye alınır; daha sonra incelenmesi için danışma kurulu üyelerine gönderilir. Tüm yazılarda editöryel değerlendirme ve düzeltmeye başvurulur; gerektiğinde, yazarlardan bazı soruları yanıtlanması ve eksikleri tamamlanması istenebilir. Dergide yayınlanmasına karar verilen yazılar “manuscript editing” sürecine alınır; bu aşamada tüm bilgilerin doğruluğu için ayrıntılı kontrol ve denetimden geçirilir; yayın öncesi şekline getirilerek yazarların kontrolüne ve onayına sunulur. Editörün, kabul edilmeyen yazıların bütününü ya da bir bölümünü (tablo, resim, vs.) iade etme zorunluluğu yoktur. Açık Erişim İlkesi: Tam metinlere erişim ücretsizdir. Yayınlanan basılı materyali tam metni indirmek için herhangi bir ücret alınmaz. Yazıların hazırlanması: Tüm yazılı metinler 12 punto büyüklükte “Times New Roman” yazı karakterinde iki satır aralıklı olarak yazılmalıdır. Sayfada her iki tarafta uygun miktarda boşluk bırakılmalı ve ana metindeki sayfalar numaralandırılmalıdır. Journal Agent sisteminde, başvuru mektubu, başlık, yazarlar ve kurumları, iletişim adresi, Türkçe özet ve yazının İngilizce başlığı ve özeti ilgili aşamalarda yüklenecektir. İngilizce yazılan çalışmalara da Türkçe özet eklenmesi gerekmektedir. Yazının ana metnindeyse şu sıra kullanılacaktır: Giriş, Gereç ve Yöntem, Bulgular, Tartışma, Teşekkür, Kaynaklar, Tablolar ve Şekiller. Başvuru mektubu: Bu mektupta yazının tüm yazarlar tarafından okunduğu, onaylandığı ve orijinal bir çalışma ürünü olduğu ifade edilmeli ve yazar isimlerinin yanında imzaları bulunmalıdır. Başvuru mektubu ayrı bir dosya olarak, Journal Agent sisteminin “Yeni Makale Gönder” bölümünde, 10. aşamada yer alan dosya yükleme aşamasında yollanmalıdır. Başlık sayfası: Yazının başlığı, yazarların adı, soyadı ve ünvanları, çalışmanın yapıldığı kurumun adı ve şehri, eğer varsa çalışmayı destekleyen fon ve kuruluşların açık adları bu sayfada yer almalıdır. Bu sayfaya ayrıca “yazışmadan sorumlu” yazarın isim, açık adres, telefon, faks, mobil telefon ve e-posta bilgileri eklenmelidir. Özet: Çalışmanın gereç ve yöntemini ve bulgularını tanıtıcı olmalıdır. Türkçe özet, Amaç, Gereç ve Yöntem, Bulgular, Sonuç ve Anahtar Sözcükler başlıklarını; İngilizce özet Background, Methods, Results, Conclusion ve Key words başlıklarını içermelidir. İngilizce olarak hazırlanan çalışmalarda da Türkçe özet yer almalıdır. Özetler başlıklar hariç 190210 sözcük olmalıdır. Tablo, şekil, grafik ve resimler: Şekillere ait numara ve açıklayıcı bilgiler ana metinde ilgili bölüme yazılmalıdır. Mikroskobik şekillerde resmi açıklayıcı bilgilere ek olarak, büyütme oranı ve kullanılan boyama tekniği de belirtilmelidir. Yazarlara ait olmayan, başka kaynaklarca daha önce yayınlanmış tüm resim, şekil ve tablolar için yayın hakkına sahip kişiler-

den izin alınmalı ve izin belgesi dergi editörlüğüne ayrıca açıklamasıyla birlikte gönderilmelidir. Hastaların görüntülendiği fotoğraflara, hastanın ve/veya velisinin imzaladığı bir izin belgesi eşlik etmeli veya fotoğrafta hastanın yüzü tanınmayacak şekilde kapatılmış olmalıdır. Renkli resim ve şekillerin basımı için karar hakemler ve editöre aittir. Yazarlar renkli baskının hazırlık aşamasındaki tutarını ödemeyi kabul etmelidirler. Kaynaklar: Metin içindeki kullanım sırasına göre düzenlenmelidir. Makale içinde geçen kaynak numaraları köşeli parantezle ve küçültülmeden belirtilmelidir. Kaynak listesinde yalnızca yayınlanmış ya da yayınlanması kabul edilmiş çalışmalar yer almalıdır. Kaynak bildirme “Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals” (http:// www.icmje.org) adlı kılavuzun en son güncellenmiş şekline (Şubat 2006) uymalıdır. Dergi adları Index Medicus’a uygun şekilde kısaltılmalıdır. Altı ya da daha az sayıda olduğunda tüm yazar adları verilmeli, daha çok yazar durumunda altıncı yazarın arkasından “et al.” ya da “ve ark.” eklenmelidir. Kaynakların dizilme şekli ve noktalamalar aşağıdaki örneklere uygun olmalıdır: Dergi metni için örnek: Velmahos GC, Kamel E, Chan LS, Hanpeter D, Asensio JA, Murray JA, et al. Complex repair for the management of duodenal injuries. Am Surg 1999;65:972-5. Kitaptan bölüm için örnek: Jurkovich GJ. Duodenum and pancreas. In: Mattox KL, Feliciano DV, Moore EE, editors. Trauma. 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2000. p. 735-62. Sizlerin çalışmalarınızda kaynak olarak yararlanabilmeniz için www.travma.org.tr adresli web sayfamızda eski yayınlara tam metin olarak ulaşabileceğiniz bir arama motoru vardır. Derleme yazıları: Bu tür makaleler editörler kurulu tarafından gerek olduğunda, konu hakkında birikimi olan ve bu birikimi literatüre de yansımış kişilerden talep edilecek ve dergi yazım kurallarına uygunluğu saptandıktan sonra değerlendirmeye alınacaktır. Derleme makaleleri; başlık, Türkçe özet, İngilizce başlık ve özet, alt başlıklarla bölümlendirilmiş metin ile kaynakları içermelidir. Tablo, şekil, grafik veya resim varsa yukarıda belirtildiği şekilde gönderilmelidir. Olgu sunumları: Derginin her sayısında sınırlı sayıda olgu sunumuna yer verilmektedir. Olgu bildirilerinin kabulünde, az görülürlük, eğitici olma, ilginç olma önemli ölçüt değerlerdir. Ayrıca bu tür yazıların olabildiğince kısa hazırlanması gerekir. Olgu sunumları başlık, Türkçe özet, İngilizce başlık ve özet, olgu sunumu, tartışma ve kaynaklar bölümlerinden oluşmalıdır. Bu tür çalışmalarda en fazla 5 yazara yer verilmesine özen gösterilmelidir. Editöre mektuplar: Editöre mektuplar basılı dergide ve PUBMED’de yer almamakta, ancak derginin web sitesinde yayınlanmaktadır. Bu mektuplar için dergi yönetimi tarafından yayın belgesi verilmemektedir. Daha önce basılmış yazılarla ilgili görüş, katkı, eleştiriler ya da farklı bir konu üzerindeki deneyim ve düşünceler için editöre mektup yazılabilir. Bu tür yazılar 500 sözcüğü geçmemeli ve tıbbi etik kurallara uygun olarak kaleme alınmış olmalıdır. Mektup basılmış bir yazı hakkında ise, söz konusu yayına ait yıl, sayı, sayfa numaraları, yazı başlığı ve yazarların adları belirtilmelidir. Mektup bir konuda deneyim, düşünce hakkında ise verilen bilgiler doğrultusunda dergi kurallarına uyumlu olarak kaynaklar da belirtilmelidir. Bilgilendirerek onay alma - Etik: Deneysel çalışmaların sonuçlarını bildiren yazılarda, çalışmanın yapıldığı gönüllü ya da hastalara uygulanacak prosedür(lerin) özelliği tümüyle anlatıldıktan sonra, onaylarının alındığını gösterir bir cümle bulunmalıdır. Yazarlar, bu tür bir çalışma söz konusu olduğunda, uluslararası alanda kabul edilen kılavuzlara ve T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı tarafından getirilen yönetmelik ve yazılarda belirtilen hükümlere uyulduğunu belirtmeli ve kurumdan aldıkları Etik Komitesi onayını göndermelidir. Hayvanlar üzerinde yapılan çalışmalarda ağrı, acı ve rahatsızlık verilmemesi için neler yapıldığı açık bir şekilde belirtilmelidir. Yazı gönderme - Yazıların gönderilmesi: Ulusal Travma ve Acil Cerrahi Dergisi yalnızca www.travma.org.tr adresindeki internet sitesinden on-line olarak gönderilen yazıları kabul etmekte, posta yoluyla yollanan yazıları değerlendirmeye almamaktadır. Tüm yazılar ilgili adresteki “Online Makale Gönderme” ikonuna tıklandığında ulaşılan Journal Agent sisteminden yollanmaktadır. Sistem her aşamada kullanıcıyı bilgilendiren özelliktedir.


TURKISH JOURNAL OF TRAUMA & EMERGENCY SURGERY ULUSAL TRAVMA VE ACİL CERRAHİ DERGİSİ Vol. - Cilt 22

Number - Sayı 1 January - Ocak 2016

Contents - İçindekiler Deneysel Çalışma - Experimental Experimental Studies - DeneyselStudy Çalışma 1-6 Effects of saline lavage temperature on peritoneal fibrinolysis and adhesion formation Serum fizyolojikle yapılan lavaj sıcaklığının peritoneal fibrinoliz ve adezyon gelişimine etkisi Koca YS, Tarhan ÖR, Kaya S, Gökçe Ceylan B 7-11 Repairing peripheral nerve defects by vein grafts filled with adipose tissue derived stromal vascular fraction: an experimental study in rats Yağ dokusundan elde edilmiş stromal vasküler fraksiyonla doldurulmuş ven greftleri ile periferik sinir kayıplarının onarımı: Deneysel çalışma Özkan HS, Karataş Silistreli Ö, Ergür B, İrkören S

Original Articles - Orijinal Çalışma 12-16 Pediatric deep burns caused by hot incense ashes during 2014 Spring Festival in Fuyang city, China Çin’in Fuyang şehrinde 2014 Bahar Festivali sırasında kızgın tütsü küllerinin neden olduğu pediyatrik derin yanıklar Wang J, Zhou B, Tao R, Chen X 17-22 Laboratory markers has many valuable parameters in the discrimination between acute appendicitis and renal colic Akut apandisit ve renal kolik ayırımında çok değerli laboratuvar markırları vardır Acar E, Özcan Ö, Deliktaş H, Beydilli H, Kırlı İ, Alataş ÖD, Şahin C, Yıldırım B, Belli AK 23-28 Survival probability in self immolation attempters: a prospective observational cohort study Kendini yakarak intihara teşebbüs eden kişilerde sağ kalma olasılığı: İleriye yönelik, gözlemsel bir kohort çalışma Moradinazar M, Amini S, Baneshi M, Najafi F, Abbasi N, Ataee M 29-33 Venous glucose, serum lactate and base deficit as biochemical predictors of mortality in patients with polytrauma Çoklu-travmalı hastalarda biyokimyasal mortalite prediktörü olarak venöz glukoz, serum laktat ve baz açığı Saad S, Mohamed N, Moghazy A, Ellabban G, El-kamash S 34-39 The outcomes of becoming a pediatric burn center in Turkey Türkiye’de çocuk yanık merkezi olmanın sonuçları Öztorun Cİ, Demir S, Azılı MN, Şenaylı A, Livanelioğlu Z, Şenel E 40-45 Retromandibular transparotid approach to mandibular subcondylar and high ramus fractures: two-point fixation Mandibula subkondil ve yüksek ramus kırıklarına retromandibular transparotid yaklaşım: İki nokta fiksasyonu Aslan C, Hoşnuter M, Baş S, Tan O, Işık D, Durgun M 46-51 An alternative method to free flap for distal leg and foot defects due to electrical burn injury: distally based cross-leg sural flap Elektrik yanığına bağlı distal alt ekstremite ve ayak defektleri onarımında serbest flebe alternatif bir metod: Karşı ekstremite beslemeli distal bazlı sural flep Eser C, Kesiktaş E, Gencel E, Aslaner EE, Yavuz M 52-57 Surgical treatment of distal tibia fractures: open versus MIPO Distal tibia kırıklarında cerrahi tedavi: Açık veya MIPO? Gülabi D, Bekler Hİ, Sağlam F, Taşdemir Z, Çeçen GS, Elmalı N Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg, January 2016, Vol. 22, No. 1

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TURKISH JOURNAL OF TRAUMA & EMERGENCY SURGERY ULUSAL TRAVMA VE ACİL CERRAHİ DERGİSİ Vol. - Cilt 22

Number - Sayı 1 January - Ocak 2016

Contents - İçindekiler 58-65 The comparison of triceps-reflecting anconeus pedicle and olecranon osteotomy approaches in the treatment of intercondylar fractures of the humerus İnterkondiler humerus kırıklarının tedavisinde triseps reflekting pedikül ve olekranon osteotomisi yaklaşımlarının karşılaştırılması Azboy İ, Bulut M, Ancar C, Demirtaş A, Özkul E, Gem M, Karadeniz H, Arslan H 66-75 Trafik kazasına maruz kalan olgularda ikincil mağduriyet: Adli olgu bildirimi yapılmadan veya otopsi uygulanmadan defnedilme Secondary victimization of traffic accident victims: getting buried without the declaration of forensic case and without having performed autopsy Erkol Z, Hekimoğlu Y, Büken B, Şirin G, Yılmaz R, Akkaya H 76-83 Lökosit sayısı, yüzde nötrofil oranı ve C-reaktif protein konsantrasyonlarının “kesim değeri” düzeylerinde apandisit tanısındaki değerleri Predictive calue of leucocyte count, neutrophil percent and C-reactive protein concentration “cut-off value” on the diagnosis of appendicitis Ayrık C, Karaaslan U, Dağ A, Bozkurt S, Toker İ, Demir F 84-89 Çocuklarda suprakondiller humerus kırığı sonrası damarsal yaralanmalar Vascular injury following supracondylar humerus fractures in children Özkul E, Gem M, Alemdar C, Arslan H, Azboy İ, Çelik V 90-96 AO 42A ve 42B tipi tibia kırıklarında uyguladığımız perkütan kilitli plak ve intramedüller çivi tespit sonuçlarının geriye dönük analizi Retrospective analysis of AO 42A-B type tibia fractures treated with percutaneus locked plating and intramedullary nailing Bilgili F, Kılıç A, Sökücü S, Parmaksızoğlu AS, Çepni KS, Kabukçuoğlu YS

Case Reports - Olgu Sunumu 97-99 Isolated bitemporal hemianopsia due to traumatic chiasmal syndrome Travmatik kiyazmal sendroma bağlı izole bitemporal hemianopsi Yazici B, Kivanc SA 100-102 Interesting X-ray and computed tomography images of a cervical trauma patient Bir servikal travma olgusunda ilginç direkt grafi ve bilgisayarlı tomografi görüntüleri Kalkan H, Emlik GD, Sivri M 103-105 A rare cause of acute abdomen: spontaneous common hepatic duct perforation Nadir bir akut karın nedeni: Spontan ortak hepatik kanal perforasyonu Pülat H, Karaköse O, Benzin MF, Sabuncuoğlu MZ, Çetin R 106-108 Spontaneous rupture of the splenic artery aneurysm: a rare clinical presentation of acute abdomen Spontan splenik arter anevrizma rüptürü: Klinikte nadir görülen bir akut abdomen sebebi Aydın MT, Fersahoğlu MM, Tezer S, Okuducu M, Ağca B, Memişoğlu K 109-113 Çocuklarda duodenum perforasyonları: Olgu serisi Duodenum perforations in children: case series Emre Ş, Aydın E, Özcan R, Topuzlu Tekant G, Erdoğan E, Şenyüz OF, Celayir S

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Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg, Junuary 2016, Vol. 22, No. 1


EDITORIAL

Dear readers of the Turkish Journal of Trauma and Emergency Surgery, Our journal, which has gradually increased its efforts to become a leading and significant scientific resource in the field of trauma and emergency surgery in Turkey and the world, is completing its 21st year. We are pleased that the Turkish Journal of Trauma and Emergency Surgery has gained international recognition with the contributions of our colleagues from various countries in the world. The present first issue of 2016 contains many valuable articles. We are pleased to announce that our journal has been indexed in CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature). The papers submitted to our journal, which has maintained its publishing life with the standards followed by European and American biomedical journals, have been evaluated with the “Committee on Publication Ethics” (COPE) criteria as of 2014. All papers submitted to our journal are evaluated with a plagiarism program and a feedback is provided to the authors of problematic papers. Thanks to the increasing interest shown by both national and international researchers, the majority of the papers submitted to our journal are comprised of papers written in English. We are aware of the fact that publishing the journal in English has a valuable and an accelerator effect on the increase in citations that help raise the impact factor of our journal. The high number of citations will present an advantageous situation towards our researchers and journal. Therefore, we have made a decision to only publish papers written in English among the papers that have been submitted to us. This decision will not affect the evaluation and publishing of previously sent papers written in Turkish. Accordingly, we ask of you to write your new papers in English. Another innovation that our journal will commence is to enable the actualization of section editorship in order to shorten the evaluation period of the papers and make it more qualified. The growing number of papers submitted to our journal every year and the problems and delays faced during the evaluation period have made it mandatory to manage this regulation more actively. We hope that this practice will shorten the long evaluation time that has also given rise to your complaints. We published a total of 94 articles in our journal in 2015, of which 52 were original articles, 14 were experimental studies, 27 were case reports, and one was a review article. The number of published articles of international origin was 18. In the Thomson Reuters statistics, our “Journal Citation Reports 2014 edition” impact factor was 0.269, our five-year impact factor was 0,441, and our Eigenfactor score was 0,00114. Our journal has received citations mostly from World Journal of Surgery, American Journal of Emergency Medicine, Journal of Emergency Medicine, Burns, Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, and International Journal of Surgery. Domestic SCI journals from which we have received the most citations have been Turkish Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Turkish Journal of Geritrics, and Nobel Medicus. The number of citations we received in 2011 was 231, 307 in 2012, and 336 in 2013, which increased up to 380 in 2014. This situation shows us clearly that we need to work harder and increase the citation rate of our article in 2016. We intend to cooperate with various institutions regarding the incorporation of papers whose researchers produce higher impact values and the acceptance of papers that can produce higher impact values to our journal in the next period. As a result of your keen interest, we had a successful and blissful 10th Trauma and Emergency Surgery Congress held between October 28 and November 1, 2015 in Antalya. On behalf of our editorial board, we wish you a happy new year filled with success and state our expectation towards the increase and continuation of your interest that you have already given to our association and journal. Kind regards, Recep Güloğlu, Kaya Sarıbeyoğlu, M. Mahir Özmen, Hakan Yanar

Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg, January 2016, Vol. 22, No. 1

ix


EDİTÖRDEN

Ulusal Travma ve Acil Cerrahi Dergisi’nin değerli okurları, Dünya’da ve Türkiye’de travma ve acil cerrahi alanında öncü ve önemli bilimsel kaynak olma çabalarını arttırarak sürdüren dergimiz 21. yılını tamamlıyor. Uluslararası dergi kimliğini de kazanmış olan Ulusal Travma ve Acil Cerrahi Dergisi dünyanın farklı ülkelerinden meslektaşlarımızın değerli katkılarıyla bu onura ulaşmış olmasından mutluluk duyuyoruz. Elinizdeki sayımızla 2016’da birlikte yine birçok değerli makaleyle karşınızdayız. Dergimiz CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature) dizinine de alınmıştır, bu yeni gelişmeyi sizinle paylaşmaktan memnuniyet duymaktayız. Son iki yıldır Avrupa ve Amerika biyomedikal dergi standartlarında yayın hayatına devam eden dergimize gelen yazılar “Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)” ölçütlerinde değerlendirilmektedir. Dergimize ulaşan tüm eserler intihal (plagiarism) arama programıyla (iThanticate) değerlendirilmekte, sorunlu yazılarla ilgili olarak çalışmacılara geri bildirimde bulunulmaktadır. Dergimiz gerek ulusal gerekse de uluslararası çalışmacıların her geçen yıl artan ilgisiyle tarafımıza ulaşan yazıların çoğunluğunu İngilizce yazılar oluşturmaktadır. Dergimizin etki faktörünün yükselmesi için yayımlanmış yazıların daha çok atıf alması gerektiğinden bu amaca dönük olarak yazıların İngilizce dilinde yayımlanmasının değer katıcı ve hızlandırıcı etkisini biliyoruz. Alınacak atıf sayısının yüksekliği çalışmacıların ve dergimizin lehine bir durum ortaya koyacaktır. Bu nedenle gönderilen yazılar içinde sadece İngilizce olanları yayımlama kararı aldık. Bu karar daha önce gönderilmiş olan Türkçe yazıların değerlendirme veya basım süreçlerini etkilemeyecektir. Bu nedenle sizlerden yeni çalışmalarınızı İngilizce dilinde kaleme almanızı rica ediyoruz. Dergimizin başlattığı diğer bir yenilik de yazıların değerlendirilme sürecini kısaltmak ve daha nitelikli bir hale getirmek için bölüm editörlüğü sisteminin hayata geçmesini sağlamak olmuştur. Her yıl artan yazı sayıları ve değerlendirme süreçlerinde yaşanan zorluklar, gecikmeler bu düzenlemenin daha aktif bir biçimde işletilmesini zorunlu kılmıştır. Bu uygulamamızın şikayetlerinize de yol açan uzun değerlendirme sürecini kısaltacağını umuyoruz. Dergimizde 2015 yılında toplam 94 makale yayınlandı. Bunların 52’si orijinal makale, 14’ü deneysel çalışma, 27’si olgu sunumu ve 1’i derleme yazı idi. Basılan yurtdışı kaynaklı makale sayısı ise 18 olmuştur. Thomson Reuters’ın değerlendirmesinde (Journal Citation Reports 2014 edition) etki faktörümüz 0.269, beş yıllık etki faktörümüz 0,441 ve Eugene factor skorumuz 0,00114 olarak gerçekleşmiştir. Dergimize en çok atıf sırasıyla World Journal of Surgery, American Journal of Emergency Medicine, Jorunal of Emergency Medicine, Burns, Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, International Journal of Surgery dergilerinde yayınlanan makalelerde yapılmıştır. En çok atıf aldığımız SCI kapsamındaki yurt içi dergiler ise Türk Göğüs Kalp Damar Cerrahisi Dergisi, Türk Geriatri Dergisi ve Nobel Medicus olmuştur. 2011 yılında aldığımız atıf sayısı 231, 2012 yılında 307, 2013 yılında 336 iken 2014 yılında ise artarak 380’e yükselmiştir. Bu tablo bize 2016 yılında daha çok çalışmamız ve dergimizin nitelikle atıf oranını daha da artırmamız gerektiğini çok net göstermektedir. Önümüzdeki süreçte özellikle yüksek etki değeri üretebilir yazıların dergimize kabulü ve daha yüksek etki değeri üreten araştırmacıların yazılarının dergimize kazandırılması konusunda farklı kurumlarla işbirliğine gitmeyi planlıyoruz. Editörler kurulumuz adına sizlere başarılı ve mutlu bir yıl diler, derneğimiz ve dergimize olan ilgi ve desteğinizin artarak devam etmesini beklediğimizi ifade ederiz. Saygılarımızla, Recep Güloğlu, Kaya Sarıbeyoğlu, M. Mahir Özmen, Hakan Yanar

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EXPERIMENTAL STUDY

Effects of saline lavage temperature on peritoneal fibrinolysis and adhesion formation Yavuz Savaş Koca, M.D.,1 Ömer Rıdvan Tarhan, M.D.,1 Selçuk Kaya, M.D.,2 Berit Gökçe Ceylan, M.D.3 1

Department of General Surgery, Suleyman Demirel University Faculty of Medicine, Isparta, Turkey

2

Department of Medical Microbiology, Suleyman Demirel University Faculty of Medicine, Isparta, Turkey

3

Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Suleyman Demirel University Faculty of Medicine, Isparta, Turkey

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Peritoneal lavage with saline at room temperature causes peritoneal hypothermia, vasoconstriction, hypoxia, and acidosis, which are effects that are known to reduce fibrinolysis. Decreased fibrinolysis causes permanent adhesions. Normothermic lavage may prevent this deleterious process and reduce peritoneal adhesions. METHODS: A rat model of cecal abrasion was used. Control animals received no medication while hypothermic or normothermic saline lavage were administered intraperitoneally to the experimental groups (n=24 for each group). Cardinal parameters of peritoneal fibrinolysis (tissue plasminogen activator [tPA] and plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 [PAI-1]) were determined in peritoneal tissue samples on postoperative day 1, 3, and 10. On postoperative day 10, adhesions were graded. In the sham group (n=8), following laparotomy, peritoneal samples were taken to determine basal values of tPA and PAI-1 in healthy peritoneum. RESULTS: Cecal abrasion increased PAI-1 levels about tenfold on postoperative day 1 and caused adhesions. Normothermic saline lavage prevented this traumatic PAI-1 increase and stabilized it to baseline values throughout the experiment and reduced peritoneal adhesion formation. Hypothermic lavage also caused an inhibition of PAI-1 rise but adhesion, prevention was not significant. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that normothermic saline lavage reduces adhesions by improving peritoneal fibrinolysis. Keywords: Hypothermic; normothermic; peritoneal adhesion; peritoneal lavage; plasminogen activator inhibitor 1; saline solution; tissue plasminogen activator.

INTRODUCTION Postoperative peritoneal adhesions affect the quality of life of millions of people all over the world, making intestinal obstruction, complicating reoperative laparotomy (an average of 24 min of increased operative time and 21% increased risk of bowel perforation), and causing chronic abdominal and pelvic pain and infertility.[1] The formation of intra-abdominal adhesions after major abdominal surgery is inevitable. An epidemiological study conducted in 1999 by Ellis et al. Address for correspondence: Ömer Rıdvan Tarhan, M.D. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Hastanesi, Genel Cerrahi Anabilim Dalı, 32100 Isparta, Turkey Tel: +90 246 - 211 20 00 E-mail: ortarhan@gmail.com Qucik Response Code

Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg 2016;22(1):1–6 doi: 10.5505/tjtes.2015.95881 Copyright 2016 TJTES

Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg, January 2016, Vol. 22, No. 1

showed that one in three patients (34.7%) who had undergone open surgery experienced a mean of 2.1 readmissions over the ten years.[1] Therefore, preventive measures against adhesion formation are of considerable clinical importance. Physical separation for adhesion prophylaxis can potentially be achieved by using solid or mechanical barriers or by intraperitoneal solutions. Fibrin matrix that was formed after peritoneal injury is broken down via peritoneal fibrinolysis and absorbed under normal circumstances. Fibrinolysis is mainly activated by tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), and principal tPA inhibitor is plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI) type 1. Ischemia reduces fibrinolytic capacity, and fibrin matrix changes permanent adhesions. According to a questionnaire survey, peritoneal lavage is sometimes performed at least by 91% of the surgeons during elective laparotomy, and 68% of the surgeons use lavage for prophylaxis against adhesion formation, and normal saline is used most frequently.[2] 1


Koca et al. Effects of saline lavage temperature on peritoneal fibrinolysis and adhesion formation

However, little is known about what the temperature of lavage solution should be. Essentially, temperatures of solutions are rarely described in adhesion studies. Possibly, these solutions are at room temperature. Three different results have been observed in peritoneal saline lavage; beneficial, ineffective or even harmful. Tissue hypothermia is a serious problem. Hypothermia impairs tissue perfusion by causing vasoconstriction and leads to acidosis.[3] Cold hemoglobin also cannot release oxygen to tissues as readily as normothermic hemoglobin. Peritoneal hypoxia and acidosis reduce peritoneal fibrinolysis.[4] Hypothermia also induces coagulopathy, promoting further hemorrhage. It was our hypothesis that normothermic lavage might prevent this deleterious process, improve peritoneal fibrinolysis and reduce peritoneal adhesions. Hence, the effects of normal saline were examined at body temperature and room temperature on peritoneal adhesion formation and peritoneal fibrinolysis in a rat model.

MATERIALS AND METHODS Animals The ethics committee of our institution approved the experimental procedures in the study. Animals were obtained from the animal breeding unit of our university, and the guiding principles in the care and use of laboratory animals were strictly adhered throughout the entire study. Sixty male adult wistar rats (weight, 270±30 g) were used. Throughout the study period, animals were given food and water ad libitum. Animals were assigned into four groups randomly: Sham (n=8), control (n=24), normothermic saline (37°C) (n=24), and hypothermic saline (saline at room temperature, 21°C) (n=24) groups.

Anesthesia and Experimental Design Initially, all of the rats (n=80) were anesthetized with 50 mg/ kg ketamine hydrochloride (Ketalar®; Parke - Davis, Morris Plains, New Jersey, USA), and 2.5 mg/kg xylazine hydrochloride (Rompun®; Bayer, Istanbul, Turkey) intramuscularly. The abdomen was shaved and disinfected with 70% povidone iodine. All surgical procedures were carried out under sterile conditions. Following a 3-cm midline incision, antimesenteric border of the cecum was abraded with dry sterile gauze until punctate bleeding occurred. Twenty times rubbing typically provided punctate bleeding. No medication was administered to control animals. Animals in the normothermic saline group were given 5 ml of intraperitoneal normal saline at 37°C. After 2.5 minutes, the fluid was aspirated through a catheter. This procedure was repeated 5 times. The same procedure was performed using normal saline at 21°C temperature in the hypothermic saline group. In the sham group following laparotomy, peritoneal samples 2

were taken to determine t-PA, PAI-1 levels in the healthy rat peritoneum. Neither cecal abrasion nor peritoneal lavage was performed in this group. Abdominal wall and skin were closed using 3–0 polypropylene (Prolene®; Ethicon, Woluwe, Belgium) and 3–0 polyglactine (Vicryl®; Ethicon, Woluwe, Belgium) continuous sutures, respectively. On postoperative days 1, 3, and 10, a U-shaped abdominal incision was made using the previously described anesthetical method (8 animals in each three experimental groups). Tissue specimens were obtained from an adhesion-free segment of the right lower quadrant peritoneum while the animals were alive. Following peritoneal incision with a 10-mm biopsy punch, the peritoneal disc was carefully dissected off the underlying tissue, rinsed with normal saline solution, and dried with a piece of blotting paper to remove blood. All specimens were stored at – 80° C in airtight tubes until homogenization. Abdominal cavity was explored for adhesions 10 days after laparotomy. Intraabdominal adhesions were graded according to Akdeniz et al.[5] shown on Table 1. Adhesion scores were determined by one of the investigators (YSK) blind to the randomization of the groups.

Homogenization and Assays for tPA, and PAI-1 After the biopsy specimens were homogenized in an Ultra Thurrax IKA T - 25 homogenizer (Janke & Kunken, Staufen, Germany) for 3 min, the homogenates were sonicated (Bandelin Electronic, Berlin, Germany) for 30 s. Following centrifugation at 4000 g for 20 min, supernatants were stored at – 80° C until assay. tPA and PAI-1 were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions (Rat tPA and PAI-1 Total Antigen Assay Kits, Molecular Innovations Inc, Novi, Michigan, USA). The absorbencies of wells were measured in a micro plate reader. Standard curves were obtained for each parameter separately through absorbance values of standard solutions. The concentrations of tPA and PAI-1 were calculated using these curves. Table 1. Adhesion grading scale Grade Definitions 0

No adhesions

1

Filmy, avascular adhesions, separated easily by blunt

dissection 2

Firm, limited vascular adhesions, separated by

aggressive blunt dissection

3

Dense, well vascularized adhesions, needed sharp

dissection

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Koca et al. Effects of saline lavage temperature on peritoneal fibrinolysis and adhesion formation

Assays for Protein

Table 2. Adhesion grades on postoperative day ten

The protein contents of the supernatants were assayed with the Lowry method.[6] tPA and PAI-1 concentrations were normalized with the protein contents in the supernatants. The results of tPA and PAI-1 parameters were described as ng/mg protein.

Statistical Analyses Mann Whitney U test was used for comparisons among the groups. P<0.05 was considered significant. All statistical analyses were performed with the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software for Windows10.0 (Chicago, Illinois, USA).

RESULTS Adhesion Formation (Fig. 1, Tables 2, 4) In the normothermic saline lavage group, two animals were adhesion-free. In the other groups, adhesion-free healing was not seen. Adhesion scores were significantly lower in the normothermic saline group than the control and hypothermic saline group (p=0.008 in both). Adhesion scores tended to be lower in hypothermic saline than the control group; however, the difference was not significant (p=0.515).

tPA and PAI-1 (Figs. 2, 3 and Tables 3, 4)

Grade Control 0

Hypothermic Saline

1

2

1

3

2

5

2

3

4

2

1

Total

8

8

8

within 10 days in the median values. Approximately, a tenfold increase was observed in PAI-1 levels on postoperative day 1. However, PAI-1 levels returned to baserline levels on days 3 and 10. Hypothermic saline: On postoperative day 1, the median values of tPA were increased by 72 percent compared to the baseline values. On day 3, the median tPA values decreased slightly below the baseline. Subsequently, the median values of tPA in hypothermic saline nearly approached to the baseline values on day 10. Hypothermic saline lavage caused lesser 10

tPA ng/mg protein

Control: Cecal abrasion caused a progressive decrease

2

2

Cecal abrasion Hypothermic lavage Normothermic lavage

8

Sham: Sham group was used to determine the baseline values of peritoneal tPA and PAI-1.

Normothermic Saline

6 4 2

3 p=0.515

p=0.008

0 0

2

4

Adhesion Grade

-2 2

6

8

10

12

Days

Figure 2. Peritoneal tPA concentration change by groups and days.

8

Cecal abrasion Hypothermic lavage Normothermic lavage

7 PAI-f ng/mg protein

1 p=0.008

0 Cecal Abrasion

Hypothermic Saline

Normothermic Saline

Figure 1. Adhesion scores were evaluated on postoperative day ten. Values are median (horizontal bars) with interquartile range (boxes) and 10–90th centile (error bars). Mann Whitney U test was used.

Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg, January 2016, Vol. 22, No. 1

6 5 4 3 2 1 0

0

2

4

6 Days

8

10

12

Figure 3. Peritoneal PAI-1 concentration change by groups and days.

3


Koca et al. Effects of saline lavage temperature on peritoneal fibrinolysis and adhesion formation

Table 3. tPA levels in peritoneal tissue (ng/mg protein) at postoperative days 1, 3, and 10. Data are presented as median (min-max). p values are concerning about the comparisons between control and experimental groups tPA0 tPA1 tPAI3 tPA10 Sham

5.3 – – –

(0.5–13.1) Control

Hypo saline

3 0.93 0.1

(0.5–19.8) (0.1–17.4) (0.1–11.3)

9.15

3.65

5

(3.4–24.9) (0.1–10.7) (0.1–27)

p=0.034 p=0.287 p=0.007

Normo saline

5.1

0.1

0.1

(0.55–16.30) (0.1–8.1) (0.1–12.3)

p=0.545 p=0.226 p=0.664

Table 4. PAI-1levels in peritoneal tissue (ng/mg protein) at postoperative days 1, 3, and 10. Data are presented as median (min-max). p values are concerning about the comparisons between control and experimental groups PAI-10 PAI-11 PAI-13 PAI-110 Sham

0.78 – – –

(0.75–0.80) Control

Hypo saline

Normo saline

7.40 0.85 0.58

(0.85–23.6) (0.5–17) (0.55–0.65) 5.25

0.58

p=0.364 p=0.68 p=0.313

0.88

0.75

0.63

(0.8–3.5) (0.7–0.8) (0.55–0.8)

p<0.001 p=0.001 p=0.038

increase on day 1 PAI-1 values. The increase was around sevenfold. Normothermic saline: Median tPA values were similar with the sham group on day 1. On day 3, the median values decreased slightly lower than the control animals and persisted at the same values on day 10. Normothermic saline lavage prevented the increase in PAI-1 evident on day 1 in abrasion and hypothermic lavage groups. Postoperative measurements of PAI-1 on days 1, 3, and 10 were similar to baseline values in this group.

DISCUSSION Reduced peritoneal adhesion formation was demonstrated following lavage with normothermic (37°C) saline. Suppression of trauma-induced PAI-1 rise indicates augmented fibrinolysis within peritoneum with normothermic saline. Hy4

1.08

(0.8–39.1) (0.85–6.8) (0.5–0.7)

pothermic lavage (21°C) also caused inhibition of PAI-1 and improved adhesion slightly but insignificantly. However, PAI-1 inhibition was less than that of normothermic lavage. Peritoneal healing differs from that of skin.[7] The two main differences are epithelization and consequences of fibrin deposition. Firstly, peritoneal epithelization takes place throughout the entire surface of the defect simultaneously. Thus, peritoneum does not have to be approximated by sutures to ensure prompt healing. Differently, skin epithelization results from the migration of epithelial cells from dermal edges. Secondly, fibrin matrix that forms after peritoneal injury is broken down via peritoneal fibrinolysis and is absorbed under normal circumstances. However, fibrin matrix is organized to scar tissue in skin healing. It is also suggested that adhesive scar tissue is a normal part of peritoneal healing and that if the fibrin matrix is broken down via peritoneal fibrinoUlus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg, January 2016, Vol. 22, No. 1


Koca et al. Effects of saline lavage temperature on peritoneal fibrinolysis and adhesion formation

lysis and absorbed within 2-3 days of surgery, then normal (adhesion free) healing might occur. Peritoneum has an inherent fibrinolytic activity similar to that found in vascular endothelium.[8] In adhesion-free peritoneal healing, there is a balance between fibrinogenesis and fibrinolysis. If fibrin exudate overwhelms fibrinolytic activity, organization leading to adhesion rather than resolution of the fibrin-cellular matrix occurs. Peritoneal fibrinolysis parameters (tPA and PAI-1) are potential markers for the identification of patients at risk for developing adhesions. Peritoneal hypoxia and acidosis (vasoconstriction induced) cause apoptosis of mesothelial cells. Apoptosis leads to the denuded peritoneal areas. This nudity reduces peritoneal fibrinolysis and facilitates adhesion formation into the submesothelial connective tissue.[4] The most popular strategy used for adhesion reduction is the use of irrigation with crystalloid solutions during either open or laparoscopic surgery. Despite the widespread use of intraoperative peritoneal lavage, there is little information on the ideal temperature of the fluid. In review of the literature, we could not identify any study which examined comparatively the effect of normothermic and hypothermic (approximate operating room temperature i.e. 21°C) saline lavage on peritoneal adhesions. The work of Kappas et al. is relatively similiar to ours. They have designed a study to examine the influence of saline irrigation at different temperatures (30°C, 34°C, 37°C, 40°C, 45°C, 55°C and 60°C) on adhesion formation in the rat laparotomy incision.[9] Laparotomy –without any adhesion inducing activity different from our study- has been followed by intraperitoneal normal saline irrigation for 5 min with 40 ml volume. Macroscopic assessment of adhesions to the laparotomy scar has been graded. They have shown that adhesion formation increases when the temperature of saline exceeds 37°C. Saline irrigation with 30°C, 34°C and 37°C temperature does not prevent adhesions to midline incision, unlike our findings. Sortini et al. have evaluated different peritoneal lavage solutions following Escherichia coli inoculation inside the rat peritoneal cavity for 10 min to test their (lavage solutions) ability to prevent adhesion formation.[10] They have observed that peritoneal lavage with 37°C saline solution is associated with low adhesion formation and high survival rates as compared to twice-distilled water and antiseptics. However, the group of 37°C saline lavage was the control group itself, and mechanical cleansing by use of swabs or hypothermic saline lavage was not applied as control. Although the results were similar to ours, their model was an intra-abdominal sepsis and differed from the peritoneal adhesion models that we used. Temperatures of saline and other solutions applied in peritoneal adhesion models were not specified in previous studies. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg, January 2016, Vol. 22, No. 1

It is reasonable to assume that these lavage solutions are at room temperature. On the other hand, saline is used generally as control in the peritoneal adhesion models of intraabdominal medication. When saline lavage or installation is included into the experimental groups, three different results are observed; beneficial,[10–14] ineffective,[9,15–18] or even harmful.[19,20] Another challenge in peritoneal adhesion studies is the use of several different models. Two major problems caused by peritoneal adhesions are intestinal obstruction and infertility. Therefore, two main experimental models of peritoneal adhesion formation have been utilized. While intestinal- peritoneal abrasion, intestinal anastomosis or peritonitis represents surgical models, gynecologic models include uterine horn injury (cauterization, anastomosis) or ovary cauterization. Though saline irrigation is explored in gynecological and surgical models separately, the uncertainty about its effect on peritoneal adhesions continues. Panahi et al. have evaluated the effect of normal saline and methylene blue on postoperative adhesion formation in a rat cecal abrasion model similar to ours.[14] They have demonstrated reduced adhesion scores following 1 ml of saline installation. However, in another experimental rat model of small intestine abrasion with jejunal resection-reanastomosis, intraperitoneal administration of a 6 ml saline has not had any effect on adhesion formation.[15] Lavage temperature has not been not specified in these studies, as well. One mesothelial culture study has shown that incubation with normal saline solution for 6 h decreases tPA release, increases PAI-1 synthesis, and causes shrinking of the mesothelial cells.[20] van Westreenen et al. have also suggested stimulation of intraperitoneal adhesions with perioperative lavage.[19] In this rat study, uterine horns were attached to the suture placed lateral to the wall of the abdomen, and 10 ml of lavage (25 °C) for 10 min was applied. The lavage solutions were normal saline, povidone-iodine 1%, chlorhexidine 0.02%, RPMI growth (cell culture) medium, and UW (University of Wisconsin solution). Peritoneum has an inherent fibrinolytic activity similar to that found in vascular endothelium. Increased PAI-1 levels in both peritoneal samples and peritoneal fluid or lavage are associated with higher peritoneal adhesion incidences, probably encountering the most important determinant.[11] Indeed in our animal model, normothermic saline lavage reduced PAI-1 elevations to normal levels in injured peritoneal tissue most likely preventing peritoneal hypothermia, hypoxia and acidosis. In conclusion, the improvement of peritoneal fibrinolysis reduced adhesions.

Acknowledgement The authors wish to thank Mekin SEZİK M.D. from the De5


Koca et al. Effects of saline lavage temperature on peritoneal fibrinolysis and adhesion formation

partment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Suleyman Demirel University, for language revisions. Conflict of interest: None declared.

REFERENCES 1. Ellis H, Moran BJ, Thompson JN, Parker MC, Wilson MS, Menzies D, et al. Adhesion-related hospital readmissions after abdominal and pelvic surgery: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet 1999;353:1476–80. 2. Scott-Coombes DM, Vipond MN, Thompson JN. General surgeons’ attitudes to the treatment and prevention of abdominal adhesions. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 1993;75:123–8. 3. Eddy VA, Morris JA Jr, Cullinane DC. Hypothermia, coagulopathy, and acidosis. Surg Clin North Am 2000;80:845–54. 4. Tarhan OR, Barut I, Ozogul C, Bozkurt S, Baykara B, Bulbul M. Structural deteriorations of the human peritoneum during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. A transmission electron microscopic study. Surg Endosc 2013;27:2744–50. 5. Akdeniz Y, Tarhan OR, Barut I. Can dexpanthenol prevent peritoneal adhesion formation? An experimental study. [Article in Turkish] Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg 2007;13:94–100. 6. Lowry OH, Rosebrough NJ, Farr AL, Randall RJ. Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. J Biol Chem 1951;193:265–75. 7. diZerega GS, Campeau JD. Peritoneal repair and post-surgical adhesion formation. Hum Reprod Update 2001;7:547–55. 8. Gervin AS, Puckett CL, Silver D. Serosal hypofibrinolysis. A cause of postoperative adhesions. Am J Surg 1973;125:80–8. 9. Kappas AM, Fatouros M, Papadimitriou K, Katsouyannopoulos V, Cassioumis D. Effect of intraperitoneal saline irrigation at different temperatures on adhesion formation. Br J Surg 1988;75:854–6. 10. Sortini D, Feo CV, Maravegias K, Carcoforo P, Pozza E, Liboni A, et al.

Role of peritoneal lavage in adhesion formation and survival rate in rats: an experimental study. J Invest Surg 2006;19:291–7. 11. Kucukozkan T, Ersoy B, Uygur D, Gundogdu C. Prevention of adhesions by sodium chromoglycate, dexamethasone, saline and aprotinin after pelvic surgery. ANZ J Surg 2004;74:1111–5. 12. Tarhan OR, Barut I, Sezik M. An evaluation of normal saline and taurolidine on intra-abdominal adhesion formation and peritoneal fibrinolysis. J Surg Res 2008;144:151–7. 13. Kalaycı MU, Eroğlu HE, Kubilay D, Soylu A, Sancak B, Uğurluoğlu C, et al. The effects of methylene blue on adhesion formation in a rat model of experimental peritonitis. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg 2011;17:205–9. 14. Panahi F, Sadraie SH, Khoshmohabat H, Shahram E, Kaka G, Hosseinalipour M. Macroscopic and pathological assessment of methylene blue and normal saline on postoperative adhesion formation in a rat cecum model. Int J Surg 2012;10:537–41. 15. Lai HS, Chu SY, Chen Y, Wu CH, Lin LT. Effect of pentoxifylline on intraperitoneal adhesions after intestinal resection in rats. J Formos Med Assoc 1994;93:911–5. 16. Treutner KH, Bertram P, Lerch MM, Klimaszewski M, Petrovic-Källholm S, Sobesky J, et al. Prevention of postoperative adhesions by single intraperitoneal medication. J Surg Res 1995;59:764–71. 17. Cavallari N, Polistena A, Cavallaro A. Inability of University of Wisconsin solution to reduce postoperative peritoneal adhesions in rats. Eur J Surg 2000;166:650–3. 18. Kayaoğlu HA, Ozkan N, Yenidoğan E, Köseoğlu RD. Effect of antibiotic lavage in adhesion prevention in bacterial peritonitis. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg 2013;19:189–94. 19. van Westreenen M, van den Tol PM, Pronk A, Marquet RL, Jeekel J, Leguit P. Perioperative lavage promotes intraperitoneal adhesion in the rat. Eur Surg Res 1999;31:196–201. 20. Połubinska A, Winckiewicz M, Staniszewski R, Breborowicz A, Oreopoulos DG. Time to reconsider saline as the ideal rinsing solution during abdominal surgery. Am J Surg 2006;192:281–5.

DENEYSEL ÇALIŞMA - ÖZET OLGU SUNUMU

Serum fizyolojikle yapılan lavaj sıcaklığının peritoneal fibrinoliz ve adezyon gelişimine etkisi Dr. Yavuz Savaş Koca,1 Dr. Ömer Rıdvan Tarhan,1 Dr. Selçuk Kaya,2 Dr. Berit Gökçe Ceylan3 1 2 3

Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Genel Cerrahi Anabilim Dalı, Isparta Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Tıbbi Mikrobiyoloji Anabilim Dalı, Isparta Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Anesteziyoloji ve Reanimasyon Anabilim Dalı, Isparta

AMAÇ: Oda sıcaklığındaki serum fizyolojikle yapılan periton lavajı peritonda hipotermi, vazokonstriksiyon, hipoksi ve asidoza neden olur. Bu etkilerin fibrinolizi azalttığı bilinmektedir. Fibrinolizin bozulması ise kalıcı adezyona neden olmaktadır. Normotermik lavaj bu zararlı süreci engelleyerek peritoneal adezyonları azaltabilir. GEREÇ VE YÖNTEM: Sıçan çekal abrzyon modeli kullanıldı. Kontrol hayvanlarına herhangi bir tedavi uygulanmazken, deney gruplarına (her birinde n=24) hipotermik ve normotermik serum fizyolojik ile lavaj uygulandı. Ameliyat sonrası bir, üç ve onuncu günlerde periton dokusunda peritoneal fibrinolizin ana parametreleri olan doku plazminojen aktivatörü (tPA) ve plazminojen aktivatör inhibitor tip-1 (PAI-1) bakıldı. Adezyonlar ameliyat sonrası 10. günde değerlendirildi. Sham grubunda (n=8) laparotomi sonrası periton örnekleri alındı ve sağlıklı peritondaki bazal tPA ve PAI-1 değerleri tespit edildi. BULGULAR: Çekal abrazyon, PAI-1 düzeylerini ameliyat sonrası birinci günde yaklaşık 10 kat kadar artırarak adezyonlara neden oldu. Normotermik serum fizyolojik ile lavaj bu travmatik PAI-1 artışını engelleyerek deney boyunca normal seviyeye sabitledi ve adezyon gelişimini azalttı. Hipotermik lavaj da PAI-1 yükselişini azalttı ancak adezyonların önlenmesi istatistiksel olarak anlamlı değildi. TARTIŞMA: Sonuçlarımız göstermektedir ki, normotermik serum fizyolojik ile lavaj peritoneal fibrinolizi düzelterek adezyonları azaltmaktadır. Anahtar sözcükler: Hypothermic; normothermic; peritoneal adhesion; peritoneal lavage; plasminogen activator inhibitor 1; saline solution; tissue plasminogen activator. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg 2016;22(1):1–6

6

doi: 10.5505/tjtes.2015.95881

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EXPERIMENTAL STUDY

Repairing peripheral nerve defects by vein grafts filled with adipose tissue derived stromal vascular fraction: an experimental study in rats Heval Selman Özkan, M.D.,1 Özlem Karataş Silistreli, M.D.,2 Bekir Ergür, M.D.,3 Saime İrkören, M.D.1 1

Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Adnan Menderes University Faculty of Medicine, Aydın, Turkey

2

Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, İzmir Atatürk Training and Research Hospital, İzmir, Turkey

3

Department of Embriology and Histology, Dokuz Eylül University Faculty of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: There are many studies in the literature combining vein grafts with cell cultures, muscle, tendon, and nerve tissues, but none of them could replace isolated nerve grafts for nerve repair in clinical settings. There are studies in the literature indicating that adipose tissue derived stromal vascular fraction (SVF) enhances peripheral nerve healing. Considering these facts, an experimental study was performed in rats based on combining SVF with vein grafts for peripheral nerve defect repairs. METHODS: The study included 30 rats which were divided in three groups. In the first stage, an 8 mm nerve defect was created in tibial nerve of each rat. In Group 1, the defect was reconstructed with nerve graft, in Group 2, the defect was reconstructed with vein graft, and in Group 3, the defect was reconstructed with vein graft filled with SVF solution. After 3 months, the second surgical stage was performed and nerve biopsies were taken. Tissue samples were observed histopathologically. RESULTS: There were no statistically meaningful difference between nerve grafts, vein grafts and adipose tissue derived SVF- vein grafts combination groups considering myelin diameter and axonal diameter. Axon count was statistically superior in the nerve graft and study groups when compared to empty vein groups. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, our results support the usage of stromal vascular fraction-vein graft combination for peripheral nerve defect repairs. Keywords: Adipose tissue; nerve defect; stromal vascular fraction; vein graft.

INTRODUCTION Proper end-to-end nerve repair is the treatment of choice in the reconstruction of peripheral nerve injuries. In some clinical situations, there is not a sufficient portion of a nerve present to perform an end to end nerve repair.[1,2] Autogenous nerve grafting has been the standard technique for repairing these conditions of nerve defects. The results are satisfactory, but this technique causes significant nerve graft

Address for correspondence: Saime İrkören, M.D. Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Plastik ve Rekonstrüktif Cerrahi Anabilim Dalı, 09100 Aydın, Turkey Tel: +90 256 - 244 12 40 E-mail: saimeirkoren@hotmail.com Qucik Response Code

Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg 2016;22(1):7–11 doi: 10.5505/tjtes.2015.12612 Copyright 2016 TJTES

Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg, January 2016, Vol. 22, No. 1

donor site morbidities such as scarring, neuroma formation, and loss of sensation. Many treatment modalities have been looked intoto overcome this problem. Vein and muscle-filled vein grafts have been reported as alternatives to the classical nerve grafting.[3–5] There are some experimental and clinical studies using conduits, growth factors and stem cells for the repair of nerve defects.[6–8] Stem cells, because of their pluripotentiality and unlimited capacity for self-renewal, are expected to allow significant advances in distinct reconstructive procedures. Currently, scientific and clinical interest is high regarding the potential of stem cells to treat a broad range of conditions. Many sources of stem cells have been identified, including bone marrow, fat, muscle, liver, skin, heart, and brain in adults in addition to fetal and embryonic sources. Adipose-derived stem cells can be easily processed from lipoaspirated or extracted fat and provide a significant quantity of multipotent stem cells for a variety of therapeutic conditions.[9,10] Stromal vascular fraction is an easily prepared solution obtained from lipoaspirate which includes signicant number of adipose derived stem cells. Many 7


Özkan et al. Repairing peripheral nerve defects by vein grafts filled with adipose tissue derived stromal vascular fraction

recent studies in the literature indicate that adipose tissue derived stem cells can stimulate nerve regeneration by both undergoing neural differentiation and through the release of a range of growth factors.[11] The purpose of this experimental study was to evaluate the effectiveness of vein grafts filled with adipose tissue derived stromal vascular fraction for the repair of nerve defects, and to compare it with empty vein grafts and nerve grafts.

MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty Wistar adult male rats weighing 250–300 g were used in this study. Approval for this study was obtained from the Local Animal Care and Ethics Committee. All animals were fed with rat chow and water ad libitum. Under anesthesia with intraperitoneal 100 mg/kg ketamine and 15 mg/kg xylasine injection, the animals were operated on following surgical procedures described below. All surgical procedures were performed with the aid of an operating microscope. Three major fascicles of the sciatic nerve were exposed by a gluteal muscle splitting incision, and an 8 mm long nerve gap was created by sectioning a nerve segment from the distal part of the tibial nerve. Three groups, containing ten rats each, were created according to the technique used for filling the nerve gap (Figs 1a, b).

Group 1 (Nerve Graft Group) At both sides, three major fascicles of the sciatic nerves were exposed by a gluteal muscle-splitting incision and separated by dissection to a point about 1 cm above the trifurcation. On the left side, an 8 mm long nerve gap was created by sectioning the tibial nerve. Nerve graft harvested from the right side was sutured to the tibial nerve defect with 10/0 polypropylene sutures in an end-to-end fashion.

mitted to enzymatic digestion with collagenase (50 min, 37C) under constant shaking. After incubation, enzymatic digestion was interrupted by the addition of bovine fetal serum (BFS) (nearly 10% of the containers’ total volume). The cell suspension was then centrifuged (5 min at 3000 rpm). The supernatant (adipocyte fraction) was discarded, and the pellet containing SVF was taken into 30 gauge syringe. A 1-cm segment of femoral vein was resected and rinsed in saline solution. After prone positioning, the nerve gap was created as in the other groups, and the vein graft was used to fill the nerve gap. In this instance, after proper coaptation, the vein grafts were filled with SVF solution (Fig. 1d).

Morphologic Studies After twelve weeks, all rats were anesthetized, and their experimental sites were explored to take specimens for histologic evaluation. Specimens including the tibial nerve from 5 mm distal and proximal of the suture lines were taken. Proximal part was tagged with a microsuture. After fixation and tissue processing, specimens of all groups were stained with Toluidine blue and observed with a photomicroscope to determine the total number of myelinated nerve fibers, and fiber diameter andmyelin thickness were also assessed.

Statistical Analysis Sample size estimation was done using the Wilcoxon (MannWhitney) rank-sum test for ordered categories with a 0.05 two-sided significance level. Compliance of the quantitative data with normal distribution was analyzed by KolmogorovSmirnov test. Independent samples t test was used in the comparison of normally distributed data between the groups

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Group 2 (Vein Graft Group) Firstly, the animal was positioned in dorsal recumbency. A 2 cm ventral skin incision was made along the crease formed by the abdomen and right thigh. Blunt dissection of the adductor muscles was used to visualize the right femoral vein. A 1-cm segment of the vein was resected and rinsed in saline solution. After prone positioning, the nerve gap was created as in Group 1 and empty vein graft was used to fill the nerve gap (Fig. 1c).

Group 3 (Vein Graft SVF Combination Group) In this group, bilateral ventral skin incisions were made along the crease formed by the abdomen and right thigh in supine position. Inguinal fat pads were harvested and minced into 1 mm particles. Adipose tissue collections were aseptically extracted and placed in containers previously filled with sterile phosphate-buffered saline. The container was immediately taken to a laminar flux chamber and washed with PBS until the removal of visible blood. Clean tissue masses were sub8

Figure 1. Intraoperative views. (a) Trifurcation of the sciatic nerve. (b) Preparation of the nerve defect, (c) repair of the defect with empty vein graft, (d) repair of the defect with vein graft filled with stromal vascular fraction.

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Özkan et al. Repairing peripheral nerve defects by vein grafts filled with adipose tissue derived stromal vascular fraction

and descriptive statistics were displayed in the form of mean ± standard deviation. Mann Whitney U test was used in nonnormally distributed data. P-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant.

(a)

RESULTS Mean numbers of myelinated fibers of all groups are shown in Table 1. The differences between Group I (nerve graft group) and Group III (SVF group) were not statistically significant (p>0.05); however, the differences between Group II (vein graft group) and other groups (Group I, Group III) were statistically significant (p<0.05). Mean fiber diameters of all groups are shown in Table 2. The differences of the groups were not statistically significant (p>0.05).

(b)

(c)

Mean myelin thicknesses of all groups are shown in Table 3. The differences of the groups were not statistically significant (p>0.05). Histologic evaluation of the transverse semithin sections from the graft revealed myelinated nerves that crossed the Table 1. Number of myelinated axons

Mean±SD Min. Max.

GroupInervegraft

2203±197 1921 2496

GroupIIveingraft

1974±216 1642 2342

Group III SVF+veingraft

2044±163

1753

2352

Between Group I-II, Group II-III p<0.05, between Group I-III p>0.05. SVF: Stromal vascular fraction.

Table 2. Mean axonal diameter

Mean±SD Min. Max.

GroupInervegraft

8.6±1.34 7 10

GroupIIveingraft

8.2±1.47 6 10

Group III SVF+veingraft

8±1.24

7

10

Figure 2. Histologic views. (a) Regular myelinated fibrils in many diameters and reaching vascularization were also found in nerve group, (b) more regular myelinated fibrils in larger diameters and rich vascularization were found in the study group, (c) vein group revealed untidy nerve organization engulfed in heavy fibrosis.

graft and reached the distal nerve stump in Group III (stem cell vein group). Moreover, regular myelinated fibrils in many diameters and reaching vascularization were also found in Group III (Fig. 2a). In Group I (nerve group), more regular myelinated fibrils in larger diameters and rich vascularization were found (Fig. 2b). In contrast, Group II (vein group) revealed poor vascularization and untidy nerve organization with a few nerve fibrils engulfed in heavy fibrosis (Fig. 2c).

DISCUSSION Autograft is the golden standard for peripheral nerve defect repair, which provides continuityof the stumps with minimal or no tension and supports axonal regeneration while protecting against sourrounding scar formation. Although the results are satisfactory, autogenous nerve grafting causes significant donor site morbidity such as scarring, neuroma formation, and loss of sensation. Therefore, alternative methods such as arterial grafts, vein grafts, and artificial tubes have been implemented with variable success rates.[3,9]

Between Group II-III, Group I-III and Group I-II p>0.05. SVF: Stromal vascular fraction.

Table 3. Mean myelin thickness

Mean±SD Min. Max.

GroupInervegraft

1.62±0.14 1.49 1.86

GroupIIveingraft

1.45±0.11 1.24 1.57

Group III SVF+veingraft

1.47±0.19

1.25

Between Group II-III, Group I-III and Group I-II p>0.05. SVF: Stromal vascular fraction.

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1.80

Various studies have shown that nerve guidance tubes alone cannot efficiently promote regeneration of a peripheral nerve over a gap longer than 3 cm in length in humans.[2] However, incorporation of schwann cells into the tube has significantly improved the conduits performance in animal studies, but isolation of schwann cells is troublesome and causes additional morbidity.[6] Stem cells and progenitor cells are seen 9


Özkan et al. Repairing peripheral nerve defects by vein grafts filled with adipose tissue derived stromal vascular fraction

as attractive alternatives to the use of autogeneous schwann cells. Furthermore, in various studies, stem cells aid regeneration by the release of soluble nerve growth factors such as brain derived naurotrophic factor or angiogenic molecules including vascular endothelial growth factor. Other studies have shown that stem cells can physically engraft and myelinate regenerating axons.[12–14] Concerning the above facts, we analyzed the success of vein grafts filled with adipose derived stem cell containing stromal vascular fraction solution as a nerve guide to repair peripheral nerve defect. The regeneration achieved with empty vein graft, nerve graft and adipose derived stem cell filled vein graft was compared. First, it was found thatall conduits supported axonal regeneration without collapsing and retained a lumen providing a permissive environment for regeneration. The best regenerative values were found with nerve grafts, which is paralel with the current literature.[15,16] The number of myelinated fibers in the stromal vascular fraction group were statistically better than the empty vein group. Thus, it can be said thatstromal vascular fraction filled vein graft is more effective than empty vein graft, and it can be used in the repair of nerve defects in the lack of autologous nerve graft. Many studies in the literature have shown effectiveness of cultured adipose derived stem cells in peripheral nerve regeneration. In this study, cultured stem cells were nor used to mimic the classic unexpected clinical situation in which due to lack of adequate nerve graft, vein grafts are used. It is our belief that in clinical settings, especially for large nerve defects, vein grafts filled with adipose tissue derived stem cells might be used to aid regeneration and prevent collapse, but whenever possible, nerve graft application must still be the procedure of choice. There were some limitations and weaknesses of the experimental model in this study. Owing tothe relatively small diameter of the tibial nerve, effects of the collapse phenomenon could be masked, which may also benefit from filling of the vein lumen. In addition, tracking of florescein labeled cells and performing electrophysiological analysis, which were not available in our facility, may further enlighten the effectiveness of the procedure. As a conclusion, the adipose tisssue derived stem cell filled vein graft is not as effective as the nerve graft, but it has better results when compared with empty vein grafts. Further experimental studies should be performed before clinical practice.

10

Conflict of interest: None declared.

REFERENCES 1. Balwierz A, Czech U, Polus A, Filipkowski RK, Mioduszewska B, Proszynski T, et al. Human adipose tissue stromal vascular fraction cells differentiate depending on distinct types of media. Cell Prolif 2008;41:441– 59. 2. di Summa PG, Kingham PJ, Raffoul W, Wiberg M, Terenghi G, Kalbermatten DF. Adipose-derived stem cells enhance peripheral nerve regeneration. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2010;63:1544–52. 3. Chiu DTW, Janecka I, Krizek T. Autogenous vein graft as a conduit for nerve regeneration. Surg Forum 1980;31:550. 4. Chiu DT, Strauch B. A prospective clinical evaluation of autogenous vein grafts used as a nerve conduit for distal sensory nerve defects of 3 cm or less. Plast Reconstr Surg 1990;86:928–34. 5. Davis GE, Blaker SN, Engvall E, Varon S, Manthorpe M, Gage FH. Human amnion membrane serves as a substratum for growing axons in vitro and in vivo. Science 1987;236:1106–9. 6. Enver MK, Hall SM. Are Schwann cells essential for axonal regeneration into muscle autografts? Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 1994;20:587–98. 7. Kong JM, Zhong SZ, Bo S, Zhu SX. Experimental study of bridging the peripheral nerve gap with skeletal muscle. Microsurgery 1986;7(4):183– 9. 8. Mackinnon SE, Dellon AL, Hudson AR, Hunter DA. Nerve regeneration through a pseudosynovial sheath in a primate model. Plast Reconstr Surg 1985;75:833–41. 9. Mohammad J, Shenaq J, Rabinovsky E, Shenaq S. Modulation of peripheral nerve regeneration: a tissue-engineering approach. The role of amnion tube nerve conduit across a 1-centimeter nerve gap. Plast Reconstr Surg 2000;105:660–6. 10. Santiago LY, Clavijo-Alvarez J, Brayfield C, Rubin JP, Marra KG. Delivery of adipose-derived precursor cells for peripheral nerve repair. Cell Transplant 2009;18:145–58. 11. Rigotti G, Marchi A, Galiè M, Baroni G, Benati D, Krampera M, et al. Clinical treatment of radiotherapy tissue damage by lipoaspirate transplant: a healing process mediated by adipose-derived adult stem cells. Plast Reconstr Surg 2007;119:1409–24. 12. Ryu HH, Lim JH, Byeon YE, Park JR, Seo MS, Lee YW, et al. Functional recovery and neural differentiation after transplantation of allogenic adipose-derived stem cells in a canine model of acute spinal cord injury. J Vet Sci 2009;10:273–84. 13. Terzis JK, Sun DD, Thanos PK. Historical and basic science review: past, present, and future of nerve repair. J Reconstr Microsurg 1997;13:215– 25. 14. Yavuzer R, Ayhan S, Latifoğlu O, Atabay K. Turnover epineural sheath tube in primary repair of peripheral nerves. Ann Plast Surg 2002;48:392– 400. 15. Zuk PA, Zhu M, Ashjian P, De Ugarte DA, Huang JI, Mizuno H, et al. Human adipose tissue is a source of multipotent stem cells. Mol Biol Cell 2002;13:4279–95. 16. Savran M, Bekar A, Cansev M, Tolunay S, Ulus IH, Taskapilioglu MO. Prevention of epidural fibrosis in rats by local or systemic administration of citicoline. Turk Neurosurg 2012;22:634–40.

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DENEYSEL ÇALIŞMA - ÖZET OLGU SUNUMU

Yağ dokusundan elde edilmiş stromal vasküler fraksiyonla doldurulmuş ven greftleri ile periferik sinir kayıplarının onarımı: Deneysel çalışma Dr. Heval Selman Özkan,1 Dr. Özlem Karataş Silistreli,2 Dr. Bekir Ergür,3 Dr. Saime İrkoren1 1 2 3

Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Plastik ve Rekonstrüktif Cerrahi Anabilim Dalı, Aydın İzmir Ataturk Egitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi, Plastik ve Rekonstrüktif Cerrahi Kliniği, İzmir Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Histoloji Embiroloji Anabilim Dalı, İzmir

AMAÇ: Periferik sinir defektlerinin onarımda ven greftleri ile beraber hücre kültürleri kullanımı çalışmaları literatürde bulunmaktadır. Yağ dokusu kaynaklı kök hücrelerin periferik sinir iyileşmesini artırdığını gösteren çalışmalar literatürde bulunmaktadır. Bu nedenlerle periferik sinir defekti onarımlarında ven grefti ve yağ dokusu kaynaklı kök hücre kombine olarak kullanımı etkilerini değerlendirmek amacı ile sıçanlarda deneysel çalışma uyguladık. GEREÇ VE YÖNTEM: Bunun için yaklaşık 300 gr ağırlığında 30 adet Wistar albino cinsi sıçan üç çalışma grubuna ayrıldı. Birinci cerrahi basamakta tüm hayvanların sağ tibial sinirlerinde yaklaşık 8 mm sinir defekti oluşturuldu. Grup 1’de (10 hayvan) otojensinir grefti kullanıldı. Grup 2’de (10 hayvan) içi boş ven grefti ile, Grup 3’de (10 hayvan) ise ven grefti içine yağ dokusu kaynaklı kök hücre doldurularak onarım uygulandı. Bu işlemden üç ay sonra çalışmanın ikinci cerrahi basamağında hayvanlar sakrifiye edilerek onarım uygulanan sinir bölgesinden biyopsi alındı. Alınan örnekler ışık mikroskobu ile histopatolojik olarak değerlendirildi. BULGULAR: İstatistiksel olarak gruplar arasında miyelin ve akson çapı arasında anlamlı farklar yokken, akson sayısı açısından anlamlı farklar mevcuttu. TARTIŞMA: Sonuçlarımıza göre periferik sinir kayıplarının onarımında SVF ve ven grefti kombinasyonu uygulanabilir bir seçenektir. Anahtar sözcükler: Adipoz doku; sinir defekti; stromal vasküler fraksiyon; ven greft. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg 2016;22(1):7–11

doi: 10.5505/tjtes.2015.12612

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ORIGIN A L A R T IC L E

Pediatric deep burns caused by hot incense ashes during 2014 Spring Festival in Fuyang city, China Jian Wang, M.D.,1 Bo Zhou, M.D.,1 Ren-qin Tao, M.D.,2 Xu-lin Chen, M.D.1 1

Department of Burns, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui, China

2

Department of Burns, Fuyang People’s Hospital, Fuyang, Anhui, China

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: The Chinese people in Fuyang city, a northwest city of Anhui Province, are accustomed to burning incense at home for blessing during the Spring Festival. Their children, especially toddlers, like playing around the burning incense and are at risk of burning by hot incense ashes. The purpose of this study was to describe the unique cause and clinical characteristics of pediatric deep burns caused by hot incense ashes during 2014 Spring Festival. METHODS: Twelve consecutive children admitted to our Burn Center and Fuyang People’s Hospital during 2014 Spring Festival, with burn injuries caused by hot incense ashes which were epidemiologically studied retrospectively. Data on age, gender, size, depth and site of burn, incidence by day, number of operation, hospital stay, and causes of burns were collected. RESULTS: All patients came from Fuyang city. Of the 12 patients, the average age was 2.17 years, with a range of 1–6. The boy-to-girl ratio was 2: 1. The mean total burn surface area (TBSA) was 5.83%, and 91.67% of the children sustained full-thickness burn. Hands were the most common parts of the body to be injured. Dry necrosis developed in 14 fingers of 3 patients. January 31, 2014, the first day of the Chinese New Year, was the time of highest incidence. Six patients (50%) required surgical intervention while the number of operations including escharectomy, excision, skin grafting, or amputation of necrotic fingers, per patient was 2. A total of 14 fingers were amputated of the necrotic parts. All children survived and mean length of hospital stay of the patients was 20 days. CONCLUSION: Hot incense ashes cause serious injuries to children in Fuyang city during the Spring Festival. Preventive programs should be directed towards high risk groups to reduce the incidence of this burn. Keywords: Burns; children; incense ashes.

INTRODUCTION The first day of the first lunar month is regarded as the New Year of the Chinese – the Spring Festival. It is the most important and ceremonious traditional festival in China, just like Christmas in the West. Many special customs accompany the Spring Festival across the country. Burning incense at home is a typical custom during the Spring Festival in Fuyang city, a northwest city of Anhui Province. With the increase income in the recent years, people have started burning more and more incenses in their homes for blessing during the festival Address for correspondence: Xu-lin Chen, M.D. Department of Burns, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui, China Tel: +86 551 6363 0797 E-mail: okcxl@126.com Qucik Response Code

Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg 2016;22(1):12–16 doi: 10.5505/tjtes.2015.92892 Copyright 2016 TJTES

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and this custom has become surprisingly popular in Fuyang city. Before the New Year’s bell sounded, dozens or even hundreds kilograms of incenses had been placed layer by layer on the ground at home. People believe that the more they burn incense, the more prosperous the family will be next year. With the beat of the Spring Festival bell, people ignite incense at the top. The burning incense always lasts for several days. Children, especially toddlers, like playing around the burning incense. When children carelessly fall on hot incense ashes, they will suffer from severe burns due to direct contact (Fig. 1). During the 2014 Spring Festival in Fuyang city, a total of twelve children sustained severe burns by hot incense ashes and admitted to burn centers. The burn wound is mostly deep. Dry necrosis always sets in fingers, sometimes making it necessary to have the affected parts amputated. The aim of this study was to describe the unique cause and clinical characteristics and provide data towards improvement of prevention and management of this type of burn. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg, January 2016, Vol. 22, No. 1


Wang et al. Pediatric deep burns caused by hot incense ashes during 2014 Spring Festival in Fuyang city, China

MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of twelve children, whose burns were sustained by hot incense ashes during 2014 Spring Festival were identified. All of the children were from Fuyang city, Anhui province. After the burn injury, they were admitted to the burn unit of Fuyang People’s Hospital and ten of them were referred to the burn center of the Anhui Medical Hospital of Anhui Medical University. The children whose burns were minor and treated as outpatients were not enrolled in the present study. Data were collected on age, gender, size, depth and site of burn, incidence by day, number of operation, hospital stay, and causes of burns. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Anhui Medical Medical University (No.20131071). The guardians who, on behalf of the children, enrolled in this study gave their consent for thepublication of their information and signed the permission.

(mean 5.83±2.62%). Eleven children sustained full-thickness (FT) burn (91.67%). The mean percentage of FT burn was 1.96±2.39% (range 0–8%). Dry necrosis developed in 14 fingers of 3 patients (Table 1).

Site of Burn The commonest area of the body to be injured was the hands (10 patients), followed by the perineum (4), then the forearm (2), the buttocks (2) and lower extremities(2), with the trunk (1) least likely to be injured (Fig. 2). More than one region was involved in 41.67% of the cases.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

RESULTS Age and Gender The age of these twelve children ranged from 1 to 6 years (mean 2.17±1.40 years). There were 8 boys and 4 girls (Table 1).

Size and depth of burn The total burn surface area (TBSA) ranged from 3% to 12%

(a)

Figure 3. A 1-year-old boy sustained deep hand burns by hot incense ashes. (a) Full-thickness burn on the right hand. (b) Early excision of palm and skin graft were performed on the 7th day postburn. Although the skin graft took well, dry necrosis developed on the five fingers of right hand. (c) One month later, the demarcation line of dry necrosis was clear and the necrotic parts of fingers were amputated. (d) On the 42nd day postburn, the wounds on the right hand almost resurfaced after the amputation of the necrotic fingers.

(b)

Figure 1. Diagram of pediatric hot incense ashes burns. (a) The child likes playing around the burning incense. (b) Once the child trips or falls on the hot incense ashes, deep burns arise due to the direct contact.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

12

Patient numbers

10 8 6 4 2

ex L tre ow m er ity

ck Bu tto

rin eu

m

k Pe

Tr un

ar m re Fo

H

an d

0

Figure 2. Sites of burn injury.

Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg, January 2016, Vol. 22, No. 1

Figure 4. A 1- year-old girl sustained deep hand burns by hot incense ashes. (a) Full-thickness burn on the left hand and forearm. Dry necrosis developed on the left ring finger and little finger. (b) After excision and skin graft, and amputation of the necrotic parts of fingers, the wounds on left hand were completely epithelialized. (c) Full-thickness burn on the right hand. (d) The wounds on right hand had completely resurfaced 15 days after excision and grafting.

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Wang et al. Pediatric deep burns caused by hot incense ashes during 2014 Spring Festival in Fuyang city, China

Table 1. Summary of patient characteristics Patient Sex Age BSA Full-thickness Burn site (years) burned burn (%) (%) 1

Male

2

5

1.5

Operation Surgical interventions times

Both hands

2

1. Escharectomy.

LOS (days)

14

2. ESG. 2

Male

2

5

0.5

Both hands and perineum

0

N/A.

3

Female

1

10

8

Both hands, left forearm,

3

1. Escharectomy.

lower limbs, and perineum

13 28

2. ESG. 4 and 5 fingers th

th

amputation (left hand). 3. SGGW. 4

Male

1

4

2.5

Both hands

2

1. ESG.

48

2. Five fingers amputation

(right hand). 5

Male

3

3

1

Both hands

1

ESG.

18

6

Male

3

5

0.5

Both hands

1

ESG.

18

7

Female

2

5

0.5

Both hands

0

N/A.

19

8

Male

1

5

3

Both hands

3

1. Escharectomy.

41

2. ESG. 3. 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th fingers amputation (right hand), 1st, 2nd, and 5th fingers amputation (left hand). 9

Male

2

7

0

Right hand, perineum,

0

N/A.

10

0

N/A.

7

buttocks and right lower extremity 10

Female

6

4

0.5

Right hand, and

right forearm 11 Male 2 12 12

Female

1

5

5 Trunk 0.5

Buttocks and perineum

0 N/A.

16

0

8

N/A.

BSA: Body surface area; ESG: Excision and skin grafting; SGGW: Skin grafting on granulation wound; LOS: Length of stay.

Incidence by Day The 2014 Chinese New Year Day is on January 31. In terms of the time of incidence, eight children (66.67%) of the total cases sustained hot incense burns on the first day of the Chinese New Year. One, two, and one children were injured on the eve of New Year, the second day, and the fifth day of the Chinese New Year, respectively.

4). The number of operations per patient was 2.

Length of hospital stay All patients survived the burn injury. The length of stay in hospital for the cases varied between 7 and 48 days, with an average of 20 days. Two children were confined in the hospital for more than 1 month.

Surgical Interventions

Cause of injury

After admission, three children underwent escharectomy due to the circumferential deep burn. Six patients did not agree to surgical operations and were treated conservatively. Early excision and skin grafting were performed on six cases. Dry necrosis of the finger was found in three children and a total of 14 fingers were amputated of the necrotic parts (Figs.s 3,

All children in this study were burned as a result of a contact with hot incense ashes,reaching close to 400 degrees during the 2014 Chinese Spring Festival. During the New Year, the children, especially toddlers, like playing around the burning incense. However, accidentally falling on the hot incense ashes may bring a serious tragedy to themselves and their families.

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Wang et al. Pediatric deep burns caused by hot incense ashes during 2014 Spring Festival in Fuyang city, China

DISCUSSION Through burning incense, people express good luck and blessings for the next year and also entrust their hopes and yearning for good life. In order to carry out more wishes, people in Fuyang city always burn more and more incense at home during the Spring Festival. However, tragedies occur time to time due to negligence. Although hot incense ashes burns still represent only a small proportion of the total number of children we see and the TBSA is not too large, this pediatric burn commonly and deeply affects the hands, and therefore, have serious functional and aesthetic consequences.[1] In this study, only one child was six years old, the others aged 1–3 years. Children between 1 to 3 years of age start learning to walk and toddlers are the most frequent victims of burn injuries.[2] Toddlers have weak self-consciousness and are less risk-averse, giving high incidence of thermal trauma.[3] In addition, another reason is that children have strong curiosity and are active. In particular, male predominance occur in this burns. Boys tend to like playing with fire[4] and are more curious and active than girls. In our study, although the total burn surface area in this burn was small (mean 5.83%), the wound was mostly deep. Fullthickness burn was found in 91.67% of the children. A contact temperature of 70 °C for one second’s duration is recognized as sufficient to cause a full-thickness burn.[5] Young children have a relatively thin skin and can quickly sustain a full-thickness burn. Children generally sustain burns more severely than adults under the same condition.[4] Incense can actually burn around 400 °C in stick form.[6] Once the child trips or falls on hot incense ashes, deep burns, even dry necrosis of the fingers, always arise due to direct contact. In this series, 14 fingers of three patients developed dry necrosis in various degrees at different levels. The deep burn caused by hot incense ashes in children can result in prolonged suffering, disability, disfigurement, and in impaired physical and mental development. The burning incense is always piled on the ground directly. Once the child tumbles, the hands will be at greatest risk to be injured.[3] Perineum was the second most common area of injury. In the developing area of China, a baby always wears open-seat pants with the perineum cut open. This garment contributes to the higher risk of burn injury to the perineum in children.[4] All 12 children were from Fuyang city, which has the largest population in Anhui province. In this area, residents are accustomed to burning incense for blessing during the Spring Festival, the most important festival in China. The highest incidence of hot incense ashes burns is on January 31, 2014, the first day of the Chinese New Year. This is related to the peak of incense burning on the first day of Spring Festival. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg, January 2016, Vol. 22, No. 1

In this study, a total of six children needed surgical intervention, with an average of 2 operations. Children treated as outpatients were excluded form the study, and those who were admitted often required long periods of time in hospital. Mean length of hospital staywas 20 days. High surgical rate and long hospitalization reflects the severity of this burns. The wounds were mostly deep burns and dry necrosis was always present in the fingers, which often required multiple surgical resections, or even amputation. Injury prevention programs are effective in reducing burn-related hospitalizations of infants and toddlers.[7] On the analysis of the causes during our study, the following measures, we believe, could bring down the incidence of this burn injury significantly: First, adequate supervision of children remains a major prevention tool for avoiding accidents of all types, including hot incense ashes burns.[8] Second, the parents should educate children in recognizing and addressing risks for burn when they burn incense. They should reinforce the importance of their role in ensuring the safety of their child. [9] Third, encourage parents/caregivers to put fence aside when burning incense and limit distractions. Don’t leave hot incense or ashes unattended. Burns couples with renewed efforts to reduce the social and environmental correlates of burn injuries.[10] With this educational program and a change in the blessing behavior, the incidence of this burn injury, we believe, can be reduced and people will enjoy the festival.

Acknowledgements We are grateful to the entire Burns Unit team in Anhui Medical University and Fuyang People’s hospital for their skills and dedication in the care of the children.

Declaration of Conflicting Interests The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Funding The authors received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

REFERENCES 1. Cahill TJ, Rode H, Millar AJ. Ashes to ashes: thermal contact burns in children caused by recreational fires. Burns 2008;34:1153–7. 2. Gottschlich MM, Jenkins ME, Mayes T, Khoury J, Kagan RJ, Warden GD. The 2002 Clinical Research Award. An evaluation of the safety of early vs delayed enteral support and effects on clinical, nutritional, and endocrine outcomes after severe burns. J Burn Care Rehabil 2002;23:401–15. 3. Choo KL, Fraser JF, Kimble RM. Campfire burns in children: an Australian experience. Burns 2002;28:374–8. 4. Chen XL, Guo F, Liang X, Wang F, Wang YJ, Sun YX. Burns caused by

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Wang et al. Pediatric deep burns caused by hot incense ashes during 2014 Spring Festival in Fuyang city, China alcohol-based fires in the household coal stove in Anhui Province, China. Burns 2010;36:861–70. 5. Moritz AR, Henriques FC. Studies of Thermal Injury: II. The Relative Importance of Time and Surface Temperature in the Causation of Cutaneous Burns. Am J Pathol 1947;23:695–720. 6. Liou SW, Chen CY, Yang TT, Lin JM. Determination of particulatebound formaldehyde from burning incense by solid phase microextraction. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2008;80:324–8. 7. Peleg K, Goldman S, Sikron F. Burn prevention programs for children:

do they reduce burn-related hospitalizations? Burns 2005;31:347–50. 8. Toon MH, Maybauer DM, Arceneaux LL, Fraser JF, Meyer W, Runge A, et al. Children with burn injuries--assessment of trauma, neglect, violence and abuse. J Inj Violence Res 2011;3:98–110. 9. Parbhoo A, Louw QA, Grimmer-Somers K. Burn prevention programs for children in developing countries require urgent attention: a targeted literature review. Burns 2010;36:164–75. 10. Liao CC, Rossignol AM. Landmarks in burn prevention. Burns 2000;26:422–34.

ORİJİNAL ÇALIŞMA - ÖZET OLGU SUNUMU

Çin’in Fuyang şehrinde 2014 Bahar Festivali sırasında kızgın tütsü küllerinin neden olduğu pediyatrik derin yanıklar Dr. Jian Wang,1 Dr. Bo Zhou,1 Dr. Ren-qin Tao,2 Dr. Xu-lin Chen1 1 2

Anhui Tıp Üniversitesine Bağlı İlk Hastanesi, Yanık Bölümü, Anhui, Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti Fuyang People’s Hastanesi, Yanık Bölümü, Anhui, Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti

AMAÇ: Anhui eyaletinin kuzeybatısındaki Fuyang şehrinde yaşayan Çinliler, Bahar Festivali boyunca evlerinde tütsü yakmaya alışkınlardır. Çocuklar, özellikle yürümeye yeni başlayan çocuklar, yanan tütsünün etrafında oynamayı sevdikleri için kızgın tütsü külleri ile yanma riskine karşın savunmasız durumdalardır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, 2014 Bahar Festivalı sırasında kızgın tütsü küllerinin neden olduğu pediyatrik derin yanıkların klinik özelliklerini ve kendine özgü sebeplerini tanımlamaktı. GEREÇ VE YÖNTEM: Ardışık 12 çocuk, 2014 Bahar Festivali boyunca Yanık Merkezimize ve “Fuyang People’s Hastanesi”ne başvurdu. Kızgın tütsü küllerinin neden olduğu yanık yaraları geriye dönük olarak ve epidemolojik açıdan incelendi. Yaş, cinsiyet, boyut, yanık derinliği ve bölgesi, günlük insidans, hastanede kalış süresi ve yanık nedenleri hakkındaki veriler toplandı. BULGULAR: Bütün hastalar Fuyang şehri yerlisiydi. On iki hastanın ortalama yaşı 2.17 yıldı (dağılım, 1–6). Kız/Erkek oranı 2:1 idi. Ortalama toplam yanık yüzey alanı %5.83 olmakla birlikte çocukların %91.67’sinde tam kat yanıklar mevcuttu. Vücudun en yaygın şekilde yara alan bölgesi ellerdi. Kuru kangren üç hastanın 14 parmağında gelişti. Çin Yeni Yılının ilk günü olan 31 Ocak 2014 en yüksek insidansa sahip olan gündü. Altı hastada (%50) cerrahi operasyona gerek duyulurken eskarektomi, eksizyon, deri grefti ve kangren olan parmakların ampütasyonu operasyonlarının sayısı hasta başına iki idi. Nekrotik kısımlarından kesilen parmak sayısı 14 idi. Bütün çocuklar sağ kaldı ve hastaların hastanede kalma süreleri ortalama 20 gündü. TARTIŞMA: Kızgın tütsü külleri, Bahar Festivali sırasında Fuyang şehrinde yaşayan çocuklarda ciddi yanıklara sebep olmaktadır. Bu tür yanıkların insidansinı düşürmek için yüksek riskli gruplara yöneltilecek önleyici programlara ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Anahtar sözcükler: Çocuklar; tütsü külleri; yanık. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg 2016;22(1):12–16

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doi: 10.5505/tjtes.2015.92892

Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg, January 2016, Vol. 22, No. 1


ORIGIN A L A R T IC L E

Laboratory markers has many valuable parameters in the discrimination between acute appendicitis and renal colic Ethem Acar, M.D.,1 Önder Özcan, M.D.,2 Hasan Deliktaş, M.D.,3 Halil Beydilli, M.D.,1 İsmail Kırlı, M.D.,4 Ömer Doğan Alataş, M.D.,1 Cem Şahin, M.D.,4 Birdal Yıldırım, M.D.,1 Ahmet Korkut Belli, M.D.2 1

Department of Emergency Medicine, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University Faculty of Medicine, Muğla, Turkey

2

Department of General Surgery, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University Faculty of Medicine, Muğla, Turkey

3

Department of Urology, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University Faculty of Medicine, Muğla, Turkey

4

Department of Internal Medicine, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University Faculty of Medicine, Muğla, Turkey

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Only one diagnostic parameter is not available for acute appendicitis. For the establishment of diagnosis, combination of medical history, clinical, laboratory tests, and radiological imaging modalities are used so as to decrease the rates of negative laparotomy and morbidity secondary to delay in diagnosis. Thepresent study aimed to determine haematological and inflammatory markers which will be used in the discrimination of acute appendicitis (AA) and renal colic which are the most frequent and indistinguishable causes of abdominal pain in patients applying to the emergency service. METHODS: A total of 215 patients who presented with abdominal pain and who were histopathologically diagnosed as AA, and 200 patients who presented with abdominal pain and who were diagnosed as renal colic were included into the study. Control group consisted of 61 patients without any complaints who came to the outpatient clinics of internal medicine only for blood counts. Analyzed blood samples were WBC, RDW, Hb, MCV, MPV, neutrophil, lymphocyte, NLR and PLR. All differences associated with a chance probability of.05 or less were considered statistically significant. RESULTS: A statistically significant intergroup difference was seen between AA and renal colic groups as for age, WBC, Hb, MCV, neutrophil, lymphocyte, NLR and PLR. A statistically significant intergroup difference was seen between AA and control groups regarding age, WBC, Hb, RDW, MPV, neutrophil, lymphocyte, NLR and PLR. A statistically significant intergroup difference was seen between renal colic and control groups as for age, WBC, RDW, MPV, neutrophil and NLR. In ROC curve analysis, the area under AUCs for WBC, neutrophil, NLR and PLR were 0.896, 0.916, 0.888 and 0.725, respectively (p≤0.05). CONCLUSION: In the discrimination between patients with renal colic and those without any illness, WBC, RDW, MPV, neutrophil and NLR; in the differentiation between the patients with AA and healthy individuals, WBC, RDW, MPV, neutrophil, lymphocyte, NLR and PLR; and more importantly in the discrimination between patients with AA and those with renal colic who presented to emergency services with abdominal pain WBC, neutrophil, lymphocyte, PLR and NLR can be useful parameters. Keywords: Acute appendicitis; neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio; renal colic.

INTRODUCTION Acute abdominal pain is one of the frequent causes of referrals to emergency services and as is known, it consists nearly Address for correspondence: Ethem Acar, M.D. Muğla Sıtkı Koçman Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Acil Tıp Anabilim Dalı, Menteşe, 48100 Muğla, Turkey Tel: +90 252 - 212 75 27 E-mail: dr.ethemacar@hotmail.com Qucik Response Code

Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg 2016;22(1):17–22 doi: 10.5505/tjtes.2015.69488 Copyright 2016 TJTES

Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg, January 2016, Vol. 22, No. 1

10% of all admissions to emergency services.[1] In the year 2004, Turkish Statistical Institute reported that abdominal pain comprised nearly 5% of all hospitalizations and 30% of the patients with abdominal pain were undiagnosed.[2] Not all patients who consulted to the emergency services with abdominal pain require surgical treatment. It is extremely important for the emergency service physician to identify the patients who require surgical intervention and shorten the time elapsed for surgical treatment from the perspectives of professional healthcare and juridical responsibility and the patient. Acute appendicitis (AA) is one of the most frequent causes of acute abdominal pain, and at the same time, it is an important indication for surgery and complication rates increase as the 17


Acar et al. Laboratory markers has many valuable parameters in the discrimination between acute appendicitis and renal colic

time to surgery increases.[3] Only one diagnostic parameter is not available for acute appendicitis. For the establishment of diagnosis, combination of medical history, clinical, laboratory tests, radiological imaging modalities are used so as to decrease the rates of negative laparotomy and morbidity secondary to delay in diagnosis. However, renal colic is a condition characterized by severe abdominal and flank pain secondary to urinary obstruction due to stone disease.[4] Especially, right ureteral stones can be confused with AA, emergency service physician may hesitate between AA requiring require surgery and renal colic that does not require surgery, and the patient can be discharged. Frequently, the patients are subject to further tests. In cases where differential diagnosis is challenging, an experienced ultrasonographer cannot be always accessible.[5] Non-contrasted and/or contrast-enhanced abdominopelvic tomography (CT) requires a specialist for its interpretation, not mentioning exposure to the risks of radiation and contrast agent hypersensitivity. This condition can leave the patient and the physicians in a difficult dilemma. At this point, in addition to physical examination findings and patient’s complaints, which are subjective data, objective and easily accessible data derived from analysis of parameters will greatly facilitate the approach of emergency service physician to the patient. With this study, it was aimed to determine haematological and inflammatory markers which will be used in the discrimination of these two conditions in patients who applied to the emergency service with abdominal pain in consideration of AA and renal colic which are the most frequent and indistinguishable causes of abdominal pain involving the common mechanistic background of inflammation.

MATERIALS AND METHODS Study Design This retrospective study was approved by the local Institutional Review Board. Medical files of the patients who consulted to the emergency service with complaints of abdominal pain between November 2013 and November 2014 in our university were reviewed. A total of two hundred and fifteen patients who presented with abdominal pain and diagnosed as AA which was confirmed by histopathological analysis of the mass excised during surgery were included in one study group. In addition, two hundred patients who consulted to our emergency service with the same complaints and diagnosed as renal colic consisted the other study group. The control group consisted of sixty-five patients without any complaints who came to the outpatient clinics of internal medicine only for blood counts. Patients’ age, gender and whole blood counts at admission recorded in the medical files were analysed. Patients with urinary tract infection or active infection in another region of the body which we thought might effect the analyses of the cases, anaemic patients, patients with chronic renal failure or haematological disease were excluded from the study.

Laboratory Methods Blood test results of the patients at their first admissions to the emergency service of our hospital were reviewed. During the study period, blood samples were drawn into tubes containing sodium citrate and analyzed under room temperature in the laboratory of biochemistry using Pentra DF

Table 1. The average values of the case

Apandisit Renal Colic Total (n=215) (n=200) (n=415)

Mean±SD Mean±SD Mean±SD

AGE

28.28±1.1

White blood cell (4.5–11.0 10 /uL) 3

Hemoglobin (13.5–16 g/dL)

13.3±2.8

39.19±1.1 8.05±1.6

p

33.25±16.39 =0.000 10.24±4.2 =0.000

13.42±0.90

13.87±0.09

13.66±1.4

Mean corpuscular volume (80–100 fL)

90.51±3.7

88.75±0.49

89.25±36.77

=0.001

Red blood cell width (11.8–14.3%)

15.25±0.1

15.17±0.1

15.10±1.67

=0.459

Platelet (156–373 103/uL) Mean platelet volume (6.9–10.8 fL)

=0.001

273.69±4.83 263.53±43.97 269.58±64.92 =0.580 8.98±0.06

9.93±0.6

9.33±5.62

=0.358

Plateletcrit (19–44%)

0.24±0.0045

0.24±0.003

0.24±0.06

=0.788

Platelet distribution width (9.0–14.0 fL)

16.02±0.18

16.32±0.18

16.17±2.64

=0.332

Neutrophil (2–12 K/mL)

10.60±0.27

4.96±0.16

7.35±4.28

=0.000

Lymphocyte (1–4.9 K/mL)

1.56±0.48

2.22±0.07

1.92±0.89

=0.000

Neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio Platelet/lymphocyte ratio

18

8.48±0.39

3.01±0.19

5.32±5.18

=0.000

208.62±7.07

148.73±7.09

173.37±101.58

=0.000

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Acar et al. Laboratory markers has many valuable parameters in the discrimination between acute appendicitis and renal colic

Nexus, Hariba Medical device. These blood samples were analyzed regarding white blood cell counts (WBC) (4.5–11.0 103/uL), hemoglobin (Hb) (13.5–16 g/dL), neutrophil count (Neutrophil) (2–12 K/mL), lymphocyte count (lymphocyte) (1–4.9 K/mL), mean corpuscular volume (MCV) (80–100 fL), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) (26–345 pg), red blood cell width (RDW) (11.8–14.3%), mean platelet volume (MPV) (6.9–10.8 fL), platelet (plt) (156–373 103/uL), plateletcrit (PCT) (19–44%) and platelet distribution width (PDW) (9.0–14.0 fl), neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet/ lymphocyte ratio (PLR).

Statistical Analysis Data were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences 20.0 for Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). A nor-

mal distribution of the quantitative data was checked using Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Parametric tests (Independentsamples t-test and posthoc Tukey test) were applied to the data of normal distribution, and non-parametric tests (Mann–Whiney U-test and Kruskal-Wallis Test) were applied to the data of questionably normal distribution. Continuous data were presented as mean±standard deviation or median (minimum-maximum), as appropriate. All differences associated with a chance probability of .05 or less were considered statistically significant. Different predictive models were compared by receiver operating characteristic–area under curve (ROC-AUC) statistics.

RESULTS Mean age of a total of four hundred and eighty patients was

Table 2. The average of hematological markers of acute appendicitis and control group

Apandisit (n=215)

Control (n=61)

Mean±SD Mean±SD

AGE

28.28±1.1

White blood cell (4.5–11.0 103/uL)

13.3±2.8

p

31.6±12.7 =0.018 6.8±1.5 =000

Hemoglobin (13.5–16 g/dL)

13.42±0.90

13.8±1.3

=0.038

Red blood cell width (11.8–14.3%)

15.25±0.1

14.3±1.5

=0.000

Mean platelet volume (6.9–10.8 fL)

8.98±0.06

8.6±0.7

=0.008

Neutrophil (2–12 K/mL)

10.60±0.27

3.9 ±1.3

=0.000

lymphocyte (1–4.9 K/mL)

1.56±0.48

2.2±0.5

=0.000

Neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio

8.48±0.39

1.9±0.9

=0.000

208.62±7.07

132.5±46.9

=0.000

90.51±3.7

86.5±10.2

=0.222

Platelet/lymphocyte ratio Mean corpuscular volume (80–100 fL) Platelet (156–373 10 /uL)

273.69±4.83

3

274.5±68.8 =0.496

Table 3. The average of hematological markers of renal colic and control group

Renal Colic (n=200)

Control (n=61)

p

Mean±SD Mean±SD

AGE

39.19±1.1

31.6±12.7 =0.000

White blood cell (4.5–11.0 103/uL)

8.05±1.6

6.8±1.5 =0.000

Red blood cell width (11.8–14.3%)

15.17±0.1

14.3±1.5

=0.001

Mean platelet volume (6.9–10.8 fL).

9.93±0.6

8.6±0.7

=0.000

Neutrophil (2–12 K/mL)

4.96±0.16

3.9 ±1.3

=0.002

Neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio

4.96±0.16

1.9±0.9

=0.048

Memoglobin (13.5–16 g/dL)

13.87±0.09

13.8±1.3

=0.800

Mean corpuscular volume (80–100 fL)

88.75±0.49

86.5±10.2

=0.329

Platelet (156–373 10 /uL) 3

263.53±43.97

274.5±68.8 =0.330

Lymphocyte (1–4.9 K/mL)

2.22±0.07

2.2±0.5

=0.721

Platelet/lymphocyte ratio

148.73±7.09

132.5±46.9

=0.961

Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg, January 2016, Vol. 22, No. 1

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Acar et al. Laboratory markers has many valuable parameters in the discrimination between acute appendicitis and renal colic

Table 4. ROC curve analysis of cases Test Result Variable(s)

Area

Std. Errora

Asymptotic Sig.b

Asymptotic 95% Confidence Interval

White blood cell

.896

.014

Lower Bound

Upper Bound

.868

.923

.000

Neutrophil

.916

.013

.000

.892

.941

Neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio

.888

.015

.000

.858

.918

Platelet/lymphocyte ratio

.725

.023

.000

.679

.770

Table 5. According to the ROC curve analysis, specifite and sensitive values

Cut-off

Sensivite (%)

Spesifite (%)

White blood cell

9850

80.5

84.2

Neutrophil

7050 80.9 85.3

Neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio Platelet/lymphocyte ratio

3.3022

88.4

80

147.3437

70.2

67.2

31.6±12.7 years. Our patient population consisted of two hundred and twenty-three (46.5%) female and two hundred and fifty-seven (53.5%) male patients. Mean values of hematological markers are given in Table 1. A statistically significant intergroup difference was seen between AA (n=215) and renal colic (n=200) groups as for age, WBC, Hb, MCV, neutrophil, lymphocyte, NLR and PLR (p≤0.05) (Table 1). A statistically significant intergroup difference was seen between AA (n=215) and control (n=61) ROC Curve

1.0

groups regarding age, WBC, Hb, RDW, MPV, neutrophil, lymphocyte, NLR and PLR (Table 2). A statistically significant intergroup difference was seen between renal colic (n=200) and control (n=61) groups as for age, WBC, RDW, MPV, neutrophil and NLR (p≤0.05) (Table 3). In ROC curve analysis, the area under AUCs for WBC, neutrophil, NLR and PLR were 0.896, 0.916, 0.888 and 0.725, respectively (p≤0.05) (Table 4, Figure 1). Cut-off value of 9850 for WBC had 84.2% specificity and 80.5% while cut-off value of 3.3 for NLR had 80% specificity and 88.4% sensitivity. In Table 5, specificity and sensitivity values for PLR and neutrophil are shown in Table 5.

DISCUSSION 0.8

With this study, it was found that in the discrimination between patients with renal colic and healthy individuals WBC, RDW, MPV, neutrophil and NLR; and in the differentiation between the patients with AA and healthy individuals, WBC, RDW, MPV, neutrophil, lymphocyte, NLR and PLR; and more importantly, in the discrimination between patients with AA and those with renal colic who presented to emergency services with abdominal pain WBC, neutrophil, lymphocyte, PLR and NLR could be useful parameters in suspected patients.

Sensitivity

0.6

0.4

Source of the Curve WBC Neu NLR PLR Reference Line

0.2

0.0 0.0

0.2

0.4 0.6 1 - Specificity

0.8

1.0

Diagonal segments are produced by ties

Figure 1. ROC Curves of WBC, Neutrophyl, NLR and PLR (respectively).

20

AA and renal colic are the most frequent causes of abdominal pain. Emergency service physicians encounter patients with abdominal pain many times a day and try to differentiate between these diagnoses. Tan and et al.[5] have stated that abdominal CT is especially important for suspected cases for diagnosis in their study. They have found that patients undergoing CT evaluation have a negative appendectomy rate of 5.7% compared to 17.9% in those without CT Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg, January 2016, Vol. 22, No. 1


Acar et al. Laboratory markers has many valuable parameters in the discrimination between acute appendicitis and renal colic

evaluation in suspected cases. Emergency service physicians will have difficulties especially in Emergency services without access to sophisticated diagnostic methods such as US and abdominal CT.[6] Particularly, right ureteral stones and AA are frequently confused, and in the absence of radiological facilities, the physician tries to protect him/herself from consequences of not fulfilling legal and medical responsibilities by means of sole physical examinations Starting from this point, the importance of making differential diagnosis between AA and renal colic, which are frequent causes of abdominal pain, using objective data is already evident. WBC, RDW, MPV, neutrophil and NLR are known to indicate an inflammatory process. Inflammatory markers have been tested in many studies and their diagnostic value is increasing day by day. [7,8] AA is an inflammation of appendix vermiformis which is directly associated with inflammatory processes. Therefore, many inflammatory markers have been studied in AA and are still being studied. As reported in many studies, these inflammatory markers have guided many unexperienced physicians and surgeons in their decision-making processes for surgery. [9] Tanrikulu et al. have compared AA patients with the control group and indicated statistically significantly higher WBC, MPV and RDW values and neutrophil ratios in AA.[3] Still as a conclusion of the same study, they have stated that in suspect cases, MPV and RDW are important parameters, which almost suggest the diagnosis of AA and larger-scale population studies should be conducted on this issue. Albayrak et al.[10] Have performed a study on two hundred and twenty-six patients with AA and expressed that MPVs are lower (7.6 fl) in patients with AA and indicated that MPV might be a guiding marker in the management of AA. In some studies, because of their association with inflammation, WBC counts should be used as a marker in the differential diagnosis of AA.[11–13] Kahramanca et al.[6] Have studied NLR in their research consisting of one thousand and sixty-two cases and expressed that cut-off value of 4.68 for NLR is significant in the establishment of diagnosis of AA, while a cut-off value of 5.74 for NLR yields important clues in the discrimination between complicated and uncomplicated cases with AA. In our study, we compared AA and the control group and in compliance with literature findings, we detected significant changes in WBC, RDW, MPV, neutrophil, PLR and NLR. As the most important outcome of this study, we think that these inflammatory markers can be used in the differential diagnosis between AA and renal colic. During the acute phase of the renal colic, intraluminal pressure increases due to ureteral obstruction, which induces renal colic pain. During the acute phase, inflammation is not manifested, while during advanced stages via mediators as prostaglandin and nitric oxide inflammation involves pathophysiologic mechanism.[14] In two differently designed study series of one hundred and fifty-six patients where cases with renal colic and stones larger than 10 mm and WBC values have been studied and evaluated without taking size and presUlus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg, January 2016, Vol. 22, No. 1

ence of stones into consideration, the authors have indicated that WBC and neutrophil counts are significantly higher in cases with renal colic secondary to urolithiasis.[15] During our literature screening, we did not encounter any study, which investigated the association between renal colic and RDW, MPV, NLR and PLR. As an outcome of our study, we found statistically significantly higher WBC and neutrophil counts in patients with renal colic when compared with the control group. In addition to these markers, we also detected significantly higher levels of MCV, RDW and NLR in renal colic. This study is important because it is the first study on this issue. During our literature review, we did not encounter any study, which investigated markers to be used in the differential diagnosis between AA and renal colic patients. Our study is also the first investigation on this issue and we think that it can provide objective and helpful hints to the physicians in terms of the outcomes of the study. In conclusion, despite medical examination, sometimes we may not diagnose or discriminate between AA and renal colic. We think that, with the patients who present to the emergency service with abdominal pain and could not be differentially-diagnosed with AA or renal colic, WBC, neutrophil, lymphocyte, PLR and NLR can be useful parameters for differential diagnosis of AA and renal colic.

Limitation This was a file screening study which tried to determine an inflammatory marker. Essentially, as the most important marker of inflammation, CRP was not observably tested in file screening studies. If CRP had been tested, the inflammatory process could have been more clearly revealed. This deficiency is the limitation of our study. Conflict of interest: None declared.

REFERENCES 1. van Randen A, Laméris W, van Es HW, van Heesewijk HP, van Ramshorst B, Ten Hove W, et al. A comparison of the accuracy of ultrasound and computed tomography in common diagnoses causing acute abdominal pain. Eur Radiol 2011;21:1535–45. 2. Emet M, Eroğlu M, Aslan Ş, Öztürk G. Approach to Patient with Abdominal Pain. EAJM 2007;39:136–41. 3. Tanrikulu CS, Tanrikulu Y, Sabuncuoglu MZ, Karamercan MA, Akkapulu N, Coskun F. Mean platelet volume and red cell distribution width as a diagnostic marker in acute appendicitis. Iran Red Crescent Med J 2014;16:e10211. 4. Duran L, Acar E, Çelenk Y, Karaca A, Yavuz Y. Evaluation of Patients Presenting with Renal Colic in Emergency. Kocatepe Medical Journal 2014;15:274–8. 5. Tan WJ, Pek W, Kabir T, Goh YC, Chan WH, Wong WK, et al. Alvarado score: a guide to computed tomography utilization in appendicitis. ANZ J Surg 2013;83:748–52. 6. Kahramanca S, Ozgehan G, Seker D, Gökce EI, Seker G, Tunç G, et al. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio as a predictor of acute appendicitis. Ulus

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Acar et al. Laboratory markers has many valuable parameters in the discrimination between acute appendicitis and renal colic Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg 2014;20:19–22. 7. Peng W, Li C, Wen TF, Yan LN, Li B, Wang WT, et al. Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio changes predict small hepatocellular carcinoma survival. J Surg Res 2014;192:402–8. 8. Bhat T, Teli S, Rijal J, Bhat H, Raza M, Khoueiry G, et al. Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio and cardiovascular diseases: a review. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2013;11:55,9. 9. Chung CH, Ng CP, Lai KK. Delays by patients, emergency physicians, and surgeons in the management of acute appendicitis: retrospective study. Hong Kong Med J 2000;6:254–9. 10. Albayrak Y, Albayrak A, Albayrak F, Yildirim R, Aylu B, Uyanik A, et al. Mean platelet volume: a new predictor in confirming acute appendicitis diagnosis. Clinical and applied thrombosis/hemostasis: official journal of the International Academy of Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemo-

stasis 2011;17:362–6. 11. Andersson RE. Meta-analysis of the clinical and laboratory diagnosis of appendicitis. Br J Surg 2004;91:28–37. 12. Birchley D. Patients with clinical acute appendicitis should have pre-operative full blood count and C-reactive protein assays. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2006;88:27–32. 13. Narci H, Turk E, Karagulle E, Togan T, Karabulut K. The role of mean platelet volume in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis: a retrospective case-controlled study. Iran Red Crescent Med J 2013;15:e11934. 14. Müslümanoğlu AY, Tepeler A. Renal colic, Diagnosis and treatment. Marmara Medical Journal 2008;21:187–92. 15. Sfoungaristos S, Kavouras A, Katafigiotis I, Perimenis P. Role of white blood cell and neutrophil counts in predicting spontaneous stone passage in patients with renal colic. BJU Int 2012;110(8 Pt B):E339–45.

ORİJİNAL ÇALIŞMA - ÖZET OLGU SUNUMU

Akut apandisit ve renal kolik ayırımında çok değerli laboratuvar markırları vardır Dr. Ethem Acar,1 Dr. Önder Özcan,2 Dr. Hasan Deliktaş,3 Dr. Halil Beydilli,1 Dr. İsmail Kırlı,4 Dr. Ömer Doğan Alataş,1 Dr. Cem Şahin,4 Dr. Birdal Yıldırım,1 Dr. Ahmet Korkut Belli2 Muğla Sıtkı Koçman Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Acil Tıp Anabilim Dalı, Muğla Muğla Sıtkı Koçman Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Genel Cerrahi Anabilim Dalı, Muğla Muğla Sıtkı Koçman Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Üroloji Anabilim Dalı, Muğla 4 Muğla Sıtkı Koçman Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, İç Hastalıkları Anabilim Dalı, Muğla 1 2 3

AMAÇ: Akut apandisitte tek başına tanı koydurucu bir parametre yoktur. Tanıda anamnez, klinik, laboratuvar testleri, radyolojik görüntüleme yöntemleri bir arada kullanılarak negatif laparatomi oranını azaltmak ve tanıda gecikme nedeniyle morbidite oranını artırmamak hedeflenmektedir. Ayırıcı tanıları ekarte etmek bu amaca yardımcı olmaktadır. Biz bu çalışmayla karın ağrısının en sık sebepleri olan apandist ve renal koliğin ayırımında kullanılacak inflamatuvar markerları değerlendirerek ayırıcı tanıda bize sağlayabileceği katkıları irdelemeyi amaçladık. GEREÇ VE YÖNTEM: Çalışmamızda karın ağrısı şikayeti ile gelmiş ve incelemeleri sonucu akut apandisit ön tanısı konularak ameliyata alınan ve patolojik tanısı da akut apandisit olan 215 hastanın verileri ile yine aynı şikayetlerle acil servisimize başvurup yapılan incelemeleri sonucunda renal kolik tanısı konan 200 hastanın verileri geriye dönük olarak yeniden değerlendirildi. Kontrol grubu olarak dâhiliye polikliniğine herhangi bir şikayeti olmayıp, sadece kan sayımı yaptırmak için başvuran 61 hastanın verileri gene geriye dönük olarak değerlendirmeye alındı. Olguların acil servise geliş anında alınan WBC, RDW, Hb, MCV, MPV, nötrofil, lenfosit, NLR ve PLR değerleri incelenmiş olup, p≤0.05 istatistiksel olarak anlamlı kabul edildi. Her bir grup kontrol grubuyla ve birbiriyle karşılaştırıldı. Karşılaştırılmalar yapılırken grupların dağılımına bakıldı, dağılımı normal olan gruplara parametrik, dağılımı normal olmayan gruplarda nonparametrik testler yapıldı. BULGULAR: Akut apandisit (n=215) ve renal kolik (n=200) grubunda; yaş, WBC, Hb, MCV, nötrofil, lenfosit, NLR ve PLR arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı değişiklik olduğu, akut apandisit (n=215) ve kontrol grubunda; yaş, WBC, Hb, RDW, MPV, nötrofil, lenfosit NLR ve PLR arasında istatistiksel anlamlı fark olduğu ve yine renal kolik ve kontrol grubunda; yaş, WBC, RDW, MPV, nötrofil ve NLR arasında istatistiksel fark olduğu görüldü. Hastalara ROC curve analizi yapıldığında WBC, nötrofil, NLR ve PLR’nin AUC altında kalan alanları sırasıyla 0.896, 0.916, 0.888 ve 0.725 olarak tespit edildi. TARTIŞMA: WBC, RDW, MPV, nötrofil ve NLR’nin renal kolik ile herhangi bir rahatsızlığı olmayan hastaların ayırımında ve WBC, Hb, RDW, MPV, nötrofil, lenfosit, NLR ve PLR’nin akut apandist hastalarının herhangi bir rahatsızlığı olmayan hastalardan ayırımında, daha da önemlisi WBC, Hb, nötrofil, lenfosit, PLR ve NLR’nin acil servislerde karın ağrısı ile başvuran hastalarda akut apandisit ile renal kolik ayırımında kullanışlı bir parametre olabileceğini düşünmekteyiz. Anahtar sözcükler: Akut apandisit; nötrofil/lenfosit oranı; renal kolik. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg 2016;22(1):17–22

22

doi: 10.5505/tjtes.2015.69488

Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg, January 2016, Vol. 22, No. 1


ORIGIN A L A R T IC L E

Survival probability in self immolation attempters: a prospective observational cohort study Mehdi Moradinazar, Ph.D.,1 Saeed Amini, Ph.D.,2 Mohammadreza Baneshi, Ph.D.,2 Farid Najafi, M.D.,1 Nikzad Abbasi, Ph.D.,3 Mari Ataee, M.D.4 1

Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran

2

Research Center for Modeling in Health, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran

3

Department of Political Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran

4

Students Research Committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Self-immolation is one of the most violent methods of suicide in developing countries. The objective of the present study was to investigate the survival rate and factors affecting survival of self-immolation patients. METHODS: All people either died or hospitalized for intentional burns were assessed in Kermanshah province between 2010 and 2013. Required information was gathered from two sources, Kermanshah province legal medicine and burn center of Imam Khomeini Hospital. Survival function was assessed through Cox regression. The data were analyzed with Stata 12 software. RESULTS: Between 2010 and 2013 (three years), 446 people attempted self-immolation, of which 370 were females (83%). In general, 276 people (61.8%) died due to severity of the burns. The median of survival time was 47Âą5 days. The survival rate after one day, one week, and 21 days after accident was 86%, 52%, and 38%, respectively. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that burn was the most powerful risk factor, sothe risk in those with over 70% burns is 17 times more than those with burns less than 30%. CONCLUSION: Burn percentage is the strongest risk factor, those with high burns percentage should be hospitalized quickly and without waste of time. Keywords: Burns percentage; self-immolation; survival rate.

INTRODUCTION It cannot be found in any period of history in which any case of suicide has not been registered. Based on the World Health Organization (WHO) report, during the past 45 years, the rate of suicide attempts has increased 60% in the world, and this growing trend is expected to be continued. [1,2] The method of suicide is different in various countries. [3,4] The most violent method of suicide is self-immolation,[5] which is more prevalent in developing countries[6,7] although the prevalence of suicide is high in developed countries, but Address for correspondence: Mari Ataee, M.D. Students Research Committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran Tel: +98 918 856 7534 E-mail: ataee.mari@gmail.com Qucik Response Code

Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg 2016;22(1):23–28 doi: 10.5505/tjtes.2015.96155 Copyright 2016 TJTES

Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg, January 2016, Vol. 22, No. 1

this method accounts for a small percentage (0.6 to 1%) of all suicides.[4,8] In Iran, 34% of suicide-related deaths are due to self-immolation.[6,8,9] Indeed, self-immolation after disasters and breast cancers is the third factor for Potential Years of Life Lost (YPLL) in Iranian women.[10] Suicide is a complicated phenomenon which can be affected by various factors.[11,12] Suicide attempts in women are higher than in men, but deaths due to suicide in men are higher than in women.[13] The role of these factors in survival rate is not clear in people who have attempted suicide. Between all methods of suicide, self-immolation is more deleterious, painful, costly, and fatal,[14,15] and people who burn themselves are hardly treated.[12,16] This study is designed to assess the survival rate and affecting factors of survival in self-immolation attempters in one of the west provinces of Iran (Kermanshah) which has one of the highest rates of suicide and self-immolation.[10]

MATERIALS AND METHODS Study population All people died or hospitalized due to self-immolation were 23


Moradinazar et al. Survival probability in self immolation attempters

assessed between 2010 and 2011 (24 months). Data were collected with a defined intersectional coordination, from Kermanshah legal medicine organization and also the burn center of Imam Khomeini Hospital, which is the main burn center of the province in seventh medical hub of the country. Imam Khomeini Hospital is the only medical center for burns patients in the Kermanshah province and is a referral center for Kurdistan, Ilam, and Lorestan provinces, which offer burnrelated medical services to a population of nearly 6 million people. Required information was obtained in two ways: interview with friends, relatives, and other people who had relationship with the patient and from medical documents. Assessed variables included age, sex, job, ignition factor, drug dependence based on WHO definition,[17] history or existence of physical illness, and eventually Total Body Surface Area (TBSA) based on Lund and Browder’s chart.[18] All of the hospitalized patients were followed up till death and/or recovery and discharge.

survival rate was eighty-six days. The median of survival time was 47±5 days (Fig. 1). 22.4 percent (n=62) of those who attempted suicide, died of severe burns on the first day, and 72.8% (n=201) of the deceased people, died in the first week after self-immolation. One day, one week and 21 day survival rate after accident in self-immolation attempters were 86%, 52% and 38%, respectively. Mean age of self-immolation was 30±0.6, 29±1.2 in men and 30±0.7 in women. This difference in age was not meaningful (p=.089). As demonstrated in Figure 2, the ratio of fatal suicides was constant until the age of 45, but increased after the age of 45 (Fig. 2). Mean Total Body Surface Area (TBSA) in self-immolation attempters was 63%±1. That is, TBSA in 96 people (21.5%) was more than 90%. The mean burns percentage for men was 70±3 and for women was 61±1, and this difference in mean burns percentage in two genders was not meaningful (p<0.009).

Data Analysis

A psychologist team from Imam Khomeini Hospital interviewed with self-immolation attempters or their families. Present study was permitted by the Ethics Committee of Kermanshah University of Medical Science. Furthermore, ethical issues were considered in this study based on the Helsinki Declaration.

RESULTS During 2010 to 2013, four hundred and forty-six people attempted self-immolation, of whom 83% (n=370) were females. Two hundred and seventy-six people of all attempters (61.8%) died due to the severity of self-immolation, of whom two hundred and twenty-eight (82.6%) were females. The observed difference between fatality and sex was not meaningful (p=0.82). The lowest survival rate in self-immolation attempters, who died due to the severity of injury, was one day and the highest 24

0.75

0.50

0.25

0.00 0

20

40 Analysis time

60

80

Figure 1. Overall survival curve of self-immolation.

Percentage of deaths

Ethical Considerations

Kaplan-Meier survival estimate

1.00

0.9 0.7 0.5 0.3

10

20

30

Age

40

50

60 < year

Figure 2. Percentage of deaths based on age pations. 100

Percentage of deaths

In order to determine affecting factors in self-immolation attempters, Schoenfeld residuals graph was used to assess proportional hazard. In univariate assessing, Kaplan Maier method was used and compared by Log Rank test. Cox regression was used for comparing survival rate in multivariate study. In this study, variables with p<0.3 were introduced to multivariate survival model and non-meaningful variables were excluded from the final model by using forward method. In addition to the tests used in survival analysis, paired T was used for comparing means in groups and chi-square test was used for comparing proportions. It is worth noting that all analysis was conducted in Stata 12 software and a p<0.05 was considered as meaningful.

80 60 40 20 0

10

20

30

40 50 60 70 80 Percentage of TBSA burned

90

100

Figure 3. Percentage of deaths based on percent of the total body surface area (TBSA).

Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg, January 2016, Vol. 22, No. 1


Moradinazar et al. Survival probability in self immolation attempters

Table 1. Characteristics of self-immolation attempters base on of univariate and multivariate survival analysis Variable

Mortality/frequency (%)

Crude HR (95% CI)

Adjusted HR (95% CI)

48/76 (63.1)

1

Sex

Male

Female

228/370 (61.6)

1 (0.6–1.6)

lower 30 year

178/289 (61.8)

1

1

31–50 year

63/114 (55.2)

1 (0.7–1.7)

1 (0.7–1.6)

Uper 51 year

34/43 (79.0)

3.7 (1.6–8.9)

3.5 (1.3–9.7)

Age

Education

Illiterate

62/101 (61.3)

1

Less than diploma

137/223 (61.4)

0.85 (0.5–1.3)

Diploma and upper

77/122 (63.1)

0.79 (0.4–1.3)

Marital status

Single

161/256 (62.8)

1

1

Married

98/161 (60.8)

0.9 (0.7–1.2)

1.9 (1.07–3.7)

Widow

8/29 (27.5)

1.2 (0.7–2.1)

2.2 (0.8–6.0)

Method

Kerosene

231/362 (63.8)

1

Gasoline

12/26 (46.1)

0.8 (0.4–1.5)

Gas

20/28 (71.4)

1.5 (0.9–2.4)

Other

13/30 (43.3)

0.8 (0.4–1.4)

Drug dependence

No

232/380 (61.0)

1

Yes

43/65 (66.1)

1.2 (0.9–1.7)

Physical disease

No

204/320 (63.7)

1

Yes

68/122 (55.7)

0.7 (0.5–0.9)

House keeper

164/262 (62.8)

1

1

Job

Unemployed

61/98 (62.2)

1.1 (0.7–1.4)

2.1 (1.1–4.0)

Employee

51/86 (59.3)

0.9 (0.7–1.3)

0.9 (0.4–1.7)

Socioeconomic

Poor

134/219 (61.1)

1

Moderate

187/187 (100)

0.9 (0.7–1.2)

Good

20/20 (100)

0.7 (0.3–1.3)

TBSA

lower 30%

10/69 (14.4)

1

1

30–70%

85/183 (46.4)

3.08 (1.6–5.9)

4 (1.7–6.5)

Upper 70%

181/194 (93.3)

16.8 (8.8–32)

17.4 (10–34)

Place

City

122/208 (58.9)

1

Village

153/237 (64.5)

1.17 (0.9–1.4)

History of suicide attempt

No

First and second time

More than 2

35/67 (52.2)

1

1

194/301 (64.4)

1.02 (0.7–1.4)

0.47 (0.2–0.74)

47/78 (60.2)

0.8 (0.5–1.3)

0.34 (0.2–0.6)

Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg, January 2016, Vol. 22, No. 1

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Moradinazar et al. Survival probability in self immolation attempters

As demonstrated in Figure 3, there is a direct relationship between Total Body Surface Area (TBSA) and mortality rate, and hence mortality rate increases with increase of TBSA (r=0.64, p<0.001). In the univariate study of survival rate in self-immolation attempters, age, physical illness, and Total Body Surface Area (TBSA) were meaningful amongst various variables demonstrated in Table 1. In order to exclude confounder variables and considering probable errors in estimations, those variables with p<0.3 were introduced to the multivariate study. Given that, proportional hazard assumption was confirmed for all assessed variables, multivariate analysis was analyzed by Cox regression method and forward method and Likelihood ratio test were used to determine multivariate model. As demonstrated by multivariate analysis, burns percentage is the strongest risk factor. The risk of those with burns percentage higher than 70% was 17 times more than those with burns percentage lower than 30%. In general, each unit increase in burns percentage causes 6% increase in mortality risk of self-immolation. Other findings of this study demonstrate that whatever the number of suicide increases, mortality risk of self-immolation reduces. In the present study, those with 2 times history of suicide attempt had 53% more survival rate in comparison to those with no suicide history, and this rate for those with more than 2 time history of suicide was 66% in comparison with those with no history of suicide. Among other variables which were meaningful in the multivariate analysis but were not meaningful in the univariate study, we can state high mortality rate in married people than single people, and unemployed people than housekeepers (Table 1). 27 percent (n=122) of self-immolation attempters had a history of physical illness. As demonstrated in Table 1, history of physical illness was meaningful in the multivariate analysis. The mean of burns percentage in healthy people was 55Âą2, and for those with history of physical illness, it was 65Âą1.5. This difference was meaningful (p<0.001).

DISCUSSION This study is among the first studies to examine the survival rate and affecting factors of survival in self-immolation attempters, therefore, it is not possible to compare affecting factors of survival in self-immolation with other studies. The findings of this study demonstrated that the highest mortality rate of self-immolation was in the first 24 hours after accident. Similar results have been obtained in similar studies,[12,19] and it is believed that the most important cause of mortality 26

of self-immolation in the first 24 hours is loss of fluids and electrolytes. Therefore, the first step for the survival of a patient should be compensating lost fluids and electrolytes, especially compensating half of the lost fluids during the first 8 hours after self-immolation.[20] The strongest risk factor affecting survival of self-immolation attempters was Total Body Surface Area (TBSA). After multivariate adaptation, for each unit increase in burns percentage, death risk ratio (HR) in self-immolation attempters increased 1.2 times. In studies conducted on nine hundred and fifty-two unintentional burns above 30% in the USA, the survival rate and mortality ratio of burns had the highest relation with Total Body Surface Area (TBSA).[21] As demonstrated in Figure 3, mortality ratio of self-immolation in those with burns percentage less than 20% was higher than those with burns percentage between 20 to 40%. One of the reasons can be due to poor reporting. In Iran and most other countries, people try to report self-immolation as an unintentional accident, due to political, cultural, and social problems they probably face after suicide. Although this poor reporting varies from one country to another, it is more when side effects of the suicide is mild and is not resulted in death. In this study, most of those with mild burns tried to report their self-immolation as unintentional burns. Since Imam Khomeini Hospital of Kermanshah is a referral center in the west of Iran, the second reason can be due to transfer of severe burns cases which are probably in vital organs. It should be noted that the number of these patients from other medical centers was less than 1% of all attempters. In the univariate analysis, those with previous history of physical illness had higher survival rate than healthy people. Given that physical illness was not meaningful in the multivariate analysis, a positive relationship between burns percentage and history of physical illness is found. 30 percent increase in survival rate in those with physical illness can be due to mild burns in them. In the univariate analysis, previous history of suicide was not meaningful, but in the multivariate analysis, the survival rate of those with previous history of suicide was higher than those with no previous history. These can be due to uncontrolled confounding variables which are not meaningful in univariate studies. Other results of this study demonstrate that the ratio of fatal self-immolations up to the age of 45 is constant. However, after the age of 45, the ratio of fatal suicides increases. It is believed that, with aging, the human skin undergoes main substantial changes such as perforation of dermal vessels, decreased subcutaneous fat, and atrophy of skin-dependent structures, which meansthat the ability of the immune system to fight against secondary infections will be reduced. When self-immolation or burns occurs in aged people, it is deeper Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg, January 2016, Vol. 22, No. 1


Moradinazar et al. Survival probability in self immolation attempters

and more severe, and as a result, the recovery rate and duration of survival in aged people are less than other groups.[22,23] In this study, more than 80% of self-immolations occurred in women, and similar results were achieved from most of other studies in developing countries such as Uzbekistan,[24] Afghanistan,[25] India,[26] and Sri Lanka;[11] however these results were different from other studies that were conducted in most of the developed countries such as Germany,[27] Australia,[28] Finland,[29] England and Wales[30] wheremost of the self-immolations were in men. More than 60% of self-immolations have resulted in death. In 11 studies conducted on self-immolation in Iran, the lowest mortality rate is 56% and the highest mortality rate is 76%.[12] In studies conducted on self-immolation in the USA, Australia, the Netherlands, Egypt, and Spain, 36%, 47%, 21%, 49%, and 30% have resulted in death, respectively.[29] Various reasons can be mentioned for differences in mortality rate of self-immolation between Iran and other countries. One of these reasons was burns percentage.The burns percentage in this study was over 60%, which was higher than other mentioned studies (mean burns percentage of mentioned studies is 42%). Another reason can be difference in quality and quantity of medical services. About 80% of self-immolations occurred with petroleum (Table 1). In similar studies, mostself-immolation cases were carried out by petroleum.[7,19] Our study researchers expected a positive relationship between the caustic agent and survival rate, but as demonstrated in Table 1, there was no meaningful relation between caustic agent and survival rate of self-immolation attempters in the univariate and multivariate analysis. There was no meaningful difference in survival rate function of both genders, but like other similar studies, the burns percentage of self-immolation attempters in men was higher than in women.[31] It can be elicited from the results of this study that the mortality rate of self-immolation is very high and the median of survival is very low. Since burns percentage is the strongest risk factor, those with high burns percentage should be hospitalized quickly and without waste of time. Although we were able to investigate various factors affecting the survival rate of self-immolation attempters, a study with more samples considering indices such as region of burns and impact on airways should be conducted.

Acknowledgement The authors gratefully acknowledge the Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, for the financial support. Conflict of interest: None declared. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg, January 2016, Vol. 22, No. 1

REFERENCES 1. Schmidtke A, Weinacker B, Apter A, Batt A, Berman A, Bille-Brahe U, et al. Suicide rates in the world: update. Archives of Suicide Research 1999;5:81–9. 2. Platt S, Bille-Brahe U, Kerkhof A, Schmidtke A, Bjerke T, Crepet P, et al. Parasuicide in Europe: the WHO/EURO multicentre study on parasuicide. I. Introduction and preliminary analysis for 1989. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1992;85:97–104. 3. Boor M. Methods of suicide and implications for suicide prevention. J Clin Psychol 1981;37:70–5. 4. Ajdacic-Gross V, Weiss MG, Ring M, Hepp U, Bopp M, Gutzwiller F, et al. Methods of suicide: international suicide patterns derived from the WHO mortality database. Bull World Health Organ 2008;86:726–32. 5. Zarghami M, Khalilian A. Deliberate self-burning in Mazandaran, Iran. Burns 2002;28:115–9. 6. Ahmadi A. Suicide by self-immolation: comprehensive overview, experiences and suggestions. J Burn Care Res 2007;28:30–41. 7. Dastgiri S, Kalankesh L, Pourafkary N. Epidemiology of self-immolation in the North-West of Iran 2005. 8. Ahmadi A, Ytterstad B. Prevention of self-immolation by communitybased intervention. Burns 2007;33:1032–40. 9. Mabrouk AR, Mahmod Omar AN, Massoud K, Magdy Sherif M, El Sayed N. Suicide by burns: a tragic end. Burns 1999;25:337–9. 10. Hatami H, Razavi M, Eftekhar H, Majlesi F, Sayed Nozadi M, Parizadeh S. Textbook of public health. Tehran: Arjmand 2004. 11. Laloë V, Ganesan M. Self-immolation a common suicidal behaviour in eastern Sri Lanka. Burns 2002;28:475–80. 12. Mehrpour O, Javadinia SA, Malic C, Dastgiri S, Ahmadi A. A survey of characteristics of self-immolation in the east of Iran. Acta Med Iran 2012;50:328–34. 13. Andreasen NC, Noyes R Jr. Suicide attempted by self-immolation. Am J Psychiatry 1975;132:554–6. 14. Ahmadi A, Mohammadi R, Stavrinos D, Almasi A, Schwebel DC. Selfimmolation in Iran. J Burn Care Res 2008;29:451–60. 15. Westermarck E. Suicide: A Chapter In Comparative Ethics*. The Sociological Review 2011;1:12–33. 16. Pegg S, Gregory J, Hogan PG, Mottarelly IW, Walker LF. Epidemiological pattern of adult burn injuries. Burns 1979;5:326–34. 17. Merikangas KR, McClair VL. Epidemiology of substance use disorders. Hum Genet 2012;131:779–89. 18. Richard A, Gardner RA. Should courts order PAS children to visit/reside with the alienated parent? A follow-up study. American Journal of Forensic Psychology 2001;19:61–106. 19. Dastgiri S, Kalankesh LR, Pourafkary N, Vahidi RG, Mahmoodzadeh F. Incidence, survival pattern and prognosis of self-immolation: a case study in Iran. Journal of Public Health 2006;14:2–6. 20. Wolfe RR. Review: acute versus chronic response to burn injury. Circ Shock 1981;8:105–15. 21. Kraft R, Herndon DN, Al-Mousawi AM, Williams FN, Finnerty CC, Jeschke MG. Burn size and survival probability in paediatric patients in modern burn care: a prospective observational cohort study. Lancet 2012;379:1013–21. 22. Smith DL, Cairns BA, Ramadan F, Dalston JS, Fakhry SM, Rutledge R, et al. Effect of inhalation injury, burn size, and age on mortality: a study of 1447 consecutive burn patients. J Trauma 1994;37:655–9. 23. Conil JM, Georges B, Lavit M, Seguin T, Tack I, Samii K, et al. Pharmacokinetics of ceftazidime and cefepime in burn patients: the importance of age and creatinine clearance. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 2007;45:529– 38. 24. Alimova D, Azimova N. Women’s position in Uzbekistan before and after independence. Gender and identity construction: Women of Central

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1997;23:519–21. 29. Palmu R, Isometsä E, Suominen K, Vuola J, Leppävuori A, Lönnqvist J. Self-inflicted burns: an eight year retrospective study in Finland. Burns 2004;30:443–7. 30. Prosser D. Suicides by burning in England and Wales. Br J Psychiatry 1996;168:175–82. 31. Mehrpour O, Javadinia SA, Malic C, Dastgiri S, Ahmadi A. A survey of characteristics of self-immolation in the east of Iran. Acta Med Iran 2012;50:328–34.

ORİJİNAL ÇALIŞMA - ÖZET OLGU SUNUMU

Kendini yakarak intihara teşebbüs eden kişilerde sağ kalma olasılığı: İleriye yönelik, gözlemsel bir kohort çalışma Dr. Mehdi Moradinazar,1 Dr. Saeed Amini,1 Dr. Mohammadreza Baneshi,1 Dr. Farid Najafi,2 Dr. Nikzad Abbasi,3 Dr. Mari Ataee4 Sağlıkta Çevresel Etmenler Araştırma Merkezi, Kermanşah Tıp Bilimleri Üniversitesi, Kermanşah, İran Sağlıkta Modelleme Araştırma Merkezi, Sağlıkta Gelecek Çalışmalar Enstitüsü, Kermanşah Tıp Bilimleri Üniversitesi, Kerman, İran 3 Tarbiat Modares Üniversitesi, Siyasi Bilimler Bölümü, Tahran, İran 4 Öğrenci Araştırma Komitesi, Kermanşah Tıp Bilimleri Üniversitesi, Kermanşah, İran 1 2

AMAÇ: Kendini yakma, gelişmekte olan ülkelerde gözlenen en vahşi intihar yöntemidir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, kendini yakarak intihara teşebbüs eden hastalarda sağ kalım oranlarını ve sağ kalıma etki eden faktörleri araştırmaktı. GEREÇ VE YÖNTEM: 2010–2013 yılları arasında Kermanshah ilinde kasti yanıklar sonucunda hastaneye kaldırılan veya ölen bütün kişiler değerlendirildi. Gerekli tüm bilgiler Kermanshah ili Adli Tıp Kurumu’ndan ve İmam Humeyni Hastanesi Yanık Ünitesi’nden alındı. Cox regresyonu yoluyla sağ kalım fonksiyonu değerlendirildi. Veriler, Stata 12 yazılımı ile analiz edildi. BULGULAR: 2010–2013 yılları arasında (üç yıl), kendini yakarak intihara teşebbüs eden 446 kişinin 370’i kadındı (%83). Genel olarak, 276 kişi (%61.8) yanıklarının ciddiyeti dolayısıyla öldü. Ortalama sağ kalım süresi 47±5 gündü. Kaza sonrası birinci gün, birinci hafta ve 21. gün sağ kalım oranları sırasıyla %86, %52 ve %38 idi. Çok değişkenli analiz en güçlü risk faktörünün yanıklar olduğunu gösterdiği için %70’den fazla yanığı olan kişilerdeki risk faktörü %30’dan az yanığı olan kişilerdekinden 17 kat daha fazla olduğu ortaya konmuştur. TARTIŞMA: Yanık yüzdesi en güçlü risk faktörü olmakla birlikte yüksek yanık yüzdesine sahip olan kişilerin hızlıca ve vakit kaybetmeden hastaneye kaldırılmaları gerekmektedir. Anahtar sözcükler: Kendini yakma; sağ kalım oranı; yanık yüzdesi. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg 2016;22(1):23–28

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doi: 10.5505/tjtes.2015.96155

Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg, January 2016, Vol. 22, No. 1


ORIGIN A L A R T IC L E

Venous glucose, serum lactate and base deficit as biochemical predictors of mortality in patients with polytrauma Sameh Saad, M.D.,1 Naglaa Mohamed, M.D.,1 Amr Moghazy, M.D.,2 Gouda Ellabban, M.D.,2 Soliman El-kamash, M.D.2 1

Department of Emergency Medicine, Suez Canal University Faculty of Medicine, Ismailia, Egypt

2

Department of General Surgery, Suez Canal University Faculty of Medicine, Ismailia, Egypt

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: The trauma and injury severity score (TRISS) and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation IV (APACHE IV) are accurate but complex. This study aimed to compare venous glucose, levels of serum lactate, and base deficit in polytraumatized patients as simple parameters to predict the mortality in these patients versus (TRISS) and (APACHE IV). METHODS: This was a comparative cross-sectional study of 282 patients with polytrauma presented to the Emergency Department (ED). RESULTS: The best cut off value of TRISS probability of survival score for prediction of mortality among poly-traumatized patients was ≤90. APACHE IV demonstrated 67% sensitivity and 95% specificity at 95% CI at cut off point 99. The best cutoff value of Random Blood Sugar was >140 mg/dl, with 89% sensitivity, 49% specificity; base deficit was less than -5.6 with 64% sensitivity, 93% specificity; lactate was >2.6 mmol/L with 92%, sensitivity, 42% specificity. CONCLUSION: Venous glucose, serum lactate and base deficit are easy and rapid biochemical predictors of mortality in patients with polytrauma. These predictors could be used as TRISS and APACHE IV in predicting mortality. Keywords: APACHE IV; base deficit; lactate; polytrauma; TRISS; venous glucose.

INTRODUCTION Polytrauma is defined as injury to several physical regions or organ systems, where at least one injury or the combination of several injuries are life threatening with the severity of injury being equal or >16 on the scale of the Injury Severity Score (ISS). Prediction of mortality in trauma patients is an important part of trauma care. Prognosis of polytrauma depends on several factors with a definitive influence. [1] The trauma and injury severity score (TRISS) and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation IV (APACHE IV) are used commonly to predict injury severity and risk of

Address for correspondence: Sameh Saad, M.D. Department of Emergency Medicine, Suez Canal University Faculty of Medicine, 41511 Ismailia, Egypt Tel: +2 01005625733 E-mail: sameh_er2005@hotmail.com Qucik Response Code

Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg 2016;22(1):29–33 doi: 10.5505/tjtes.2015.96832 Copyright 2016 TJTES

Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg, January 2016, Vol. 22, No. 1

mortality. Although it is regarded as the international standard in trauma scoring, it has complex calculating and incorporates the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) for neurological evaluation. Up to 30% of patients with trauma are intubated and sedated upon arrival to the Emergency Department. [2] Regardless of the accuracy of trauma scores, is based on an anatomical description of every injury and cannot be assigned to the patients until a full diagnostic procedure has been performed.[3] Many studies have revealed alteration in glucose metabolism in trauma and proportional relation of its high level to the degree of injury.[4] In addition, lactate levels reflect the anaerobic metabolism caused by tissue hypo-perfusion in a shocked patient.[5] Moreover, base deficit is considered a reliable physiologic parameter that relates to actual tissue perfusion in hypovolemic shock and indicates resuscitation requirements in critically injured patients.[6,7] Therefore, this study was conducted to compare between alterations in easy and rapid predictors as glucose level, base deficit and lactate and difficult and slow predictors as TRISS and APACHE IV. So, it could be considered an early and easy rapid predictor of mortality. 29


Saad et al. Venous glucose, serum lactate and base deficit as biochemical predictors of mortality in patients with polytrauma

Hypothesis [Primary] Alterations in admission glucose, lactate levels and base deficit can be used as a predictors of mortality in polytraumatized patients. [Secondary] These predictors are early, rapid and easy methods for mortality prediction.

MATERIALS AND METHODS Study Design and Setting This was a comparative cross-sectional study that enrolled all adult polytraumatized patients with severity of injury being equal or above 16 on the scale of the Injury Severity Score (ISS). It was conducted at department of Emergency, at the Suez Canal university hospital, Ismailia, Egypt. The study received an approval from the Institutional Research Review Board Ethical Committee of the Suez Canal University, Faculty of medicine, Ismailia, Egypt and conducted in accordance with the guidelines of the Helsinki Declaration, and performed after obtaining the informed consent from all relatives of participants during theperiod of January 2012 to January 2013.

Study Population Each enrolled patient was subject to full history (from patient or relative) including: (1) Patient personal data: Age, gender, Occupation and residence. (2) Time of injury and admission. (3) Mechanism and type of injury according to CDC classification. Furthermore, the patient was examined clinically (vital sign, Glasgow Coma Scale and patients’ anatomical injury coded according to the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) to calculate TRISS). Pregnant patients and those with psychiatric illnesses were excluded. The laboratory measurements were as follows: [hemoglobin (Hb) and hematocrit >10, base deficit <6 mmol/L, venous glu-

cose >140 and Serum Lactate >2 mmol/L]. Then, TRISS was recalculated for patients admitted to the surgical ward within 24 hours to reach final TRISS. TRISS and APACHE IV patients admitted to the intensive care unit within the first 24 hours and the most worse clinical and laboratory value was taken.

Statistical Analysis Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS software version 16 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL, USA). Quantitative data were expressed as mean±standard deviation (SD) while qualitative data were expressed as frequency and percentages. Qualitative categorical variables were compared using chi-square test. Quantitative continuous data were compared using the nonparametric Mann–Whitney test instead of the Student t-test as normal distribution of the data could not be assumed. Kruskal–Wallis test was used to assess the independent effects of multiple categorical variables as a normal distribution of the data could not be assumed. A probability value (p value) <0.05 was considered statistically significant.

RESULTS This study enrolled two hundred and eighty-two patients with polytrauma presented to the Department of Emergency. In this study, two hundred and forty-three (86.17%) survived and thirty-nine (13.83%) died. Mean of RBS, serum lactate and base deficit were 159.2±63.6; 3.2±1.37 and -3.34±-2.38, respectively (Table 1). TRISS probability of survival had significant negative correlation with all other predictors that was strongest with APACHE IV (-0.8) and only positive correlation with base deficit (0.7). APACHE IV had significant moderate correlation with all laboratory predictors. All laboratory predictors (RBS, serum lactate, base deficit) had weak/moderate significant positive correlation with each others (Tables 2, 3). The best cutoff values of all suggested predictors with predictive characteristics, as we found that the sensitivity of our study was at the highest level. The most sensitive predictors were RBS and serum lactate (sensitivity, 89 and 92% respectively), while the most specific predictors were TRISS score,

Table 1. Data of studied patients Variables

N

Range

Mean±SD

70–407

159.2±63.6

All patients Laboratory predictors RBS

282

Serum lactate

282

1.3–8

3.2±1.37

Base deficit

282

-1–-13

-3.34±-2.38

Mortality predictor scores

TRISS probability of survival

282

6.2–98.7

90.38±18.66

APACHE IV

87

32–137

77.45±27.37

N.B: APACHE IV score was estimated only for patients admitted to ICU (n=87patients). SD: Standard deviation; RBS: Random blood sugar; TRISS: The trauma and injury severity score; APACHE IV: Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation IV.

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Saad et al. Venous glucose, serum lactate and base deficit as biochemical predictors of mortality in patients with polytrauma

Table 2. Dead patients versus survived patients according to laboratory predictors and mortality predictor scores Variables

Died (n=39)

Survived (n=243)

t-test

Range

Mean±SD

Range

Mean±SD

80–325

211.8±65.6

70–407

150.79±59.2

0.001*

2–7

4.47±1.3

1.3–8

2.99±1.26

0.001*

-1–-13

-6.49±-3.5

-1–-11

-2.8±-1.67

0.001*

All patients Laboratory predictors

Random blood sugar

Serum lactate

Base deficit

Mortality predictor scores

TRISS probability of survival

6.2–97

61.93±37.3

61.2–98.7

94.95±5.85

0.001*

APACHE IV

45–137

99.1±31.03

32–100

67.7±18.86

0.001*

*Statistically significant difference. SD: Standard deviation; TRISS: The trauma and injury severity score; APACHE IV: Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation IV.

Table 3. Correlation between different predictors of mortality among survived and died patients

TRISS probability APACHE IV of survival

Survived Died Survived Died Survived Died Survived Died Survived Died

TRISS probability of survival

Random blood sugar

Serum lactate

Base deficit

-0.7* -0.6* 0.08† -0.6* -0.3* -0.1† 0.4* 0.7*

APACHE IV

-0.7 -0.6 – – 0.2† 0.3† -0.3* 0.4* -0.1 -0.5*

Random blood sugar

0.08† -0.6* 0.2† 0.3† – – 0.1† 0.04† -0.02 -0.5*

Serum lactate

-0.3* -0.1† -0.3* 0.4* 0.1† 0.04† – – -0.3* -0.3†

Base deficit

0.4* 0.7* -0.1† -0.5* -0.02† -0.5* -0.3* -0.3† – –

*

*

Statistically non-significant difference. *Statistically significant difference. TRISS: The trauma and injury severity score; APACHE IV: Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation IV.

Table 4. Predictive characteristics of all evaluated predictors

Sensitivity Specificity Positive predictive value (%) (%) (%)

Negative predictive value (%)

Accuracy (%)

TRISS ≤90

77

89

52.6

96

87

APACHE IV (>99)

67

95

85.7

86.4

86

Random blood sugar (>140)

89

49

22.2

96.8

46

Serum lactate (>2.6)

92

42

20.3

97.1

43

Base deficit (<-5.6)

64

93

59.5

94.2

89

TRISS: The trauma and injury severity score; APACHE IV: Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation IV.

APACHE IV score and base deficit (specificity 89%, 95% and 93%, respectively) (Table 4).

DISCUSSION Trauma scoring systems are commonly used for prognosis and determining the severity of a patient’s condition in the early stage of treatment.TRISS and APACHE IV are considered from the most widely used trauma scoring systems (TSSs), and it strongly predicts the probability of survival.[2,8,9] Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg, January 2016, Vol. 22, No. 1

Several studies indicate that trauma-related deaths are usually divided into three groups. Group I (50%) enrolls those who die at the scene (usually patients with major head trauma or severe vascular injury). Group II (30%) enrolls those who are admitted to the hospital and die within the first several hours, a period termed the “golden hour.” These injuries often include major head, thorax, and abdominal trauma. Group III (20%) consists of patients who die at a later time, for example in an ICU. The deaths in this group are typically due to 31


Saad et al. Venous glucose, serum lactate and base deficit as biochemical predictors of mortality in patients with polytrauma

sepsis or multi-organ failure.[10] The mortality of patients in Groups 2 and 3 could be prevented with fast and accurate treatment methods. TRISS and APACHE IV are widely accepted TSSs, and their calculation requires that all examinations and workups are performed and that injuries in anatomic locations are noted in a detailed manner. The accurate determination of the seriousness of the condition on the part of patient is only possible through accurate identification of the injury. Both methods require time. Therefore, this study was conducted to compare between alterations in easy and rapid predictors as glucose level, base deficit and lactate and difficult and slow predictors as TRISS and APACHE IV. So, it could be considered an early and easy rapid predictor of mortality. This study showed that the best cut-off value of TRISS probability of survival score for the prediction of mortality among poly-traumatized patients was ≤90, with 77% sensitivity and 89% specificity. Using area under the ROC curve (0.89) at (95%CI), positive predictive value was 52.6% and negative predictive value was 96%. This agreed with the study of Aydin et al., who had found that the ideal cut-off value of TRISS for predicting mortality was 90 (AUC: 0.934, p<0.001, sensitivity: 83.2%, specificity: 87.9%),[11] and with another study, trying to apply TRISS methodology in Spanish trauma intensive care unit, which had found that the TRISS total accuracy was 0.88 (sensitivity was 0.67; specificity was 0.93; area under the ROC curve was 0.85±0.03).[12] In our results, APACHE IV demonstrated 67% sensitivity and 95% specificity at 95% CI, positive predictive value was 85.7% and negative predictive value was 86.4%, at cut off point 99. This agrees with a study done in high graduate educational and training hospital in Turkey, where they have selected a cut-off value of 88.7±17.6 (which is close to ours) sensitivity was 94.7% and specificity was 94.4%.[13] In our study, the best cut-off value of Random Blood Sugar (RBS) for prediction of mortality among poly-traumatized patients was more than 140 mg/dl, with 89% sensitivity, 49% specificity, positive predictive value was 22.2% and negative predictive value was 96.8. Th, low cut-off point was used to increase the sensitivity of our results. Our cut-off value also agrees with Gore D et al., who have retrospectively studied 58 pediatric burn patients with >60% total body surface area (TBSA) burns. They have divided patients into a poor glucose control group (defined as plasma glucose values >140 mg/dl) and an adequate glucose control group (values <140 mg/dl). They have found that hyperglycemic patients have a greater incidence of positive blood cultures, a decreased percentage of skin graft “take,” and an increased mortality.[14] In another study, at a cut-off point 200 mg/dl, the glucose level has 93.2% specificity and 37.9% sensitivity, the positive predictive value 32

(PPV) is 13.4% and the negative predictive value (NPV) is higher than expected at 98.2%.[15] The best cut-off value of base deficit for prediction of mortality among poly-traumatized patients was less than -5.6 with 64% sensitivity, 93% specificity, Positive predictive value was 59.5% and negative predictive value was 94.2%. This agrees with one study for base deficit in abdominal trauma patients. They used a cut-off point of -6 and obtained 88.2% sensitivity and 95.2% specificity, with positive and negative predictive values of 79% and 97.5%, respectively.[16] It also agrees with the results of one study on the basis of 1,810 multiply injured traumas. Potential predictors for transfusion requirements, including BD and lactate, have been identified via logistic regression. Admission BD has been proven to be one of the best predictors for mortality. A BD level of -6 mmol/L has been identified as an important cutoff point for mortality.[17,18] In our results, lactate cut-off point was >2.6 mmol/L with 92% sensitivity, 42% specificity; the positive predictive value was low as 20.3% and the negative predictive value was very high as 97.1%. In agreement with other studies, abnormal serum lactate (>2) was associated with 62.6% sensitivity, and 50.6% specificity; PPV was 34.9% and NPV was 76.2%).[19] Sammour T et al. have estimated that abnormal lactate is defined as >2 mmol/L. In their study. 13.0% of the patients with a lactate >2 mmol/L died when compared to 2.7% of the patients with a lactate <2.0 mmol/L. At this threshold, an abnormal lactate was 56.8% specific and 81.0% sensitive for death. PPV was once again low at 13.0% and NPV was suitably high at 97.4%.[20] The highest risk of mortality was found using a cut-off value of 90 in TRISS score while with laboratory parameters, the highest risk of mortality was with serum lactate >2.6. The three parameters in predicting mortality in poly-traumatized patients were accurate, early and easy rapid predictors of mortality.

Conclusion Venous glucose, serum lactate and base deficit are easy and rapid biochemical predictors of mortality in patients with polytrauma. These predictors could be used as TRISS and APACHE IV in predicting the mortality. Conflict of interest: None declared.

REFERENCES 1. Holtslag H, van der Werken C, Lichtveld R. Predictors of Death in Trauma Patients who are Alive on Arrival at Hospital. European Journal of Trauma and Emergency Surgery 2007;33:46–51. 2. Lavoie A, Moore L, LeSage N, Liberman M, Sampalis JS. The New In-

Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg, January 2016, Vol. 22, No. 1


Saad et al. Venous glucose, serum lactate and base deficit as biochemical predictors of mortality in patients with polytrauma jury Severity Score: a more accurate predictor of in-hospital mortality than the Injury Severity Score. J Trauma 2004;56:1312–20. 3. Kilgo PD, Meredith JW, Osler TM. Incorporating recent advances to make the TRISS approach universally available. J Trauma 2006;60:1002– 9. 4. Boeker E, Vroonhof K. Clinical laboratory findings associated with inhospital mortality. Clinica Chimica Acta 2006;372:1–13. 5. Nicks B, Kullarini R. Emergent Management of Lactic Acidosis. Medscape Preference 2011;30:11–13. 6. Rutherford EJ, Morris JA Jr, Reed GW, Hall KS. Base deficit stratifies mortality and determines therapy. J Trauma 1992;33:417–23. 7. Aukema TS, Hietbrink F, Beenen LF, Leenen LP. Does thoracic injury impair the predictive value of base deficit in trauma patients? Injury 2010;41:935–7. 8. Llullaku SS, Hyseni NSh, Bytyçi CI, Rexhepi SK. Evaluation of trauma care using TRISS method: the role of adjusted misclassification rate and adjusted w-statistic. World J Emerg Surg 2009;4:2. 9. Joosse P, Soedarmo S, Luitse JS, Ponsen KJ. Trauma outcome analysis of a Jakarta University Hospital using the TRISS method: validation and limitation in comparison with the major trauma outcome study. Trauma and Injury Severity Score. J Trauma 2001;51:134–40. 10. Hargrove J, Nguyen HB. Bench-to-bedside review: outcome predictions for critically ill patients in the emergency department. Crit Care 2005;9:376–83. 11. Aydin SA, Bulut M, Ozgüç H, Ercan I, Türkmen N, Eren B, Esen M. Should the New Injury Severity Score replace the Injury Severity Score in the Trauma and Injury Severity Score? Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg 2008;14:308–12. 12. Suárez-Alvarez JR, Miquel J, Del Río FJ, Ortega P. Epidemiologic aspects

and results of applying the TRISS methodology in a Spanish trauma intensive care unit (TICU). Intensive Care Med 1995;21:729–36. 13. Tülin A. A comparison between APACHII II and APACHII IV scoring systems in predicting outcome in patients admitted with stroke in intensive care unit. Anaesth, Pain& intensive care 2011;15. 14. Gore DC, Chinkes D, Heggers J, Herndon DN, Wolf SE, Desai M. Association of hyperglycemia with increased mortality after severe burn injury. J Trauma 2001;51:540–4. 15. van den Berghe G, Wouters P, Weekers F, Verwaest C, Bruyninckx F, Schetz M, et al. Intensive insulin therapy in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 2001;345:1359–67. 16. Mofidi M, Hasani A, Kianmehr N. Determining the accuracy of base deficit in diagnosis of intra-abdominal injury in patients with blunt abdominal trauma. Am J Emerg Med 2010;28:933–6. 17. Rixen D, Raum M, Bouillon B, Lefering R, Neugebauer E; Arbeitsgemeinschaft “Polytrauma” of the Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Unfallchirurgie. Base deficit development and its prognostic significance in posttrauma critical illness: an analysis by the trauma registry of the Deutsche Gesellschaft für unfallchirurgie. Shock 2001;15:83–9. 18. Rixen D, Siegel JH. Metabolic correlates of oxygen debt predict posttrauma early acute respiratory distress syndrome and the related cytokine response. J Trauma 2000;49:392–403. 19. Taher V, James P. Abnormal Arterial Blood Gas and Serum Lactate Levels Do Not Alter Disposition in Adult Blunt Trauma Patients after Early Computed Tomography. West J Emerg Med 2013;14. 20. Sammour T, Kahokehr A, Caldwell S, Hill AG. Venous glucose and arterial lactate as biochemical predictors of mortality in clinically severely injured trauma patients-a comparison with ISS and TRISS. Injury 2009;40:104–8.

ORİJİNAL ÇALIŞMA - ÖZET OLGU SUNUMU

Çoklu travmalı hastalarda biyokimyasal mortalite prediktörü olarak venöz glukoz, serum laktat ve baz açığı Dr. Sameh Saad,1 Dr. Naglaa Mohamed,1 Dr. Amr Moghazy,2 Dr. Gouda Ellabban,2 Dr. Soliman El-kamash2 1 2

Suez Canal Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Acil Tıp Anabilim Dalı, İsmailiye, Mısır Suez Canal Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Genel Cerrahi Anabilim Dalı, İsmailiye, Mısır

AMAÇ: Travma ve yaralanma şiddeti skoru (TRISS) ve Akut Fizyoloji ve Kronik Sağlık Değerlendirmesi IV (APACHE IV) kesin olmakla birlikte karmaşıktır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, TRISS ve APACHE IV’e karşın çoklu travması olan hastalarda mortaliteyi öngörmek amacıyla basit parametreler olan venöz glukozu, serum laktat seviyelerini ve baz açığını karşılaştırmaktı. GEREÇ VE YÖNTEM: Acil Servis Bölümü’ne başvuran 282 çoklu travmalı hastanın karşılaştırmalı bir enine kesit çalışması yürütüldü. BULGULAR: Çoklu travmalı hastalar içerisinde mortalite tahmininde TRISS muhtemel sağ kalım skoru için en iyi kesim değeri ≤90’dır. %95 GA’da ve kesim değeri 99’da APACHE IV %67 sensitivite ve %95 spesifite göstermiştir. %89 sensitivite ve %49 spesifite ile random kan şekeri için en iyi kesim değeri >140 mg/dl idi. %64 sensitivite ve %93 spesifite ile baz açığının en iyi kesim değeri -5.6 idi. %92 sensitivite ve %42 spesifite ile laktat için en iyi kesim değeri >2.6 mmol/L idi. TARTIŞMA: Çoklu-travmalı hastalarda venöz glukoz, serum laktat ve baz açığı kolay ve hızlı biyokimyasal mortalite prediktörleridir. Mortaliteyi öngörmek için bu prediktörler de TRISS ve APACHE IV gibi kullanılabilir. Anahtar sözcükler: APACHE IV; baz açığı; çoklu-travma; TRISS; venöz glukoz. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg 2016;22(1):29–33

doi: 10.5505/tjtes.2015.96832

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ORIGIN A L A R T IC L E

The outcomes of becoming a pediatric burn center in Turkey Can İhsan Öztorun, M.D., Sabri Demir, M.D., Müjdem Nur Azılı, M.D., Atilla Şenaylı, M.D., Ziya Livanelioğlu, M.D., Emrah Şenel, M.D. Department of Pediatric Surgery, Ankara Pediatric Hematology, Oncology Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Burns are one of the most important causes of traumatic death in children worldwide. A pediatric burn center was established in our hospital in August 2009. The aim of this study was to compare patient profiles and data before and after the burn treatment center was established. METHODS: Burn patients were admitted to the pediatric surgery department between January 2005 and August 2009, and there was no intensive care service in this department. Intensive care service has been provided since August 2009 with the burn center established at our hospital. The 316 cases that were followed-up at the pediatric surgery department in the first period were identified as Group I and the 442 cases that were admitted to the burn center in the second period were identified as Group II. The data of the groups were then compared. RESULTS: Mean age of the cases was 5.1 years in Group I and 7.7 years in Group II. The total mean body burn percentage was 16.12% in Group I and 17.54% in Group II. Although scalding burns were the most subtype in both groups, flame burns were 2.13 times, electrical burns 3.44 times, flame+inhalation burns 8.33 times, and burns with an over 40% total burn surface area were 2.41 times more common in Group II than in Group I. The mortality rates were 0% in Group I and 2.26% in Group II. CONCLUSION: Converting to a normal department admitting burn patients in a burn unit format to an actual burn center means more severe cases will be admitted. This requires a patient and attentive process while the burn team struggles with the new patient profile on one hand and has to learn how to overcome with less personal trauma the loss of patients, a feeling it is unfamiliar with, on the other, which is also an actual training process for the entire burn team. Keywords: Burn center; mortality; pediatric burns.

INTRODUCTION Pediatric burns continue to be one of the most important community health problems in developed and developing countries. Burn centers with the necessary physical facilities, technological equipment and trained health care staff to take care of such patients play a critical role in burn treatment. The Turkish Ministry of Health has been trying to establish pediatric burn centers with trained health care staff equipped to intervene in severe burns in our country for the last few years. The Ankara Child Health and Diseases Hematology Address for correspondence: Can İhsan Öztorun, M.D. Ankara Çocuk Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları Hematoloji, Onkoloji Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi, Çocuk Cerrahisi Kliniği, Ankara, Turkey Tel: +90 312 - 596 98 84 E-mail: canoztorun@mynet.com Qucik Response Code

Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg 2016;22(1):34–39 doi: 10.5505/tjtes.2015.46417 Copyright 2016 TJTES

34

and Oncology Training and Research Hospital’s Pediatric Burn center was established in August 2009 within this framework. Burn patients were being hospitalized and treated at the pediatric surgery department previously. The aim of this study was to compare the profiles and results of the cases followed up after admission to the pediatric surgery department or the pediatric burn center.

MATERIALS AND METHODS There were three hundred and sixteen cases hospitalized and treated at the pediatric surgery department between January 2005 and August 2009, whowere included in Group I, and there were four hundred and forty-two cases hospitalized and treated at the burn center between August 2009 and March 2013, who wereincluded in Group II. The data of these seven hundred and fifty-eight children were compared by groups. The data in the hospital automation system, hospitalization records, patient charts, and surgical notes were evaluated for this purpose. The data of the groups were staUlus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg, January 2016, Vol. 22, No. 1


Öztorun et al. The outcomes of becoming a pediatric burn center in Turkey

tistically compared. The Mann-Whitney and Chi-Square tests were used for statistical analysis. A p value 0.05 was accepted statistically significant.

RESULTS A total of three thousand and forty-seven burn cases between the ages of 0 and 18 years presented to our hospital between January 2005 and August 2009 and seven hundred and fiftyeight were hospitalized and treated. The three hundred and sixteen hospitalized Group I patients were treated between January 2005 and August 2009 in the pediatric surgery department and the four hundred and forty-two hospitalized Group II cases were treated between August 2009 and January 2013 in the burn center. The mean age was 5.1 years ± 8.7 SD in Group I and 7.7 years ± 13.2 SD in Group II. There were 448 (59.1%) males and 310 (40.9%) females. The male/ female ratio was 1.44. There was no statistically significant

difference between the groups in terms of age or gender. The distribution of the cases by group is presented in Table 1. The mean number of patients hospitalized per year was 70.22 in Group I and 126.28 in Group II. Referrals from outside Ankara made up 17.1% of Group I patients and 31.2% of Group II patients. Our clinic admits burn patients from many different provinces. A statistically significant difference was present between the groups in terms of patients who were referred from outside the province (p<0.01). An air ambulance was not used for any Group I patient but nineteen (4.2%) Group II cases required this way of transport. None of the Group I cases arrived intubated but there were thirty-two (7.22%) such cases in Group II. A statistically significant difference was present between the groups (p<0.01). The mean presentation time was 9.24 hours in Group I and 24.42 hours in Group II. There was a statistically significant

Table 1. Demographic data by patient group

Group I

Number of patients

Group II

Total

316

442

758

Male

182 (57.59%)

266 (60.18%)

448 (59.10%)

Female

134 (42.40%)

176 (39.81%)

310 (40.89%)

M/F Mean age, (Mean±SD)

1.35 1.51 1.44 5.1±8.7

7.7±13.2

6.6

Table 2. Data of the presentation of the patients by group The mean number of hospitalized patients/year

Mean presentation time (Hours) Number of patients Who were Referred from outside the province (%)

Group I

Group II

Total

70.22

126,28

95.62

9.24

24.22

17.97

54 (17.1%)

138 (31.2%)

192 (25.3%)

Number of patients who arrived by air ambulance

0

19 (4.3%)

19 (2.5%)

Number of patients who arrived Intubated

0

32 (7.2%)

32 (4.2%)

Table 3. Places of origin or referral of the patients by group Place of origin or referral of the patient

Group I

Group II

Total

n % n % n %

Home

197 62.3 84 19 281 37.1

State hospital

81 25.6 220 48.8 301 39.7

Training and research hospital

29

University hospital

7 2.2 35 7.9 42 5.5

Private health institution Total

9.1

91

20.5

120

15.8

2 0.63 12 2.7 14 1.8 316 442 758

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Öztorun et al. The outcomes of becoming a pediatric burn center in Turkey

difference between the groups (p<0.01). Data on the presentation of the patients is provided in Table 2. The majority of Group I patients had come from home while most patients in Group II had been referred from health care institutions. A statistically significant difference was present between the groups (p<0.01). Data on the place of origin/ referral of the patients is presented in Table 3. Scalding burns were most common in both groups but flame burns were 2.13 times, electrical burns 3.44 times, flame+inhalation burns 8.33 times, and burns with a total burn surface area over 40% were 2.41 times more common in Group II compared with Group I. The most common cause of flame burns was a tank explosion at 36.36% in Group I and flammable substances such as cologne and thinner at 78.46% in Group II. The cause of electrical burns was exposure to domestic electrical devices in 100% of the cases in Group I and contact with a high voltage line in 50% of the cases in Group II. The relationship between the groups according to the types/causes of burn is presented in Table 4. A statistically significant difference was present between the groups according to the causes of the burns (p<0.01)

Hot water burns were the most common scalding burns in both groups. However, the hot water burn rate was lower and milk burn rate hwas igher in Group II compared to Group I. A statistically significant difference was present between the groups according to the cause of the scalding burn (p<0.01). The causes of scalding burns by groups are presented in Table 5. The total mean body burn percentage was 16.12% in Group I and 17.54% in Group II. There was a higher percentage of cases with a total burn area of 40% and above in Group II than in Group I. A statistically significant difference was present between the groups according to the burn area percentage (p<0.01). The distribution of cases to the groups by total body burn surface area is presented in Table 6. Mean hospitalization duration was 11.83±13 SD days in Group I and 18.03±10 SD days in Group II. A statistically significant relationship was present between the groups in terms of hospitalization duration (p<0.01). A total of three hundred and fifty-nine (47.3%) cases underwent debridement, 115 (15.1%) cases graft placement with

Table 4. Distribution between the groups according to the type and cause of the burn Cause of the burn

Group I

Group II

Total

n % n % n %

Scalding

278 87.9 342 77.4 620 81

Flame

22 6.9 65 14.7 87 11.2

Electrical

3 0.9 14 3.1 17 2.1

Hot object

6 1.9 5 1.1 11 1.4

Flame-inhalation 2 0.3 11 2.5 13 1.5 Chemical

3 0.9 5 1.13 8 1

Sunburn

2

0,6

0

40% or above

13

4.1

44

0

2

0.2

9.9

57

7.5

Total

316 442 758

Table 5. The distribution of scalding burns according to the causes and groups Hot liquid

36

Group I

Group II

Total

n % n % n %

Water

250 89.9 279 81.4 529 85.3

Milk

13 4.6 38 11.0 51 8.1

Oil

4 1.4 3 0.8 7 1.1

Soup

9 2.8 12 3.4 21 3.3

Other

2 0.7 10 2.9 12 2.5

Total

278

342

620

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Table 6. The distribution of cases to the groups by total body burn surface area TBBS

Group I

Group II

Total

n % n % n %

1–19%

209 66.1 275 62.4 484 64.1

20–39%

94 29.7 123 27.8 217 28.4

40% and above

13

Total

316

4.1

44

9.9

57

442

7.5

758

Table 7. The surgical procedures used and the distribution by group Surgical procedures

Group I

Group II

Total

n % n % n %

Burn debridement

100

31.6

259

58.5

359

47.3

Burn debridement and graft

10

3.1

105

23

115

15.1

Escharotomy and fasciotomy

0

0

9

2.1

9

1.2

Amputation

1 0.3 2 0.4 3 0.4

debridement, 9 (1.18%) cases escharotomy and fasciotomy and 3 (0.39%) cases amputation. A statistically significant difference was present between the groups in terms of the use of surgical procedures (p<0.01). The relationship between the use of surgical procedures and the groups is presented in Table 7.

Mean mortality rate among all of the burn cases that presented to the hospital was 0.32%. The mortality rate was 1.31% in the hospitalized patients. The mortality rate was 0% in Group I and 2.26% in Group II, with a statistically significant difference between the groups (p<0.01). The mortality rates by the cause of burn are presented in Table 8 and the distribution by burn percentage in Table 9.

Table 8. Distribution of mortality according to the cause of the burn Type of burn

Group I / mortality (%)

Group II / mortality (%)

Total mortality (%)

Scalding 0

1.16 0.64

Flame 0

3.07 2.35

Electrical 0

7.14 5.88

Hot object

0

0

Flame-inhalation 0

0

27.27

25

Chemical 0

0

0

Sunburn 0

0

0

Table 9. Relationship of body burn percentage, groups and mortality TBBS

Group I / mortality (%)

Group II / mortality (%)

1–19% 0

Total mortality (%)

0 0

20–39% 0

1.62 0.92

40% and above

0

18.18

Total

0

2.26 1.31

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Öztorun et al. The outcomes of becoming a pediatric burn center in Turkey

DISCUSSION Pediatric burns make up 36–76% of all burn cases.[1] However, most are small burns and are treated on an outpatient basis. About 5% of the burn cases presenting at a health center are severe and require hospital treatment. Hospitalization indications are total burn area (TBA) of >10%; hand, foot, face, perineal burns, electrical burns, and chemical burns. Causes of hospitalization vary but usually consist of fluid, flame and electrical burns.[2,3] Our clinic is an important pediatric burn center accepting patients from many regions of the country as it is located in the capital city of Ankara. The ratio of patients referred from other cities increased from 17.1% to 31.2% after the burn center had become active in August 2009. There were also four patients referred from abroad with three from Syria and one from Afghanistan. Burn cases that were followed-up at the pediatric surgery department between January 2005 and August 2009 and cases followed-up in the pediatric burn center between August 2009 and March 2013 were grouped and compared. The burn center had a total of 8 beds, whereas the pediatric surgery department had reserved 3 beds for these patients in the past. The mean annual number of patients was 70.22 in Group I and 126.28 in Group II. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of gender distribution and mean age. As the number of patients referred to our burn center from outside Ankara increased, the mean presentation time in Group II increased compared to Group I. This increase in presentation time was expected.

clinic from all parts of the country in general to our reference center once the burn center was opened, we expected to see more flame, electrical and inhalation burns in Group II. The main causes of hot liquid burns in our country are accidents due to children aged 1–6 years easily accessing traditional kettles, and accidents during the boiling of milk for cheese and yoghurt production in rural areas as a result of the inappropriate physical environment of the houses of lowincome families.[13] The most common cause was boiled water burns at a rate of 89.92% in Group I and 81.46% in Group II in our study. The most common cause of pediatric burn cases in the literature is boiled water at a rate of 48% to 91%.[1,3,19] Milk burns were more common in Group II than Group I. Flame burns were found to develop mostly due to tank explosions, accidental ignition of gasoline, and children playing with flammable products and burning fires as a game. When the cases were investigated according to the total body burn percentages, the most common type in both groups was a burn area of 1–19%. However, the rate of burns of 40% and above was 2.41 times higher in Group II than in Group I. In conclusion, it was also demonstrated statistically that our clinic received more complicated cases after establishing a pediatric burn center.

The total mean body burn percentage was 16.12% in Group I and 17.54% in Group II with no statistically significant difference between the groups. However, when evaluated in terms of body burn percentage, the rates of burns between 20 and 39% and those of 40% and above were seen twice as high in Group II compared to Group I. The reason is thought to be the increase in the number of beds and the referral of more complicated patients and those on ventilator support after becoming pediatric burn center. The mean hospitalization duration was 11.83±13 days in Group I and 18.03±10 days in Group II. There are studies reporting shorter[4,5] and longer[1,6–8] mean hospitalization durations. The hospitalization duration and surgical intervention rate increased as the total body burn percentage increased.

Mortality in child burns has decreased significantly with developments in burn treatment. The Shriners Burn Institute has reported 50% survival rate in cases with 95% total burn area. [14] Mortality rates of 0.65% to 15.4% have previously been reported and the rate is said to significantly increase in flame burns.[1] A study performed in our country has reported the highest mortality rate among childhood scalding burns as 32.1% with hot milk burns while the rate for all scalding burns was 10.7%. The most common reasons for mortality were acute kidney failure, sepsis, shock and disseminated intravascular coagulation.[2,4–9,11–13,15–18] While the mean mortality rate for all burns was 1.31% in our study, it was 0.64% for scalding burns, 2.35% for flame burns, 5.88% for electrical burns and 25% for flame-inhalation burns. The rate was 18.18% for burns of 40% and above surface area. There was no mortality in Group I while this rate was 2.26% in Group II. Our general mortality rate was lower than reported in the literature but the mortality rates for flame-inhalation burns and for burns with a surface area above 40% were high.

Hot fluids were the most common cause of pediatric burns followed by flame and electrical burns in the literature.[2,5,8–12] Although scalding burns were the most common type in both groups, flame burns were 2.13 times, electrical burns 3.44 times, flame+inhalation burns 8.33 times, and cases with an over 40% total burn surface area were 2.41 times more common in Group II than in Group I in our study. Since severe and complicated pediatric burn cases were referred to our

A study from Iran has reported a mortality rate of 100% for inhalation burns.[14] The increased mortality was related to the complicated cases with burn surface area over 40% that required ventilator support and were referred to our center after the burn center became active. We believe our high mortality rate for inhalation burns is due to our relative inexperience in dealing with these patients although we have sufficient theoretical knowledge.

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Öztorun et al. The outcomes of becoming a pediatric burn center in Turkey

Conclusion A child burn center is the final point in the referral chain of pediatric burn cases. This naturally increases the percentage of admitted flame, inhalation and electrical burn cases with a total burn surface area over 40% that require ventilator support and advanced knowledge and experience. This is also a training process for the burn team, testing its experience and the ability to cope with much more difficult cases than previously treated. Despite better facilities, the seriousness of the new patient profile accepted for treatment inevitably increases the mortality rate.

8. Yongqiang F, Yibing W, Dechang W, Baohua L, Mingqing W, Ran H. Epidemiology of hospitalized burn patients in Shandong Province: 20012005. J Burn Care Res 2007;28:468–73. 9. Kut A, Basaran O, Noyan T, Arda IS, Akgün HS, Haberal M. Epidemiologic analysis of patients with burns presenting to the burn units of a University Hospital Network in Turkey. J Burn Care Res 2006;27:161–9. 10. Türegün M, Sengezer M, Selmanpakoglu N, Celiköz B, Nişanci M. The last 10 years in a burn centre in Ankara, Turkey: an analysis of 5264 cases. Burns 1997;23:584–90. 11. Goldman S, Aharonson-Daniel L, Peleg K; Israel Trauma Group (ITG). Childhood burns in Israel: a 7-year epidemiological review. Burns 2006;32:467–72. 12. Tung KY, Chen ML, Wang HJ, Chen GS, Peck M, Yang J, et al. A sevenyear epidemiology study of 12,381 admitted burn patients in Taiwan-using the Internet registration system of the Childhood Burn Foundation. Burns 2005;31 Suppl 1:12–7.

Conflict of interest: None declared.

REFERENCES 1. Düzgün AP, Senel E, Ozmen MM, Kulaçoğlu H, Işik Y, Coşkun F. The evaluation of the patients admitted to a burn center in Turkey. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg 2003;9:250–6. 2. Kobayashi K, Ikeda H, Higuchi R, Nozaki M, Yamamoto Y, Urabe M, et al. Epidemiological and outcome characteristics of major burns in Tokyo. Burns 2005;31 Suppl 1:3–11. 3. Senel E, Polat AD, Yastı AÇ, Karacan CD. In child burns, basic parameters that effect mortality and the precautions. Türkiye Çocuk Hastalıkları Dergisi 2007;1:18–25. 4. Akerlund E, Huss FR, Sjöberg F. Burns in Sweden: an analysis of 24,538 cases during the period 1987-2004. Burns 2007;33:31–6. 5. Bang RL, Sharma PN, Gang RK, Ghoneim IE, Ebrahim MK. Burn mortality during 1982 to 1997 in Kuwait. Eur J Epidemiol 2000;16:731–9. 6. Sakallioğlu AE, Başaran O, Tarim A, Türk E, Kut A, Haberal M. Burns in Turkish children and adolescents: nine years of experience. Burns 2007;33:46–51. 7. De-Souza DA, Marchesan WG, Greene LJ. Epidemiological data and mortality rate of patients hospitalized with burns in Brazil. Burns 1998;24:433–8.

13. Aldemir M, Kara IH, Girgin S, Güloglu C. Factors affecting mortality and epidemiological data in patients hospitalised with burns in Diyarbakir, Turkey. S Afr J Surg 2005;43:159–62. 14. Karimi H, Montevalian A, Motabar AR, Safari R, Parvas MS, Vasigh M. Epidemiology of paediatric burns in Iran. Ann Burns Fire Disasters 2012;25:115–20. 15. Haberal M, Ugar N, Bayraktar U, Ener Z. Analysis of 1005 burn patients treated in our centre. Ann. Medit. Burns Club 1993;6:2. 16. Thombs BD, Singh VA, Milner SM. Children under 4 years are at greater risk of mortality following acute burn injury: evidence from a national sample of 12,902 pediatric admissions. Shock 2006;26:348–52. 17. Muqim R, Zareen M, Dilbag, Hayat M, Khan Mİ. Epidemiology and outcome of burns at Khyber Teaching Hospital Peshawar. Pak J Med Sci 2007;23:3. 18. Vehmeyer-Heeman M, Tondu T, Van den Kerckhove E, Boeckx W. Application of cerium nitrate-silver sulphadiazine allows for postponement of excision and grafting. Burns 2006;32:60–3. 19. Senel E, Yasti AC, Reis E, Doganay M, Karacan CD, Kama NA. Effects on mortality of changing trends in the management of burned children in Turkey: eight years’ experience. Burns 2009;35:372–7.

ORİJİNAL ÇALIŞMA - ÖZET OLGU SUNUMU

Türkiye’de çocuk yanık merkezi olmanın sonuçları Dr. Can İhsan Öztorun, Dr. Sabri Demir, Dr. Müjdem Nur Azılı, Dr. Atilla Şenaylı, Dr. Ziya Livanelioğlu, Dr. Emrah Şenel Ankara Çocuk Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları Hematoloji, Onkoloji Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi, Çocuk Cerrahisi Kliniği, Ankara

AMAÇ: Hastanemizde çocuk yanık merkezi Ağustos 2009’da kuruldu. Bu çalışmanın amacı, yanık tedavi merkezi kurulmadan önceki ve kurulduktan sonraki hasta profillerini ve verileri karşılaştırmaktır. GEREÇ VE YÖNTEM: Ocak 2005 ile Ağustos 2009 tarihleri arasında yanık hastaları çocuk cerrahisi servisine kabul edilmekteydi ve bu serviste yoğun bakım hizmeti verilmiyordu. Ağustos 2009 tarihinden itibaren hastanemizde kurulan yanık merkezinde ise yoğun bakım hizmeti de verilmeye başlandı. İlk dönemde serviste takip edilen toplam 316 olgu Grup I, ikinci dönemde yanık merkezine kabul edilen toplam 442 olgu ise Grup II olarak tanımlandı ve bu iki grup arasındaki veriler karşılaştırıldı. BULGULAR: Grup I’de olguların yaş ortalaması 5.1 yıl; Grup II’de 7.7 yıldır. Toplam vücut yanık yüzdesi ortalaması Grup I’de %16.12, Grup II’de %17.54 tür. Her iki grupta da en sık haşlanma yanıkları görülmekle birlikte Grup I ile karşılaştırıldığında Grup II’de alev yanıklarının 2.13 kat elektrik yanıklarının 3.44 kat ve alev + inhalasyon yanıklarının 8.33 kat ve toplam yanık yüzey alanının %40’ın üzerinde olduğu olguların 2.41 kat daha fazla oranda görüldüğü tespit edildi. Mortalite oranları Grup I’de %0, Grup II’de ise %2.26 bulundu. TARTIŞMA: Yanık ünitesi formatında hasta kabul edilen bir servisten yanık merkezine dönüş, çok daha ağır olguların kabul edilmesini getirmektedir. Bu ise yanık ekibinin bir yandan bu yeni hasta profili ile mücadele ettiği diğer yandan daha önce hiç karşılaşmadığı hasta kayıplarını daha az travma ile atlatmayı öğrendiği yeni, sabır ve dikkat gerektiren bir süreci getirmektedir. Bu aynı zamanda tüm yanık ekibi için gerçek bir eğitim sürecidir. Anahtar sözcükler: Çocuk yanıkları; mortalite; yanık merkezi. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg 2016;22(1):34–39

doi: 10.5505/tjtes.2015.46417

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ORIGIN A L A R T IC L E

Retromandibular transparotid approach to mandibular subcondylar and high ramus fractures: two-point fixation Cem Aslan, M.D., Mubin Hoşnuter, M.D., Soysal Baş, M.D., Osman Tan, M.D., Dağhan Işık, M.D., Mustafa Durgun, M.D. Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Katip Celebi University Ataturk Training and Research Hospital, İzmir, Turkey

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Although the fractures of the mandibular condylar region are very common, the controversies about the treatment of this area is still ongoing. In recent years, general agreement has emerged that open treatment is more effective than closed approaches for extracapsular condylar fractures. However, this time, the method of surgical approach has become controversial. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the retromandibular transparotid approach for the fixation of subcondylar/high ramus mandible fractures. METHODS: Subcondylar/high ramus mandible fractures were operated via the retromandibular transparotid approach with a twopoint fixation in 24 patients. The patients were evaluated for bleeding during the operation and for hematoma, infection, Frey’s syndrome, salivary fistula, facial nerve damage, occlusion, fracture site stability, chronic pain in the fracture site, hypoesthesia of the ear, and temporomandibular (TME) joint movements in the postoperative period. RESULTS: Only one major complication was encountered in one (4.1%) patient, which was damage to the temporal branch of the facial nerve. CONCLUSION: The retromandibular transparotid approach appears to be a safe and effective method for the internal fixation of extracapsular condylar fractures. Keywords: Condyle; retromandibular; transparotid.

INTRODUCTION Although fractures of the mandibular condylar region occur at a rate of 20–30%,[1] which may be considered high among all mandibular fractures, some controversial issues remain in regard to their treatment.[2] These fractures may be treated through intermaxillary fixation followed by physiotherapy and by intraoral or extraoral surgical incisions; rigid fixation may also be used to treat condylar fractures.[3] Yazarların yeni kurumları: Cem Aslan: İzmir Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Plastik, Rekonstrüktif ve Estetik Cerrahi Kliniği, İzmir; Soysal Baş: Şanlıurfa Mehmet Akif İnan Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi, Plastik, Rekonstrüktif ve Estetik Cerrahi Kliniği, Şanlıurfa.

Address for correspondence: Cem Aslan, M.D. Basın Sitesi Mahallesi, 173. Sokak, No: 3/1, D: 2, İzmir, Turkey Tel: +90 232 - 399 50 50 E-mail: cemsln@yahoo.com Qucik Response Code

Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg 2016;22(1):40–45 doi: 10.5505/tjtes.2015.21774 Copyright 2016 TJTES

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Traditionally, closed methods have been used to treat condylar and subcondylar fractures, but the open-method treatment has recently begun to replace the closed-method treatment due to reasons, such as the lack of achieving an accurate reduction and the occurrence of occlusion problems.[4] Open surgical intervention is superior to closed-method treatments in terms of the appropriate anatomic fixation of the fracture, early mobilization, fracture healing, and normoocclusion and in terms of avoiding some of the latter’s undesirable complications, such as hematoma, infection, salivary fistula, and problems with facial nerves. Additionally, extraoral surgical interventions also result in scars due to the surgical incision.[5] For these reasons, caution is recommended when selecting a method for the treatment of condylar and subcondylar fractures. Open surgical intervention is preferable in cases in which the angulation between the fracture segments is >30° and there is a gap >4 mm between the fracture segments and in cases in which the fracture segments laterally overlap, the mandibular ramus is shortened, or there is no contact between the fracture’s ends. Furthermore, open reduction and internal fixaUlus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg, January 2016, Vol. 22, No. 1


Aslan et al. Retromandibular transparotid approach to mandibular subcondylar and high ramus fractures

tion should be considered in cases of multisegmental inferior mandibular fractures in addition to subcondylar fractures and in maxillary Le Fort fractures requiring the support of the mandibula.[6] The recommended approaches for access to condylar and pericondylar fractures include intraoral, coronal, preauricular, postauricular, endoscopic, endaural, retromandibular, and submandibular approaches and rhytidectomy.[7] Easy access to the fracture segment, potential nerve injury, and the length of the incision scar appear to be the most important factors in determining the surgical approach.[8] The present study evaluated the technical details, efficacy, and outcomes of open reduction and internal reduction, which were performed using the retromandibular transparotid approach for mandibular subcondylar and high ramus fractures.

in cases of more superior fractures or segmental fractures. After passing the cutaneous, subcutaneous, and parotid capsule, the track of the facial nerve branches was identified via a nerve stimulator, and a blunt dissection was performed from both sides of the nerve track through a curved hemostat to access the masseter muscle (Fig. 2). Following the incision of the pterygomasseteric sling, force was exerted on the fracture line by subperiosteal dissection using a periosteal elevator. After having achieved anatomic reduction (Fig. 3), the fracture line was fixated with a short arch-bar combined with a single miniplate (Figs. 4, 5) or two 2-mm titanium miniplates alone (Fig. 6). In cases in which the combination of a single miniplate and arch-bar was used, the arch-bar was removed after two weeks. The pterygomasseteric sling was not restored routinely, but the parotid capsule was restored with 5/0 absorbable sutures in all patients. The sites were not drained, and the skin incisions were covered with 5/0 monofilament sutures.

MATERIALS AND METHODS The present study included twenty-four patients with subcondylar and high mandibular ramus fractures treated through open reduction and internal fixation using the retromandibular transparotid approach in Izmir Ataturk Training and Research Hospital Plastic Surgery Clinic between March 2012 and April 2014. This study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki, and the study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Katip Celebi University (Turkey). The patients were diagnosed by radiological examination after collecting the patient’s medical history and performing physical examination. The radiological examination combines coronal and axial maxillofacial CTs with any of following, as appropriate: an orthopantomogram, lateral cephalogram, or posterior/anterior mandibular radiograph. Nevertheless, plain radiograms were preferred for the postoperative evaluation.

Figure 2. After passing the parotid capsule, the track of the facial nerve branches was identified via a nerve stimulator, and a blunt dissection was performed from both sides of the nerve track through a curved hemostat to access the masseter muscle.

Patients were intubated nasotracheally and operated on under general anesthesia. The operation was initiated with the planned incision at a length of two cm, placed approximately 0.5 cm posterior to the mandibular border from 0.5 cm inferior to the ear lobule (Fig. 1). A two cm incision was sufficient for favorable superior ramus and subcondylar fractures. However, the incision line was extended distally or proximally

Figure 1. Incision plan.

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Figure 3. Anatomic reduction of the fracture line.

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Aslan et al. Retromandibular transparotid approach to mandibular subcondylar and high ramus fractures

Figure 4. Fracture line fixation with miniplate.

Figure 5. Postoperative early (with arch-bars) and late orthopantomogram images of the above patient.

Figure 6. Case example. Left subcondylar fracture was fixed with two miniplates.

After surgery, a four week liquid diet was recommended to the patients. The patients were discharged on first postoperative day and were asked to return for follow-up visits at the end of the first and fourth postoperative weeks and at the end of the third and sixth postoperative months. The patients with arch-bars returned for an additional follow-up at the end of the second postoperative week for the removal of the arch-bar. The patients were evaluated for excessive bleeding during the operation and for hematoma, infection, Frey’s syndrome, salivary fistula, facial nerve damage, occlusion, fracture site stability, chronic pain in the fracture site, hypoesthesia of the ear, and temporomandibular (TME) joint movements in the postoperative period.

RESULTS This study included twenty-four patients aged 18-60 years (mean, 34.57), of whom eight (33.3%) were females and sixteen (66.7%) were males. Eighteen (69.2%) subcondylar 42

and eight (30.7%) high ramus fractures were operated. Two (8.3%) patients were operated on due to bilateral subcondylar fractures. Fourteen (58.3%) patients had no additional mandibular fractures. One (4.1%) patient had a subcondylar fracture as a component of a panfacial fracture. In ten (41.6%) patients, an arch-bar was used in combination with plates and screws for an intermaxillary fixation. Mean duration of patient follow-up was 25.1 weeks (Table 1). No serious bleeding problem was experienced during the operation, which could have resulted from an injury to the intermaxillary artery or the retromandibular vein. In the postoperative period, no hematoma, infection, Frey’s syndrome, chronic pain in the fracture site, hypoesthesia of the ear, or salivary fistula were observed in any patients. Furthermore, the radiological examinations of the patients did not reveal any significant rotation or angulation in the condyle or fracture line, and no additional surgical intervention was performed. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg, January 2016, Vol. 22, No. 1


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Table 1. Description of fractures in twenty-four patients Patient

Side

Associated fractures

Approach

1

Left, subcondyle

ORIF

2

Right, subcondyle

ORIF

3

Left, subcondyle

ORIF

4

Left, subcondyle

Right, mandibular body

ORIF

Left, high ramus

Right, mandibular body

5 6

Left, subcondyle

ORIF

Right, subcondyle

ORIF + Arch-bar

7

Left, subcondyle

ORIF + Arch-bar

8

Right, subcondyle

ORIF

9

Right, subcondyle

ORIF

10

Right, high ramus

ORIF

11

Right, subcondyle

ORIF

12

Left, high ramus

ORIF

13

Right, high ramus

ORIF + Arch-bar

14

Right, high ramus

ORIF + Arch-bar

Left, mandibular body Left, mandibular body

Left, mandibular body

15

Bilateral, subcondyle

ORIF + Arch-bar

16

Bilateral, subcondyle

ORIF + Arch-bar

17

Left, high ramus

ORIF

18

Left, subcondyle

ORIF

Right, mandibular body

19

Left, high ramus

20

Left, subcondyle

Panfacial fracture

ORIF + Arch-bar ORIF

Right, subcondyle

ORIF + Arch-bar

21

Left, subcondyle

22

Right, high ramus

ORIF + Arch-bar

23

Right, subcondyle

ORIF + Arch-bar

24

Left, subcondyle

Any occlusion problem was not observed in the postoperative period and pre-trauma occlusion was achieved in all patients. Complete damage to the facial nerve was not observed in any patients. However, one (4.1%) patient had permanent damage in the temporal branch of the facial nerve. The interincisal distance was measured at the maximal mouth opening and the mandibular movements to the front and to the sides were evaluated to assess the temporomandibular joint movements The mouth openings of the patients were not significantly restricted, and the interincisal distance varied between 37–56 mm (mean 47.08). No restrictions were observed in the mandibular protrusive movement to the front or in the mandibular movement to the sides.

DISCUSSION No golden standard treatment method has been defined for mandibular condylar fractures. Open surgical treatment is the more preferred treatment modality at the present time as many studies have demonstrated that open reduction and internal fixation are superior to closed-method treatments for unfavorable extracapsular fractures.[9,10] Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg, January 2016, Vol. 22, No. 1

Right, mandibular body

ORIF

After open surgical treatment has gained prominence, the method of surgical intervention has also become a topic of discussion. Endoscope-assisted intraoral approaches have substantial advantages for both cosmetic purposes and for preserving the facial nerve. However, the use of this approach is limited by requiring specific equipment, such as an endoscope, and by the length of learning interval.[11] Among the techniques for the extraoral approach, the submandibular, preauricular, and retromandibular approaches are used preferentially.[12] The submandibular approach provides a wide field of vision, but the length of the incision scar is its most important disadvantage.[13] The preauricular approach is generally suitable for intracapsular condylar fractures, and the fracture line must be extended over the inferior of the ear in subcondylar fractures. The retromandibular transparotid approach has significant advantages for accessing subcondylar and high ramus fractures. In this approach, the fracture line may be seen clearly, and if required, the incision may be easily extended over the preauricular region and the mandibular corner. Furthermore, the incision line remains behind the mandibular margin, and 2-cm incisions are sufficient in most cases.[14] Kumaran et al. 43


Aslan et al. Retromandibular transparotid approach to mandibular subcondylar and high ramus fractures

have argued that even a 1-cm incision is sufficient for the fractures of these sites when used with a 1.5 mm plate.[15] To date, very low rates of complication have been reported with the retromandibular transparotid approach.[3,16,17] In the present study, the common complications of surgery, such as hematoma and infection, were not observed in any patient. When considering the retromandibular transparotid approach in terms of complications that may be called method-specific, the primary complications associated with this approach include salivary fistula, Frey’s syndrome, restriction and pain in temporomandibular (TME) movements, hypoesthesia of the ear, and facial nerve injury. Ellis et al.[18] have reported a rate of 2.3% for salivary fistulas in their study. Bindra et al. have reported that they did not observe any salivary fistulas. In the present study, no salivary fistula was observed. In our opinion, a salivary fistula is likely to result from not restoring the parotid capsule. Patients were also followed for Frey’s syndrome, and no cases of Frey’s syndrome were observed in this series, which is consistent with the literature.[3,16] Sverzut et al.[19] have reported that Frey’s syndrome developed in one patient treated with the retromandibular approach. No other study reporting that Frey’s syndrome might occur due to this approach was identified in the literature. Considering the temporomandibular joint movements, the mandibular movements to the front and to the sides at the maximal mouth opening were restricted in the early period; however, there were no significant restricted movements in the patients during the follow-up. None of the patients experienced pain in the temporomandibular region in the advanced period. The mean interincisal distance at the maximal mouth opening was 47.08 mm and remained within normal limits. General acceptance for normal limits is between 40–50 mm.[20] In the present study, one (4.1%) patient had permanent damage to the temporal branch of the facial nerve. In that patient, the operation was performed through a two cm incision; we believe that the main reason of the temporal brunch injury was excessive traction at the superior border of the incision, near the earlobe. As a general rule, main trunk of the facial nerve divides into two main divisions at the posterior border of the ramus of the mandible, an upper (temporofacial) division and a lower (cervicofacial) division. The upper division gives off temporal, zygomatic and buccal branches, whereas the lower division gives off marginal mandibular and cervical branches. [21] But the rules are made to be broken. A lot of studies have shown that branching pattern of the facial nerve is highly variable.[22,23] Indeed, it is our belief that that zygomatic and temporal branches are both injured in that patient. Yet, zygomatic branch injury remained asymptomatic because of the buccal branch interconnections. The reported anastomosis among the zygomatic and buccal branches varies 70% to 100%.[24,25] Since that case, we have been extending the incision approximately 1 cm proximally or distally to avoid over-traction 44

rather than persisting with the 2-cm incision in cases in which it is impossible to adequate exposure of the fracture line. The increase in the incision scar from 2 cm to 3 cm would not be a serious problem in cosmetic terms, but it is clear that facial nerve injury may cause serious problems in both cosmetic and medicolegal aspects. Regardless of the incision length, the retromandibular transparotid approach is very safe in terms of facial nerve injury.[16–18] There were no occlusional defects in any of the patients after the operation. In the retromandibular approach, the fracture line can be accessed with a straight angle, and the force can be exerted on the fracture line in a very clear way. The researchers believe that this facilitates the anatomic fixation of the fracture. For the fixation of the mandibular fractures, a 2-mm double miniplate is generally recommended.[26] Nevertheless, a single plate may be used in cases of more restricted exposure of the subcondylar and ramus regions compared with the other regions to avoid facial nerve damage and if there is a lack of space to place two plates. Yang and Patil[3] argue that subcondylar fractures may also be successfully treated by using a single miniplate. In our clinic, the primary choice for fracture fixation is two 2-mm miniplates with four holes. However, if the second miniplate cannot be properly placed into the fracture line or if excessive traction is applied to the facial nerve branches in particular, an arch-bar in combination with a single miniplate is used for fracture fixation. The arch-bar was removed after two weeks, at which time temporomandibular joint movements were initiated. In this manner, two-point fixation (two plates or a single plate and an IMF) provides a complete reduction in the anterior and posterior planes of the condyle. Conversely, in one-point fixations in which restoration with a single plate is preferred, minimal gaps may be observed at the anterior margin even if the reduction is achieved at the posterior margin of the condyle or ramus. In our opinion, this may result in modifications to the contact surface of the cartilage tissue within the temporomandibular joint, thereby causing degeneration in the long term period. Therefore, complete reduction is required in each plane of the mandible for subcondylar and ramus fractures. Our experience with twenty-four patients suggested that the retromandibular transparotid approach was a safe and effective method. In the present study, no major complications were found, except for damage to the temporal branch of the facial nerve in one patient. We believe that the retromandibular transparotid approach is the most appropriate method for extraoral surgical intervention in subcondylar and high ramus mandibular fractures due to the easy access to the fracture line, ensuring that the scar is located behind the mandible for cosmetic purposes, and a very low complication rate. Additionally, it is our belief that the retromandibular transparotid approach using two-point fixation will reduce the risk of temporomandibular joint degeneration in the following years. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg, January 2016, Vol. 22, No. 1


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Conflict of interest: None declared.

REFERENCES 1. Ellis E 3rd, Moos KF, el-Attar A. Ten years of mandibular fractures: an analysis of 2,137 cases. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1985;59:120–9. 2. Bindra S, Choudhary K, Sharma P, Sheorain A, Sharma CB. Management of mandibular sub condylar and condylar fractures using retromandibular approach and assessment of associated surgical complications. J Maxillofac Oral Surg 2010;9:355–62. 3. Yang L, Patil PM. The retromandibular transparotid approach to mandibular subcondylar fractures. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2012;41:494–9. 4. Oikarinen KS, Raustia AM, Lahti J. Signs and symptoms of TMJ dysfunction in patients with mandibular condyle fractures. Cranio 1991;9:58–62. 5. Lachner J, Clanton JT, Waite PD. Open reduction and internal rigid fixation of subcondylar fractures via an intraoral approach. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1991;71:257–61. 6. Rodriguez ED, Dorafshar AH, Manson PN. Facial fractures. In: Neligan PC, Eduardo D. Rodriguez ED, Losee JE, Van Beek AL, editors. Plastic Surgery. 3th ed. China: Elsevier-Saunders; 2013. p. 49–88. 7. Klatt J, Pohlenz P, Blessmann M, Blake F, Eichhorn W, Schmelzle R, et al. Clinical follow-up examination of surgically treated fractures of the condylar process using the transparotid approach. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2010;68:611–7. 8. Newman L. A clinical evaluation of the long-term outcome of patients treated for bilateral fracture of the mandibular condyles. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1998;36:176–9. 9. Ellis E 3rd, Simon P, Throckmorton GS. Occlusal results after open or closed treatment of fractures of the mandibular condylar process. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2000;58:260–8. 10. Ellis E 3rd, Throckmorton GS, Palmieri C. Open treatment of condylar process fractures: assessment of adequacy of repositioning and maintenance of stability. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2000;58:27–35. 11. Loukota RA. Endoscopically assisted reduction and fixation of condylar neck/base fractures--The learning curve. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2006;44:480–1.

12. Kempers KG, Quinn PD, Silverstein K. Surgical approaches to mandibular condylar fractures: a review. J Craniomaxillofac Trauma 1999;5:25–30. 13. Nam SM, Lee JH, Kim JH. The application of the Risdon approach for mandibular condyle fractures. BMC Surg 2013;13:25. 14. Biglioli F, Colletti G. Mini-retromandibular approach to condylar fractures. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2008;36:378–83. 15. Kumaran S, Thambiah LJ. Analysis of two different surgical approaches for fractures of the mandibular condyle. Indian J Dent Res 2012;23:463–8. 16. Kim BK, Kwon YD, Ohe JY, Choi YH, Choi BJ. Usefulness of the retromandibular transparotid approach for condylar neck and condylar base fractures. J Craniofac Surg 2012;23:712–5. 17. Girotto R, Mancini P, Balercia P. The retromandibular transparotid approach: our clinical experience. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2012;40:78–81. 18. Ellis E 3rd, McFadden D, Simon P, Throckmorton G. Surgical complications with open treatment of mandibular condylar process fractures. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2000;58:950–8. 19. Sverzut CE, Trivellato AE, Serra EC, Ferraz EP, Sverzut AT. Frey’s syndrome after condylar fracture: case report. Braz Dent J 2004;15:159–62. 20. Schendel SA, Thimmappa B. TMJ dysfunction and obstructive sleep apnea. In: Neligan PC, Eduardo D. Rodriguez ED, Losee JE, Van Beek AL, editors. Plastic Surgery. 3th ed. China: Elsevier-Saunders; 2013. p. 89–104. 21. Moore KL, Dalley AF. Head. In: Moore KL, Dalley AF, editors. Clinically Oriented Anatomy. 4th ed. Baltimore: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 1999. p. 849–55. 22. Kwak HH, Park HD, Youn KH, Hu KS, Koh KS, Han SH, et al. Branching patterns of the facial nerve and its communication with the auriculotemporal nerve. Surg Radiol Anat 2004;26:494–500. 23. Yang HM, Yoo YB. Anatomy of the facial nerve at the condylar area: measurement study and clinical implications. ScientificWorldJournal 2014;2014:473568. 24. Gosain AK. Surgical anatomy of the facial nerve. Clin Plast Surg 1995;22:241–51. 25. Bernstein L, Nelson RH. Surgical anatomy of the extraparotid distribution of the facial nerve. Arch Otolaryngol 1984;110:177–83. 26. Choi BH, Kim KN, Kim HJ, Kim MK. Evaluation of condylar neck fracture plating techniques. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 1999;27:109–12.

ORİJİNAL ÇALIŞMA - ÖZET OLGU SUNUMU

Mandibula subkondil ve yüksek ramus kırıklarına retromandibular transparotid yaklaşım: İki nokta fiksasyonu Dr. Cem Aslan, Dr. Mubin Hoşnuter, Dr. Soysal Baş, Dr. Osman Tan, Dr. Dağhan Işık, Dr. Mustafa Durgun Katip Çelebi Üniversitesi Atatürk Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi, Plastik, Rekonstrüktif ve Estetik Cerrahi Kliniği, İzmir

AMAÇ: Mandibula kondil bölgesinin kırıkları çok yaygın görülmesine rağmen bu bölgenin tedavisi üzerinde tartışmalar devam etmektedir. Son yıllarda ekstrakapsüler kondil kırıklarının tedavisinde açık cerrahi yöntemlerin kapalı tedavilere göre daha etkili olduğu yönünde genel bir görüş birliği mevcuttur. Ancak, bu sefer de cerrahi yaklaşım tartışmalı hale gelmiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, retromandibular transparotid yaklaşımın subkondil/ yüksek ramus mandibula kırıklarının onarımındaki etkinliğini test etmektir. GEREÇ VE YÖNTEM: Subkondil/yüksek ramus mandibula kırığı olan 24 hasta retromandibular transparotid yaklaşımla iki nokta fiksasyonu ile ameliyat edildi. Hastalar operasyon sırasında kanama ve operasyon sonrasındaki dönemde ise hematom, enfeksiyon, frey sendromu, tükrük fistülü, fasyal sinir hasarı, oklüzyon, kırık stabilitesi, kırık bölgesinde kronik ağrı, kulakta hissizlik ve temporomandibular eklem hareketleri açısından değerlendirildi. BULGULAR: Sadece bir hastada majör bir komplikasyon olarak, fasyal sinirin temporal dal hasarıyla karşılaşıldı. TARTIŞMA: Retromandibular transparotid yaklaşım ekstrakapsüler kondil kırıklarının internal fiksasyonunda güvenli ve etkili bir yöntem olarak gözükmektedir. Anahtar sözcükler: Kondil; retromandibular; transparotid. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg 2016;22(1):40–45

doi: 10.5505/tjtes.2015.21774

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ORIGIN A L A R T IC L E

An alternative method to free flap for distal leg and foot defects due to electrical burn injury: distally based cross-leg sural flap Cengiz Eser, M.D., Erol Kesiktaş, M.D., Eyüphan Gencel, M.D., Emrah Efe Aslaner, M.D., Metin Yavuz, M.D. Department of Plastic Surgery, Cukurova University Faculty of Medicine, Adana, Turkey

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: High voltage electrical injuries can cause devastating results especially in distal extremities. Although free flaps are the golden standards for the reconstruction of these defects, sometimes local flap alternatives are more useful. One of the most favorable local flap is distally based sural flap (DBSF), which can be used in cross-leg fashion when ipsilateral extremity is affected by a high voltage electrical injury. The purpose of this study was to evaluate long term results of eleven patients who underwent a reconstruction to the lower extremity with cross-leg DBSF due to high voltage electrical burn injury between the years of 2003–2013. METHODS: Eleven patients suffering from high voltage electrical injury from 2003 to 2013 were evaluated retrospectively. All patients were male and had deep 2nd and 3rd degree electrical burns on many parts of their bodies, including their lower legs and feet. Seven of the defects were located on the right limb and four of them on the left. Defects were located in the ankle area in five patients, dorsum of the foot in four patients, achilles area in one patient, and the plantar region in one patient. RESULTS: The adaptation of flaps to the recipient site, colour, and quality were all acceptable. CONCLUSION: As an alternative to free flaps, the cross-leg DBSF has good tissue compliance, provides tissue of adequate quantity and quality, and has low complication rates in the long term in high voltage electrical injuries of the leg and foot. Keywords: Distally-based sural flap; free flap; high-voltage electrical injury.

INTRODUCTION Complex skin and soft tissue defect reconstruction of the lower third of the leg and foot is still a challenging problem due to insufficient donor area of local flap alternatives.[1–5] The most common causes of leg and foot defects are electrical burns, non-healing skin wounds, chronic venous ulcers, traffic accidents, and explosive injuries.[6,7] High voltage (>1000 volts) electrical injuries can result in mortality, and limb amputation is reported at a rate of up to 40%.[8–10] Free tissue transfers are considered the first option for the Address for correspondence: Cengiz Eser, M.D. Çukurova Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Plastik Cerrahi Anabilim Dalı, 01330 Adana, Turkey Tel: +90 322 - 338 60 60 / 3226 E-mail: cengizeser01@gmail.com Qucik Response Code

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reconstruction of distal lower extremity defects.[11,12] Electrical injury and vascular problems are relative contraindications for using free flaps in the injured limb. In this instance, the problem can be overcomed by using cross-leg flaps.[13–16] Additionally, after a free flap failure, cross-leg flaps can help repair any remaining defects.[17] One of the most useful alternatives to free tissue transfers in the lower leg is the cross-leg distally based sural flap (DBSF). Some of the many advantages of DBSF include easy elevation; providing enough tissue for many defects in lower extremities; quick application without requiring microsurgical techniques; and sparing not only the major vessels, but also the muscles of the lower leg.[4,18] This flap has a reliable pedicle vascularity and surface availability for covering distal lower extremity defects and can easily be used in cross-leg fashion.[14] In this article, we present our distal leg and foot defect reconstruction with cross-leg DBSF in high voltage electrical burns as a free flap alternative. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the results of cross-leg DBSF for covering lower leg and foot defects in high voltage electrical trauma patients. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg, January 2016, Vol. 22, No. 1


Eser et al. Cross-leg sural flap

MATERIALS AND METHODS Eleven patients suffering from high voltage electrical injury from 2003 to 2013 were evaluated retrospectively. All patients were male and had deep 2nd and 3rd degree electrical burns on many parts of their bodies, including their lower legs and feet. Patient age ranged between 19 and 44 years (mean, 30.5). Seven of the defects were located on the right limb and four of them on the left. After multiple and early debridements (average of two per patient), the size of the defects ranged from 8x7 cm to 13x11 cm (mean, 9.9x8.9) and flap sizes with skin pedicle were 7x19 cm to 13x25 cm (mean, 10.45x23). Serial debridements were done under general anesthesia until healthy tissue was seen. Vital structures such as nerves, tendons, bones, and major vessels were minimally or not debrided if they were structurally intact. Defects were located in the ankle area in five patients, dorsum of the foot in four patients, achilles area in one patient, and the plantar region in one patient. We planned a classical cutaneous pedicled DBSF for repairing

(a)

(b)

distal leg and foot defects in cross-leg fashion with a twostaged operative procedure (Figs 1a-d and 2a-c). The period of flap adaptation to the recipient site was 21 days and no patients had a previous delay procedure. All patients had a vascular and/or donor area problem (due to high voltage electrical contact) in the affected lower extremity. The general condition of these patients meant that a long operative procedure was not appropriate and vascular damage due to high voltage electrical contact made a free flap application too risky. All of the operations were performed by the same team. Patients’ follow-up period was up to ten years. The characteristics of all patients were specified in Table 1.

First Operation Under general anesthesia, defects were debrided surgically until bleeding and viable tissue was exposed. Patient was placed in prone position and the DBSF was harvested in a subfascial plane in a rectangular shape to maintain the continuity of its own skin paddle. The axis of the flap was directed from the mid-popliteal line to the calcaneus. The sural nerve and lesser saphenous vein were included in DBSF. The size of

(c)

(d)

Figure 1. (a) High voltage electrical injury over the right ankle. (b) 21 days after 1st operation, lateral view. (c) 1 month after 2nd operation, anterior view. (d) 1 year after 2nd operation, anterior view.

(a)

(b)

(c)

Figure 2. (a) High voltage electrical injury after debridement on left ankle joint and right dorsum of the foot. (b) One month after 2nd operation. (c) Ten years after 2nd operation.

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48

None

None

None

None

9x24

10x24

11x22

11x24

Bone, tendon

Bone, tendon

2

3 10x9

Right 11x10 High voltage electrical burn

High voltage electrical burn Ankle

Male

None of the patients experienced total flap loss. Neither have they had any early or late thrombotic or joint problem after the present study. The adaptation of flaps to the recipient site, their colour, and quality were all acceptable. We saw an early stage venous insufficiency related to pedicle distortion in DBSF in patient 4, but changing extremity position solved this problem. We saw a 30% distal flap necrosis in patient 2. The necrosis was debrided and the pedicle extended via attentive dissection of its base and the legs were sutured Popliteal crease

Distally based sural flap incisions Sural nerve Lesser saphenous vein 5–7 cm

44

20

RESULTS

Male

Dorsum of foot

Right

Bone, tendon, vessel

Bone 2

3 High voltage electrical burn

Left 9x8

10x10

High voltage electrical burn Ankle

Male 32

31

Male

Dorsum of foot

Right

None

None

10x25

11x23

Bone, tendon 3

1

10x9

10x10

High voltage electrical burn

High voltage electrical burn Plantar region

Male 27

28

Male

Dorsum of foot

Right

Tendon, vessel

None

Right

We did not use any antithrombotic agent for flap viability after any stage of the operations. All patients had swab cultures and, if needed, culture specific antibiotherapy were administered.

12x15

10

11

9

8

6

7

insufficiency

13x25 Tendon, vessel 2

Pedicles were cut 21 days after 1st stage and distal part of DBSF was completely sutured to the original defect under general anesthesia. The remaining part of the skin pedicle returned to its original location on the cross-leg, resulting in only a granulated defect in the donor proximal posterior calf. This defect was closed with a split thickness skin graft.

High voltage electrical burn

Right

Second Operation

Ankle Male 36

DBSF was determined based on what was needed to cover the defect on the cross leg. Pedicle base of the DBSF was preserved 5–7 cm above the lateral malleolus and the base width of the flap was between medial and lateral malleoli as described in the literature[6,13,19] (Fig. 3). Then, the distal part of the neurofasciocutaneous DBSF was sutured onto the crossleg defect. The donor area of the DBSF and raw surface of skin paddle were covered with medical dressing (Epigard™; Medisave Medical Products, Wiesbaden, Germany). Both legs were fixed with elastic bandages at the end of the first operation. None of the patients applied external fixation device.

Medial malleolus

5

None

Temporary venous

7x19

13x23 Bone, tendon,

Tendon 1

1 Left

7x5

12x8

High voltage electrical burn

High voltage electrical burn Ankle

Male 19

42 4

3

Male

Achilles area

Right

None

30% of total flap

9x23

11x21 Bone, tendon

Tendon, vessel 2

2 Left High voltage electrical burn

Left 8x7

10x7

High voltage electrical burn Ankle

Dorsum of foot Male

Male 34

23 2

1

Patient Age Sex Defect Cause of injury localization

Table 1. Patient characteristics

Defect Affected size limb (cm)

Number Exposed of structure debridements

Flap sizes with cutaneous pedicle (cm)

Flap necrosis

Eser et al. Cross-leg sural flap

Lateral malleolus

Figure 3. Schematic diagram of distally based sural flap. Dotted lines not included in flap.

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in approximation to each other. We observed numbness on the dorsum of the foot in all patients, but no one developed a disability in his or her foot. Patients were followed up from one year to ten years.

DISCUSSION Complex lower leg injuries include exposure of vital structures such as major vessels, tendons and bones, and may lead to limb amputation and shortening.[20] Reconstruction of lower leg defects is difficult for plastic surgeons due to few available local flap options in this area.[1,13,19–21] One of the most common causes of complex lower leg and foot defect in industrialized society is high voltage (>1000 volts) electrical injury.[22–24] In high voltage electrical burns, the electrical source contact area (entry and exit points of body) determines the severity of the lesion. The ankle is a narrow and resistant area for electrical current in the lower leg and tissue damage is likely to be extensive in this region.[8] An electrical injury should be debrided and covered with vascularized tissue immediately. Doing so provides the best chance to preserve vital structures and function of the limb. [10,11,17] Therefore, free flap is the gold standard for the reconstruction of distal lower leg defects. It provides a way to cover the defect in all three dimensions in a single procedure. However, free flaps can also be associated with difficulties, such as sacrificing major vessels, prolonged operation time, and donor area problems, and it requires advanced surgical experience and special equipment. Finally, it is contraindicated in the case of electrical injuries because of the risk of vascular thrombosis.[14] Posterior crural based local flaps can be used in the lower leg defect repairs when microsurgery is not considered.[13,25] One of the most useful crural based flaps is DBSF. It has been used for the reconstruction of the distal portion of lower leg and feet defects since its original description by Masquelet et al.[26] Basically, DBSF’s blood supply comes from peroneal perforators and small extrinsic vessels around the sural nerve and some branches of the lesser saphenous vein.[4,6,19,27] DBSF is a helpful option in many operative theatres, as it doesn’t require microsurgical experience and the total operation time is no more than is required for a free flap procedure.[4,6,28] Additionally, it is based on neurovascular and perforator vessels. Thus, using a DBSF does not affect any muscle or major vessel in the lower extremity. Limb amputation is a catastrophic consequence of a burn injury. In the case of a high voltage electric injury, the amputation rate reported in the literature ranges from 10% to 68%. [22,24] Defect closure in the distal leg and foot prevents amputation and saves function of lower extremities. Insufficient donor area for a local flap or serious vascular problems in the injured extremity leads us to use historical cross-leg flaps.[13,14,16,18] Since cross-leg flaps were introduced by Hamilton in 1854, a lot of techniques have been developed Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg, January 2016, Vol. 22, No. 1

and introduced.[18,28,29] DBSF also can be used as cross-leg fashion due to its reliable pedicle length. Tounam et al.[2] and Aoki S. et al.[30] have concluded that DBSF can be harvested without the sural nerve in order to prevent disability from sural nerve loss. We believe that incorporating the sural nerve into the cross-leg DBSF provides a reliable circulation into it, but also will cause loss of feeling in dorsolateral foot. Interestingly, patients tolerated that very easily and no one complained about a disability in their cross-foot. However, harming a healthy leg sense is a disadvantage of cross-leg DBSF, which may be the result of neuropathy caused by electrical injury as Yildirim et al. have discussed.[1] In our study, patients had varying degrees of anatomical damage on their anterior tibial or dorsalis pedis vessels due to electrical burn. There was also increased thrombosis risk in the affected extremity vessels, and the affected foot had decreased blood supply. For these reasons, we thought that using a free flap would be risky in such patients. Using a crossleg DBSF, which is prepared away from the damaged area, was a reliable option on an electrically injured leg. Additionally, large sizes of the skin and soft tissue defects tends to discourage us from using a pedicled flap from such extremity. Thus, cross-harvested local flaps could be prepared in maximum sizes and applied. In this situation, another reconstructive option could be a cross-leg free flap. But in such procedure, patients would also have to go through a difficult postoperative position for 3 weeks on top of free flap’s own risks. The sizes of the sural flap have been evaluated in several studies and ranged from approximately 3x3[2,13,30] cm to 17x16[31] cm. Our mean flap size was 10.5x23 cm with classical skin pedicle on the base. After the second operation, the remaining part of each pedicle turned back to its previous harvested area. We chose a skin paddle owing to reliable pedicle vascularity without a delay procedure. A meta-analysis of 50 articles, Follmar et al.[6] have shown that in a total of 720 conventional DBSF, complete necrosis occurred in 24 cases (3.3%) and partial necrosis in 76 cases (10.5%). We saw only one (9.1%) partial necrosis (patient 2) in our study, which may show that cross-leg DBSF doesn’t increase the degree of flap necrosis due to excess rotation of pedicle or stretching it. In the present study, the necrosis was excised and the pedicle extended via more dissection of its base and the legs were sutured in approximation to each other. Additionally, we saw some early stage venous insufficiency (patient 4) related to pedicle distortion in DBSF of patient 4, but changing extremity positions solved this problem. In a study by Benacquista et al.,[17] 413 free flaps were transferred to lower extremities and they found that 10% of flaps failed partially or totally. After flap failure, if possible, local and distant flaps or grafts can be used for preserving the defect. Hence, after a free flap failure in the lower extremity, 49


Eser et al. Cross-leg sural flap

cross-leg DBSF may prove to be an extremity-saving option. Li et al.[3] have concluded that lowering the pivot point of DBSF can be useful for very distal foot defects. Another solution for this problem is using a cross-leg DBSF. Cross-leg DBSF can reach the distal foot by giving a proper position to the legs. Lu et al.[16] and Atiyeh et al.[18] have concluded that cross-leg flaps are less technically demanding and the probability of reexploration is lower than in free flaps. Chen et al.[5] showed that among 1142 free flap procedure, 113 (9.9%) of them had to be reexplored. Free flap operations also require sophisticated and expensive equipment. Even though cross-leg DBSF is two staged, it tends to be a cheaper procedure than a free flap treatment in distal leg lesions. Possible indications of cross-leg DBSF are; 1. Presence of ipsilateral vascular (especially perforators), skin, or soft tissue trauma in the region proximal to the lesion due to electrical burn or secondary morbid conditions (falling, fractures etc.). 2. Insufficient surgical experience or equipment for a free flap procedure. 3. Very distal foot defects. 4. Undesirable factors such as long operative time or comorbid disorders according to patient’s impaired general condition. 5. One or more free flap failures. There are two basic difficulties when using cross-leg DBSF. One is the two-staged procedure and the other is the postoperative patient position.[18,32] Even though awkward posture is considered intolerable, many patients can indeed tolerate this position for some weeks. Possibility of thrombotic events or joint problems due to relative immobility seems to be an important morbidity, but no patient had a thrombotic or joint problem after this study. In conclusion, cross-leg DBSF is a reliable, easily elevated, cost effective flap. Thus, it can be applied in many operative theatres. It has good tissue compliance, provides tissue of adequate quantity and quality for leg and foot defects, and has low complication rates. DBSF is a good alternative method to free flap in high voltage electrical injuries of the lower legs. Conflict of interest: None declared.

3. Li Y, Xu J, Zhang XZ. Lowering the pivot point of sural neurofasciocutaneous flaps to reconstruct deep electrical burn wounds in the distal foot. Burns 2013;39:808–13. 4. Gill NA, Hameed A. The sural compendium: reconstruction of complex soft-tissue defects of leg and foot by utilizing the posterior calf tissue. Ann Plast Surg 2012;69:203–8. 5. Chen KT, Mardini S, Chuang DC, Lin CH, Cheng MH, Lin YT, et al. Timing of presentation of the first signs of vascular compromise dictates the salvage outcome of free flap transfers. Plast Reconstr Surg 2007;120:187–95. 6. Follmar KE, Baccarani A, Baumeister SP, Levin LS, Erdmann D. The distally based sural flap. Plast Reconstr Surg 2007;119:138–48. 7. Jaffe DH, Peleg K; Israel Trauma Group. Terror explosive injuries: a comparison of children, adolescents, and adults. Ann Surg 2010;251:138–43. 8. Dalay C, Kesiktas E, Yavuz M, Ozerdem G, Acarturk S. Coverage of scalp defects following contact electrical burns to the head: a clinical series. Burns 2006;32:201–7. 9. Kesiktas E, Yavuz M, Gencel E, Dalay C, Acartürk S. Use of cross-leg latissimus dorsi free flap for repair of extensive lower leg electrical injury in a child. Burns 2006;32:507–10. 10. McCauley RL, Barret JP. Electrical injuries. In: Achauer BM, Eriksson E, editors. Plastic surgery indications,operations, and outcomes. 1st ed., Philedelphia: Mosby; 2000. p. 375. 11. Fischer JP, Wink JD, Nelson JA, Cleveland E, Grover R, Wu LC, et al. A retrospective review of outcomes and flap selection in free tissue transfers for complex lower extremity reconstruction. J Reconstr Microsurg 2013;29:407–16. 12. Heller L, Levin LS. Lower extremity microsurgical reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg 2001;108:1029–42. 13. Basile A, Stopponi M, Loreti A, Minniti de Simeonibus AU. Heel coverage using a distally based sural artery fasciocutaneous cross-leg flap: report of a small series. J Foot Ankle Surg 2008;47:112–7. 14. Bhattacharya V, Reddy GR. Retrograde perforator-based cross-leg fasciocutaneous flaps for distal leg and foot defects. Plast Reconstr Surg 2006;117:1662–4. 15. Hamdi MF, Kalti O, Khelifi A. Experience with the distally based sural flap: a review of 25 cases. J Foot Ankle Surg 2012;51:627–31. 16. Lu L, Liu A, Zhu L, Zhang J, Zhu X, Jiang H. Cross-leg flaps: our preferred alternative to free flaps in the treatment of complex traumatic lower extremity wounds. J Am Coll Surg 2013;217:461–71. 17. Benacquista T, Kasabian AK, Karp NS. The fate of lower extremities with failed free flaps. Plast Reconstr Surg 1996;98:834–42. 18. Atiyeh BS, Al-Amm CA, El-Musa KA, Sawwaf AW, Musharafieh RS. Distally based sural fasciocutaneous cross-leg flap: a new application of an old procedure. Plast Reconstr Surg 2003;111:1470–4. 19. Almeida MF, da Costa PR, Okawa RY. Reverse-flow island sural flap. Plast Reconstr Surg 2002;109:583–91. 20. Spyropoulou A, Jeng SF. Microsurgical coverage reconstruction in upper and lower extremities. Semin Plast Surg 2010;24:34–42.

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21. Chang SM, Wang X, Huang YG, Zhu XZ, Tao YL, Zhang YQ. Distally based perforator propeller sural flap for foot and ankle reconstruction: a modified flap dissection technique. Ann Plast Surg 2014;72:340–5.

1. Yildirim S, Akan M, Gideroglu K, Aköz T. Distally-based neurofasciocutaneous flaps in electrical burns. Burns 2002;28:379–85.

22. Hsueh YY, Chen CL, Pan SC. Analysis of factors influencing limb amputation in high-voltage electrically injured patients. Burns 2011;37:673–7.

2. Touam C, Rostoucher P, Bhatia A, Oberlin C. Comparative study of two series of distally based fasciocutaneous flaps for coverage of the lower one-fourth of the leg, the ankle, and the foot. Plast Reconstr Surg 2001;107:383–92.

23. Stefanacci HA, Vandevender DK, Gamelli RL. The use of free tissue transfers in acute thermal and electrical extremity injuries. J Trauma 2003;55:707–12.

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24. Tarim A, Ezer A. Electrical burn is still a major risk factor for amputa-

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Eser et al. Cross-leg sural flap tions. Burns 2013;39:354–7. 25. Kneser U, Brockmann S, Leffler M, Haeberle L, Beier JP, Dragu A, et al. Comparison between distally based peroneus brevis and sural flaps for reconstruction of foot, ankle and distal lower leg: an analysis of donor-site morbidity and clinical outcome. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2011;64:656–62. 26. Masquelet AC, Romana MC, Wolf G. Skin island flaps supplied by the vascular axis of the sensitive superficial nerves: anatomic study and clinical experience in the leg. Plast Reconstr Surg 1992;89:1115–21. 27. Francesco G, Kolker D, Michael HR. Modified reverse sural artery flap with improved venous outflow in lower-leg reconstruction. Ann Plast Surg 2007;59:563–5.

28. Gözü A, Ozyiğit T, Ozsoy Z. Use of distally pedicled sural fasciocutaneous cross-leg flap in severe foot and ankle trauma: a safe alternative to microsurgery in very young children. Ann Plast Surg 2005;55:374–7. 29. Quarmby CJ, Skoll PJ. The distally based, cross-leg, sural artery island flap. Plast Reconstr Surg 2001;108:798–9. 30. Aoki S, Tanuma K, Iwakiri I, Mizuno H, Ogawa R, Ozawa H, et al. Clinical and vascular anatomical study of distally based sural flap. Ann Plast Surg 2008;61:73–8. 31. Ayyappan T, Chadha A. Super sural neurofasciocutaneous flaps in acute traumatic heel reconstructions. Plast Reconstr Surg 2002;109:2307–13. 32. Long CD, Granick MS, Solomon MP. The cross-leg flap revisited. Ann Plast Surg 1993;30:560–3.

ORİJİNAL ÇALIŞMA - ÖZET OLGU SUNUMU

Elektrik yanığına bağlı distal alt ekstremite ve ayak defektleri onarımında serbest flebe alternatif bir metod: Karşı ekstremite beslemeli distal bazlı sural flep Dr. Cengiz Eser, Dr. Erol Kesiktaş, Dr. Eyüphan Gencel, Dr. Emrah Efe Aslaner, Dr. Metin Yavuz Çukurova Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Plastik Cerrahi Anabilim Dalı, Adana

AMAÇ: Yüksek voltajlı elektrik yanıkları özellikle ekstremite distallerinde çok ciddi hasarlara neden olabilir. Her ne kadar distal alt ekstremite onarımlarında serbest flepler altın standart olsa da bazı durumlarda lokal flep uygulamaları daha avantajlı olabilir. Lokal flep seçeneklerinden sık kullanılanlardan biri distal bazlı sural fleptir (DBSF). Distal bazlı sural flep, aynı ekstremitenin yüksek voltajlı elektrik yanığından ciddi derecede etkilendiği durumlarda karşı bacaktan beslemeli şekilde uygulanabilir. Bu çalışmada 2003 ile 2013 yılları arasında distal alt ekstremielerinde yüksek voltajlı elektrik yanığı oluşan ve karşı ekstremiteden hazırlanan DBSF ile rekonstrükte edilen 11 hasta ve uzun dönem sonuçları değerlendirildi. GEREÇ VE YÖNTEM: Geriye dönük olarak 2003’ten 2013’e kadar ki sürede, yüksek voltajlı elektrik yaralanmalarından zarar gören 11 hasta incelenmiştir. Tüm hastalar erkekti. Alt bacak ve ayakları da dahil vücutlarının birçok kısmında ikinci ve üçüncü dereceden elektrik yanıklar vardı. Yaraların yedisi sağ kolda ve dördü solda idi. Yaralar, beş hastanın ayak bileği kısmında, dört hastanın ayak sırtında, bir hastanın aşilinde ve bir hastanın da ayak tabanında idi. BULGULAR: Tüm fleplerde adaptasyon, renk ve doku uyumu kabul edilebilir seviyelerdeydi. TARTIŞMA: Yüksek voltajlı elektrik yanıklarına bağlı alt bacak ve ayak defektlerinde serbest fleplere alternatif olarak kullanılan karşı ekstremite beslemeli DBSF, doku uyumu iyi, yeterli kalite ve kantiteye sahip, uzun dönem komplikasyon oranı düşük, kullanışlı bir fleptir. Anahtar sözcükler: Distal bazlı sural flep; serbest flep; yüksek voltajlı elektrik yanığı. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg 2016;22(1):46–51

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ORIGIN A L A R T IC L E

Surgical treatment of distal tibia fractures: open versus MIPO Deniz Gülabi, M.D.,1 Halil İbrahim Bekler, M.D.,1 Fevzi Sağlam, M.D.,1 Zeki Taşdemir, M.D.,1 Gültekin Sıtkı Çeçen, M.D.,1 Nurzat Elmalı, M.D.2 1

Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Dr. Lütfi Kırdar Kartal Training and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey

2

Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Bezmiâlem Vakif University Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Treatment of the distal tibial fractures are challenging due to the limited soft tissue, subcutaneous location and poor vascularity. In this control-matched study, it was aimed to compare the traditional open reduction and internal fixation with minimal invasive plating (MIPO). We hypothesized that superior results may be achieved with MIPO technique. METHODS: 22 patients treated with traditional open reduction and internal fixation were matched with 22 patients treated with closed reduction and MIPO on the basis of age (±3), gender, and fracture pattern (AO classification). Evaluation was assed according to the wound problems, the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle surgery (AOFAS) scoring, radiological union, malunion, delayed union, hospitalisation time, time from injury to surgery, and operation time. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in the distribution of AO/OTA classification, age, gender, AOFAS score, time from injury to operation, follow-up, bone union time, delayed union, malunion and infection (p>0.05). The operation time was significantly longer in the open group than in the MIPO group: 69.59±7.21 min. for the ORIF, and 61.14±5.61 for the MIPO group (p<0.01).The hospitalisation time was significantly longer in the open group than in the MIPO group: 7.64±4.71 days for the MIPO, and 10.18±4.32 days for the ORIF group (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: MIPO technique can be beneficial for the treatment of distal tibia AO/OTA A and B type fractures with reduced hospital stay, cost-effectiveness, and infection rate. Keywords: Distal tibia; fracture; malunion; MIPO.

INTRODUCTION Distal tibia fractures are a common result of traffic accidents and fall injuries.[1] The treatment of distal tibial fractures is challenging due to the limited soft tissue, subcutaneous location and poor vascularity.[2,3] Fracture pattern (proximity of the fracture to the plafond, comminution), soft tissue injury, and bone quality critically influence the selection of the fixation technique.[4] A variety of treatments may be used, including external fixation, intramedullary nailing, and plate fixation.[1,5] Address for correspondence: Fevzi Sağlam, M.D. Dr. Lütfi Kırdar Kartal Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi, Ortopedi ve Travmatoloji Kliniği, Kartal, İstanbul, Turkey Tel: +90 216 - 441 39 00 E-mail: fvzisaglam@hotmail.com Qucik Response Code

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Traditonal open reduction and internal plate fixation (ORIF) achieves an acceptable reduction and rigid fixation, but requires extensive soft tissue dissection and periosteal stripping, and these factors inrease the rates of complications, including infection, delayed union and nonunions.[6,7] Minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis techniques has been developed in recent years,[1] with high union rates.[8] This technique aims to reduce surgical trauma and maintain a more biologically favorable environment for fracture healing. However, complications, such as angular deformities, hardware failure, and nonunions have been reported.[9–11] In this control-matched study, it was aimed to compare traditional open reduction and internal fixation with minimal invasive plating (MIPO). We hypothesized that superior results may be achieved with the MIPO technique.

MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was undertaken at the department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology at Kartal Training and Research HospiUlus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg, January 2016, Vol. 22, No. 1


Gülabi et al. Surgical treatment of distal tibia fractures: open versus MIPO

tal, and was approved by the Local Ethical Committees, dated and numbered 11.02.2014- 89513307/1009/255, of the same hospital. All patients signed an informed consent statement. From January 2008 to May 2011, ninety-two cases of distal tibia fractures were operated according to the medical record charts. Inclusion criteria of the study were distal tibia metadiaphyseal fractures, closed or Gustillo-Anderson grade 1 open fractures, and skeletally mature patients. The fractures were classified according to the Orthopaedic Trauma Association[12] classification. Ten patients were excluded since they had ipsilateral fractures, five patients were excluded due to pathological fractures, five patients were excluded due to lack of follow-up, eight patients with open fractures according to Gustilo and Anderson type II or type III[13] and four patients with a displaced intraarticular fragment were also excluded. Among them, thirty-two patients were treated by MIPO and 28 by ORIF. Twenty-two patients treated with traditional open reduction and internal fixation were matched with 22 patients treated with closed reduction and MIPO on the basis of age (±3), gender, and fracture pattern (AO classification). All patients were operated on with locking compression plates. Anteroposterior and lateral radiographs of the involved limb were used to determine fracture pattern. All the operations were performed by the same AO certificated trauma surgeon (HIB). All patients’ involved leg was immobilised by above knee Paris-plaster splint before surgery. Ice and mannitol (IV 250 mg daily) were used preoperatively to decrease swelling. The operations were carried out when the skin appeared wrinkled.

Surgical Procedure All the patients underwent operation on a standart radiolucent table in supine position. A tourniquet was used in both groups. In both groups, cefazoline 1000 mg was used as prophylaxis 30 minutes prior to surgery and continued (1 gr every eight hours) for 24 hours after surgery. In traditional

(a)

(b)

(c)

open surgery, classic anteromedial exposure was used, the reduction was made under vision, and then locking compression plate was fixed with screws. At least 4 screws were preferred at both sides of the fracture. All plates were placed on the medial surface of the tibia. If the fracture line was oblique or spiral, one or two cortical screws were used as lag screws. Fixation of fibula fractures used to be considered unnecessary unless associated with syndesmotic instability, which was tested after tibial fixation (Figs. 1a-d). In MIPO technique, closed reduction was made under fluoroscopic image. The reduction was achieved by ligamentotaxis with manual traction by a junior assistant and also weber clamp could be used for the assitance of reduction. A 3 cm anteromedial incision was made from 1 cm proximal to the tip of medial maleol to the distal, the great saphaneous vein was protected and the appropiate plate was advanced upward subcutaneously without disturbing the periost. The plate was selected based on its length with the aid of fluoroscopy. There had to be at least three holes on both sides of the fracture site. Afterwards, a proximal incision about 2 holes long was made to expose the upper part of the plate, and the plate was positioned as needed. Once the clarification of the fracture reduction and plate position was accomplished, the screws were driven in with the assistance of fluoroscopy (Figs. 2a-d).

Postoperative Management No drain was used in either group. After ORIF, the tourniqyet was deflated and bleeding control was made under careful attention. Both groups received same postoperative care. Active knee and ankle joint motion was allowed as soon as possible. When the postoperative swelling was diminished, all patients were encouraged to mobilise without weight bearing with two crutches. Progressive weight bearing was allowed once there was radiographic evidence of callus formation and also clinical union. Clinical union was defined as pain- free full weight-bearing, and the patients progressed to full weight

(d)

Figure 1. 33 years old female, injuried her right tibia after a traffic accident. She was operated with ORIF at 10 days post-injury. (a) Preoperative anteroposterior radiograph of the injuried tibia, (b) preoperative lateral radiograph of the injuried tibia (c) postoperative anteroposterior radiograph of the tibia at 18 months follow-up. Bony union was achieved. (d) Posopertative lateral radiograph of the tibia at 18 months follow-up.

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(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Figure 2. A 22 years old male was involved in a traffic accident sustained a closed right distal tibia fracture. The surgery was performed 9 days post-injury with MIPO technique. (a) Preoperative anteroposterior radiograph of the injuried tibia, (b) preoperative lateral radiograph of the injuried tibia (c) postoperative anteroposterior radiograph of the tibia at two years follow-up. Bony union was achieved. (d) Posopertative lateral radiograph of the tibia at two years follow-up.

bearing after bone union. Radiographic union was defined as the presence of callus in three of the four cortices as seen on antero-posterior and lateral radiographs. Radiographs were assessed by a trained reviewer not involved in the patients’ care. Malunion was defined as more than five degrees of angular or rotational deformity. Delayed union was defined as lack of union at 24–26 weeks, and nonunion was defined as lack of healing at >9 months. Clinical evidence of infection (deep or superficial) was recorded. Deep infection was defined as below the muscular fascia. Superficial infection was confined to the dermal and subcutaneous tissue, and persistent drainage from the wound for at least two days. The patients were followed up clinically and radiologically at intervals of four weeks until bony union was achieved. After bony union was achieved, the patients were followed up at 3 months interval for the first year, and at 6 months interval for the second year and annually. Evaluation was assed according to wound problems, the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle surgery (AOFAS) scoring,[14] radiological union, malunion, delayed union, hospitalisation time, time from injury to surgery, and operation time.

Statistical Analysis The groups were compared with respect to gender, age, AO fracture type, hospitalisation, time from injury to surgery, operating time, bone healing time, incidence of complications, and AOFAS scores. An independent statistician, who was not directly involved in the study, performed the statistical analysis. The SPSS program (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) for Windows 15.0 was used for the evaluation of data obtained in the study. Descriptive statistical methods (mean, standard deviation, median, percentage, ratio) were used in the evaluation of data and for the analysis of the relationship beween parameters and Student’s t test was used for 54

the interval (age, healing time, follow-up, operation time and AOFAS). Mann-Whitney U test was used for the interval (interval from injury to surgery, hospital stay). Continuity correction yates test was used for the interval (gender, AO/OTA classification). Fischer’s exact test was used for the interval (nonunion, delayed union, malunion, infection). The chosen level of significance was p<0.05.

RESULTS Table 1 presents the demographic data and all outcomes for the two groups that were cross-matched. There was no significant difference in the distribution of AO/OTA classification, age, gender, and AOFAS score (p>0.05) (Table 1). The operation time was significantly longer in the open group than in the MIPO group: 69.59±7.21 min. for the ORIF, and 61.14±5.61 for the MIPO group (p<0.01). There was no significant difference in the distribution of time from injury to operation, follow-up, bone union time, delayed union, malunion and infection (p>0.05). The hospitalisation time was significantly longer in the open group than in the MIPO group: 7.64±4.71 days for the MIPO, and 10.18±4.32 days for the ORIF group (p<0.05). Three fibula fractures were fixed in both groups due to the syndesmotic instability. Compression plates were used in both groups. All the fractures in both groups healed without the need for secondary procedures. There were two superficial wound infections in the ORIF group, which resolved with daily wound care. At the last follow-up visits, the fractures were healed radiologically, and the patients walked without pain and assistance. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg, January 2016, Vol. 22, No. 1


Gülabi et al. Surgical treatment of distal tibia fractures: open versus MIPO

Table 1. Comparison of the main data for both groups of patients

Minimal invasive plating

Opened

p

n % Mean±SD n % Mean±SD

Age (year) (median)

39.95±13.75

41.68±16.30

Gender (male)

14 63.6

14 63.6

Gender (female)

8 36.4

8 36.4

1

0.706

3

1.000

AOFAS 78.73±4.72 78.82±7.46 10.962 AO Classification Type A

16 72.7

16 72.7

Type B

6 27.3

6 27.3

3

Duration of surgery (min) (median)

69.59±7.21

61.14±5.61

Interval from injury to surgery (days) (median)

5.91±4.55 (5)

6.68±4.26 (6)

2

Hospital stay (days) (median)

7.64±4.71 (6)

10.18±4.32 (9)

2

Follow-up time (months)

21.77±3.08

21.91±2.94

1

Healing time (weeks)

15.82±4.18

17.48±4.86

1

1

1.000

0.001** 0.464

0.023* 0.881 0.237

Infection

0 0

2 9.1

4

Delayed union

2 9.1

2 9.1

4

Malunion

2 9.1

0 0

4

0.488 1.000 0.488

1 Student t test; 2Mann-Whitney U test; 3Yates’s continuity correction test; 4Fisher’s Exact test; *p<0.05; **p<0.01. AOFAS: American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle surgery; AO: American Orthopaedic; SD: Standard deviation.

DISCUSSION MIPO technique is a method based on biological osteosynthesis, which is depended on preservation on fracture haematoma, minimal soft tissue dissection. Successful radiological and clinical outcomes were recommended with this technique.[15–17] Traditional open surgical technique is based on absolute stability achieved by full contact at the fracture side, and rigid internal fixation; however, open surgery has some limitations, such as infection, and long hospital stay.[5] Delayed union, and nonunions are important morbidities in the treatment of distal tibia fractures and common findings. Li et al.[1] have reported no delayed union or nonunion in their retrospective study involving twenty-threepatients treated with MIPO. Guo et al.[16] reported no delayed union or nonunion in their prospective randomised study involving forty-one patients treated with MIPO. Seyhan et al.[5] have reported two (5.6%) nonunion with MIPO in their retrospective study. Zou et al.[15] have reported three (7.1%) delayed union with open surgery. In the current study, two patients in the MIPO group and two patients in the conventional open surgery group had delayed union, there was no statistically significant difference between each group with respect to the delayed union and nonunion parameters (p<0.05). The patients with delayed union in the open surgery group suffered from high energy trauma and A3 fractures, therefore, we are of the opinion that stripping the periosteum in open surgery can promote the delay in bone healing. The two patients with Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg, January 2016, Vol. 22, No. 1

delayed union in the MIPO group were heavy smokers. Tobacco has negative effect on bone healing. Lee et al.[18] have recommended that they had only three (3.4%) malunions in eighty-eight distal tibia fractures treated with open plating. Zou et al.[15] have reported no malunion in their study with open surgery. Recently, malunion has been common in the MIPO technique, ranging from 2% to 35%. [5,19–21] Zou et al.[15] have reported that malunion was seen in 9.6% of the patients treated with MIPO. The rate of malunion was 9.5% in Borg et al.’s[22] study with MIPO. In the current study, malunion was reported in two patients (9.1%) in the MIPO group but none in the conventional open surgery, as it is difficult to achieve anatomic reduction of the fracture site with minimally invasive plating with indirect reduction. There was no significant difference with respect to the time from injury to surgery in both groups (p<0.05): 5.91±4.55 days for MIPO, and 6.68±4.26 days for ORIF group. All surgeries were postulated till the wrinkle sign was diminished. Greater number of days in hospital causes higher hospital costs to society. In this retrospective cross-match study, the MIPO group had a significantly shorter hospital stay compared with open group (p<0.05), which results in reduced healthcare-costs. As incision area was seen odematous and wound edges were seen dehiscence in the early postoperative days, the patients were followed- up closely, which resulted in long hospital stay. 55


Gülabi et al. Surgical treatment of distal tibia fractures: open versus MIPO

In the present study, two (9.1%) superficial infections was noted in the ORIF group, whichresolved with local wound care. It is well-known that distal part of the tibia has poor vascularity and soft tissue coverage, so infection is a common complication. Lee et al.[18] have stated seven (8.0%) superficial infections, Jensen et al.[23] have reported nine superficial infections (9%) in one hundred and five patients treated with open plating. Guo et al.[16] have reported 6 wound problems (14.6%) in thirty-eight patients plated with MIPO technique. Open methods may have a higher infection rate than that of MIPO due to the risk of insufficient circulation at wound edges, which exposes to the superficial infection.[18] In the current study, we did not find a statistically significant difference in functional outcome scores (AOFAS) between patients treated with MIPO and patients treated with the ORIF technique. We used the same postoperative management and rehabilitation protocol for both treatment groups. The control-matched design study of the current study has some limitations. It was a retrospective study and not randomized. Secondly, the selection of the surgical technique bias cannot be avoided. In order to maintain a sufficient number of patients, the matching considered only gender, age, AO classification. The last one was that there was a lack of comparison of the x-ray doses of the both group.

Conclusion MIPO technique can be useful for the treatment of distal tibia AO/OTA A and B type fractures with reduced hospital stay, cost-effectiveness, and infection rate. Yet, further prospective, randomised studies comparing these two techniques are warranted to confirm the findings of this current study. Conflict of interest: None declared.

REFERENCES 1. Li Y, Liu L, Tang X, Pei F, Wang G, Fang Y, et al. Comparison of low, multidirectional locked nailing and plating in the treatment of distal tibial metadiaphyseal fractures. Int Orthop 2012;36:1457–62. 2. Shon OJ, Park CH. Minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis of distal tibial fractures: a comparison of medial and lateral plating. J Orthop Sci 2012;17:562–6. 3. Tulner SA, Strackee SD, Kloen P. Metaphyseal locking compression plate as an external fixator for the distal tibia. Int Orthop 2012;36:1923–7. 4. Cheng W, Li Y, Manyi W. Comparison study of two surgical options for distal tibia fracture-minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis vs. open reduction and internal fixation. Int Orthop 2011;35:737–42. 5. Seyhan M, Unay K, Sener N. Intramedullary nailing versus percutane-

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ous locked plating of distal extra-articular tibial fractures: a retrospective study. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol 2013;23:595–601. 6. Im GI, Tae SK. Distal metaphyseal fractures of tibia: a prospective randomized trial of closed reduction and intramedullary nail versus open reduction and plate and screws fixation. J Trauma 2005;59:1219–23. 7. Janssen KW, Biert J, van Kampen A. Treatment of distal tibial fractures: plate versus nail: a retrospective outcome analysis of matched pairs of patients. Int Orthop 2007;31:709–14. 8. Ronga M, Longo UG, Maffulli N. Minimally invasive locked plating of distal tibia fractures is safe and effective. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2010;468:975–82. 9. Francois J, Vandeputte G, Verheyden F, Nelen G. Percutaneous plate fixation of fractures of the distal tibia. Acta Orthop Belg 2004;70:148–54. 10. Khoury A, Liebergall M, London E, Mosheiff R. Percutaneous plating of distal tibial fractures. Foot Ankle Int 2002;23:818–24. 11. Maffulli N, Toms AD, McMurtie A, Oliva F. Percutaneous plating of distal tibial fractures. Int Orthop 2004;28:159–62. 12. Fracture and dislocation compendium. Orthopaedic Trauma Association Committee for Coding and Classification. J Orthop Trauma 1996;10 Suppl 1:1–154. 13. Gustilo RB, Anderson JT. Prevention of infection in the treatment of one thousand and twenty-five open fractures of long bones: retrospective and prospective analyses. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1976;58:453–8. 14. Kitaoka HB, Alexander IJ, Adelaar RS, Nunley JA, Myerson MS, Sanders M. Clinical rating systems for the ankle-hindfoot, midfoot, hallux, and lesser toes. Foot Ankle Int 1994;15:349–53. 15. Zou J, Zhang W, Zhang CQ. Comparison of minimally invasive percutaneous plate osteosynthesis with open reduction and internal fixation for treatment of extra-articular distal tibia fractures. Injury 2013;44:1102–6. 16. Guo JJ, Tang N, Yang HL, Tang TS. A prospective, randomised trial comparing closed intramedullary nailing with percutaneous plating in the treatment of distal metaphyseal fractures of the tibia. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2010;92:984–8. 17. Collinge C, Protzman R. Outcomes of minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis for metaphyseal distal tibia fractures. J Orthop Trauma 2010;24:4–9. 18. Lee YS, Chen SH, Lin JC, Chen YO, Huang CR, Cheng CY. Surgical treatment of distal tibia fractures: a comparison of medial and lateral plating. Orthopedics 2009;32:163. 19. Helfet DL, Shonnard PY, Levine D, Borrelli J Jr. Minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis of distal fractures of the tibia. Injury 1997;28 Suppl 1:A42–8. 20. Toms AD, McMurtie A, Maffulli N. Percutaneous plating of the distal tibia. J Foot Ankle Surg 2004;43:199–203. 21. Krackhardt T, Dilger J, Flesch I, Höntzsch D, Eingartner C, Weise K. Fractures of the distal tibia treated with closed reduction and minimally invasive plating. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2005;125:87–94. 22. Borg T, Larsson S, Lindsjö U. Percutaneous plating of distal tibial fractures. Preliminary results in 21 patients. Injury 2004;35:608–14. 23. Jensen JS, Hansen FW, Johansen J. Tibial shaft fractures. A comparison of conservative treatment and internal fixation with conventional plates or AO compression plates. Acta Orthop Scand 1977;48:204–12.

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ORİJİNAL ÇALIŞMA - ÖZET OLGU SUNUMU

Distal tibia kırıklarında cerrahi tedavi: Açık veya MIPO? Dr. Deniz Gülabi,1 Dr. Halil İbrahim Bekler,1 Dr. Fevzi Sağlam,1 Dr. Zeki Taşdemir,1 Dr. Gültekin Sıtkı Çeçen,1 Dr. Nurzat Elmalı2 1 2

Dr. Lütfi Kırdar Kartal Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi, Ortopedi ve Travmatolji Kliniği, İstanbul Bezmiâlem Vakıf Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Ortopedi ve Travmatoloji Anabilim Dalı, İstanbul

AMAÇ: Yetersiz cilt örtüsü, hemen cilt altinda olması ve zayıf kan dolaşımı nedeniyle distal tibia kırıkların cerrahi tedavisi tartışmalıdır. Bu olgu-kontrol çalışmasında geleneksel yerine oturtma, içerden tespit ile minimal invaziv (MIPO) plaklama yöntemini karşılaştırmayı amaçladık. Hipotezimiz ise MIPO yöntemiyle daha iyi sonuçların elde edilebileceğiydi. GEREÇ VE YÖNTEM: Yaş (+3), cinsiyet ve kırık paterni (AO sınıflaması) esas alınarak; geleneksel yerine oturtma ve içerden tespit uygulanan 22 hasta, MIPO kullanılarak tedavi edilen 22 hasta ile kıyaslandı. Yara sorunları, Amerikan ayak ve ayak bileği cerrahi skorlaması (AOFAS), radyolojik kaynama, kötü kaynama, gecikmiş kaynama, hastanede yatış süresi, travmadan ameliyata kadar bekleme süresi ve operasyon süresi değerlendirme kriterleri olarak kullanıldı. BULGULAR: Gruplar arasında AO/OTA kırık tipi, yaş, cinsiyet, AOFAS skoru, travmadan ameliyata kadar geçen süre, takip süresi, kaynama süresi, gecikmiş kaynama, kötü kaynama ve enfeksiyon açısından istatiksel olarak anlamlı fark saptanmadı. Operasyon süresi açık grupta MIPO grubuna kıyasla anlamlı şekilde uzun olduğu gözlendi. Hastanede yatış süresi açık cerrahi grubunda MIPO grubuna göre anlamlı şekilde uzun olduğu gözlendi. TARTIŞMA: Sonuç olarak, MIPO; kısalmış hastane kalış süresi, azalmış enfeksiyon oranı ve düşük maliyet nedeniyle distal tibia AO/OTA A ve B tip kırıklarda daha başarılı olduğunu söyleyebiliriz. Anahtar sözcükler: Distal tibia; kırık; MIPO; yanlış kaynama. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg 2016;22(1):52–57

doi: 10.5505/tjtes.2015.82026

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ORIGIN A L A R T IC L E

The comparison of triceps-reflecting anconeus pedicle and olecranon osteotomy approaches in the treatment of intercondylar fractures of the humerus İbrahim Azboy, M.D.,1 Mehmet Bulut, M.D.,1 Cahit Ancar, M.D.,1 Abdullah Demirtaş, M.D.,2 Emin Özkul, M.D.,1 Mehmet Gem, M.D.,1 Hilmi Karadeniz, M.D.,3 Hüseyin Arslan, M.D.1 1

Department of Orthopaedics and Traumotology, Dicle University Faculty of Medicine, Diyarbakır, Turkey

2

Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Göztepe Training and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey

3

Department of Orthopaedics and Traumotology, Bahçelievler Medikal Park Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: This study aimed to evaluate the functional outcomes of patients with intra-articular distal humerus fractures treated with triceps-reflecting anconeus pedicle (TRAP) and olecranon osteotomy. METHODS: Forty patients with intra-articular distal humerus fractures were retrospectively analyzed. TRAP approach was used in 22 patients (12 males, 10 females; mean age 37.8 years, range 17-70), and olecranon osteotomy in 18 patients (11 males, 7 females; mean age 35.4 years, range 18–62). Fractures were classified using the AO/ASIF classification. Functional results were evaluated with the Mayo elbow performance score (MEPS) and the Disabilities of Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) questionnaire score. RESULTS: The overall mean arc of elbow motion was 108° (range 70°–140°) in the TRAP group, whereas that of the olecranon osteotomy group was 98° (range 70°–115°). A significant difference was observed between the two groups in terms of overall mean arc of elbow motion (p=0.038). There were no significant differences noted between the two groups in terms of mean MEPS and DASH scores (p=0.412, p=201, respectively). The overall complication rate was 27.2% in the TRAP group and 55% in the olecranon osteotomy group. CONCLUSION: TRAP is a succesful approach in the treatmet of intra-articular distal humerus fractures that provides better arc of elbow motion, reduces complications and reoperation rates. Keywords: Distal humerus; internal fixation; intra-articular fracture; olecranon osteotomy; TRAP.

INTRODUCTION Intra-articular fractures of the distal humerus (AO type C) constitute 1% of all fractures in adults.[1] These fractures remain one of the most difficult fractures to treat.[2] Anatomic reconstruction of the articular surface and stable internal fixation are the key factors for successful functional outcomes. [3] Adequate exposure of the articular surface is a prerequisite Address for correspondence: İbrahim Azboy, M.D. Dicle Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Ortopedi ve Travmatoloji Anabilim Dalı, 21100 Diyarbakır, Turkey Tel: +90 412 - 248 80 01 E-mail: ibrahimazboy@hotmail.com Qucik Response Code

Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg 2016;22(1):58–65 doi: 10.5505/tjtes.2015.42948 Copyright 2016 TJTES

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for anatomic reconstruction and stable fixation of these fractures.[4–6] To better visualize the articular surface, olecranon osteotomy,[7–9] Bryan-Murrey (triceps reflecting),[10] triceps splitting (Campbell),[11] and triceps-reflecting anconeus pedicle (TRAP)[12] approaches have been used. Olecranon osteotomy is the most frequently preferred surgical approach that provides excellent exposure.[13,14] However, olecranon osteotomy has disadvantages such as delayed union, nonunion, avascular necrosis, heterotrophic ossification, and prominent hardware.[7–9,14,15] TRAP approach, as defined by O’Driscoll et al.,[12] is an alternative approach in these fracture patterns. This approach is a combination of modified Kocher and Bryan-Morrey, mobilizes the triceps and anconeus muscle of the posterior humerus, and also provides adequate exposure of distal humerus. This approach avoids osteotomy, preserves nerve supplies of anconeus, and has no hardware related problems. On Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg, January 2016, Vol. 22, No. 1


Azboy et al. The comparison of surgical exposures in intra-articular fractures of distal humerus

the other hand, some disadvantages with this approach have been reported, such as limited exposure of the articular surface, longer duration of surgery, and weakness of the triceps muscle.[13,16]

The mechanism of injury included sixteen patients of fall, three cases of traffic accidents, two cases of sports injuries, one case of firearm injury in TRAP group; and 10 patients of fall, seven cases of traffic accidents, and one case of sports injury in the olecranon osteotomy group. Six patients (15%) had accompanying fractures and two of them had concomitant head and thorax injury.

The indications and superiority of these two techniques are a question of debate. In the literature, there are limited numbers of studies on this issue.[16,17] The current study aimed to compare the TRAP approach with olecranon osteotomy regarding their effects on the functional results of intra-articular distal humerus fractures treated with open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF).

Surgical Technique All patients were prepared in the supine position and tourniquet was applied. A straight posterior longitudinal skin incision was used just lateral to the olecranon tip. Then, ulnar nerve was identified proximally and released distally.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In the TRAP group, the TRAP approach was used for exposure of the elbow which was described by O’Driscoll et al.[12] The anconeus muscle was subperiosteally separated from the ulna laterally, preserving the integrity of lateral collateral ligament complex and annular ligament. Along with the anconeus lateral side of the triceps, and then, the medial side were reflected from the olecranon (Fig. 1). While the triceps was removed from its insertion, the portion 1 cm distal to olecranon tip was marked with a drill to be used as a guide during closure. The posterior capsule was incised and the dissection was carried out proximally. The fragments were reduced with temporary K-wires. Parallel plating was performed in fourteen patients (63.6%) and orthogonal plating was performed in 8 (36.4%). Then, the triceps was reattached with interrupted number-2 Ethibond suture by using the drillholes through the bone in the olecranon, and the wound was closed as usual.

Forty patients who were treated with ORIF with the diagnosis of adult distal humerus intra-articular fracture according to AO/ASIF classification[18] between 2006 and 2012 were retrospectively evaluated. TRAP approach was used in twenty-two patients (TRAP group; 12 males, 10 females; mean age 37.8 years, range 17–70 years), and olecranon osteotomy in eighteen patients (Olecranon osteotomy group; 11 males, 7 females; mean age 35.4 years, range 18-62 years). The preference of surgical approach was made by surgeon’s discretion. According to AO/ASIF classification, there was a C1 fracture in six patients, C2 fracture in 15 patients, and C3 fracture in 19 patients (Table 1). According to the Gustilo-Anderson classification,[19] there was a Grade I open fracture in four patients and Grade II open fracture in 3 patients (Table 1). Patients with the following were excluded from the study; pathologic fractures, rheumatoid arthritis treated with corticosteroids for a long period of time, associated ipsilateral forearm fractures, functional loss prior to the fracture, and inadequate follow-up.

In the olecranon osteotomy group, an apex distal, chevronshaped osteotomy was preferred. The osteotomy was per-

Table 1. Data summary of patients Parameters Male/female ratio (no. of patients) Mean age (year) (range)

TRAP (n=22)

Olecranon osteotomy (n=18)

p

12/10

10/8

0.612

37.8 (17–70)

35.4 (18–62)

0.791

Gustillo-Anderson classification (no. of patients) Closed

18

15

Type 1 open

2

2

Type 2 open

2

1

Type 3 open

0

0

Mean time to surgery (day) (range)

3.8 (1–12)

3.1 (2–11)

Mean follow-up (month) (range)

36 (16–74)

28 (14–72)

AO/ASIF classification (no. of patients)

C I

4

2

C II

8

7

C III

10

9

0.782

0.258

TRAP: Triceps-reflecting anconeus pedicle; OO: Olecranon osteotomy.

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Azboy et al. The comparison of surgical exposures in intra-articular fractures of distal humerus

ous anterior transposition of the ulnar nerve was performed in these patients. Three senior authors (HA, MB, IA) performed the operations.

Postoperative Care and Follow-up

Figure 1. Intraoperative view of a patient after orthogonal plating using TRAP approach in which olecranon fully skletonized.

formed approximately 2 cm distal to the tip of olecranon (Fig. 2a). An oscillating saw was used to start osteotomy. An osteotome was used to complete osteotomy by levering the osteotome proximally. These maneuver results in cracking the subchondral bone and cerates uneven surface that facilitates reduction. The posterior elbow capsule was then incised and the joint was reached (Fig. 2b). The fragments were reduced with temporary K-wires. Parallel plating was performed in thirteen patients (72%) and orthogonal plating was performed in 5 (28%). The proximal fragment of the olecranon was repositioned. Fixation was obtained with a tension band over a 1 cancellous screw, and the wound was closed as usual. In the TRAP group, an iliac autograft was used in one patient for the bone defect in the supracondylar region. In twelve patients (30%) (7 and 5 patients in the TRAP and olecranon osteotomy groups, respectively) ulnar nerve was in contact with the medial plate in the cubital tunnel, hence subcutane-

(a)

(b)

Standard postoperative rehabilitation programme was used for ROM exercises applied by a physiotherapist for both groups. In both groups, a removable long arm splint was used for two weeks. Active assisted elbow movements were started on the second postoperative day. In the olecranon osteotomy, active elbow motion was started at two weeks postoperatively, whereas in the TRAP group, active elbow extension was prohibited until six weeks postoperatively to avoid undue stress on extensor mechanism repair. The patients were followed-up on the first, sixth and twelfth months after surgery. The patients were radiologically evaluated with anteroposterior and lateral radiographies until fracture union was fully observed. Triceps strength was graded according to the system given by Wolfe et al.[20] at the final follow-ups, the functional evaluation of the patients were carried out with goniometric measurement of the range of motion in the elbow joint, Mayo elbow performance score (MEPS),[21] and Disabilities of Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) questionnaire.[22] The MEPS score is based on a 100-point scale which evaluates the pain relief, function, motion and stability of elbow. The MEPS falls in to four grades: ≥90, Excellent; 75–89, Good; 60–74, Fair; <60, Poor. Mean duration of follow-up of all patients was 34 months (range 14–78 months).

Statistical Analysis Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences 18.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) software. Statistical significance between variables of both groups were analyzed with student’s t, chi-square, Fischer’s exact, and MannWhitney U tests. A p value <0.05 was accepted as significant.

RESULTS Mean duration of follow-up was 36 months (range 16 to 74 months) in TRAP group, and 28 months (range 14–72 months) in the olecranon osteotomy group. No significant differences were observed between the groups in terms of gender, age, type of fracture, time to operation, or presence of open or closed fractures (p<0.05). All fractures healed at the end of the follow-up period.

Figure 2. Intraopretive view of a patient shows apex distal, chevron-shapped osteotomy (a); after parallel plate application (b).

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The overall mean arc of elbow motion was 108° (range 70°–140°) in the TRAP group (Fig. 3), whereas that of the olecranon osteotomy group was 98° (range 70°–115°) (Fig. 4) . A significant difference was observed between the two groups in terms of overall mean arc of elbow motion (p=0.038) (Table 2). No patients had limitation of forearm Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg, January 2016, Vol. 22, No. 1


Azboy et al. The comparison of surgical exposures in intra-articular fractures of distal humerus

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

Figure 3. Preoperative X-rays (anteroposterior and lateral views) of the elbow shows intra-articular fracture of distal distal humerus (a, b); after orthogonal plate fixation using the TRAP approach, at 56 months of follow-up X-rays (anteroposterior and lateral views) shows fracture union (c, d); functional view of the patient (e, f).

pronation-supination. Range of motion improved in the first sixth months.

Complications

At the final control of the patients, mean MEPS was 85.9 (range 55–100) in the TRAP group, whereas that of the olecranon osteotomy group was 83.5 (range 55–100). Although mean MEPS was higher in the TRAP group, no significant difference was noted between the two groups (p=0.412) (Table 2). Mean q-DASH score was 15.6 (range, 0–48) in the TRAP group, whereas that of the olecranon osteotomy group was 20.1 (range 4–57). Although mean q-DASH score was higher in the TRAP group, no significant difference was detected between the two groups (p=0.201) (Table 2). No significant difference was found between the groups in terms of fixation technique preferred for distal humerus fracture when considering functional outcomes (p<0.05).

In the TRAP group, ulnar nerve paresthesia developed in two patients (9.1%), which resolved spontaneously in three months. Triceps muscle weakness was observed in two patients (9.1%). One patient (4.5%) had varus deformity 10 degrees, but without any interfering in elbow function. One patient (4.5%) developed deep infection at sixth month. The patient healed with debridement and antibiotic treatment. However, avascular necrosis developed in the follow-up and fair result was obtained in this patient. Triceps muscle rupture was not observed in any patient.

The overall complication rate was 27.2% in the TRAP group and 55% in the olecranon osteotomy group.

In the olecranon osteotomy group, implant irritation was ob-

Table 2. Mean arc of elbow motion and functional outcomes at latest follow-up Parameters

TRAP (n=22)

Olecranon osteotomy (n=18)

p

Mean arc of elbow motion (range)

108 (70–140)

98 (70–115)

0.038

Mean DASH score (range)

15.6 (0–48)

20.1 (4–57)

0.201

Mean MEPS score (range)

85.9 (55–100)

83.5 (55–100)

0.412

Excellent, n (%)

10 (45.5)

6 (33.3)

Good, n (%)

8 (36.4)

8 (44.4)

Fair, n (%)

3 (13.6)

3 (16.7)

Poor, n (%)

1 (4.5)

1 (5.6)

TRAP: Triceps-reflecting anconeus pedicle; DASH: Disabilities of arm, shoulder and hand; MEPS: Mayo elbow performance score.

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Azboy et al. The comparison of surgical exposures in intra-articular fractures of distal humerus

(a)

(d)

(b)

(c)

(e)

(f)

Figure 4. (a, b) Preoperative X-rays (anteroposterior and lateral views) of the elbow shows intraarticular fracture of distal distal humerus; (c, d) after parallel plate fixation using olecranon osteotomy approach, at 19 months of follow-up X-rays (anteroposterior and lateral views) shows fracture union; (e, f) functional view of the patient.

served in four patients (22%). After removal of the implants in the olecranon, the symptoms resolved in these patients. In two patients (11%), a delay in union of the olecranon osteotomy site was observed; however, union was achieved without need for additional surgery. Union was achieved in olecranon osteotomy site in other patients. Nonunion of distal humerus fracture was developed in one patient (5.5%) and a second surgery was performed. Union was achieved by harvesting iliac crest autograft and reosteosynthesis. Ulnar nerve paresthesia developed in two patients (11%) and resolved spontaneously in three months. Triceps muscle weakness was observed in one patient (5.5%).

DISCUSSION The current study revealed that the TRAP method is more successful than olecranon osteotomy in terms of overall mean arc of elbow motion (p=0.038). When q-DASH scores and MEPS scores were examined, it was observed that the results were better for the TRAP group, but there were no statistically significant difference between the groups, (p=0.234) (p=0.403) respectively. The main purpose in the treatment of intra-articular distal 62

humerus fractures is to achieve perfect anatomical restoration of the articular surfaces, maintain stable fixation and allow early full rehabilitation.[23,24] Perfect exposure of the fracture is a key factor that allows restoration of articular surfaces. Thus, many approaches were defined, such as olecranon osteotomy, triceps reflecting, triceps splitting, and TRAP approaches.[7,10–12] Olecranon osteotomy provides the most extensive exposure of the distal humerus.[13] On the other hand, delayed union, nonunion, necessity of implant use to repair osteotomy, and prominent hardware that leads to a second surgery are among the disadvantages.[7–9,14,15,23,24] Furthermore, nerve supplies of the anconeus muscle might be damaged, as this muscle participates in the dynamic stabilization of the elbow joint, this may cause elbow instability.[23] Wilkinson et al.[13] have compared the triceps split, TRAP, and olecranon osteotomy techniques in a cadaveric study. They have found that these techniques demonstrate the joint surfaces at a rate of 35%, 46%, and 57%, respectively. The authors have stated that the best exposure was achieved with the olecranon osteotomy approach (57%), but no statistically significant difference was detected between the TRAP Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg, January 2016, Vol. 22, No. 1


Azboy et al. The comparison of surgical exposures in intra-articular fractures of distal humerus

and olecranon osteotomy approaches. We should state that the exposure was better in the olecranon osteotomy group. However, we observed that increasing elbow flexion provides sufficient exposure in the TRAP group, which enables restoration of articular surfaces and stabilization of fracture. Therefore, we believe that relatively less extensive visualization of the distal humerus is not an important drawback to the TRAP approach. Triceps-elevating exposures were generally claimed with the weakness of extension or rupture of triceps.[26] Ozer et al.[17] have used TRAP approach in eleven patients with AO type C fractures. They have performed an isokinetic strength test of involved and uninvolved elbow. Peak torque deficits of the flexor and extensors on the operated and non-operated side were below 20%. They have found no significant impairment of elbow function. Pankaj et al.[16] have used TRAP approach in AO type C distal humerus fractures (n=40). They have reported that thirty-five patients (87.5%) had good triceps strength, four patients (10%) had fair strength, and one patient (2.5%) had poor strength with an extension lag of 10. In the current study, triceps rupture was not observed in any of the patients in which TRAP approach was performed. We found a decrease in the strength of the triceps in two and one patients in the TRAP and olecranon osteotomy groups, respectively. In a detailed examination of these patients, it was also observed that there was also weakness of the flexor muscles. We suggest that the muscle weakness may be related to the initial injury. According to O’Driscoll et al.,[12] the ideal approach should provide adequate exposure, could be extended when required, should be as soft tissue dissection without osteotomy, the dissection should be in the plane between the nerve, all alternative surgical procedures should be applied with the same exposure, should allow early rehabilitation, and the possible revision should be performed with the same incision. The TRAP approach provides all these requirements. [12,16,17] They have reported that TRAP approach provides sufficient exposure for open reduction and internal fixation, and also allows early rehabilitation.[12,25] Furthermore, after TRAP exposure, there is a chance of total elbow prosthesis in the same session in cases in which the joint surface could not be restored.[12] Restoration of elbow motion is one of the most important parameters in the treatment of intra-articular distal humerus fractures.[4–7] Athwal et al.[25] compared the TRAP (n=12) and olecranon osteotomy (n=17) approach in the treatment of type C distal humeral fractures. They found no significant difference between both groups in terms of flexion-extension arc, elbow flexion, elbow extension, pronation, supination, MEPS or DASH score. The authors stated that although they found no statistical difference between both groups, their subgroup analysis must be interpreted with caution because the study was not powered to detect such difference. In the Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg, January 2016, Vol. 22, No. 1

study by Ozer et al.,[17] range of motion in Type C1 and C2 (n=9, 82%) had an average of 116° (range 95–140), and Type C3 (n=2, 18%) fractures had an average of 85°. In the study by Pankaj at al.,[16] the average of range of motion was 118±7 degrees (range 80–140). In our study, the mean arc of motion was better in the TRAP group (108° [range 70°–140°]) when compared to the olecranon osteotomy group (98° [range 70°–115°]). The rate of type C3 fracture in our study was higher (45.4%, and 50% in the TRAP and olecranon osteotomy groups, respectively) than the study by Pankaj at al.[16] (%20) and Ozer et al.[17] (18%), which may explain relatively lower mean arc of motion in our study. In the TRAP group, we used intact olecranon as a template for anatomic reconstruction of the joint. Therefore, we suggest that the use of olecranon joint surface as a template may provide better humero-trochlear joint congruency which may explain the high mean arc of motion in the TRAP group. In addition, the MEPS and q-DASH scores of our study are in line with the literature.[16,17,25] Olecranon osteotomy has been associated with a number complications, including delayed union[14] and 0% to 10% risk of nonunion.[8,27] It was suggested that union problems observed in olecranon osteotomies are mostly related to the transverse osteotomy technique (30%).[28] Chevron shaped osteotomy reduced these complication.[8,14,29] Chevron osteotomy increases contact surface that may promote healing, facilitate reduction and have inherent translational and rotational stability due to interlocking of the proximal and distal fragments.[8] A study by Sanchez-Sotelo et al.[30] have reported excellent and good results (79%) using chevron type ostotomy in the treatment of complex distal humeral fractures. In the current study, an apex distal, chevron-shaped osteotomy was preferred in the olecranon osteotomy group. Union was observed in all patients. Although delayed union was observed in two patients (11%), healing was obtained without surgical intervention. The need for a second operation to remove the implants used to repair olecranon osteotomy has been considered as in important shortcoming to the olecranon osteotomy. The risk of requiring subsequent hardware removal has been reported as 13% to 30%.[3–8] Tak et al.[31] have used olecranon osteotomy in ninety-four patients and stated that all the unsatisfactory results (average and poor) were seen in those patients who developed complications related to the olecranon osteotomy (p=0.000, OR 103.2). In the current study, 22% of the patients had implant removal related to the symptom of implants used for olecranon osteotomy repair. In contrast, no patient had a second surgery in the TRAP group. Therefore, when considering a second surgery for implant removal, we suggested that the TRAP approach has a distinct advantage over the olecranon osteotomy approach. The study has several limitations. Firstly, it is retrospective and comprises a relatively small number of patients. Secondly, 63


Azboy et al. The comparison of surgical exposures in intra-articular fractures of distal humerus

parallel or orthogonal plating was used for fixation of distal humerus fractures in both groups. Thirdly, we could not make a comparison between sub-groups of the distal humerus fractures e.g. comminuted or osteoporotic fractures. Finally, we could not use isokinetic tests to evaluate the muscle strength. Future studies consisting of specific age groups, homogeneous sub-group types, with similar degree of osteoporotic bone can reveal more accurate results on indications and effectiveness of the TRAP and olecranon osteotomy approaches. Although olecranon osteotomy provides the best exposure, the effect of olecranon osteotomy on the development of osteoarthritis is not well- known. It should be evaluated in long term studies. We consider that the benefit of improved articular exposure must thus be weighed against this relatively high complication rates. TRAP technique is superior to olecranon osteotomy in terms of average arc of elbow motion. We suggest that the TRAP approach is a successful alternative approach in the treatment of intra-articular distal humerus fractures that reduces reoperations and complications rates.

Acknowledgements The authors declare no competing interest. No financial support was received for this paper. Conflict of interest: None declared.

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Azboy et al. The comparison of surgical exposures in intra-articular fractures of distal humerus

ORİJİNAL ÇALIŞMA - ÖZET OLGU SUNUMU

İnterkondiler humerus kırıklarının tedavisinde triseps reflekting pedikül ve olekranon osteotomisi yaklaşımlarının karşılaştırılması Dr. İbrahim Azboy,1 Dr. Mehmet Bulut,1 Dr. Cahit Ancar,1 Dr. Abdullah Demirtaş,2 Dr. Emin Özkul,1 Dr. Mehmet Gem,1 Dr. Hilmi Karadeniz,3 Dr. Hüseyin Arslan1 1 2 3

Dicle Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Ortopedi ve Travmatoloji Anabilim Dalı, Diyarbakır Göztepe Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi, Ortopedi ve Travmatoloji Kliniği, İstanbul Bahçelievler Medikal Park Hastanesi, Ortopedi ve Travmayoloji Kliniği, İstanbul

AMAÇ: Eklem içi humerus alt uç kırıklarının tedavisinde triseps-reflekting ankoneus pedikül (TRAP) ve olekranon osteotomisi yöntemlerinin fonksiyonel sonuçları karşılaştırıldı. GEREÇ VE YÖNTEM: Eklemi içi humerus kırığı olan 40 hasta geriye dönük olarak incelendi. Bunlardan 22 hastaya (12 erkek, 10 kadın; ortalama yaş 37.8 yıl dağılım 17–70) TRAP, 18 hastaya (11 erkek, 7 kadın; ortalama yaş 35.4 yıl dağılım 18–62) olekranon osteotomisi uygulandı. Kırık sınıflaması AO/ASIF sınıflamasına göre yapıldı. Fonksiyonel sonuçlar Mayo dirsek performans skoru ve Kol, Omuz ve El Engellilik (DASH) skoru ile değerlendirildi. BULGULAR: Triseps-reflekting ankoneus pedikül grubunda dirsek eklem hareket açıklığı ortalama 108° (dağılım 40°–140°) iken olekranon osteotomisi grubunda ortalama 98° (dağılım 70°–115°) bulundu. Eklem hareket açıklığı bakımından iki grup arasında istatiksel olarak anlamlı fark bulundu (p=0.038). Her iki grup arasında DASH ve MEPS puanı bakından istatiksel olarak anlamlı fark saptanmadı (p=0.412, p=201, sırasıyla). Komplikasyon oranları TRAP grubunda %27.2 iken olekranon osteotomisi grubunda %55 bulundu. TARTIŞMA: Triseps-reflekting ankoneus pedikül yöntemi, olekranon osteotomisine göre dirsek eklem hareket açıklığını sağlamada daha başarılıdır. Ayrıca TRAP yöntemi komplikasyon oranlarını ve yeniden ameliyat gereksinimini azaltmaktadır. Anahtar sözcükler: Eklemiçi kırık; humerus alt uç; internal tespit; TRAP; olekranon osteotomisi. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg 2016;22(1):58–65

doi: 10.5505/tjtes.2015.42948

Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg, January 2016, Vol. 22, No. 1

65


ORİJİ N A L Ç A LI Ş M A

Trafik kazasına maruz kalan olgularda ikincil mağduriyet: Adli olgu bildirimi yapılmadan veya otopsi uygulanmadan defnedilme Dr. Zerrin Erkol,1 Dr. Yavuz Hekimoğlu,2 Dr. Bora Büken,3 Dr. Gözde Şirin,4 Dr. Rıza Yılmaz,5 Dr. Harun Akkaya4 1

Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Adli Tıp Anabilim Dalı, Bolu

2

Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Adli Tıp Anabilim Dalı, Van

3

Düzce Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Adli Tıp Anabilim Dalı, Düzce

4

Adli Tıp Kurumu Başkanlığı, İstanbul

5

Bülent Ecevit Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Adli Tıp Anabilim Dalı, Zonguldak

ÖZET AMAÇ: Çalışmada; trafik kazasına maruz kalan ve otopsi yapılmadan defnedilen olguların analizi ile adli olgu bildirimi ve otopsinin öneminin vurgulanması amaçlanmaktadır. GEREÇ VE YÖNTEM: Adli Tıp Kurumu Birinci İhtisas Kurulu’nda 2004–2008 yılları arasında düzenlenen raporlar içerisinde trafik kazasına maruz kalmış ve otopsi yapılmadan defnedilmiş bulunan toplam 542 ölüm olgusu geriye dönük olarak değerlendirildi. BULGULAR: Olguların 376’sı (%69.4) erkek, 166’sı (%30.6) kadın; ortalama yaş 58.5±20.9 (dağılım 3–98 yaş) idi. En fazla olgu 61üstü yaş grubunda (301 olgu-%55.5) bulunuyordu. Olguların 336’sı (%62.0) hastanede, 241’i (%44.5) kaza sonrası 1–12 ay içerisinde ölmüş olup ölü muayenesi sadece 124 (%22.9) olguda yapılmıştı. Olguların 344’ünde (%63.5) adli olgu bildirimi yapılmadan Mernis ölüm tutanağı düzenlendiği belirlendi. Kurul kararında; 95 olguda (%17.5) otopsi yapılmadığından ölüm nedeninin belirlenemediği, 57 (%10.5) olguda ise otopsi yapılmadığından kaza ile ölüm arasında illiyet bağı olup olmadığının bilinemeyeceği yönünde görüş belirtilmişti. SONUÇ: Bulgularımız, trafik kazasına maruz kalan olgularda adli olgu bildiriminin gerçekleştirilmesinin ve zamanında otopsi yapılmasının önemini vurgulamaktadır. Anahtar sözcükler: Adli olgu bildirimi, illiyet bağı; otopsi; ölü muayenesi; ölüm nedeni; trafik kazası.

GİRİŞ Yaralanma, sakat kalma ve ölümle sonuçlanabilen trafik kazaları önemli bir toplum sağlığı problemidir.[1–3] Adli tıp yönünden, trafik kazası sonrasında gelişen ölümlerde; ölüm nedeninin ve mekanizmasının saptanması, ölüm üzerinde etkili olabilecek faktörlerin araştırılması, uğranılan zararın belirlenmesi, ileriSorumlu yazar: Dr. Zerrin Erkol, Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Adli Tıp Anabilim Dalı, 14280 Bolu Tel: +90 374 - 253 46 56 E-posta: zerrinerkol@gmail.com Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg 2016;22(1):66–75 doi: 10.5505/tjtes.2015.47817 Telif hakkı 2016 TJTES

66

de ortaya çıkabilecek dava ve sigorta taleplerinin herhangi bir yanılma olmaksızın karşılanabilmesi için tüm trafik kazalarında otopsi ve gerekli laboratuvar incelemelerini de içeren adli tıbbi incelemenin ayrıntılı olarak yapılması karşılaşılabilecek sorunların çözülmesi için bir gerekliliktir.[4–6] Buna karşın ülkemizde trafik kazaları sonucu meydana gelen ölümlerde özellikle pratisyen hekimler tarafından yalnızca dış muayene bulguları ile yetinilerek, spekülatif değerlendirmelerle ölüm nedeninin saptanabileceği görüşü ve uygulaması yaygındır.[7] Adli Tıp Kurumu Adli Tıp Birinci İhtisas Kurulu ölümle sonuçlanan adli olguların değerlendirildiği bir kuruldur. Kurula gelen dosya türlerinden biri de trafik kazasına maruz kaldıktan sonra ölen olgular hakkında ölüm nedeni ve/veya ölümünün maruz kaldığı trafik kazasına bağlı olup olmadığı sorulanlardır. Bu olgulardan otopsi yapılmayanlar hakkında kimi zaman görüş bildirilememekte, zamanında üç boşluk açılmak suretiyle iç organ ve vücut boşluklarındaki makroskobik ve mikroskobik Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg, Ocak 2016, Cilt. 22, Sayı. 1


Erkol ve ark. Trafik kazasına maruz kalan olgularda ikincil mağduriyet

değişimler tespit edilmediği için ölüm nedeninin ve/veya kaza ile ölüm arasında illiyet bağı olup olmadığının bilinemeyeceği şeklinde mütalaa düzenlenmektedir. Belirtilen görüş, yargılama aşamasında, şüpheden sanık yararlanır prensibi çerçevesinde sanığın lehine kullanılmaktadır. Sonuçta trafik kazası sonucu zaten mağdur olan ölen ve yakınları için zamanında otopsi yapılmayarak yeterli ve nitelikli veriler elde edilmediğinden mutlak bir sonuca ulaşılamamakta, uzayan davalar yeterli delil bulunamadığından sanık lehine sonuçlanabilmektedir. Bu durumda hem ölen açısından manevi anlamda hak yerini bulamamakta, hem de mağdurun mirasçıları, bakmakla yükümlü olduğu yakınları tazminat hakkından yararlanamamakta, dolayısıyla kaza sonrası ikincil bir mağduriyet tablosu ortaya çıkmaktadır. Çalışmada; trafik kazasına maruz kalan, adli olgu bildirimi yapılmadan veya otopsi uygulanmadan defnedilen olguların analizi ile ölüm nedeni ve/veya kaza ile ölüm arasındaki illiyet bağının belirlenmesinde yaşanan sorunların irdelenmesi, hekimlerin adli olguyu ihbar yükümlülüğü konusunda farkındalıklarının artırılması ve otopsinin öneminin vurgulanması amaçlanmaktadır.

GEREÇ VE YÖNTEM Adli Tıp Kurumu Adli Tıp Birinci İhtisas Kurulu’nda 01 Ocak 2004–31 Aralık 2008 tarihleri arasında düzenlenen 19.749 rapor içerisinde trafik kazasına maruz kalmış ve otopsi yapılmadan defnedilmiş bulunan toplam 542 (%1.7) ölüm olgusu kesitsel, geriye dönük olarak incelendi. Olgular; cinsiyet, yaş, kazanın niteliği, ölüm yeri, hastanede yatış sayısı, ölü muayenesi/mernis ölüm tutanağı/feth-i kabir mevcudiyeti, tıbbi belgelerde tanımlanan travmatik bulgular, Kurul raporundaki ölüm nedeni, kaza ile ölüm arasında illiyet bağı mevcut olup olmadığı gibi kesikli değişkenler ve kaza ile ölüm arasında geçen süre gibi sürekli değişken parametreleri yönünden değerlendirildi. Yaş grupları dekatlar halinde gruplandırıldığında yaş aralıklarındaki olgu sayısının azlığı nedeniyle istatistiksel analizler yapılamadığından, çocukluk dönemi (Çocuk Hakları Sözleşmesi’ne uygun olarak 0–18 yaş), erişkin dönem (19–60 yaş) ve yaşlılık dönemi (≥61 yaş) olarak üç gruba ayrılarak incelendi. Kurul raporundaki ölüm nedenleri; kafa içi değişimler, iç organ ve/veya büyük damar yaralanması, izole kemik kırığı ve gelişen komplikasyonlar, genel beden travması başlığı altında toplandı. Kafa içi değişimi, iç organ ve/ veya büyük damar yaralanması, izole kemik kırıklarından ikisi veya daha fazlasının bir arada olduğu durumlar genel beden travması başlığında değerlendirildi. Kalp-damar hastalığı, diabet, kanser gibi hastalıklar nedeniyle ölen ve ölümü ile maruz kaldığı kaza arasında illiyet bağı bulunmayan olguların ölüm nedeni kendisinde mevcut hastalık olarak tanımlandı. Adli amaçla yapılan ölü muayeneleri ölü muayenesi olarak alındı. Verilerin analizi SPSS 13.0 programı ve Pearson Chi-square testi ile gerçekleştirildi. Cesedin defni için düzenlenen belge; 19.01.2010 tarihli, 27467 Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg, Ocak 2016, Cilt. 22, Sayı. 1

sayılı Resmî Gazete’de yayımlanan Mezarlık Yerlerinin İnşaası ile Cenaze Nakil ve Defin İşlemleri Hakkında Yönetmelik’te “gömme izin belgesi” olarak yer almakta iken,[8] anılan Yönetmeliğin 19.01.2013 tarihli ve 28533 sayılı Resmî Gazete’de yayımlanan Değişiklik Yapılmasına Dair Yönetmelikte “ölüm belgesi” olarak değiştirilmiş olmakla birlikte;[9] çalışmada, incelemeye konu olan tarihlerdeki hali olan “defin ruhsatı” şeklinde alındı.

BULGULAR Cinsiyet–Yaş Toplam 542 olgunun 376’sı (%69.4) erkek, 166’sı (%30.6) kadın idi. Ortalama yaş 58.50±20.9 SD, (ortanca: 65 yaş, sınırlar: 3–98 yaş) bulundu. 0-18 yaş grubunda 27 olgu (%5.0); 19–60 yaş grubunda 208 olgu (%38.4), 61 ve üstü yaş grubunda 301 olgu (%55.5) bulunduğu, altı (%1.1) olgunun yaşı ile ilgili verinin Kurul raporlarında bulunmadığı gözlendi.

Kazanın Niteliği Olguların 306’sının (%56.4) araç dışı trafik kazası (ADTK), 124’ünün (%22.9) araç içi trafik kazası (AİTK), 28’inin (%5.2) motosiklet kazası (MK) olduğu, 84 (%15.5) olguda kazanın niteliği hakkında bilgi verilmediği görüldü. Araç dışı trafik kazaları en fazla 205 olgu (%67.0) ile 61 ve üstü yaş grubunda meydana gelmişti. Kazanın niteliği ile yaş grupları arasındaki fark anlamlı bulundu (p<0.05).

Ölüm Yeri Olguların 336’sı (%62.0) hastanede, 125’i (%23.0) evde, 15’i (%2.8) olay yerinde ölmüş iken Kurul kararında 66 (%12.2) olgunun ölüm yeri hakkında bilgi verilmemişti (Tablo 1, 2). Olguların yaş grupları ve ölüm yerleri arasındaki fark anlamlı bulundu (p<0.05). Tüm yaş gruplarında ölüm en fazla hastanede meydana gelmişti (sırasıyla %81.5, %64.4, %58.5). Bunu evde ölümler izliyordu (sırasıyla %7.4, %19.2, %27.6). Olay yerinde meydana gelen ölümlerin %73.3’ünü erişkin (19–60) yaş grubu oluşturuyordu. Hastanede ölenlerin %36.6’sı, evde ölenlerin %61.6’sı ölümden sonraki 1–12 ay arası zaman diliminde ölmüştü (Tablo 1). Olay yerinde ölmüş olguların %93.3’üne ölü muayenesi yapılmış iken, hastanede ölmüş olanların yalnızca %26.8’ine, evde ölmüş olanların ise sadece %10.4’üne ölü muayenesi uygulanmıştı (Tablo 2).

Kaza ile Ölüm Arasında Geçen Süre Kırk (%7.4) olgunun kaza sonrası ilk 24 saat, 32 (%5.9) olgunun 25–72 saat, 53 (%9,8) olgunun üç–yedi gün, 140 (%25.8) olgunun bir–dört hafta, 241 (%44.5) olgunun 1–12 ay zaman aralığında, 35 (%6.5) olgunun kazanın üzerinden bir yıldan daha uzun süre geçtikten sonra öldüğü, bir (%0.2) olguda kaza ile ölüm arasındaki sürenin kayıtlı olmadığı saptandı (Tablo 1). Dolayısıyla çalışmadaki en fazla olgunun (n=241, %44.5) kaza ile ölüm arasında 1–12 ay arası zaman geçmiş grupta bulundu67


Erkol ve ark. Trafik kazasına maruz kalan olgularda ikincil mağduriyet

Tablo 1. Olguların ölüm yeri ve kaza ile ölüm arasında geçen süreye göre dağılımı

Kaza ile ölüm arasında geçen süre

n=541

0–24 25–72 3–7 saat saat gün

1–4 hafta

1–12 ay

1 yıl Bilin- üzeri meyen

Toplam

n % n % n % n % n % n % n % n %

Ölüm yeri Hastane

23 6.8 27 8.0 42 12.5 103 30.7 123 36.6 18 5.4 – – 336 100.0

Ev

– – 5 4.0 8 6.4 27 21.6 77 61.6 8 6.4 – – 125 100.0

Belirtilmemiş 2 3.0 – – 3 4.5 10 15.2 41 62.1 9 13.6 1 1.5 66 100.0 Olay yeri 15 100.0 – – – – – – – – – – – – 15 100.0 Toplam

40 7.4 32 5.9 53 9.8 140 25.8 241 44.5 35 6.5 1 0.2 542 100.0

Tablo 2. Olguların ölüm yeri ve ölü muayenesi uygulanma durumuna göre dağılımı

Adli ölü muayenesi

Var

Yok

Toplam

X2 df p

n % n % n %

Ölüm yeri Hastane

90 26.8 246 73.2 336 100.0 61.77 3 0.000

Ev

13 10.4 112 89.6 125 100.0

Belirtilmemiş

7

10.6

59

89.4

66

100.0

Olay yeri

14 93.3 1 6.7 15 100.0

Toplam

124 22.9 418 77.1 542 100.0

ğu, bu grupta en fazla (%59.3) 61-üstü yaştaki olguların olduğu, kaza-ölüm arasında geçen süre ile yaş grupları arasındaki farkın anlamlı olduğu görüldü (p<0.05). Kaza-ölüm arasında geçen süre ile olgulara ölü muayenesi yapılması arasında fark olduğu (p<0.001) (Tablo 3), kazadan sonraki 72 saat içinde ölen olgularda daha geç ölenlere göre ölü muayenesi yapılma oranı (sırasıyla %63.9 ve %16.4) dört kat fazla bulundu. Ölümün ilk 72 saat ve daha geç dönemde meydana gelmesi ile ölü muayenesi yapılması arasındaki farkın anlamlı olduğu saptandı (p<0.001).

Hastanede Yatış Kazadan sonraki dönemde olguların 18’inin (%3.3) hastanede yatışı yok iken, 142’sinin (%26.2) bir kez, 211’inin (%38.9) iki kez, 122’sinin (%22.5) üç kez, 49’unun (%9.1) dört kez ve/ veya daha fazla sayıda hastane yatışı mevcuttu. Hastaneye yatış sayısına göre ölü muayene yapılma yüzdesinin sırasıyla %29.6, %21.8 , %12.3 ve %8.2 olduğu saptandı. Kişinin hastaneye yatış sayısı arttıkça ölü muayenesi yapılma oranının, yani adli olgu ihbar oranının önemli derecede düştüğü tespit edildi (p<0.005). Hastane yatışı olmayanlarda bu oran %94.4 olarak saptandı. 68

Ölü Muayenesi/Mernis Ölüm Tutanağı/ Feth-i Kabir Mevcudiyeti Ölü muayenesinin çocuk (0–18) ve erişkin (19–60) yaş gruplarında daha fazla oranda yapıldığı (sırasıyla %33.3 ve %32.7), yaşlı (61-üstü) grubunda ise daha az oranda (%15.6) gerçekleştirildiği, bu farkın istatistiksel açıdan anlamlı bulunduğu görüldü (p<0.05). Ölü muayenesi sadece 124 (%22.9) olguda yapılmış olup 418 (%77.1) olguda ölü muayenesi uygulanmamıştı (Tablo 2). Ölü muayenesi yapılmayan 418 olgudan 344’ünde (%63.5) mernis ölüm tutanağının mevcut olduğu, dolayısıyla bu olguların adli olgu ihbarı yapılmadan defin ruhsatı düzenlenen olgular olduğu belirlendi. Ölü muayenesi yapılmayan 418 olgudan geriye kalan 74’ünün (%13.6) mernis ölüm tutanağı kayıtlarının raporda bulunmadığı anlaşıldı. Ölü muayenesi uygulanması ve ölüm yeri açısından farklar araştırıldığında; farkın anlamlı olduğu, olay yerinde ölenlere ölü muayenesinin anlamlı derecede fazla oranda (%93.3) yapıldığı saptandı (p<0.05) (Tablo 2). Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg, Ocak 2016, Cilt. 22, Sayı. 1


Erkol ve ark. Trafik kazasına maruz kalan olgularda ikincil mağduriyet

Tablo 3. Kaza ile ölüm arasında geçen sürenin, ölü muayenesi yapılma durumuna göre dağılımı

Kaza ile ölüm arasında geçen süre

n=451

0–24 25–72 saat saat

3–7 gün

1–4 hafta

1–12 ay

1 yıl Bilin- üzeri meyen

Toplam X2

df

p

n % n % n % n % n % n % n % n %

Ölü muayenesi Var

28 22.6 18 14.5 15 12.1 34 27.4 25 20.2 3 2.4 1 0.8 124 100.0 100.37 6 0.000*

Yok

12 2.9 14 3.3 38 9.1 106 25.4 216 51.7 32 7.7 – – 418 100.0

Toplam

40 7.4 32 5.9 53 9.8 140 25.8 241 44.5 35 6.5 1 0.2 542 100.0

Tablo 4. Ölüm nedenlerinin kaza ile ölüm arasında illiyet bağı bulunmasına göre dağılımı

Kaza ile ölüm arasında illiyet

n=542

Var

Yok Bilinemeyeceği Toplam

X2 df p

n % n % n % n %

Ölüm nedeni

Kafa içi değişimler

131

96.3

3

2.2

2

1.5

136

100.0

Kemik kırığı ve gelişen komplikasyonlar

112

89.6

12

9.6

1

0.8

125

100.0

Genel beden travması

119

98.3

2

1.7

121

100.0

Bilinemeyeceği

25

26.4

18

18.9

52

54.7

95

100.0

Kendinde mevcut hastalık

10

19.2

41

78.9

1

1.9

52

100.0

İç organ/büyük damar yaralanması

10

76.9

2

15.4

1

7.7

13

100.0

Toplam

468.177

10

0.000*

407 75.1 78 14.4 57 10.5 542 100.0

Olguların 17’si feth-i kabir yapılmak suretiyle gönderilmiş, bunların 13’ünün (%76.5) defni öncesinde ölü muayenesi yapılmıştı. Olay yerinde ölen olguların hiçbirine feth-i kabir uygulanmamıştı. Feth-i kabir yapılan tüm olguların hastanede yatmış oldukları ve hastane belgelerinin bulunduğu saptandı.

Ölüm Nedeni

Travmatik Bulgular

Kurul tarafından olguların 136’sının (%25.1) kafa içi değişimler, 125’inin (%23.1) izole kemik kırığı ve gelişen komplikasyonlar, 121’inin (%22.3) genel beden travması, 52’sinin (%9.6) kendinde mevcut hastalık, 13’ünün (%2.4) iç organ ve/veya büyük damar yaralanması nedeni ile öldüğü belirtilmiş, 95 olguda (%17.5) zamanında otopsi yapılmadığından ölüm nedeninin belirlenemediği yönünde görüş bildirilmişti (Tablo 4).

Tıbbi belgelere göre; 143 olgunun (%26.4) kafa travması (kafa kemiklerinde kırık, beyin kanaması, beyin doku harabiyeti ve merkezi sinir sistemi yaralanması), 19 olgunun (%3.5 ) iç organ ve büyük damar yaralanması, 178 olgunun (%32.8) izole kemik kırığı, 15 olgunun (%2.8) kafa travması ve büyük damar, iç organ yaralanması, 71 olgunun (%13.1) kafa travması ve kemik kırığı, 46 olgunun (%8.5) büyük damar, iç organ yaralanması ve kemik kırığı, 19 olgunun (%3.5) kafa travması, büyük damar, iç organ yaralanması ve kemik kırığı bulunduğu, 23 (%4.2) olguda yumuşak doku yaralanmasının mevcut olduğu, 28 (%5.2) olguda bu konuda değerlendirme yapılabilecek nitelikte tıbbi belge olmadığı saptandı.

Olay yerinde ölenlerin altısı (%40.0) genel beden travması, dördü (%26.7) kafa içi değişimler, biri (%6.7) iç organ ve/ veya büyük damar yaralanması sonucu ölmüş iken diğerlerinin ölüm nedeni saptanamamıştı. Hastanede öldüğü belirtilen olgulardan 96’sında (%28.6) kafa travması, 85’inde (%25.3) genel beden travması, 77’sinde (%22.9) kemik kırıkları, dokuzunda (%2.7) iç organ ve/veya büyük damar yaralanması sonucu ölüm meydana gelmiş olup, 36’sında (10.7) ölüm nedeni saptanamamıştı. Otuz üç (%9.8) olguda ölümün kaza ile ilişkisi olmayan ve şahsın kendisinde bulunan bir hastalık sonucu öldüğü kararına varılmıştı. Evde ölen olgularda ise 33’er (%26.4)

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Erkol ve ark. Trafik kazasına maruz kalan olgularda ikincil mağduriyet

olgu ile kemik kırığı ve gelişen komplikasyonlara bağlı ölümler ile ölüm nedeni saptanamayan olgular ön plandaydı. Bunu 26 (%20.8) olgu ile kafa içi değişimler, 19 (%15.2) olgu ile genel beden travması, bir (%0.8) olgu ile iç organ ve/veya büyük damar yaralanması izliyordu. On üç (%10.4) olguda ölüm kendinde mevcut hastalık sonucu meydana gelmişti. Ölüm nedeni belirlenemeyen 95 olgunun 52’sinde (%54.7) kaza ile ölüm arasında illiyet bağı bulunup bulunmadığının bilinemeyeceği, 25’inde (%26.4) illiyet bağı bulunduğu, 18’inde (%18.90) ise illiyet bağı bulunmadığı kararına varılmıştı (Tablo 4). Kurul kararında verilen ölüm nedenlerinde yaş gruplarına göre anlamlı farklılık saptandı (p<0.001). 0–18 yaş grubundaki ölüm nedenleri arasında kafa travması (n=17, %63.0) ilk sırada iken, 19–60 yaş grubunda genel beden travması (n=61, %29.3) ve tek başına kafa travmasının (n=60, %28.8) ön sırayı aldığı, 61 ve üstü yaş grubunda ise kemik kırığı ve gelişen komplikasyonların (n=92, %30.6) ilk sırada bulunduğu görüldü. Kemik kırığı ve gelişen komplikasyonlar sonucunda ölüm (n=92, %73.6) ile kendinde mevcut hastalık nedeniyle ölüm (n=32, %61.5) en fazla 61-üstü yaş grubunda meydana gelmişti. Olguların altısında (%1.1) mevcut belgelerde ölenin yaşı kayıtlı değildi. Yaş grupları arasında ölüm nedenleri açısından fark anlamlıydı (p<0.001). Kendinde mevcut hastalık nedeniyle ölen 52 olgunun 10’unda (%19.2) aslında kaza nedeniyle kişide doğrudan öldürücü nitelikte lezyon meydana gelmediği halde, kişinin maruz kaldığı kazanın efor ve stresinin kendisinde mevcut hastalığını aktif hale getirerek ölümüne neden olduğu, dolayısıyla kaza ile ölüm arasında illiyet bağı bulunduğu yönünde karar verilmişti. Diğer nedenlere bağlı ölümlerin %81.0’inde kaza ile ölüm arasında illiyet bağı bulunduğu yönünde karar bildirilmişti. Ölüm nedeni ile ölü muayenesi yapılması arasında fark saptandı (p<0.001). Kendinde mevcut hastalıktan öldüğü kararına varılan olguların %5.8’ine, izole kemik kırığı sonucu öldüğü kararına varılan olguların %10.4’üne ölü muayenesi yapılmış olduğu saptandı. Ölü muayenesi yapılmış olan olgular içerisinde ilk sırayı kafa travmalarının (%35.5) aldığı belirlendi. Kurul, feth-i kabir işlemi uygulanan olgulardan üçünde ölüm nedeninin bilinemeyeceği, geri kalan 14 feth-i kabir olgusunda ise kaza ile ölüm arasında illiyet bağı bulunduğu şeklinde görüş bildirmişti. Mernis ölüm tutanağı mevcut olmayan 74 (%13.6) olgunun dışında kalan 468 (%86.4) olgunun 147’sinde (%31.4) Kurul’da saptanan ölüm nedeni ile mernis ölüm tutağındaki ölüm nedeninin uyumlu olduğu, geri kalan 321 (%68.6) olguda ise Kurul’da saptanan ölüm nedeni ile mernis ölüm tutanaklarının uyumlu olmadığı belirlendi. Mernis ölüm tutanağında ölüm nedeninin saptanamadığı belirtilen 178 olgudan sadece 26’sında (%14.6) Kurul tarafından da ölüm nedeninin saptanamadığı belirtilmişti. Mernis ölüm tutanağında kendinde mevcut hastalık 70

sonucu öldüğü belirtilen 156 (%34.4) olgudan sadece 35’inin (%22.4) Kurul raporunda da kendisinde mevcut hastalık sonucu öldüğü kararına varılmıştı. Kurulda saptanan ölüm nedeni ile mernis ölüm tutanaklarının arasında ölüm nedenleri açısından anlamlı fark olduğu saptandı (p<0.001).

Kaza ile Ölüm Arasında İlliyet Bağı Mevcudiyeti Toplam 407 (%75.1) olguda kaza ile ölüm arasında illiyet bağı bulunduğu, 78 (%14.4) olguda illiyet bağı bulunmadığı, 57 (%10.5) olguda otopsi yapılmadığından illiyet bağı olup olmadığının bilinemeyeceği yönünde karar bildirilmişti (Tablo 4). Kaza ile illiyet kurulan olgulardan %68.1’inde, kurulmayan olgulardan %43.7’sinde ölüm hastanede meydana gelmişti. Kaza ile illiyet kurulması ve olguların ölüm yeri açısından gruplar arasındaki fark anlamlı idi (p<0.001). Olay yerinde (%100) ve hastanede ölen olgularda (%82.4) kaza ile ölüm arasında illiyet kurma oranı daha yüksek iken, bunu evde ölenlerin (%64.0) izlediği görüldü. Bu durum, evde ölenlerde yeterli tıbbi takibin olmaması ve buna ait kayıtların bulunmaması nedeni ile illiyet yönünden değerlendirmenin daha güç olmasına bağlıydı. Ölüm nedeninin bilinemeyeceği kararı verilen olgulardan %81.1’inde ölüm ilk 72 saatten sonra meydana gelmişti. Dolayısıyla kaza ile ölüm arasında geçen süre arttıkça, ölüm nedeninin bilinemeyeceği kararı verilen olguların sayısı da artmıştı. Benzer şekilde kaza ile ölüm arasında illiyet bağı bulunup bulunmadığının bilinemeyeceği kararı verilen 57 olgunun 54’ünün (%94.7) 72 saatten sonra öldüğü, dolayısıyla kaza ile ölüm arasında geçen süre arttıkça, illiyet bağı bulunup bulunmadığının bilinemeyeceği kararı verilen olguların sayısının da arttığı görüldü. İlk 72 saatte ölen olgularda, kaza ile ölüm arasında illiyet bulunmayan olgu bulunmuyordu. İlliyet olup olmadığının belirlenemeyeceği kararı verilen olgu sayısı (%4.2) da çok düşüktü. Kazanın üzerinden geçen süre arttıkça, kaza ile illiyet kurma olasılığının azaldığı, ilk 24 saatte ölen olguların %95.0’inde ölüm ile kaza arasında illiyet bağı saptanmış iken, bir yıldan sonra ölen olguların sadece %34.3’ünde illiyet bağı kurulduğu gözlendi. Kaza ile ölüm arasında geçen süre ile illiyet kurulması arasındaki ilişki anlamlı bulundu (p<0.05). Kafa içi değişimler sonucu ölen olguların çoğunda (%96.3) kaza ile ölüm arasında illiyet bağı bulunduğu, kendinde mevcut hastalık sonucu ölen olgularda daha çok (%78.9) kaza ile ölüm arasında illiyet bağı bulunmadığı yönünde karar verilmişti (Tablo 4).

TARTIŞMA Ceza İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü’nün 08.07.1946 tarihinde yayınladığı 45/14 sayılı tamimde “Otopsi yapılmadan ve cesedin dış muayene bulguları ile yetinilerek ölüm nedeninin bildirir raporlar yazılmasının bir alışkanlık haline geldiği, ceset üzerinde maddeten ancak bir kez otopsi yapılabileceği, bu nedenle bu Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg, Ocak 2016, Cilt. 22, Sayı. 1


Erkol ve ark. Trafik kazasına maruz kalan olgularda ikincil mağduriyet

konudaki en ufak bir kayıtsızlığın ölü ile birlikte hak ve adaletin gömülmesine yol açacağı göz önünde bulundurularak; cinayet, intihar ve kazai ölümlerde ölüm nedeni dış muayenede belli olsa dahi ceset üzerinde üç boşluk açılmalıdır.” denilmiştir. Atmış dokuz yıl önce yayımlanan tamimde dahi kaza orijinli olaylarda otopsi yapılması gerektiği açıkça belirtildiği halde, günümüzde halen özellikle trafik kazasına maruz kalan olgularda genelde ölü muayenesi ile yetinilerek defin ruhsatı verilmesi uygulaması yaygın olarak görülmektedir. Oysaki zorlamalı ölüm türlerinden biri olan kaza orijinli ölümlerde, zamanında otopsi yapılmadığı takdirde gerek adli tıp açısından gerekse hukuki süreçte birçok sorunla karşılaşılabilmektedir.[10–12] Dış muayenede saptanan travma bulgularının, iç muayenede belirlenen travmatik bulgular ile her zaman uyumlu olmadığı bilinmektedir. Ancak uygulamada hekimlerin bilgi birikimi ve deneyim düzeyine göre, özellikle ölümün orijinini ön plana alarak, otopsi yapılıp yapılmamasına ölü muayenesi sırasında karar verdikleri ifade edilmektedir.[12–14] Bazı olgularda ise adli olgu bildirimi yapılmadığından ölü muayenesi dahi gerçekleştirilememektedir. Otopsisi, hatta ölü muayenesi yapılmamış olan adli olguların adli tıbbi yönden değerlendirilmesinde sorulan hususta görüş bildirmek bazen çok zor, bazen de olanaksız hale gelebilmektedir.

Cinsiyet–Yaş Trafik kazasına bağlı ölümlerin fiziksel ve sosyal olarak daha aktif olan yaş gruplarında sık görüldüğü belirtilmektedir.[14–21] Bu çalışmaların aksine çalışmamızda en fazla olgunun (%55.5) 61-üstü yaş grubunda bulunmasının ve bu yaş grubunda ölü muayenesinin daha az yapılmasının (%37.9) nedeninin; Kurul’a gelen olguların genelde kaza sonrası geç dönemde ölen olgular olması, yaşlılarda ölümün çocuk ve erişkin gruba göre daha doğal olarak kabul edilmesi, genellikle bilinen hastalıkları ve tıbbi belgeleri bulunduğundan defin ruhsatının daha rahat düzenlenebilmesi, sonuçta otopsi yapılmadan defin ruhsatı düzenleme eğiliminin yüksek olmasından kaynaklandığı düşünülmektedir.

geldiği, bunu 72 saat ve üstü dönemde ölen olguların takip ettiği bildirilmektedir.[5,7,24,25] Buna karşın çalışmamızda olgulardan sadece 15’inin (%2.8) kaza yerinde öldüğü belirlenmiştir (Tablo 1, 2). Bu durumun kaza mahallinde ölen olgularda kaza ile ölüm arasında geçen sürenin kısalığı nedeniyle ölümün kazaya bağlı olup olmadığı konusunda fazla bir şüphe oluşmaması, bu nedenle olgunun Kurul’a gönderilme gereksiniminin duyulmamasından kaynaklandığı düşünülmektedir. Olguların çoğunluğu (336 olgu–%62.0) hastanede öldüğü halde hiçbirine otopsi uygulanmaması, hastanede ölen olguların sadece %26.8’ine (90 olgu) ölü mayenesi uygulanması, yani sadece %26.8 olguda adli olgu ihbarı yapılmış olması dikkat çekici bulunmaktadır (Tablo 2).

Kaza ile Ölüm Arasında Geçen Süre Çalışmada kaza sonrası uzun süre (bir ay veya daha fazla) yaşayan olguların Kurul’a daha çok gönderilmesinin (276 olgu–%51.0) nedeni; genelde bu tür olgularda sanık tarafının kaza ile ölüm arasında geçen uzun süreye de atıfta bulunarak mağdurun kaza nedeniyle ölmediğini iddia etmesi, mağdurun yakınlarının ise ölümün kazaya bağlı olduğu iddiasından kaynaklanmaktadır (Tablo 1). Uygulamada, travma sonrası dönem uzadıkça, yaşlı kişilerin ölümünün daha doğal kabul edildiği ve defin ruhsatı düzenleme eğiliminin arttığı, buna karşın çocuk ve erişkin yaş grubundaki ölümler doğal görülmeyerek daha fazla oranda adli bildirimde bulunulduğu görülmektedir.

Hastanede Yatış

Ölüm Yeri

Hekimlerimizin, trafik kazasına maruz kalan bazı olguların ölümünü takiben adli olgu bildiriminde bulunmayıp defin ruhsatı düzenledikleri görülmektedir.[26] Ülkemizdeki uygulamada hekimlerin genelde hastanın trafik kazası sonrasında ilk hastanede yatışı sırasında dosyasına adli olgu kaşesinin basıldığı, ancak buradan sevk edildiği diğer hastane/ler/de ya da taburcu olduktan sonra tekrar yatırıldığı hastane/ler/de hastanın adli olgu olduğu hususunun atlandığı, trafik kazası anamnezi göz ardı edilerek hastaneye yatırılma nedeni olan tabloya odaklanıldığı görülmektedir. Hastaneye yatış sırasında alınan anamnezde kişinin tıbbi özgeçmişinin detaylı şekilde, yakın-uzak geçmişi sorgular tarzda alınmaması ya da aradan uzun süre geçtiği için kaza ile ölüm arasında illiyet kurulabileceği ihtimalinin düşünülmemesi de kaza sonrası mükerrer hastane yatışları olan olguların ölümünü takiben, adli olgu bildirimi yapılmadan defin ruhsatı düzenlenmesinde etkili olabilmektedir. Sonuçta bu ihmaller nedeniyle ya da bazı hekimlerin yasal olarak her adli olayı adli makamlara bildirme yükümlülüğünün bulunduğunu bilmemelerinden dolayı mağdurların ölü muayenesi ve otopsi yapılmadan defnedildikleri görülmektedir. Çalışmamızda olguların hastaneye yatış sayısı arttıkça ölü muayenesi yapılma oranının, yani adli olgu bildirim oranının önemli derecede düşmesinin bu yaklaşım hatasından kaynaklandığı değerlendirilmektedir.

Yapılan bazı çalışmalarda trafik kazasına bağlı ölümlerin çoğunluğunun kaza mahallinde ve ilk yarım saat içerisinde meydana

Çalışmada; ölü muayenesi yapılan ve yapılmayan olguların

Kazanın Niteliği Yapılan çalışmalarda trafik kazası nedeniyle ölümlerin daha çok ADTK sonucu meydana geldiği belirtilmektedir.[7–17,19] Chini ve ark. yayaların kaza sonrası hastanede tedavi görme açısından yüksek riskli grupta bulunduğunu ifade etmiştir.[22] Çalışmamızda da %56.4 oranı (n=306) ile ADTK’larının ön planda olduğu gözlenmiştir. Yaşlı yayaların maruz kaldığı trafik kazası mortalitesinin genel ortalamadan çok yüksek bulunduğu, bu mortalitenin 70 yaş üzerinde daha da arttığı bildirilmektedir.[23] Literatürle uyumlu olarak çalışmamızda ADTK’larının 205 olgu (%67.0) ile en fazla 61-üstü yaş grubunda meydana geldiği (p<0.05) görülmüştür.

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ölüm yerlerine göre değerlendirmesinde farkın anlamlı olduğu saptanmıştır (p<0.001) (Tablo 2). Olay yerinde ölmüş olguların %93.3’üne ölü muayenesi yapılmış iken hastanede ölmüş olanların yalnızca %26.8’ine, evde ölmüş olanların ise %10.4’üne ölü muayenesi yapılmıştır. Hastanede ölen olguların %73.2’sine ölü muayenesi yapılmamış olması adli olgu niteliği taşıyan trafik kazası olgularının hekimler tarafından atlanarak adli makamlara ihbar edilmediğini göstermektedir.

mernis ölüm tutanağına ilişkin bilginin de bulunmadığı görülmüştür. Hastanede ölen ve adli olgu bildiriminde bulunmadan defin ruhsatı düzenlenen olgular ile müdavi hekim tarafından adli bildiriminde bulunulduğu halde sadece ölü muayenesi yapılarak, otopsi uygulanmadan defin ruhsatı düzenlenen olgular, hem klinik hekimlerinin hem de ölü muayenesini gerçekleştiren hekimlerin bu konularda eğitim alma ihtiyacını göstermektedir.

Ölü Muayenesi/Mernis Ölüm Tutanağı/ Feth-i Kabir Mevcudiyeti

Feth-i kabirler adli ölüm olaylarında yapılan işlemlerin kalitesinin göstergesi olup ölüm sonrası yapılan araştırmaların eksik olduğunu gösterir.[31] Türk toplumunun sosyo-kültürel yapısı itibarıyla; feth-i kabir işleminin aileye manevi külfet getirdiği, acılarını tazelediği, üzüntü verdiği, işlemin ekonomik bir maliyetinin olduğu, ayrıca zaman içinde cesette meydana gelen değişimler nedeni ile sağlıklı makroskopik ve mikroskopik incelemelerin yapılamadığı bilinmektedir. Çalışmamızdaki toplam 17 feth-i kabir olgusunun 13’ünde (%76.5) ölü muayenesinin bulunması, ölüm nedeni tespitinde ölü muayenesinin yeterli olmadığını göstermektedir. Başka bir anlatımla 13 olguda adli bildirim yapıldığı halde sadece ölü muayenesi ile yetinilerek otopsi yapılmaması, cesedin daha sonra mezarından çıkarılarak otopsiye alınması ile sonuçlanmıştır. Feth-i kabir yapılan olguların tümünün hastaneye yatışı olup bir kez hastaneye yatmış olan olgular yarıdan fazladır. Yatış sayısı arttıkça feth-i kabir yapılma sayısında düşüş olması, hastane belgelerinden kişinin ölüm nedeni hakkında daha fazla bilgi sağlamasından kaynaklanmaktadır. Bir kez hastaneye yatmış ve feth-i kabir uygulanmış olguların altısı ilk 72 saatte, dördü ise 72 saatten sonraki dönemde ölmüştür.

Dünya Sağlık Asamblesi ölüm nedeninin doğru olarak saptanabilmesi amacıyla “Ölüm Nedeni Uluslararası Tıbbi Rapor Formu”nun kullanılmasını önermiş, bu formda ölüm nedenlerini son neden (ölüme neden olan son hastalık veya travma), ara neden (eğer varsa ölüme neden olan hastalığı doğuran hastalık veya travma), temel neden (asıl ölüm nedeni) şeklinde sınıflandırılmasını, ayrıca ölüme sebep olmamakla birlikte kişide bulunan diğer hastalıkların da (kanserli hastanın trafik kazası sonucu ölmesi gibi) tanımlanmasını istemiştir.[27] Günümüzde ölüm raporları elektronik ortamda TUİK tarafından düzenlenen formların doldurulması şeklinde tanzim edilmekte ve bu formlar aynı zamanda defin ruhsatı olarak kullanılmaktadır.[28] TUİK formlarında, ölüm raporlarının, belirtilen sisteme uygun şekilde düzenlenmesi istenmekte ve form arkasında ayrıntılı olarak nasıl düzenleneceği belirtilmektedir. Ancak bu ayrıntılı açıklamaya rağmen, formların bir kısmının halen belirtilen usule uygun olarak doldurulmadığı ve bunun veri kayıplarına neden olduğu görülmektedir.[29] Çalışmanın kapsadığı dönemde ölenlere, hekim tarafından mernis ölüm tutanağı düzenlenmekte olup ölüm sonrası düzenlenen mernis ölüm tutanağındaki ölüm nedenlerinin tartışılabilir olduğu ve diğer hekimlerin bu tanıya bazen katılmadıkları görülmektedir. Çalışmamızda da mernis ölüm tutanağı düzenlenmiş olan 468 olgudan Kurul’da saptanan ölüm nedeni ile mernis ölüm tutanağında belirtilen ölüm nedeni arasında yalnızca %31.4’ünde (n=147) uyum bulunduğu saptanmıştır. Bu farkın mernis ölüm tutanaklarının uygun şekilde doldurulmamış olmasından ya da otopsi yapılmadan verilen defin ruhsatlarının farklı ölüm nedeni içermesinden kaynaklanabileceği düşünülmektedir. Ülkemizde yapılan ölüm araştırmalarında istatistiksel analizlerde kullanılan mernis ölüm tutanaklarının bu nedenle güvenilir sonuçlar vermeme olasılığının bulunduğu dikkati çekmektedir. Uygulamada ölüm nedenlerinin ICD sistemine göre kodlanmasının zorunlu hale getirilmiş olması ve bu konuda görevlendirilmiş bir hekim tarafından onaylandıktan sonra ölüm nedeni olarak sistem tarafından kabul edilir hale getirilmiş olmasının ölüm tutanaklarındaki doldurma hatalarını en aza indirebileceği düşünülmektedir.[9,30] Ancak halen trafik kazası sonucu ölen olguların büyük bir çoğunluğunda otopsi yapılmadığı, ölüm nedenlerinin afaki olarak değerlendirilmesinin belirgin hatalara neden olduğu gözlenmektedir. Çalışmamızda olguların 418’inde (%77.1) ölü muayenesi yapılmadığı (Tablo 2), bu olguların 74’ünün (%13.6) Kurul kararında 72

Ölü muayenesi uygulanma durumu: Ceza Muhakemesi Kanunu’nun 159. maddesi hekimlere karşılaştıkları adli olguları, defin ruhsatı düzenlemeden, adli mercilere bildirim yükümlülüğü getirmiştir.[32] Adli olguların önemli bir grubunu oluşturan trafik kazası olguları ile karşılaşan hekim, yasa gereğince hem trafik kazasına maruz kalan canlı olguları hem de trafik kazasına maruz kalma öyküsü bulunan ölüm olgularını adli makamlara ihbar etme yükümlülüğünü taşımaktadır. Ancak uygulamada hekimlerimizin bazen trafik kazasına maruz kalan olgulara ölümünü müteakip defin ruhsatı düzenledikleri, adli olgu bildiriminde bulunmadıkları görülmektedir. Ölü muayenesi bulguları ve varsa tıbbi belgelerdeki veriler esas alınarak otopsi yapılamadan defin ruhsatı verilen olgular kadar, adli olgu bildirimi yapılmadan defin ruhsatı düzenlenen olgularda da hukuki bazı sorunlar yaşanmaktadır.[31] Çalışmamızda olguların sadece %22.9’una ölü muayenesi yapıldığı, geri kalan %77.1 olguda ölü muayenesi yapılmadığı (Tablo 2), bu olgular içerisinden raporunda mernis ölüm tutanağı ile ilgili bilgi bulunmayan 74 (%13.6) olgu çıkarıldığında geriye kalan 344 (%63.5) olgunun adli olgu ihbarı yapılmadan defin ruhsatı düzenlenen olgular olduğu belirlenmiştir. Çalışmamızda, ilk 24 saat içinde ölen olguların %30’una ölü muayenesi yapılmadığı ve bildiriminde bulunulmadan defin ruhsatı düzenlenerek gömüldüğü, kazadan bir yıl sonra ölen olguların ise %91.4’üne ölü muayenesi yapılmadan defin ruhsatı düzenlendiği gözlenUlus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg, Ocak 2016, Cilt. 22, Sayı. 1


Erkol ve ark. Trafik kazasına maruz kalan olgularda ikincil mağduriyet

miştir. Hastanede ölen 336 olgunun sadece 90’ına (%26.8) ölü muayenesi uygulanmış, geri kalan %73.2’sine adli bildirimde bulunulmadan defin ruhsatı verilmiştir. Evinde ölen 125 olgunun sadece 13’üne (%10.4) ölü muayenesi uygulandığı, 112’sinin (%89.6) ölü muayenesinin bulunmadığı, yani adli makamlara ihbar edilmediği gözlenmiştir. Tablo hem hastanede çalışan müdavi hekimlerin, hem cesedi evde muayene ederek defin ruhsatı veren hekimlerin, hem de ölen adli olgu olduğu halde otopsi yapmadan, sadece ölü muayene bulgularına dayanarak defin ruhsatı düzenleyen hekimlerin hatalı davranışını göstermektedir. Kemik kırığı olan olguların sadece %9.6’sına ölü muayenesi uygulanması, kırık olgularının daha hafif tablolar olarak değerlendirildiğini ve genel olarak ölüm ile ilişkilendirilmediğini, bu nedenle de adli bildirim oranının düşük olduğunu düşündürmektedir.

Travmatik Bulgular Bulgularımız, kaza sırasında meydana gelen kafa travması olgularının, ölüm nedenleri arasında ilk sıralarda olduğu yönündeki literatür bilgisi ile uyumlu bulundu.[33,34–37] Travmatik bulgular ile yaş grupları arasında saptanan fark, yaşlı grubunda izole kemik kırığının fazla oranda olmasından kaynaklanmaktaydı.

Ölüm Nedeni Kazadan sonra geçen süre uzadıkça, çalışmamızda olduğu gibi, ölüm nedeninin bilinememe oranının artması nedeniyle, özellikle kaza sonrası geç dönemde ölen olgularda otopsi yapılmaması, bu olgularda ölenin manevi haklarını, mirasçılarının ise tazminat gibi yasal haklarını yitirmesine neden olabilmektedir. Nitekim kazanın üzerinden bir yıldan daha fazla zaman geçen olgular içerisinde %34.2 oranı ile ölüm nedeni bilinemeyen olguların ilk sırada yer aldığı gözlenmiştir. Kafa travması sonucu ölen olguların çoğunda kaza ile ölüm arasında illiyet bulunduğu, kendinde mevcut hastalık sonucu ölen olgularda daha çok kaza ile ölüm arasında illiyet bulunmadığı, tıbbi belgesi bulunmayan olgularda ise ağırlıklı olarak kaza ile ölüm arasında illiyet bağı bulunup bulunmadığının bilinemeyeceği yönünde karar verildiği belirlenmiştir. Bu yaklaşım, ölüm nedeninin ve illiyet bağının belirlenmesinde tıbbi belge mevcudiyetinin ne kadar önemli olduğunu göstermektedir. Ekstremite kemik kırığına bağlı ölümlerin, bütün olguların yaklaşık 1/4’ünü oluşturması ve 61-üstü yaş grubunda ölüm nedeni olarak kemik kırığı ve gelişen komplikasyonların ilk sırada bulunması; kırığa bağlı ölümler genelde geç dönemde görüldüğünden, özellikle yaşlı kişilerin kendinde mevcut hastalık sonucu öldüğü kanaati ile defin ruhsatı düzenlenmesinden kaynaklanmaktadır. Hastanede ölen olguların %10.7’sinde, buna karşın olay yerinde ve evde ölen olguların yaklaşık %26’sında ölüm nedeninin belirlenemediği görülmüştür. Hastanede ölen olgularda tıbbi belge bulunması nedeni ile ölüm nedeninin bilinememe oranı Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg, Ocak 2016, Cilt. 22, Sayı. 1

düşük bulunmakla birlikte; defin ruhsatı düzenlenen olguların %10.7’sinde hastanede verilen ölüm nedenine Kurul’un katılmaması dikkat çekici bulunmuştur. Bu durum, ölüm sonrası hekim tarafından düzenlenen mernis ölüm tutanağındaki ölüm nedeninin tartışılabilir olduğunun ve diğer hekimlerin bu tanıya her zaman katılmadığının göstergesi olarak yorumlanmıştır.

Kaza ile Ölüm Arasında İlliyet Bağı Mevcudiyeti Kurul kararında ölüm nedeni bilinemeyen 95 olgunun 52’sinde (%54.7) kaza ile ölüm arasında illiyet bulunup bulunmadığının bilinemeyeceği, 25’inde (%26.4) illiyet bağı bulunduğu, 18’inde (%18.9) ise illiyet bağı bulunmadığı kararı verilmişti (Tablo 4). Ölüm nedeni bilinemeyen olguların %26.4’ünde kaza ile ölüm arasında illiyet bağı kurulmasının, illiyet kurma yönünden değerlendirmede salt ölüm nedeni değil, bunun dışında başka faktörlerin de rol oynayabileceğini, adli tahkikat dosyasında, tıbbi belgelerde bulunan bilgilerin de birlikte değerlendirilerek bu konuda karara varıldığını gösteriyordu. Evde ölenlerde yeterli tıbbi takip ve buna ait kayıtlar bulunmadığından kaza ile illiyet kurma oranı daha düşüktü.

Sonuç Çalışmada elde edilen veriler dikkate alınarak, trafik kazasına maruz kaldıktan sonra ölen mağdurların ve yakınlarının takip eden dönemdeki hukuki süreçte haklarının korunabilmesi için dikkat edilmesi gereken hususlar şöyle özetlenebilir: 1. Çalışmada; adli bildirimde bulunmadan defin ruhsatı düzenlenen ya da ölü muayenesi bulguları ve varsa tıbbi belgelerdeki veriler esas alınarak ölüm nedeninin tespit edildiği, bu nedenle otopsi uygulanmasına gerek olmadığı bildirilen ve sonuçta otopsi yapılmadan gömülen olguların Kurul’da yapılan değerlendirilmesinde %17.5 olguda zamanında otopsi yapılmadığı gerekçesi ile ölüm nedeninin, %10.5 olguda ise yine otopsi yapılmadığından kaza ile ölüm arasında illiyet bağı olup olmadığının belirlenemediği görülmektedir. Diğer bir anlatımla otopsi yapılmadığı için yaklaşık olarak her altı olgudan birinde ölüm nedeni tespit edilememiş, yine her dokuz olgudan birinde kaza ile ölüm arasında illiyet bağı olup olmadığı belirlenememiştir. Oysa ki ölüm nedeninin belirlenmesi ve kaza ile ölüm arasında illiyet bağı bulunması sanığın hak ettiği cezaya mahkumiyeti yanında ölenin yakınlarının tazminat gibi yasal haklarını alabilmesi açısından çok önemlidir. Kurul raporunda ölüm nedeninin ve/veya illiyetin bulunup bulunmadığının bilinemeyeceği yönünde verilen karar, yargılamada şüpheden sanık yararlanır prensibine göre sanık lehine kullanılmakta, bu durum adaletin tecellisini aksatmakta, sonuçta kaza nedeniyle mağdur olan kişinin ve yakınlarının adalet huzurunda daha da mağdur olmasına neden olmaktadır. Çalışmamızın sonucu trafik kazasına maruz kalan olgularda zamanında adli olgu ihbarı yapılmasının ve cesede otopsi uygulanmasının ileride ortaya çıkabilecek itirazlara, iddialara ve hukuki bazı problemlere yanıt verebilmek adına ne denli önemli olduğunu göstermektedir. 73


Erkol ve ark. Trafik kazasına maruz kalan olgularda ikincil mağduriyet

2. Çalışmamızda ölü muayenesi yapılmayan 418 olgunun 344’ünde (%82.3) sadece mernis ölüm tutanağının mevcut bulunduğu, dolayısıyla bu olguların adli olgu ihbarı yapılmadan defin ruhsatı düzenlenen olgular olduğu belirlenmiştir. Bu nedenle hekimlerimizin; a) Hangi olguların adli olgu niteliği taşıdığı, bu olgular ile karşılaştıkları takdirde gerekli acil tıbbi müdahaleyi takiben, olguyu en kısa sürede adli makamlara bildirme yükümlülüğü bulunduğu konusunda, b) Trafik kazasına maruz kalan olguları başka sağlık kuruluşuna sevk ederken düzenledikleri sevk raporunda kişinin kazaya maruz kalma öyküsünü mutlaka belirtmesi, olgunun “adli olgu” olduğu notunu rapora mutlaka açıkça yazması ve böylece sevk edildiği kuruluşta yatışı yapılırken, hasta dosyasına “adli olgu” ibaresinin konmasını sağlaması konusunda, c) Hastaneye yatış yaparken hastanın özgeçmişini dikkatli ve detaylı bir şekilde sorgulaması gerektiği, yakın ya da geç dönemde trafik kazasına maruz kalma öyküsü bulunan olgularda, bu durumu mutlaka yatış evrakına kaydetmesi gerektiği konusunda, d) Nöbette iken kendi takip ettiği hasta olmasa dahi ölen ve nöbetçi hekim olarak defin ruhsatı düzenlemesi istenen bir olgunun öncelikle hasta dosyasını dikkatle incelemesi, yakın ya da geç dönemde trafik kazasına maruz kalma öyküsü bulunan ya da dosyasında “adli olgu” ibaresi bulunan olgularda, ölümün kazaya bağlı olmadığını düşünse dahi, olgunun defin ruhsatını düzenlemeyip, adli makamlara bildirimde bulunması gerektiği konusunda, e) Hastanede kendisinin takip ettiği ve trafik kazasına maruz kalma öyküsü bulunan olguların ölümü halinde, yine ölümün kazaya bağlı olmadığını düşünse dahi olgunun defin ruhsatını düzenlemeyip, adli makamlara bildirimde bulunması gerektiği konusunda, f ) Evde ölen olgularda, cesedi muayene eden belediye hekimleri ya da toplum sağlığı merkezinde görevli hekimlerin aynı şekilde trafik kazasına maruz kalma öyküsü bulunan olgularda, ölümün kazaya bağlı olmadığını düşünse dahi olgunun defin ruhsatını düzenlemeyip, adli makamlara bildirimde bulunması gerektiği konusunda eğitim almaları büyük önem taşımaktadır. Çıkar örtüşmesi: Çıkar örtüşmesi bulunmadığı belirtilmiştir.

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Erkol ve ark. Trafik kazasına maruz kalan olgularda ikincil mağduriyet and motor vehicle occupants in Sirjan, Kerman, Iran. Chin J Traumatol 2009;12:200–2. 22. Chini F, Farchi S, Ciaramella I, Antoniozzi T, Giorgi Rossi P, Camilloni L, et al. Road traffic injuries in one local health unit in the Lazio region: results of a surveillance system integrating police and health data. Int J Health Geogr 2009;8:21. 23. Papadimitriou E, Yannis G, Evgenikos P. About pedestrian safety in europe. International Conference Road Safety and Simulation RSS 2009 5,6,7th October 2009 Paris, France. 24. Çınarbaş S. Ankara’da meydana gelen yaralamalı yaya kazalarının konumsal olarak i̇rdelenmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Gazi Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara; 2002. 25. Aydın B. Trafik kazalarında travma lokalizasyonu taşıt i̇çi konum i̇lişkisi. ATK Uzmanlık Tezi, İstanbul, 1994. 26. Gamsız NB, Mert E. Hekimlerin defin ruhsatı düzenlerken karşılaştıkları sorunlar: Bir anket çalışması. Adli Tıp Bülteni 2003;8:5–19. 27. Sümbüloğlu K. Alana özel i̇statistiksel yöntemler. 2. basım. Ankara: Sanem Matbaacılık; 1989. 28. Ölüm Kaydı Bildirim Sistemi http://www.trbhsm.gov.tr/images/ files/58252.pdf (erişim tarihi: 03.09.2014). 29. Okyay P, Bilgen MA, Dirlik M, Barutça S. Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Uygulama ve Araştırma Hastanesi 2008-2009 yılı ölüm nedenleri i̇statistiklerinde değişim: bir müdahale çalışması, Aydın. Adnan Mend-

eres Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi 2011;12:1–10. 30. Ölüm Bildirim Sistemi https://obs.gov.tr/acilis.aspx. (erişim tarihi: 19.09.2014). 31. Demirci Ş, Doğan KH, Erkol Z, Deniz İ. Konya’da 2001-2007 yılları arasında gerçekleştirilen Fethi kabir olgularının değerlendirilmesi. Adli Tıp Bülteni 2008;13:63–8. 32. Ekinci M. T. C. Anayasası, TCK, CMK, CGTİK ve ilgili son mevzuat. Adalet Yayınevi. Ağustos 2005. 33. Baklacıoğlu F. Trafik kazası kaynaklı ölüm olgularında kaza tipi, araç içi lokalizasyon ile yaralanma paterni arasındaki ilişkinin değerlendirilmesi; prospektif otopsi çalışması. Uzmanlık Tezi, İstanbul 2008. 34. Knigtht B. Forensic pathology. In: Knigtht B, editor. 2nd ed. Oxford University Pres Inc, Chapter 9; 1996. p. 275–95. 35. Nzegwu MA, Banjo AA, Akhiwu W, Aligbe JU, Nzegwu CO. Morbidity and mortality among road users in Benin-City, Nigeria. Ann Afr Med 2008;7:102–6. 36. Oginni FO, Ajike SO, Obuekwe ON, Fasola O. A prospective multicenter study of injury profile, severity and risk factors in 221 motorcycleinjured Nigerian maxillofacial patients. Traffic Inj Prev 2009;10:70–5. 37. Ndiaye A, Chambost M, Chiron M. The fatal injuries of car drivers. Forensic Sci Int 2009;184:21–7.

ORIGINAL ARTICLE - ABSTRACT OLGU SUNUMU

Secondary victimization of traffic accident victims: getting buried without the declaration of forensic case and without having performed autopsy Zerrin Erkol, M.D.,1 Yavuz Hekimoğlu, M.D.,2 Bora Büken, M.D.,3 Gözde Şirin, M.D.,4 Rıza Yılmaz, M.D.,5 Harun Akkaya, M.D.4 Department of Forensic Medicine, Abant Izzet Baysal University Faculty of Medicine, Bolu, Turkey Department of Forensic Medicine, Yüzüncü Yıl University Faculty of Medicine, Van, Turkey Department of Forensic Medicine, Düzce University Faculty of Medicine, Düzce, Turkey 4 Council of Forensic Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey 5 Department of Forensic Medicine, Bülent Ecevit University Faculty of Medicine, Zonguldak, Turkey 1 2 3

BACKGROUND: In this study, it was aimed to analyze the cases of traffic accident related deaths, buried without performing autopsy, in order to increase awareness of the physicians about declaration liability of forensic cases and also emphasize the declaration of the forensic case and autopsy importance. METHODS: In the First Specialization Board of Council of Forensic Medicine, 542 cases of death, reported between the years 2004–2008, who were involved in traffic accidents and buried without an autopsy performed, were evaluated retrospectively. RESULTS: It was found that 69.4% of the cases (n=376) were males, whereas %30.6 (n=166) were females; mean age was 58.5±20.9 (range, 3–98 years). Age 61 and above was the most frequent age group with 301 cases (55.5%). Of the cases, 336 (62.0%) had died in hospital, 241 (44.5%) had died in 1–12 months following the accident and medico-legal corpse examination was performed only in 123 (22.9%) cases. Three hundred fourty-four (63.5%) of the cases were not reported as forensic cases and death certificate was signed by any physician other than medical examiner without being declared as a legal case. According to the decisions of Board, since an autopsy was not duly performed, the cause of death could not be determined for 95 cases (17.5%) and for 57 cases (10.5%), it was not possible to determine whether there was causality between the accident and death. DISCUSSION: Our findings emphasize the importance of declaration of forensic cases and performing autopsy in time in traffic accident victims. Keywords: Autopsy; causality relationship; cause of death; corpse examination; decleration of the forensic case; traffic accident. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg 2016;22(1):66–75

doi: 10.5505/tjtes.2015.47817

Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg, Ocak 2016, Cilt. 22, Sayı. 1

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ORİJİ N A L Ç A LI Ş M A

Lökosit sayısı, yüzde nötrofil oranı ve C-reaktif protein konsantrasyonlarının “kesim değeri” düzeylerinde apandisit tanısındaki değerleri Dr. Cüneyt Ayrık,1 Dr. Ulaş Karaaslan,2 Dr. Ahmet Dağ,3 Dr. Seyran Bozkurt,1 Dr. İbrahim Toker,4 Dr. Filiz Demir5 1

Mersin Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Acil Tıp Anabilim Dalı, Mersin

2

Balıkesir Devlet Hastanesi, Acil Tıp Kliniği, Balıkesir

3

Mersin Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Genel Cerrahi Anabilim Dalı, Mersin

4

İzmir Tepecik Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi, Acil Tıp Kliniği, İzmir

5

Niğde Devlet Hastanesi, Acil Tıp Kliniği, Niğde

ÖZET AMAÇ: Bu çalışmada akut apandisit şüphesiyle ameliyat edilenlerde ameliyat öncesi lökosit sayımı, nötrofil yüzdesi ve C-reaktif proteinin (CRP) kesim değeri düzeylerinde apandisit tanısı koymada prediktif değerlerinin araştırılması amaçlandı. GEREÇ VE YÖNTEM: Ocak 2008–Kasım 2010 tarihleri arasında acil servise karın ağrısı ile başvuran ve akut apandisit ön tanısı ile ameliyata alınan hastalar geriye dönük tarandı. Hastalar histopatalojik bulgulara göre üç gruba ayrıldı. Grup I: normal apendiks, grup II: komplike olmayan apandisit, grup III: komplike apandisit. Laboratuvar ölçümlerinin ayırt ediciliğine yönelik ROC eğrileri oluşturularak, her bir ölçüme ait kesim değerleri belirlendi ve pozitif patolojiyi ayırt edicilik performansları değerlendirildi. BULGULAR: Çalışmaya alınan 320 hastanın 175’i erkek (%54.7) ve 145’i kadın (%45.3) olup, yaş ortalaması 35.95±14.75’idi. WBC kesim değeri 12.080 olup toplam apandisitlileri (grup II+III) normal apendikslilerden ve grup II’yi grup I’den ayırmada anlamlı bulunurken (p<0.001), grup II’yi, grup III’ten ayırt etmede anlamlı bulunmadı (p=0.768). Yüzde nötrofil oranı kesim değeri %73 olup, grup II+grup III’ü, grup I’den ve grup II’yi, grup I’den anlamlı olarak ayırt ettiği (p<0.001) ancak grup II’yi, grup III’ten ayırt edemediği tespit edildi (p=0.681). C-reaktif protein kesim değeri 45.98 olup grup II+grup III’ü grup I’den ve grup II’yi grup I’den ayırmada anlamlı bulunmadığı, grup II’yi, grup III’ten ayırt etmede anlamlı olduğu (p<0.001) saptandı. Tüm ölçümler birlikte değerlendirildiğinde sadece yüzde nötrofil artışı komplike olmayan apandisit riskini artırırken (OR: 1.082; p<0.001), hem nötrofil hem de CRP’deki artış komplike olma riskini artırdığı tespit edildi (OR: nötrofil=1.066; p=0.009–CRP=1.005; p=0.013). SONUÇ: Laboratuvar testlerinin kesim değerleri tanıya ve tedavini şeklinin belirlenmesine yardımcı olabilir. Özellikle CRP düzeylerinde belirlenen kesim değerleri, konvansiyonel appendektomi veya laparoskopik appendektomi şeklinde seçilecek cerrahi yöntemin belirlenmesinde ve ameliyat sırasında kullanılacak insizyonun tercihi açısından yol gösterici olabilir. Anahtar sözcükler: Apandisit; C-reaktif protein; kesim değeri; lökosit; nötrofil.

GİRİŞ Dünyada akut karının en yaygın nedenlerinden biri olarak kabul edilen[1] akut apandisitin klinik tanısı deneyimli cerrahlar Sorumlu yazar: Dr. Ahmet Dağ, Zeytinlibahçe Cad., Mersin Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, 33079 Mersin Tel: +90 324 - 337 43 00 E-posta: dahmetdag@yahoo.com Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg 2016;22(1):76–83 doi: 10.5505/tjtes.2015.91112 Telif hakkı 2016 TJTES

76

için bile çoğu zaman zordur ve negatif laparatomi oranı %20 –30 arasında değişmektedir.[2] Tedavinin temel hedefi erken tanı ve acil cerrahi müdahaledir. Bir yanda tedavi edilmezse akut apandisitteki enflamasyon apse oluşumuna veya yaygın peritonitin eşlik ettiği perforasyona doğru ilerken,[2,3] diğer yandan negatif bir laparotomi de masum olmayıp yaklaşık %5 oranında hayatın geri kalanında intestinal obstrüksiyon riskine yol açabilmektedir.[4] Lökosit sayısı (WBC), nötrofil yüzdesi ve C-reaktif protein (CRP) konsantrasyonu akut apandisit şüphesi olan hastalarda tanı amaçlı kullanılan testler[2] olup, hastaya cerrahi tedavi veya antibiyotik tedavisi verme kararında yardımcı olabilen incelemelerdir.[5] Her üçü de kan testlerinde kolay erişilebilen, çok pahalı olmayan, bir-iki saat içinde Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg, Ocak 2016, Cilt. 22, Sayı. 1


Ayrık ve ark. Lökosit sayısı, yüzde nötrofil oranı ve CRP konsantrasyonlarının “kesim değeri” düzeylerinde apandisit tanısındaki değerleri

sonuçları elde edilebilen incelemelerdir.[6] Lökosit sayısı uzun süredir akut apandisit tanısında yardımcı bir test olarak kullanılmaktadır.[7] Ancak diğer enflamatuvar süreçlerde de lökosit sayısı artabileceğinden sensitif olsa da spesik bir test olarak düşünülmemektedir. Yüzde nötrofil’in sensitivesi %79–93 iken, spesifitesi düşüktür.[7] Diğer bir yardımcı tanısal test olan hepatositlerden sentezlenen CRP[8] akut faz proteinidir. Çeşitli çalışmalarda akut apandisitte yüksek CRP düzeylerinin tanıya yardımcı olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır.[7,9–11] Öte yandan bu testlerin tanısal doğruluğu, test sonucunun pozitif olarak kabul edildiği kesim değeri değerleri değiştirilerek geliştirilebilir.[2] Bununla birlikte her üç testin kesim değeri uygulamasının, akut apandisiti diğer akut abdominal hastalıklardan ayırt ediciliği konusunda günümüzde yeterli çalışma yoktur.[12] Bu çalışmada akut apandisit şüphesiyle ameliyat edilen hastalarda ameliyat öncesi yapılan lökosit sayımı, nötrofil yüzdesi ve CRP konsantrasyonlarının kesim değeri düzeylerinde apandisit tanısı koymadaki değerlerinin araştırılması amaçlandı.

GEREÇ VE YÖNTEM Analitik-kesitsel çalışmada Ocak 2008–Kasım 2010 tarihleri arasında acil servisimize karın ağrısı ile başvuran ve incelemeler sonrası akut apandisit ön tanısı ile ameliyata alınan 17 yaş ve üzerindeki yetişkin hastalar çalışmamıza dahil edildi. Patoloji raporlarına ulaşılamayan hastalar, gebeler ve çocuk yaş grubundaki hastalar çalışma dışında bırakıldı. Akut apandisit ön tanısıyla apendektomi yapılan ve çalışmaya dahil olma kriterlerini karşılayan 320 hastanın medikal kayıtları geriye dönük olarak incelendi. Hastaların yaş, cinsiyet, WBC sayısı, yüzde nötrofil değeri, CRP düzeyleri, ultrasonografi (USG) bulguları ve histopatolojik bulguları önceden oluşturulan veri tabanına kayıt edildi. Hastalar histopatolojik bulgularına göre üç gruba ayrıldı. Grup I: normal apendiks, grup II: komplike olmayan apandisit (akut apandisit, flegmanöz apandisit), grup III: komplike apandisit (perfore, plastrone). Lökosit sayısı, nötrofil yüzdesi ve CRP düzeylerinin duyarlılık (sensitivite), özgüllük (spesifite), negatif prediktivite (NPV), pozitif prediktivite (PPV) ve kesim değerleri ölçüldü. Olabilirlik oranları (Likelihood Ratios); pozitif (LR+) ve negative (LR+) olarak ölçüldü. Çalışmamız için Mersin Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Etik Kurul Başkanlığı’nın 03.11.2011 tarih ve 2011/39 sayılı onayı alındı.

İstatiksel Analiz Yapılan istatistik tablo, grafik ve analizlerde MedCalc 14.8.1 ve SPSS for Windows 11.5 istatistik programları kullanıldı. Sürekli ölçümlere ait normallik kontrolleri Shapiro Wilk testi ile test edildi ve normal dağılım gösterdiği belirlendi. Patoloji grupları arasında nötrofil yüzdesi, WBC ve CRP ortalamaları açısından istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir farklılığın olup olmadığını tespit etmek için tek yönlü ANOVA testi kullanıldı. Varyansların homojenlik konrolleri Levene testi ile test edildi. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg, Ocak 2016, Cilt. 22, Sayı. 1

Farklılığın hangi patoloji gruplarından kaynaklandığını tespit etmek için ise Post-Hoc testlerinden Tukey HSD testi kullanıldı. Tanımlayıcı istatistikler olarak ortalama ve standart sapma değerleri verildi. Laboratuvar ölçümlerinin patoloji pozitifliği ayırt ediciliğine yönelik ROC eğrileri oluşturularak, her bir ölçüme ait AUC ve cut-off değeri (kesim değeri) belirlendi ve bu değerlerin patoloji ayırt edicilik performansları, sensitivite, spesifisite, PPV, NPV, LR+ ve LR- kesim değerleri hesaplanarak birlikte değerlendirildi. İstatistik anlamlılık için p<0.05 alındı.

BULGULAR Çalışmaya 320 hasta alındı. Hastaların 175’i erkek (%54.7) ve 145’i kadın (%45.3) olmakla birlikte tüm yaş grubunun yaş ortalaması 35.95±14.75 olarak hesaplandı. Hastaların histopatolojik sonuçlarına göre normal apendiks gurubunda 66 hasta (%20,6), komplike olmayan apandisitte 204 hasta (%63.8) ve komplike apandisit gurubunda 50 hasta (%15.6) vardı. Patoloji grupları yaş ortalamaları açısından karşılaştırıldığında komplike apandisit gurubundaki yaş ortalaması diğer yaş gruplarına göre daha yüksek bulundu (p<0.001). Lökosit sayısı ve yüzde nötrofil ortalamaları açısından karşılaştırıldığında komplike olan ve komplike olmayan grupta ortalamasının normal apendikse göre daha yüksek olduğu gözlendi (p<0.05). C-reaktif protein ortalaması açısından bakıldığında komplike apandisit gurubunun diğer iki gruba göre daha yüksek olduğu gözlendi (p<0.001). Patoloji gruplarına ait yaş, WBC, CRP ve nötrofil karşılaştırmaları Tablo 1’de verilmiştir.

ROC Eğrisi Analizleri Toplam apandisit ve normal apendiksli olgularda sürekli ölçümlere ait ROC analizi sonuçları Tablo 2 ve Şekil 1’de yer almaktadır. Bu tabloya göre nötrofil ve WBC ölçümleri için yapılan sonuçlar anlamlı bulundu. Buna göre WBC değeri 12.08 üzerindeki değerler için hastaya akut apandisit tanısı konulabileceği saptandı (p<0.0001). Akut apandisit tanısını koymada WBC parametresinin sensitivitesi %66.14, spesifitesi %65.15, +PV %88 ve –PV %33.3 tespit edildi. Nötrofil yüzdesi için 73’ten büyük olan değerlerde hastaya akut apandisit tanısı konulabileceği tespit edildi (p<0.0001). Aynı şekilde nötrofil ölçümünün sensitivitesi %79.53, spesifitesi %59.09, +PV %88.2 ve –PV %42.9 bulundu. CRP için; 20’nin üstündeki değerlerde akut apandisit tanısı konulabileceği tespit edildi, ancak bu durum istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bulunmadı (p=0.2909). C-reaktif protein parametresinin sensitivitesi %54.33, spesifitesi %56.06, +PV %82.6 ve –PV %24.2 saptandı (Tablo 2, Şekil 1). Bu rakamlar yükseltildiğinde test sensitivitesi azalmakta, bunun yanında test spesifisitesi artmaktadır. Komplike olmayan ve normal apendiksli olgularda sürekli ölçümlere ait ROC analizi sonuçları Tablo 3 ve Şekil 2’de yer almaktadır. Komplike olmayan ve normal apendiksli olguları 77


Ayrık ve ark. Lökosit sayısı, yüzde nötrofil oranı ve CRP konsantrasyonlarının “kesim değeri” düzeylerinde apandisit tanısındaki değerleri

Tablo 1. Patoloji gruplarına ait yaş, lökosit sayısı (WBC), C-reaktif protein ve nötrofil karşılaştırmaları

Normal apendiks Komplike olmayan apandisit Komplike apandisit (n=66) (n=204) (n=50)

p

Mean±SD Mean±SD Mean±SD

Yaş

32.8±13.3

35.1±14.2

43.0±16.6 0.001

Lökosit sayısı (WBC)

11.9±5.7

13.8±4.2

13.9±4.2

0.012

% Nötrofil

71.2±11.7

79.1±8.9

79.0±7.6

0.001

C-reaktif protein

55.8±83.4

52.5±75.8

124.1±118.6

0.001

Tablo 2. Toplam apandisit ve normal apendiksli olgularda sürekli ölçümlere ait ROC analizi sonuçları

Kesim değeri

AUC Sensitivity Specificity PPV (p) (%95 CI) (%95 CI) (%95 CI)

WBC

>12.08

0.660

66.14

88

33.3

(p<0.001)

79.53 (74.0–84.3)

59.09 (46.3–71.0)

88.2 (83.3–92.1)

42.9 (32.5–53.7)

CRP >20 0.542 54.33 56.06 82.6

LR+ LR– (%95 CI) (%95 CI) 1.9

0.52

(p<0.001) (60.0–71.9) (52.4–76.5) (82.5–92.2) (25.3–42.2) (1.6–2.3) (0.4–0.8)

Nötrofil >73 0.701

65.15

NPV (%95 CI)

1.94 (1.6–2.4)

0.35 (0.2–0.5)

24.2 1.24 0.81

(p=0.2909) (48.0–60.6) (43.3–68.3) (76.0–88.1) (17.6–31.8) (1.0–1.6) (0.6–1.1)

ROC: Receiver Operating Characteric; AUC: Area Under Curve; PPV: Pozitif prediktivite; NPV: Negatif prediktivite; LR+: Likelihood Ratios pozitif; LR–: Likelihood Ratios negatif; WBC: Lökosit sayısı; CRP: C-reaktif protein.

Tablo 3. Komplike olmayan ve normal apendiksli olgularda sürekli ölçümlere ait ROC analizi sonuçları

Kesim değeri

AUC Sensitivity Specificity PPV (p) (%95 CI) (%95 CI) (%95 CI)

WBC >12.08 0.658

85.4

38.1

1.88 0.53

75.49

63.64

86.5

45.7

2.08

0.39

(p<0.001) (69.0–81.2) (50.9–74.1) (80.6–91.2) (35.2–56.4) (1.7–2.5) (0.3–0.6)

CRP Seçim 0.500

65.15

LR+ LR– (%95 CI) (%95 CI)

(p<0.001) (58.7–72.2) (52.4–76.5) (78.8–90.5) (29.1–47.7) (1.5–2.2) (0.4–0.8)

Nötrofil >74.64 0.701

65.69

NPV (%95 CI)

kullanıcıya (p=0.995)

bırakılmıştır ROC: Receiver Operating Characteric; AUC: Area Under Curve; PPV: Pozitif prediktivite; NPV: Negatif prediktivite; LR+: Likelihood Ratios pozitif; LR–: Likelihood Ratios negatif; WBC: Lökosit sayısı; CRP: C-reaktif protein.

ayırt etmede WBC ve nötrofil ölçümleri anlamlı bulundu. Buna göre WBC değeri 12.08, üzerindeki (p<0.001), nötrofil değeri 74.64 üzerindeki (p<0.001) değerler için hastaya apandisit tanısı konulabileceği tespit edildi. Nötrofil ölçümünün sensitivitesi %75.49, spesifitesi %63.64, +PV %86.5 ve –PV %45.7 saptandı. Lökosit sayısı ölçümünün sensitivitesi sensitivitesi %65.69, spesifitesi %65.15, +PV %85.4 ve –PV %38.1 tespit edildi (Tablo 3). Komplike olmayan ve normal apendiksli olguları birbirinden ayırt etmede ROC eğrisi sonuçlarına göre, CRP değişkeni için olan kesim değeri kullanıcıya bırakıldı, 78

komplike olmayan ve normal apendiksli olguları birbirinden ayırt etmek için AUC değeri 0.500 olarak hesaplandı ve bu rakam istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bulunmadı (p=0.995). Normal apendiks ve komplike apendiksli olgularda sürekli ölçümlere ait ROC analizi sonuçları Tablo 4 ve Şekil 3’te yer almaktadır. Komplike apendiks ve normal apendiksli olguları ayırt etmede WBC, nötrofil ve CRP ölçümleri anlamlı bulundu. Buna göre WBC değeri 11.06 üzerindeki (p<0.001), nötrofil değeri 73 üzerindeki (p<0.001), CRP değeri 45.54 Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg, Ocak 2016, Cilt. 22, Sayı. 1


Ayrık ve ark. Lökosit sayısı, yüzde nötrofil oranı ve CRP konsantrasyonlarının “kesim değeri” düzeylerinde apandisit tanısındaki değerleri

Tablo 4. Normal apendiks ve komplike olgularda sürekli ölçümlere ait ROC analizi sonuçları

Kesim değeri

AUC Sensitivity Specificity PPV (p) (%95 CI) (%95 CI) (%95 CI)

WBC >11.6 0.670

(p<0.001)

80 (66.3–90.0)

CRP >45.54 0.716

59.09

58.5

76.5

LR+ LR– (%95 CI) (%95 CI) 1.86 0.41

(p<0.001) (61.8–86.9) (46.3–71.0) (45.6–70.6) (62.3–87.3) (1.4–2.4) (0.2–0.7)

Nötrofil >73 0.699

76.0

NPV (%95 CI)

(p<0.001)

66.0

(51.2–78.8)

59.9 (46.3–71.0) 69.7 (57.1–80.4)

59.7 (47–71.5)

79.6 (65.5–89.8)

62.3 (47.7–75.3)

73.0 (60.3–83.4)

1.96 (1.5–2.5)

0.34 (0.2–0.6)

2.18 0.49 (1.7–2.8)

(0.3–0.8)

ROC: Receiver Operating Characteric; AUC: Area Under Curve; PPV: Pozitif prediktivite; NPV: Negatif prediktivite; LR+: Likelihood Ratios pozitif; LR–: Likelihood Ratios negatif; WBC: Lökosit sayısı; CRP: C-reaktif protein.

Tablo 5. Komplike olmayan ve komplike olgularda sürekli ölçümlere ait ROC analizi sonuçları

Kesim değeri

AUC Sensitivity Specificity PPV (p) (%95 CI) (%95 CI) (%95 CI)

WBC >12.99 0.513

22.1

83.3

1.16 0.82

54.00

59.80

24.8

84.1

1.34

0.77

(p=0.681) (39.3–68.2) (52.7–66.6) (17.0–34.0) (77.1–89.7) (1.0–1.8) (0.5–1.1)

CRP >45.98 0.720

46.57

LR+ LR– (%95 CI) (%95 CI)

(p=0.768) (47.2–75.3) (39.6–53.7) (15.5–30.0) (75.2–89.7) (0.9–1.5) (0.6–1.2)

Nötrofil 75.81 0.519

62.00

NPV (%95 CI)

66

69.61

34.7

89.3

2.17 0.49

(p<0.001) (51.2–78.8) (62.8–75.8) (25.3–45.2) (83.4–93.7) (1.7–2.7) (0.3-0.8)

ROC: Receiver Operating Characteric; AUC: Area Under Curve; PPV: Pozitif prediktivite; NPV: Negatif prediktivite; LR+: Likelihood Ratios pozitif; LR–: Likelihood Ratios negatif; WBC: Lökosit sayısı; CRP: C-reaktif protein.

üzerinde olan değerler için hastaya apandisit tanısı konulabileceği tespit edildi (p<0.001). Lökosit sayısı ölçümünün sensitivitesi sensitivitesi %76.0, spesifitesi %59.09, +PV %58.5 ve –PV %76.5 bulundu. Nötrofil ölçümünün sensitivitesi %80, spesifitesi %59.9, +PV %59.7 ve –PV %79.6 bulundu. C-reaktif protein ölçümü için sensitivite %66.0, spesifite %69.7, +PV %62.3 ve –PV %73.0 tespit edildi (Tablo 4, Şekil 3). Komplike olmayan ve komplike apendiksli olgularda sürekli ölçümlere ait ROC analizi sonuçları Tablo 5 ve Şekil 2’de yer almaktadır. Bu tabloya göre CRP ölçümleri için yapılan sonuçlar anlamlı bulundu. Buna göre CRP değeri 45.98 üzerindeki değerlerde komplike apandisit tanısı konulabileceği tespit edildi (p<0.001). C-reaktif protein ölçümünün sensitivitesi %66, spesifitesi %69.61, +PV %34.7 ve –PV %89.3 bulundu. Lökosit sayısı için; 12.99’un üstündeki değerlerde (p=0.768), nötrofil için 78.51 üzerindeki değerlerde (p=0.681) komplike apandisit tanısı konulabileceği tespit edildi, ancak bu durum istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bulunmadı. Komplike olmayan ve komplike apendiksli olguları ayırt etmede WBC ölçümünün sensitivitesi %62, spesifitesi %46.57, +PV %22.1 ve –PV %83.3 tespit edildi. Nötrofil ölçümü için sensitivite %54, spesifite %59.8, +PV %24.8 ve –PV %84.1 olarak bulundu (Tablo 5, Şekil 4). Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg, Ocak 2016, Cilt. 22, Sayı. 1

TARTIŞMA Apandisitin erken tanısı; perforasyonu, apse oluşumunu ve ameliyat sonrası komplikasyonları önleyebilir ve hastanede kalış süresini kısaltarak maliyeti azaltabilir. Ancak yoğun araştırma ve tartışmalara rağmen akut apandisitin tanısı günümüzde halen zordur.[12] Lökosit sayısı, nötrofil yüzdesi veya CRP gibi testler klinik bulgularla birlikte değerlendirildiğinde cerrahi endikasyonu koyma konusunda faydalı testler olsa da belirteçlerin tek başına kullanımları apandisit tanısını koymada ya da dışlamada yararlı değildir.[13] Akut apandisit tanısında laboratuvar testlerinin yararlılığı ile ilgili tartışmalar günümüzde de devam etmektedir. Çalışmamızda akut apandisit şüphesiyle ameliyat edilen hastalarda ameliyat öncesi yapılan lökosit sayımı, nötrofil yüzdesi ve CRP konsantrasyonlarının kesim değeri düzeylerinde apandisit tanısı koymadaki değerlerinin araştırılması amaçlandı. Akut karının en yaygın nedenlerinden biri olarak kabul edilen akut apandisit olgularında yapılan çalışmalarda yaş ortalamasının 20.3–27.1 arasında olduğu bildirilmiştir.[6,14–16] Histopatolojik gruplarına göre ise normal apendiksli olguların yaş ortalaması 23–32, komplike olmayan olguların 29–32 ve 79


Ayrık ve ark. Lökosit sayısı, yüzde nötrofil oranı ve CRP konsantrasyonlarının “kesim değeri” düzeylerinde apandisit tanısındaki değerleri

80

80

60

60

Sensitivity

100

Sensitivity

100

40

40

20

20 CRP Nötrofil WBC

0

CRP Nötrofil WBC 0

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

100-Specificity

Şekil 1. Lökosit sayısı, yüzde nötrofil ve C-reaktif protein değişkeni için toplam apandisit ve normal apendiksli olgularının ROC eğrisi.

60

80

80

60

60

Sensitivity

100

40

100

40

20

20

CRP Nötrofil WBC

CRP Nötrofil WBC

0

80

Şekil 3. Lökosit sayısı, yüzde nötrofil ve C-reaktif protein değişkeni için normal apendiks ve komplike apendiksli olgularının ROC eğrisi.

100

Sensitivity

40

100-Specificity

0 0

20

40

60

80

100

100-Specificity

0

20

40

60

80

100

100-Specificity

Şekil 2. Lökosit sayısı, yüzde nötrofil ve C-reaktif protein değişkeni için komplike olmayan ve normal apendiksli olguların ROC eğrisi.

Şekil 4. Lökosit sayısı, yüzde nötrofil ve C-reaktif protein değişkeni için komplike olmayan ve komplike apendiksli olgularının ROC eğrisi.

komplike olguların 31.8–41 arasında olduğu tespit edilmiştir. [2,16,17] Bizim çalışmamızda normal apendiksli olguların yaş ortalaması 32.87, komplike olmayan hastaların yaş ortalaması 35.1, komplike olanların yaş ortalaması 43.08 olarak saptandı. Sonuçlarımız her ne kadar diğer çalışma sonuçlarıyla uyumlu olsa da komplike olmayan ve komplike apandisit olgularımızın yaş ortalaması biraz daha yüksek çıktı. Bu durum, ilimizdeki üçüncü basamak sağlık kuruluşu olmamızdan dolayı komplike, ileri yaş gurubu hastaların çoğu zaman bizim hastaneye sevk edilmesi ile açıklanabilir.

Geliştirilmiş araştırmalara rağmen apandisit tanısını koymadaki zorluk çözülememiş ve negatif apendektomi oranını sıfıra düşüren özel bir test geliştirilememiştir.[6] Akut apandisit şüphesi ile ameliyata alınan hastalarda negatif laparotomi yapılan çalışmalarda %16.3–33.9 oranlarında saptanmıştır.[2,6,8,16] Bizim çalışmamızda negatif laparotomi oranı %20.6 olup, bu oran literatür bilgileri ile uyumludur.

80

Lökosit sayısı akut apandisit tanısında çok sık kullanılan bir testtir.[2] Lökosit sayısının kullanımını değerlendiren pek çok Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg, Ocak 2016, Cilt. 22, Sayı. 1


Ayrık ve ark. Lökosit sayısı, yüzde nötrofil oranı ve CRP konsantrasyonlarının “kesim değeri” düzeylerinde apandisit tanısındaki değerleri

çalışma olmasına rağmen yararlılığına dair henüz net bir fikir birliği yoktur.[18] Periferik kanda lökosit sayısının artışının inflamasyonun erken bir belirteci olduğu ileri sürülmüştür.[2] Keskek ve ark.nın yaptıkları çalışmada akut apandisit şüphesiyle opere edilen 540 hastanın yapılan analizinde, komplike olmayan ve komplike apandisit olgularının ortalama WBC sayılarını (sırasıyla 15.2,15.9), normal apendiksli olgulardan (11.4) yüksek saptamışlardır (p<0.001).[2] Panagiotopoulou ve ark. yaptıkları çalışmada normal apendiksli olguların ortalama WBC sayılarını apandisit olgularına göre daha düşük olduğunu saptamışlardır.[16] Bizim yaptığımız çalışmada da komplike olmayan grubun WBC düzeyleri normal apendikse göre ve komplike grubun WBC düzeyleri de normal apendikse göre yüksek olduğu tespit edildi (p=012). Lökosit sayısının akut apandisit tanısını koymada sensitivitesi %73–97.8, spesifitesi %52–55.7, PPV %42–91.3, NPV:%25.2–82 değerleri arasında bildirilmiştir.[6,7,15,18] Bizim yaptığımız çalışmada WBC parametresinin kesim değeri 12.08 alındığında akut apandisit tanısını koymada sensitivitesi %66.14, spesifitesi %65.15, +PV %88 ve –PV %33.3 saptandı. Literatürde bildirilen aralıklarda olmasına rağmen genel olarak düşük değerlerde olduğu bulundu. Sensitivite ve spesifiteki bu kadar geniş aralıklar akut apandisit tanısında kullanılan farklı kesim değerlerinden kaynaklı olabilir. Keskek ve ark.nın yaptıkları çalışmada WBC ölçümü için ROC analizi ile 10.500–14.300/mm3 değerleri arasında farklı kesim değerleri belirlemiş ve değerler arttıkça sensitivitenin azaldığını ve spesifitenin arttığını göstermişlerdir.[2] Körner ve ark.nın yaptığı çalışmada bu kesim değeri 12300/mm3 olarak bulunmuş ve bu değer ile akut apandisit riskinin önemli derece arttığını belirlemişlerdir.[11] Al-Abed ve ark.nın WBC için kesim değerini 14.000 olarak tespit etmişlerdir.[15] Çalışmamızda WBC’nin kesim değerlerine göre guruplar arasındaki sensitivite ve spesifitelerinin değiştiği gözlendi. Apandisit olgularını ayırt etmede en uygun kesim değerini 12.08 tespit ettik. Komplike olmayan apandisit olguları ve normal apendiksli olgular karşılaştırıldığında ROC eğrisi ile belirlenen kesim değeri 12.08, sensitivite %65.69, spesifisite %65.15 iken, komplike ve normal apendiksli olgular karşılaştırıldığında ROC eğrisi ile belirlenen kesim değeri 11.6’dır ve sensitivite %76’ya çıkarken spesifisite %59.09’a düşmüştür. Bu değer artırıldıkça testin sensitivitesi azalmakta iken spesifisitesi artmaktadır. Oysa ki komplike olmayan ve komplike olgular karşılaştırıldığında kesim değeri 12.9, sensitivite %62, spesifisite %46.57’dir. Böylelikle WBC değeri yükseldikçe olguların apandisit olma olasılığı yükselmektedir. Yüksek lökosit sayılı hastalarda perforasyon meydana gelme olasılığı daha yüksektir.[19] Ancak WBC sayısı hesaplanan kesim değerinde komplike olan ve olmayan olguları ayırmada yararlı görülmemektedir. Bizim çalışmamızla uyumlu olarak yurt dışında yapılan iki çalışma komplike ve komplike olmayan olguları birbirinden ayırmada WBC kullanımını destekleyecek bulguların tespit edilmediği bildirilmiştir. [2,5] Bu çalışmaların sonuçlarına göre komplike olmayan grupta ortalama WBC ölçümlerinin 13.9–15.2, komplike gurubun WBC düzeylerinin ise 14.3–15.9 değerleri arasında olduğu gözlendi.[2,5,16] Bizim çalışmamızda da komplike olmayan grupta WBC ortalaması 13.8, komplike gurupta WBC düzeyi 13.9 Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg, Ocak 2016, Cilt. 22, Sayı. 1

saptandı. Komplike olmayan ve komplike olguları ayırt etmede WBC’nin yararlı olmaması düzeylerinin birbirine yakın olması ile açıklanabilir. Artmış yüzde nötrofil oranı genellikle bakteriyel enfeksiyonla ilişkilidir. Shafi ve ark. akut apandisit tanısında yüzde nötrofil oranının sensitivitesinin %98.9, spesifitesinin %38.88, +PV %89.21 olduğunu bildirmişlerdir.[6] Yang ve ark.nın 2005 yılında yaşlı akut apandisit olgular üzerinde yaptıkları çalışmada ortalama yüzde nötrofil oranını normal apendiks olgularına göre daha yüksek saptamışlardır (yüzde nötrofil değeri sırasıyla 82 ve 75.9).[20] Aynı çalışmada yüzde nötrofil ölçümünün sensitivitesini %88.3, spesifitesinin %25 olduğunu bildirmişlerdir.[20] Yang ve ark. 2006 yılında yaptıkları çalışmada yüzde nötrofil değerlerinin apendiks olmayan olgularda 77.5, komplike olmayan gurupta 83.1, komplike olgularda 86.4 olduğu bildirilmiştir. Aynı çalışmada sensitivite %87.2, spesifite %33.1 tespit edilmiştir.[8] Yokoyama ve ark. nötrofil yüzdesi için ROC analizi ile komplike olmayan olgular için kesim değeri %83.1, komplike olgular için kesim değeri %84.4 olarak belirlemişlerdir.[5] Diğer bir çalışmada bu oran %74 olarak saptanmıştır.[11] Çalışmamızda yüzde nötrofil oranları normal apendiks olgularında 71.2, komplike olmayan olgularda 79.1, komplike olgularda 79 bulundu. Yüzde nötrofil ortalamaları açısından karşılaştırıldığında komplike olmayan ve komplike gurubun ortalamasının normal apendikse göre daha yüksek olduğu gözlendi. Yüzde nötrofil ölçümü 73’ten büyük olan değerlerde apandisit tanısı konulabileceği tespit edildi. Bu değerlerde yüzde nötrofil ölçümünün sensitivitesi %79.53, spesifitesi %59.09, +PV %88.2 tespit edildi. Komplike olmayan ve komplike olgular karşılaştırıldığında kesim değeri 78.51, sensitivite %54, spesifisite %59.8 bulundu. Literatürdeki verilerle karşılaştırıldığında sensitivitenin daha düşük oranda olduğu tespit edildi. Bu durum çalışmamızda tüm guruplarda yüzde nötrofil ölçümünün yapılan çalışmalara göre daha düşük oranlarda olması ile açıklanabilir. Çalışmamızda hesaplanan kesim değerinde yüksek nötrofil yüzdesi apandisit olma olasılığını artırırken, komplike olma olasılığını artırmamaktadır. Yüzde nötrofil ölçümü apandisit olgularını normal apendiks olgularından ayırt etmede yararlı bir test iken komplike olmayan olguları komplike olgulardan ayırt etmede faydalı olmadığı tespit edildi. Fizik muayene bulgularına göre akut apandisit düşünülen hastalarda artmış WBC ve yüzde nötrofil ölçümü tanıyı desteklemekte ancak komplike olma olasılığı hakkında fikir verememektedir. C-reaktif protein konsantrasyonu akut apandisit şüpheli hastalarda günümüzde yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır.[12] Akut apandisitte yüksek CRP düzeylerinin tanıya yardımcı olduğu sonucuna varan çalışmalar mevcuttur.[6,12] Akut apandisitin tanısında CRP’nin sensitivitesi %40–95.6 arasında, spesifisitesi ise %53–82 arasında değişmektedir.[15,19,21–23] Çalışmamızda CRP’ye ait kesim değeri 20 mg/L olarak belirlendiğinde apandisit olguları için sensitivite %54.33, spesifisite %56.06 olarak hesaplanmış olup bu değer genel olarak literatür bilgileri ile uyumlu bulunmuştur. Komplike olguları normal apendiksten ayırt etmede CRP düzeyi için kesim değeri 45.54, komplike 81


Ayrık ve ark. Lökosit sayısı, yüzde nötrofil oranı ve CRP konsantrasyonlarının “kesim değeri” düzeylerinde apandisit tanısındaki değerleri

olguları komplike olmayan olgulardan ayırt etmede ise 45.98 bulduk. Yokoyama ve ark.nın yaptığı çalışmada cerrahi endikasyonu olan olguların sınıflandırmasında CRP düzeyi için kesim değeri 50 mg/L olarak belirtilmiştir.[5] Bazı çalışmalarda, normal apendikste CRP seviyesi yüksek tespit edilirken, gangrenöz apandisitte CRP seviyesi normal tespit edilmiştir.[19] Yapılan bazı çalışmalarla uyumlu olarak normal apendiksli olgulardaki CRP düzeylerini komplike olmayan olgulardan daha yüksek tespit ettik.[8,17] C-reaktif protein akut apandisitin tanısında semptomlar başladıktan 12–24 saat sonra yararlıdır.[23,24] Komplike olmayan olgularda CRP düzeyinin normal apendikse göre daha düşük seyretmesi erken dönemde başvurmalarından kaynaklı olabilir. Normal apendiksli olgularda yüksek CRP düzeyi hastalarda var olan farklı enflamatuvar bir olay ya da eşlik eden başka enfeksiyöz hastalıklarla ilişkili olabilir. Bazı çalışmalar CRP’nin özellikle komplike apandisitli olguları tahmin etmede daha yararlı olduğunu bildirmiştir.[1,12,16,25] Yang ve ark.nın akut apandisit şüphesi ile opere edilen 897 hastada yaptıkları çalışmada normal apendiksli olgular için CRP ortalaması 39.6 mg/L, inflame apandisitli olgular için 24.1 mg/L, perfore apandisitli olgular için 96.8 mg/L olarak hesaplamışlar ve gruplar arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı farkı oluşturan grubun perfore apandisitli olgular olduğunu saptamışlardır.[8] Grönroos ve ark.nın yaptıkları çalışmada akut apandisit tanısı ile opere edilen olguları incelediklerinde CRP düzeyleri açısından normal apendiksli ve komplike olmayan olgularda anlamlı bir fark bulunmazken (CRP düzeyleri sırasıyla 32 mg/L ve 31 mg/L) komplike olgulardaki yükseklik (CRP düzeyi 99 mg/L) istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bulunmuştur.[17] Çalışmamızda literatürdeki bilgilere göre ortalama CRP düzeyleri yüksek bulundu. Komplike olgulardaki CRP düzeyide diğer gruplara göre anlamlı olarak daha yüksek olduğu gözlendi. Gruplara göre kesim değerleri belirlendiğinde CRP; komplike apendiksi diğer grupları ayırt etmede anlamlı bulundu. C-reaktif proteinin sensitivite ve spesifitesinin komplike olan olgularda literatürle uyumlu olarak daha yüksek olduğu tespit edildi.[16,25] Akut apandisitli olgularda CRP düzeyi ne kadar yüksek saptanırsa hastanın komplike olma olasılığı o kadar yüksektir diyebiliriz. Tüm ölçümlerin birlikte değerlendirildiği multinominal lojistik regresyon modelinde ise sadece yüzde nötrofil değerlerinde meydana gelen artış (normal apendiksli gruba göre), “komplike olmayan” apandisit riskini artırırken (OR: 1.082; p<0.001), hem yüzde nötrofil hem de CRP değerlerindeki artış (normal apendiksli gruba göre) “komplike” olma riskini artırmaktadır (OR: nötrofil=1,066; p=0,009–CRP=1,005; p=0,013). Bu veriden yola çıkarak akut apandisit olgularında yüzde nötrofil ve CRP düzeyi, konvansiyonel apendektomi veya laparoskopik apendektomi şeklinde seçilecek cerrahi yöntemin belirlenmesinde yol gösterici olabilir. Çalışmamızda elde edilen bilgiler doğrultusunda; hastaların yaşının artmasıyla appandisit olgularının komplike olma riskinin arttığı görüldü. Lökosit sayısı 12.080 kesim değerinde apandisit tanısı koymada faydalıdır. Yüzde nötrofil oranı apandisitli olguları normal apendiksli olgulardan ayırmada faydalıdır. 82

Öte yandan CRP düzeyi apandisitli olguları normal apendiskli olgulardan ayırmada faydalı değil iken, komplike olmayan olgularla komplike olguları ayırmada faydalı olduğu gösterildi. Çalışmanın güçlü verilerinden biri de tüm ölçümlerin birlikte değerlendirilmesinde sadece yüzde nötrofil değerlerinde meydana gelen artışın “komplike olmayan” apandisit olasılığını artırırken, hem yüzde nötrofil hem de CRP değerlerindeki artışın “komplike” olma riskini artırdığı sonucudur. Sonuçta laboratuvar testlerinin kesim değerleri tanıya ve tedavini şeklinin belirlenmesine yardımcı olabilir. Özellikle CRP düzeylerinde belirlenen kesim değerleri, konvansiyonel apendektomi veya laparoskopik apendektomi şeklinde seçilecek cerrahi yöntemin belirlenmesinde ve ameliyat sırasında kullanılacak insizyonun tercihi açısından yol gösterici olabilir. Çıkar örtüşmesi: Çıkar örtüşmesi bulunmadığı belirtilmiştir.

KAYNAKLAR 1. McGowan DR, Sims HM, Zia K, Uheba M, Shaikh IA. The value of biochemical markers in predicting a perforation in acute appendicitis. ANZ J Surg 2013;83:79–83. 2. Keskek M, Tez M, Yoldas O, Acar A, Akgul O, Gocmen E, et al. Receiver operating characteristic analysis of leukocyte counts in operations for suspected appendicitis. Am J Emerg Med 2008;26:769–72. 3. Jess P, Bjerregaard B, Brynitz S, Holst-Christensen J, Kalaja E, LundKristensen J. Acute appendicitis. Prospective trial concerning diagnostic accuracy and complications. Am J Surg 1981;141:232–4. 4. Arnbjörnsson E. Small intestinal obstruction after appendectomy: an avoidable complication? Curr Surg 1984;41:354–7. 5. Yokoyama S, Takifuji K, Hotta T, Matsuda K, Nasu T, Nakamori M, et al. C-Reactive protein is an independent surgical indication marker for appendicitis: a retrospective study. World J Emerg Surg 2009;4:36. 6. Shafi SM, Afsheen M, Reshi FA. Total leucocyte count, C-reactive protein and neutrophil count: diagnostic aid in acute appendicitis. Saudi J Gastroenterol 2009;15:117–20. 7. Hallan S, Asberg A, Edna TH. Additional value of biochemical tests in suspected acute appendicitis. Eur J Surg 1997;163:533–8. 8. Yang HR, Wang YC, Chung PK, Chen WK, Jeng LB, Chen RJ. Laboratory tests in patients with acute appendicitis. ANZ J Surg 2006;76:71–4. 9. Eriksson S, Granström L, Carlström A. The diagnostic value of repetitive preoperative analyses of C-reactive protein and total leucocyte count in patients with suspected acute appendicitis. Scand J Gastroenterol 1994;29:1145–9. 10. Thompson MM, Underwood MJ, Dookeran KA, Lloyd DM, Bell PR. Role of sequential leucocyte counts and C-reactive protein measurements in acute appendicitis. Br J Surg 1992;79:822–4. 11. Körner H, Söndenaa K, Söreide JA. Perforated and non-perforated acute appendicitis-one disease or two entities? Eur J Surg 2001;167:525–30. 12. Wu HP, Lin CY, Chang CF, Chang YJ, Huang CY. Predictive value of C-reactive protein at different cutoff levels in acute appendicitis. Am J Emerg Med 2005;23:449–53. 13. Andersson RE. Meta-analysis of the clinical and laboratory diagnosis of appendicitis. Br J Surg 2004;91:28–37. 14. Bröker ME, van Lieshout EM, van der Elst M, Stassen LP, Schepers T. Discriminating between simple and perforated appendicitis. J Surg Res 2012;176:79–83. 15. Al-Abed YA, Alobaid N, Myint F. Diagnostic markers in acute appendicitis. Am J Surg 2015;209:1043–7.

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Ayrık ve ark. Lökosit sayısı, yüzde nötrofil oranı ve CRP konsantrasyonlarının “kesim değeri” düzeylerinde apandisit tanısındaki değerleri 16. Panagiotopoulou IG, Parashar D, Lin R, Antonowicz S, Wells AD, Bajwa FM, et al. The diagnostic value of white cell count, C-reactive protein and bilirubin in acute appendicitis and its complications. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2013;95:215–21. 17. Grönroos JM, Grönroos P. Leucocyte count and C-reactive protein in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis. Br J Surg 1999;86:501–4. 18. Cardall T, Glasser J, Guss DA. Clinical value of the total white blood cell count and temperature in the evaluation of patients with suspected appendicitis. Acad Emerg Med 2004;11:1021–7. 19. Clyne B, Olshaker JS. The C-reactive protein. J Emerg Med 1999;17:1019–25. 20. Yang HR, Wang YC, Chung PK, Chen WK, Jeng LB, Chen RJ. Role of leukocyte count, neutrophil percentage, and C-reactive protein in the

diagnosis of acute appendicitis in the elderly. Am Surg 2005;71:344–7. 21. Mustard RA Jr, Bohnen JM, Haseeb S, Kasina R. C-reactive protein levels predict postoperative septic complications. Arch Surg 1987;122:69,73. 22. Chi CH, Shiesh SC, Chen KW, Wu MH, Lin XZ. C-reactive protein for the evaluation of acute abdominal pain. Am J Emerg Med 1996;14:254–6. 23. Oosterhuis WP, Zwinderman AH, Teeuwen M, van Andel G, Oldenziel H, Kerkhoff JF, et al. C reactive protein in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis. Eur J Surg 1993;159:115–9. 24. Chen SC, Wang SM. C-reactive protein in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis. Am J Emerg Med 1996;14:101–3. 25. Käser SA, Fankhauser G, Willi N, Maurer CA. C-reactive protein is superior to bilirubin for anticipation of perforation in acute appendicitis. Scand J Gastroenterol 2010;45:885–92.

ORIGINAL ARTICLE - ABSTRACT OLGU SUNUMU

Predictive calue of leucocyte count, neutrophil percent and C-reactive protein concentration “cut-off value” on the diagnosis of appendicitis Cüneyt Ayrık, M.D.,1 Ulaş Karaaslan, M.D.,2 Ahmet Dağ, M.D.,3 Seyran Bozkurt, M.D.,1 İbrahim Toker, M.D.,4 Filiz Demir, M.D.5 Department of Emergency Medicine, Mersin University Faculty of Medicine, Mersin, Turkey Department of Emergency Medicine, Balıkesir State Hospital, Balıkesir, Turkey 3 Department of General Surgery, Mersin University Faculty of Medicine, Mersin, Turkey 4 Department of Emergency Medicine, İzmir Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, İzmir, Turkey 5 Department of Emergency Medicine, Niğde State Hospital, Niğde, Turkey 1 2

BACKGROUND: The present study aimed to investigate the predictive importance of cut-off levels of preoperative WBC, neutrophil and CRP concentrations in operated appendicitis patients. METHODS: Patients operated for acute appendicitis between January 2008 and November 2010 were retrospectively screened. Patients were divided into three groups according to postoperative histopathology. Group I: normal appendix, Group II: Uncomplicated appendicitis, Group III: complicated appendicitis. ROC curves are intended for positive distinguishing pathological laboratory measurements. Cut-off values were determined and distinguishing performances were assessed. RESULTS: 175 of the 320 patients were males (54.7%) and 145 were females (45.3%). Average age was 35.95±14.75. While cut-off value for WBC was 12.080 and it was found significant in distinguishing total appandisitis (group II+group III) from normal appendixes and distinguishing group II from group I (p<0.001), it was determined that it was not significant in distinguishing group II from group III (p=0.768). While cut-off value for neutrophil was 73% and it was significant in distinguishing group II+group III from group I and group II from group I (p<0.001), it was detected that it was not significant in distinguishing group II from group III (p=0.681). While cut-off value for CRP was 45.98, it was not found significant in distinguishing group II+group III from group I and group II from group I; however it was significant in distinguishing group II from group III (p<0.001). When all measurements were evaluated together, it was detected that the increase in only the neutrophil percentage rised the non-complicated acute appendisitis (OR: 1.082; p<0.001), and the increase in both neutrophiles and CRP resulted in a rise in the risk of complication (OR: neutrophil=1.066; p=0.009- CRP=1.005; p=0.013). DISCUSSION: The cut-off value of labaratuary tests may help determine the diagnosis and treatment. Especially, cut-off value of CRP may be helpful to determine the method of incision during the operation as conventional appendectomy or laparoscopic appendectomy. Keywords: Appendicitis; C-reactive protein; Cut-off; leucocyte; neutrophil. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg 2016;22(1):76–83

doi: 10.5505/tjtes.2015.91112

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ORİJİ N A L Ç A LI Ş M A

Çocuklarda suprakondiller humerus kırığı sonrası damarsal yaralanmalar Dr. Emin Özkul, Dr. Mehmet Gem, Dr. Celil Alemdar, Dr. Hüseyin Arslan, Dr. İbrahim Azboy, Dr. Velat Çelik Dicle Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Ortopedi ve Travmatoloji Anabilim Dalı, Diyarbakır

ÖZET AMAÇ: Çocuk suprakondiller humerus kırığı sonrası ekstremite distalinde nabız alınamayan hastaların sonuçlarını değerlendirmektir. GEREÇ VE YÖNTEM: Suprakondiler humerus kırığı sonrası ekstremite distalinde nabız alınamayan 42 hasta geriye dönük olarak değerlendirildi. Bu hastaların ortalama yaşı 7.3 (dağılım, 5–14 yaş) yıl idi. Hastaların 27’si (%64) erkek 15’i (%36) kızdı. Ameliyat öncesi ve sonrası nörolojik muayene bulguları, yaralanma şekli, yaralanma ile hastaneye başvuru arasında geçen süre ve ameliyata alınma zamanı, hastanede kalma süresi ve ameliyat sonrası görülen komplikasyonlar açısından hastalar değerlendirildi. BULGULAR: Tüm hastalarda Gartland tip 3 kırık mevcuttu. Yirmi yedi hastada redüksiyon sonrası radial nabız palpe edilmeye başlandı. On hastada sadece Doppler ile belirlenen akım mevcut iken, iki hastada akım alınamadı. Dolaşım bozukluğu olmayan bu iki hastada da ameliyattan bir gün sonra Doppler ile akım alınmaya başlandı. Redüksiyon sonrası dolaşım bozukluğu devam eden ve Doppler ultrasonografi ile akım alınamayan diğer üç (%7) hastaya acil vasküler eksplorasyon uygulandı. Bir hastaya primer sütürasyon, diğer iki hastaya ise safen greft ile tamir uygulandı. SONUÇ: Suprakondiller humerus kırığına bağlı nabızsız el gelişen hastalar, redüksiyon sonrası yeniden değerlendirilmeli; ekstremite dolaşımı düzelenler ve dolaşım bozuluğu bulguları olmayanlar için sadece yakın takip, dolaşım bozukluğu devam edenlere ise damar tamiri yapılmalıdır. Anahtar sözcükler: Çocuk suprakondiller humerus kırığı; damar yaralanması; nabızsızlık.

GİRİŞ Çocukluk döneminde sık olarak görülen suprakondiller humerus kırıkları tüm çocuk kırıklarının %17.4’ünü oluşturur.[1] Damar yaralanması ise, bu kırıkların %2.8–10’una eşlik eder. [2,3] Suprakondiller humerus kırığı sonrası ekstremite distalinde nabız alınamaması sık karşılaşılan bir durum olmasına rağmen izlenmesi gereken tedavi yolu tartışmalıdır. Üzerinde anlaşmaya varılan tek konu bu hastalara acil redüksiyon gerektiğidir. [2] Fakat redüksiyon sonrası devam eden nabızsızlık durumunda izlenecek yol tartışmalıdır. İskemi bulgularının (elin soğuk, soluk olduğu ve Doppler ultrasonografide (USG) dahi nabzın Sorumlu yazar: Dr. Emin Özkul, Dicle Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Ortopedi ve Travmatoloji Anabilim Dalı, Diyarbakır Tel: +90 412 - 248 80 01 E-posta: eminozkul21@hotmail.com Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg 2016;22(1):84–89 doi: 10.5505/tjtes.2015.83720 Telif hakkı 2016 TJTES

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alınamadığı) varlığında acil olarak damar tamiri için cerrahi yapılması genel kabul gören yaklaşımdır.[2–4] Asıl tartışma elde iskemi bulguları olmayan ve klinik olarak da dolaşım bozukluğu görülmeyen olgular üzerinde olmaktadır. Bu durumda, geleneksel yaklaşım hemen kapalı redüksiyon ve yakın takip uygulanması yönündedir.[3] Diğer yaklaşımlar ise, redüksiyon ile eş zamanlı olarak damar tamiri için cerrahi yapılması veya redüksiyonun ardından 24 saat bekleyip, nabızsızlığın devam etmesi durumunda cerrahi yapılması yönündedir.[4–6] Damarsal yaralanma tanısının nasıl konulması gerektiği de diğer bir tartışmalı konudur. İlk başvuru anında hastaya anjiyografi yapılıp yaralanma saptanması durumunda damarsal cerrahi yapılmasını önerenler olduğu gibi, dopler USG gibi girişimsel olmayan tekniklerin yeterli olduğunu ve öncelikli olarak kullanılması gerektiğini önerenler de mevcuttur.[7,8] Bu çalışmanın amacı, pek çok belirsizliğin bulunduğu bu yaralanma çeşidinin tanı, tedavi ve takibinde nasıl bir yol izlenmeli sorusuna cevap aramak ve suprakondiller humerus kırığına bağlı nabızsız el gelişen çocukların tedavi sonuçlarını değerlendirmektir. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg, Ocak 2016, Cilt. 22, Sayı. 1


Özkul ve ark. Çocuklarda suprakondiller humerus kırığı sonrası damarsal yaralanmalar

GEREÇ VE YÖNTEM Kliniğimizde, 2004–2011 yılları arasında suprakondiller humerus kırığı nedeniyle tedavi edilen ortalama yaşı 7.3 (ortalama, 5–14 yaş) olan 867 hastanın dosyası geçmişe yönelik olarak incelendi. Bu hastalar içinde, distal nabızların alınamadığı 42 hasta çalışmaya dâhil edildi. Ameliyat öncesi ve sonrası değerlendirmede, kolay hissedilmesi nedeniyle radial nabız kullanıldı. Nabız alınamayan tüm hastalarda Gartland sınıflama sistemine göre tip 3 kırık mevcuttu. Hastaların kayıtları ameliyat öncesi ve sonrası nörolojik muayene bulguları, yaralanma şekli, yaralanma sonrası hastaneye başvuru ve ameliyata alınma süresi, hastanede kalma süresi, ameliyat sonrası görülen komplikasyonlar ve ameliyat sonrası fizik muayene bulguları açısından incelendi. Ayrıca, ameliyat notları damar yaralanması olan hastalara uygulanan tamir şeklinin belirlenmesi için incelendi. Kırığın tipini değerlendirmede Gartland sınıflama sistemi kullanıldı. Ayrıca düşük enerjili yaralanma (basit düşme, az bir mesafe yüksekten düşme), orta enerjili yaralanma (çocuk oyun alanlarındaki yaralanmalar; salıncaktan düşme, bisikletten düşme) ve yüksek enerjili yaralanma (yüksekten düşme, motorlu taşıt yaralanmaları) olmak üzere yaralanma mekanizmasının tarifi için üç sınıf belirlendi. Hasatlar hastaneye başvuru sonrası en kısa sürede ameliyata alındı. Ameliyatların hepsi genel anestezi altında yapıldı. Kapalı redüksiyon denendi, redüksiyon sağlanamayan hastalar için ise açık redüksiyon uygulanmasının ardından iki adet çapraz K-teli geçildi. Tüm hastalara ameliyat sonrası dolaşım takibinin rahat yapılabilmesi için 70–80 derece fleksiyonda uzun kol atel uygulandı. Ameliyat sonrası sık aralıklarla radial nabız muayenesi ve nörolojik muayene yapıldı. Ayrıca, ekstremite distalinin sıcaklığı,

kapiller dolum hızı değerlendirildi. Nabız alınamayan hastalar da Doppler ile radial nabız değerlendirildi. Muayene bulgularına göre hastaların taburcu edilmelerine karar verildi. Ameliyat sonrası 15. gün, 30. gün, ikinci ay, üçüncü ay ve sonrasında altı ay aralıkla hastalara takip önerildi. Kontrollerde AP ve lateral dirsek grafisi çektirildi. Grafilerde redüksiyonun yeterliliği ve kaynama miktarı değerlendirildi. Eklem hareket açıklığı ölçümü ve nörolojik muayene yapıldı. Nabız alınamayan hastaların distal nabızları palpasyon veya Doppler ile kontrol edildi. Radial stiloid ile olekranon arası ölçülerek ekstremite uzunluğu değerlendirildi. İstatistiksel değerlendirme (Ki-kare testi, ortalama, standart sapma, frekans) SPSS15.0 for Windows 7 kullanılarak yapıldı ve p<0.05 değerler anlamlı kabul edildi.

BULGULAR Suprakondiller humerus kırığı nedeniyle cerrahi tedavi uygulanan 867 hastanın 790’ında Gartland tip 3, 77 hastada Gartland tip 2 kırık mevcuttu. Radial nabızın alınamadığı 42 hastanın (%4.8) tamamında Gartland sınıflama sistemine göre tip 3 kırık mevcuttu. Bu hastaların ortalama yaşı 7.3 (range 5–14 yaş) idi. Hastaların 27’si (%64) erkek 15’i (%36) kızdı (Şekil 1). Nabız alınamayan olguların 29’unda sağ, 13’ünde sol suprakondiler kırık mevcuttu. Dört hastada ise (3 tip1, 1tip 2) eş zamanlı açık kırık mevcuttu. Nabız alınamayan hastalar, hastaneye başvuru sonrası ortalama 60 dakika (45–120 dakika), travma sonrası ise ortalama 12.3 (4–40) saat içinde opere edildi. Kapalı redüksiyon sağlanamayan iki hastaya açık redüksiyon, kalanlara ise kapalı redüksiyon uygulanmasının ardından iki adet çapraz k teli uygulandı. Yirmi yedi hastada redüksiyon sonrası radial nabız palpe edilmeye başlandı. On hastada sadece Doppler ile belirlenen

Suprakondiller kırık sonrası nabızsız el

Kapalı redüksiyon dolaşım düzelirse takip

Dolaşım bozuk ve soğuk nabızsız el mevcut

Dolaşım iyi sıcak nabızsız el mevcut

Kapalı redüksiyon dolaşım düzelmez ise cerrahi

Kapalı redüksiyon ve takip

Şekil 1. Suprakondiller humerus kırığı sonrası nabızsızlık durumnda tedavi şeması.

Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg, Ocak 2016, Cilt. 22, Sayı. 1

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Özkul ve ark. Çocuklarda suprakondiller humerus kırığı sonrası damarsal yaralanmalar

Nabız alınamayan 42 hasta

Redüksüyon ve fiksasyon sonrası

Dopler ile akım 10 hastada (+), 5 hastada (–)

27 hastada nabız (+)

Akım (–) olan hastalar

Ekstremite dolaşımı kötü 3 hastaya damar tamiri

Ekstremite dolaşımı iyi 2 hastaya yakın takip

Yakın takip

Şekil 2. Nabız alınamayan hastalarda uygulanan tedavinin sayısal özeti.

akım mevcut iken, iki hastada akım alınamadı. Dolaşım bozukluğu olmayan bu iki hastada da ameliyattan bir gün sonra Doppler ile akım alınmaya başlandı. Redüksiyon sonrası ekstremite distalinde dolaşım bozukluğu devam eden ve doplerle akım alınamayan üç hastaya (%7) intraoperatif damar cerrahisi konsültasyonu istendi ve bu ekip tarafından ortalama iki saat (1–3 saat) süren operasyonlar ile damar tamiri uygulandı (Şekil 2). Damar tamiri için standart anterior yaklaşım kullanıldı. Bir hastaya primer sütürasyon, diğer iki hastaya ise safen greft ile tamir uygulandı (Şekil 3 a-f). Kırık sonrası radial nabzın alınamadığı 42 hastanın 16’sında (%38), nabız alınabilen hastaların 58’inde (%7) eş zamanlı olarak sinir yaralanması mevcuttu. Bu iki gurup karşılaştırıldığında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı fark mevcuttu (p<0.05). Radial nabzın alınamadığı hastaların dokuzunda anterior interosseous, dördünde median, birinde ulnar sinir yaralanması mevcuttu. Ayrıca, bir hastada radial sinir tarafından, bir hastada da ulnar sinir tarafından inerve edilen alanda duyu kaybı mevcuttu. Sinir tamiri uygulanmayan bu hastaların hepsinin üç ila altı ay arasında kendiliğinden düzelme sağlandı. Ameliyat edilen hastaların hiç birinde ek sinir yaralanması görülmedi. Yaralanma mekanizması (düşük enerjili, orta enerjili, yüksek enerjili yaralanma) ile nabızsızlık arasında ilişki bulunamadı. Hastanede yatış süresi ortalama 3.2 gün (ortalama, 2–7 gün) idi. Nabız alınabilen gurup ile karşılaştırıldığında, nabız alına86

mayan gurubun hastanede kalış süresinin anlamlı şekilde daha uzun olduğu görüldü (sırasıyla ortalama 30 saat ve 80 saat; p<0.0001).

(a)

(d)

(b)

(e)

(c)

(f)

Şekil 3. (a, b) Damar tamiri yapılan yedi yaşındaki hastanın ameliyat öncesi röntgen görüntüsü. (c-f) Aynı hastanın iki yıl sonrasında çekilen kontrol grafisi ve klinik görüntüsü.

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Özkul ve ark. Çocuklarda suprakondiller humerus kırığı sonrası damarsal yaralanmalar

Atel ortalama dört–altı hafta uygulandı ve tüm kırıkların bu süre içinde kaynadığı gözlendi ayrıca bu sürenin sonunda atelle birlikte K-telleri de sonlandırıldı. Hastalar ortalama 31.6 ay (ortalama, 12–52 ay) takip edildi. Hastaların tümünde eklem hareket açıklığı tam ve ağrısızdı, nörolojik muayeneleri normaldi ve ekstremiteler arasında uzunluk farkı yoktu. Kompartman sendromu ise hiçbir hastada gözlenmedi. Damar tamiri uygulanan üç hasta ile diğer hastaların sonuçları arasında fark yoktu. Damar grefti alınarak tedavi edilen iki hastada da donör saha ile ilgili sorunla karşılaşılmadı.

TARTIŞMA Çocukluk çağında sık görülen suprakondiller humerus kırığına bağlı gelişen nabızsız el durumunda damar yaralanmasına yönelik tanı ve tedavide nasıl bir yol izleneceği ortopedinin tartışmalı konularından biridir. Genellikle yüksek enerjili travmalar sonrası gelişen kırıklar ile birlikte görülen bu yaralanmalar da nabız alınamaması tam bir damarsal yaralanmaya bağlı olabileceği gibi; trombüs, vasküler spazm, kısmi yırtık, damarların bükülmesi ve kırık parçaları arasında sıkışma sonucu da gelişebilir.[6] Tedavide üzerinde anlaşılan konulardan biri kırığın bir an önce redükte edilip stabilizasyon uygulanması gerektiğidir. Redüksiyon sonrası ekstremite distalinde dolaşım bozukluğu olan hastalar için de vasküler yaralanmaya yönelik cerrahi yapılması konusunda mutabakat vardır. Asıl tartışma, redüksiyon sonrası nabzın alınamadığı, fakat ekstremite distalinde dolaşımın iyi olduğu hastalar üzerinde sürmektedir. Bu konuda birkaç farklı eğilim bulunmaktadır. Redüksiyon sonrası, damarsal yaralanma ihtimalini ortadan kaldırmak için, hiç beklenmeden acil olarak damar yaralanmasına yönelik cerrahi yapılmasını önerenlere karşın; hemen redüksiyon yapılıp, ardından yakın takip uygulanması gerektiğini söyleyenler de mevcuttur.[8–13] Damar yaralanmasına yönelik hemen cerrahi yapılmasını önerenlere göre, vasküler yaralanma şekliyle iskemi bulguları arasında bir ilişki yoktur ve damar yaralanması açısından en önemli bulgu nabzın alınamamasıdır. Aynı yazar grubu, konservatif yaklaşım sonucu akut veya kronik iskemi bulguları, ekstremite büyümesinde duraklama, egzersiz ile birlikte gelişen iskemi, yorulma semptomları ve soğuk intoleransı gibi durumların ortaya çıkabileceğini bildirmişlerdir. Bu gibi potansiyel sorunlarla karşılaşmamak için de, ekstremite distalinin dolaşımının nasıl olduğuna bakılmaksızın hemen cerrahi yapılmasını önermişlerdir.[5,8,12–14] Bizim çalışmamızda hiçbir hastamızda bu bulgulara rastlanılmadı. Redüksiyon sonrası cerrahi yerine takip öneren guruba göre ise redüksiyon sonrası pek çok hastada nabzın alınmaya başlanması nedeniyle bu tür vakalarda tanı amaçlı ameliyat uygulanmadan belirli bir süre veya ekstremite distalinde dolaşım bozukluğu yoksa sonuna kadar gözlenmesinden yanadır. Bu grup içinde de, gözlemin ne kadar süreyle yapılması gerektiği konusunda farklı görüşler bulunmaktadır. Redüksiyon sonrası Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg, Ocak 2016, Cilt. 22, Sayı. 1

30–35 dakika beklenmesi, bu süre sonunda halen nabız alınamaz ise arterin kırık manevraları sırasında zarar görmüş veya kırık fragmanları arasında sıkışmış olabileceği ihtimali nedeniyle distal dolaşımın iyi olduğu olgularda bile eksplorasyon yapılmasını önerenlere karşı nabız alınamamasının vasküler bir spazma bağlı olabileceği ve bu spazmın 12–24 saat içinde çözüleceğini, bu nedenle de bu süre zarfında eksplorasyon yapılmaması gerektiğini söyleyenler de mevcuttur.[9–11,14–18] Sabharwal ve ark. yaptıkları çalışma gözlem yapılmasını öneren görüşü destekler niteliktedir. Yazarlar, dirsek çevresinde bulunan zengin kolletaral dolaşım nedeniyle ekstremite distalinde kan akımının bozulmadığını ve erken yapılacak damarsal bir cerrahinin brakial arterde semptomsuz oklüzyona neden olabileceğini belirtmişlerdir ve dolaşım sorunu olmayan hastalarda vasküler rekonstrüksiyon uygulanmazsa dahi ekstremitenin canlılığını devam ettireceğini iddia etmişlerdir.[9] Literatürde konservatif yaklaşımla başarılı sonuçlar bildiren pek çok yayın bulunmaktadır.[9,15,16,19] Ramesh ve ark. konservatif tedavi ile iyi sonuç bildirdikleri 15 hastalık bir çalışmada redüksiyon sonrası nabız alınamayanlar hastalar da dâhil olmak üzere, klinik bulguların iyi olması nedeniyle bu hastaların hiçbirine eksplorasyon uygulanmadığı belirtilmiştir.[16] Louahem ve ark. [15] 26 hastanın 21’ini konservatif tedavi etmiş ve hepsinde iyi sonuç bildirmişlerdir. Bu konuda yapılmış en geniş hasta sayısına sahip çalışma Weller ve ark.[20] tarafından yayımlanan 54 hastalık çalışmadır. Bu çalışmada, redüksüyon sonrası Doppler ile akım alınamayan dört hastaya hemen damar tamiri yapılırken, redüksiyon sonrası dopler ile nabız alınmasına rağmen ilerleyen dönemde dolaşımın bozukluğu gelişen bir hastaya ise geç tamir damar tamiri uygulandığı belirtilmiştir. Tamir uygulanmayan grupta bir hastada görülen geç iskemi ve kontraktür haricinde iyi sonuç bildirilmiştir. Bizim çalışmamızda ise 42 hastadan üçüne redüksiyon sonrası ekstremite distalinde dolaşım bozukluğu devam etmesi nedeniyle hemen damar tamiri uygulandı. İki hastada ise dopler ile de nabız alınamamasına rağmen ekstremitenin sıcak ve dolaşımının iyi olması nedeniyle redüksiyon sonrası yakın takip ve gözlem uygulandı. Her iki hastada da ameliyattan bir gün sonra Doppler ile akım alınmaya başlandı. Konservatif tedavi edilen hiçbir hastada iskemi bulgularına rastlanmadı. Vasküler yaralanma tanısı koymak için kullanılması gereken yöntemler için de varılmış bir uzlaşı bulunmamaktadır. Bu konuda kullanılan girişimsel (anjiyografi) ve girişimsel olmayan (MR anjiyografi, Doppler USG, renkli Doppler USG) görüntüleme yöntemleri bulunmaktadır.[18] Tanı için girişimsel olmayan yöntemlerin yeterli olduğunu söyleyenlere karşı, anjiyografi gibi girişimsel yöntemlerin mutlaka yapılmasını öneren yazarlar da mevcuttur.[9,14] Kontrast maddeye karşı alerjik reaksiyon oluşturması, redüksiyonu ve damar tamirini geciktirmesi nedeniyle pek çok uzman tarafından anjiyografinin ameliyat öncesi rutin kullanımı önerilmez.[4,5,14] Fakat damar tamiri yapılacak hastalarda, yaralanma yerinin belirlenmesinde ve yapılacak cerrahinin planlanmasında kullanılabilir.[14,17] Biz hiçbir hastamıza tanı için anjiyografi çekmedik ve tanı ve takipte sıklıkla Doppler USG’den yararlandık. 87


Özkul ve ark. Çocuklarda suprakondiller humerus kırığı sonrası damarsal yaralanmalar

Suprakondiller kırık sonrası sinir yaralanmaları %9–20 arasında bildirilmiştir.[21–23] Çalışmamızda, nabız alınamayan kırıklar ile birlikte %38, nabız alınan kırıklar ile birlikte ise %7 oranında sinir yaralanması mevcuttu ve bu iki gurup arasındaki fark istatistiksel olarak anlamlıydı (p<0.05). Bu sonuç daha önce yapılmış çalışmalarla uyumludur. Sinir yaralanması genellikle kırık uçları arasında sıkışmaya veya gerilmeye bağlı oluşur ve neredeyse tamamı spontan olarak iyileşir.[21,23–25] Bizim çalışmamızda 16 (%38) hastanın sinir yaralanması mevcuttu ve hepsi üç-altı ay arasında spontan olarak düzeldi. Açık kırıkla birlikte damarsal yaralanma görülme sıklığını bir çalışmada %15 olarak belirtilmiş ve bu kırıkların sonuçlarının kapalı kırıklar kadar iyi olduğu söylenmiştir.[26] Nabız alınamayan hastalarımızın dördünde eş zamanlı olarak açık kırık mevcuttu ve bu hastaların fonksiyonel sonuçları ile diğerleri arasında fark yoktu. Choi ve ark.[3] vasküler tamir gereksinimi ve vasküler yaralanma sıklığı ile hastaların ilk başvuruları sırasındaki klinik muayeneleri arasında anlamlı ilişki olduğunu bildirmişlerdir. Biz de vasküler tamir ihtiyacı ile hastanın ilk başvurusu sırasındaki kliniği arasında çok sıkı bir ilişkinin olduğuna inanıyoruz. Brakiyal arter yaralanması saptadığımız üç hastada da, ilk başvuru sırasında el de soğukluk-solukluk ve kapiller dolaşımının bozuk olması bu düşünceyi desteklemektedir. Mevcut bulgular ışığında, biz kırık sonrası ekstremite distalinde nabzın alınamamasına rağmen dolaşım bozukluğu görülmeyen hastalarda hemen kırık redüksiyonu ve stabilizasyonunun yapılmasını ardından sıkı dolaşım takibi uygulanmasının yeterli olduğunu düşünüyoruz. Ekstremite de dolaşım bozukluğu gözlenmesi, geçmeyen ağrı veya nörolojik muayenede bozulma olması gibi durumlarda ise, damarsal yaralanmaya yönelik cerrahi önermekteyiz. Çocukluk çağında suprakondiller humerus kırığı sonrası gelişen nabızsızlık durumunda çoğu hastanın hiçbir invaziv girişime ihtiyaç olmadan konservatif yollarla oldukça başarılı tedavi edilebileceğini düşünüyoruz. Çıkar örtüşmesi: Çıkar örtüşmesi bulunmadığı belirtilmiştir.

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Özkul ve ark. Çocuklarda suprakondiller humerus kırığı sonrası damarsal yaralanmalar injuries associated with supracondylar fractures of the humerus in children: the experience of a specialist referral centre. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2006;88:90–4.

26. Ozkul E, Gem M, Arslan H, Alemdar C, Demirtas A, Kisin B. Surgical treatment outcome for open supracondylar humerus fractures in children. Acta Orthop Belg 2013;79:509–13.

ORIGINAL ARTICLE - ABSTRACT OLGU SUNUMU

Vascular injury following supracondylar humerus fractures in children Emin Özkul, M.D., Mehmet Gem, M.D., Celil Alemdar, M.D., Hüseyin Arslan, M.D., İbrahim Azboy, M.D., Velat Çelik, M.D. Dicle University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Diyarbakır, Turkey

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcomes of the children with absent distal pulses following supracondylar humerus fractures. METHODS: Forty-two pulseless hand patients who were treated due to supracondylar humerus fractures were evaluated retrospectively. The evaluation included symptoms presented at preoperative and postoperative neurological examinations, mechanism of injury, time from injury to presentation, time from injury to surgery, length of hospital stay, and postoperative complications. RESULTS: In 27 patients, radial pulse was palpated following reduction. A stream was identified in ten patients with Doppler, and no stream was identified in two patients. These two patients had no ischemia and they presented with a stream on Doppler one day after the surgery. Immediate vascular exploration was applied in three patients (7%) who retained ischemia after the reduction and was unable to present a stream on Doppler. One patient underwent primary suture, and the other two were managed with saphenous vein graft and primary repair. DISCUSSION: It is vital to re-evaluate patients presenting with a pulseless hand following supracondylar humerus fracture; the ones with no ischemia or ischemic sign should be closely followed, and the ones retaining ischemic signs should be managed with primary vascular repair. Keywords: Pulselessness; supracondylar humerus fracture in child; vascular injury. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg 2016;22(1):84–89

doi: 10.5505/tjtes.2015.83720

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ORİJİ N A L Ç A LI Ş M A

AO 42A ve 42B tipi tibia kırıklarında uyguladığımız perkütan kilitli plak ve intramedüller çivi tespit sonuçlarının geriye dönük analizi Dr. Fuat Bilgili,1 Dr. Ayhan Kılıç,2 Dr. Sami Sökücü,3 Dr. Atilla Sancar Parmaksızoğlu,2 Dr. Kamil Serdar Çepni,2 Dr. Yavuz Selim Kabukçuoğlu3 1

İstanbul Üniversitesi İstanbul Tıp Fakültesi, Ortopedi ve Travmatoloji Anabilim Dalı, İstanbul

2

Taksim Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi, Ortopedi ve Travmatoloji Kliniği, İstanbul

3

Baltalimanı Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi, Ortopedi ve Travmatoloji Kliniği, İstanbul

ÖZET AMAÇ: Bu çalışmada AO 42A ve 42B tipi tibia kırıklarında uygulanan perkütan kilitli plak (PKP) ve intramedüller çivi (İMÇ) tespit sonuçlarının geriye dönük analizi yapıldı. Tespit tipinin kaynama zamanı ve fonksiyonel sonuçlar üzerinde etkisinin olup olmadığı ve komplikasyonları sorgulandı. GEREÇ VE YÖNTEM: Bu geriye dönük çalışmaya 2006–2010 yılları arasında eklem dışı tibia distal uç kırığı tanısıyla cerrahi tedavi edilen 42 hasta dahil edildi. Hastaların 18’i kapalı İMÇ ile (Grup 1), 24’ü ise PKP (Grup II) ile tedavi edildi. Ortalama yaş 41 (dağılım: 16–70) yıl olan hastaların 32’si erkek, 10’u kadındı. Kırıklar AO sınıflamasına göre sınıflandırıldı. Hastaların kaynama zamanları, fonksiyonel sonuçları ve komplikasyonları (kaynamama, kötü kaynama, enfeksiyon, implant çıkarma) karşılaştırıldı. Fonksiyonel sonuçların karşılaştırılmasında The American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle surgery (AOFAS) skorlaması kullanıldı. BULGULAR: Ortalama takip süresi Grup I için 20 (12–32) ay, Grup II için 22 (13–34) aydı. Kırık kaynama zamanı Grup 1’de 16 (12–24) hafta, Grup II’de 19 (16–24) haftaydı. Kırık kaynama zamanı İMÇ ile tespit edilen hastalarda anlamlı derecede daha kısaydı (p=0.002). Son kontroldeki AOFAS skoru Grup I için 85 (dağılım: 69–100 puan), Grup II için 81 puan (dağılım: 60–95 puan) bulundu, aralarındaki fark istatistiksel açıdan anlamlı değildi (p=0.06). Grup II’deki iki hastada kaynamama görüldü. Grup 1’de iki hastada, Grup II’de bir hastada dizilim kusuru görüldü. Grup 1’de iki hastada, Grup II’de ise üç hastada yüzeyel enfeksiyon oluştu. SONUÇ: İntramedüller çivi ile tespit edilen kırıklarda kaynama daha erken oluştu. İstatistiksel olarak anlamlı olmasada İMÇ yapılanlarda komplikasyonlar daha az, fonksiyonel sonuçlar daha iyiydi. Anahtar sözcükler: Distal tibia; intramedüller çivi; kırıklar; perkütan kilitli plak.

GİRİŞ Tibia distali yumuşak doku örtüsünün ince ve damarlanmasının zayıf olması sebebiyle, bu bölge kırıklarında kaynama ve örtüm sorunları görülebilmektedir. Kapalı intramedüller çivi (İMÇ) veya perkütan kilitli plak (PKP) gibi az hasarlı cerrahi Sorumlu yazar: Dr. Fuat Bilgili, İstanbul Üniversitesi İstanbul Tıp Fakültesi, Ortopedi ve Travmatoloji Anabilim Dalı, Çapa, İstanbul Tel: +90 212 - 414 20 00 E-posta: fuatbilgili@gmail.com Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg 2016;22(1):90–96 doi: 10.5505/tjtes.2015.56956 Telif hakkı 2016 TJTES

90

teknik ile yapılan tespit tipi bu bölge kırıklarının tedavisindeki en seçkin cerrahi yöntemlerin başında gelir.[1–8] Kırık hattını köprüleyen PKP, içeriden uygulamalı bir eksternal fiksatör olup, dengeli bir tespit sağlar.[9,10] Kapalı redüksiyon sonrası İMÇ ile yapılan osteosentezde, en az derecede yumuşak doku hasarı oluşmaktadır. Böylece hem kemiğin periostal kanlanması korunmakta hem de dengeli yük dağılımı sağlanmaktadır.[6,11] Son yıllarda çivi tasarımındaki gelişmeler sonucu ekleme yakın kırıklarda da İMÇ uygulaması daha güvenilir olmuştur.[12,13] Ancak ilgili tedavi seçenekleri arasında hangi tedavinin daha üstün olduğu halen tartışmaya açıktır.[6,14,15] Bugüne kadar yapılan çalışmaları incelediğimizde pek çoğunun geriye dönük karşılaştırmalı çalışmalar olduğu ve bazılarında konvansiyonel plaklarla İMÇ’lerin karşılaştırıldığı görülmektedir.[16,17] İleriye Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg, Ocak 2016, Cilt. 22, Sayı. 1


Bilgili ve ark. AO 42A ve 42B tipi tibia kırıklarında uyguladığımız perkütan kilitli plak ve intramedüller çivi tespit sonuçlarının geriye dönük analizi

yönelik yapılan çalışmalardan birinde konvansiyonel plakla çivi, diğerinde ise bizim çalışmada olduğu gibi kilitli plakla intramedüller çivi karşılaştırılmış fakat kaynama zamanları incelenmemiştir.[16,18] Bu çalışmada AO 42A ve 42B tipi tibia kırıklarında uygulanan perkütan kilitli plak ve intramedüller çivi tespit sonuçlarının geriye dönük analizi yapıldı. Tespit tipinin kaynama zamanı ve fonksiyonel sonuçlar üzerinde etkisinin olup olmadığı ve komplikasyonları sorgulandı.

Kırıklar AO/ASIF (Association for Osteosynthesis/Association for the Study of Internal Fixation) Sınıflaması’na göre, yumuşak doku yaralanmaları ise AO yumuşak doku yaralanması sınıflamasına göre sınıflandırıldı.

GEREÇ VE YÖNTEM

Acil serviste tibia cisim kırığı tespit edilen hastaların, lokal ve sistemik muayeneleri yapıldıktan sonra grafileri çekildi. Ödemi olmayan hastalara, kapalı redüksiyon ve sirküler alçı uygulandı. Yeterli redüksiyon sağlanamayan hastalar ameliyat edilmek üzere yatırıldı. Tüm hastalara servise kabulünde düşük molekül ağırlıklı heparin başlandı. Tip 1 ve 2 açık kırıklara öncelikle lokal anestezi altında debritman, irrigasyon yapıldı. Tetanus profilaksisi ve sefazolin 1 gr. İV uygulandı. Hastalara ameliyattan 30 dakika önce 1 gram Sefazolin sodyum İV uygulandı ve ameliyat sonrası üç gün süreyle 3x1 gr dozunda devam edildi. Açık kırıklı hastalarda profilaksi ameliyat sonrası beşinci gün sonlandırıldı.

Kliniğimizde 2006–2010 yılları arasında eklem dışı tibia distal uç kırığı tanısıyla İMÇ ve PKP ile tedavi edilen 51 hastanın tıbbi kayıtlarına ulaşıldı. Çalısmaya dahil edilme kriterlerimiz: AO kırık sınıflamasına göre 42A-B tipi kırıklar, kapalı redüksiyon ve alçılamayla ideal dizilimin sağlanamadığı instabil kırıklar ve en az 12 ay takibi olan son kontrollerine gelen hastalardı. Eklem uzanımlı veya patolojik kırıkları olan hastalar, 16 yaşından küçük hastalar ve iç organ yaralanması olan politravmalı hastalar çalışma grubuna alınmadı. Son takip ve değerlendirmesini yapamadığımız dokuz hasta (5’i İMÇ, 4’ü PKP) çalışmadan dışlandı. Geriye kalan 42 hastadan İMÇ ile tedavi edilen 18 hasta Grup I, PKP ile tedavi edilen 24 hasta Grup II olarak adlandırıldı. Grup I’de dört hasta, grup II’de ise altı hasta tütün ürünleri tüketiyordu. Hastaların ikisinde beraberinde humerus kırığı, ikisinde metakarp kırığı, birinde ise önkol kırığı eşlik etmekteydi.

Yaralanmayla ameliyat arasında geçen süre Grup I’de dört (dağılım: 2–7 gün) gün, Grup II’de ise beş (dağılım: 2–9 gün) gündü. Hastaların diğer demografik bilgileri Tablo 1’de verildi.

Tespit materyalinin belirlenmesinde yumuşak doku yaralanmasının yeri ve derecesi belirleyici oldu. Krus medialinde yumuşak doku örtüsü ince olanlarda, plak giriş bölgesinde yumuşak doku lezyonu olan olgularda intramedüller çivi tercih edildi. Olguların gruplara göre dağılımı Tablo 1’de verildi.

Tablo 1. Hastaların demografik bilgileri Parametreler Yaş, Ortalama (dağılım)

Perkütan kilitli plak (n=24)

İntramedüller çivi (n=18)

Toplam (n=42)

43.5 (16–70)

37.4 (16–65)

40.9 (16–70)

Cinsiyet, n (%)

Erkek

16 (56)

16 (50)

32 (100)

Kadın

8 (80)

2 (20)

10 (100)

AO Kırık Sınıflaması, n (%)

42A

21 (58)

13 (42)

34 (100)

42B

3 (38)

5 (62)

8 (100)

Kırık tipi, n (%)

Açık

4 (36)

7 (64)

11 (100)

Kapalı

20 (65)

11 (35)

31 (100)

AO Yumuşak Doku Sınıflaması

IC 1

16

12

28

IC 2

8

6

14

14

3

17

Yaralanma mekanizması Düşme

Motorlu araç kazası

7

10

17

Motosiklet kazası

3

4

7

Diğer yaralanmalar

0

1

1

Eşlik eden distal fibula kırığı

24

15

39

Tespit edilen distal fibula kırığı

7

2

9

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Bilgili ve ark. AO 42A ve 42B tipi tibia kırıklarında uyguladığımız perkütan kilitli plak ve intramedüller çivi tespit sonuçlarının geriye dönük analizi

Kırıkların tümü skopi kontrolünde dolaylı olarak yerleştirildi. Dizilim kriterleri, 5 derece varus/valgus, 10 derece prokurvatum/rekurvatum ve 1 cm kısalık olarak kabul edildi. Kabul edilebilir dizilim elde edildikten sonra distali daha ince profilli, vida seçeneği fazla ve daha anatomik olan LCP Metafizyal 3.5/4.5/5.0 mm kilitli plak (Synthes –Isvicre ve Depuy-ABD) medial malleol üzerinden yapılan küçük kesiden periostun üstünde olacak şekilde uygulandı. Parçalı kırıklarda plağın çalışma aralığı kısa, basit kırıklarda ise uzun tutuldu. Kırığın proksimalinde ve distalinde 6–8 korteks tutacak şekilde plak uzunluğu ameliyat öncesi planlandı. İntramedüller çivi diz bölgesinden parapatellar medial girişimle oyma işlemi yapılarak uygulandı. Trigen™ - (Smith & Nephew-ABD) tipi titanyum intramedüller çivi kullanıldı. Redüksiyon sonrası intramedüller gönderilen kılavuz telin distalde santralize olmadığı durumlarda geçici olarak kalın K–teli polar vidası şeklinde kullanıldı. Redüksiyon sağlanıp kılavuz tel santral pozisyona getirildikten sonra oyma işlemi yapıldı. Kırık redükte pozisyondayken çivi çakıldı. Çivinin proksimali ve distali hem AP hem de lateral planda kilitlendikten sonra K–teli çekildi. Polar vida kullanılmadı. Proksimal kilitleme statik yapıldı. Plak vida uygulamasında distalden ort. dört (dağılım: 3–6) kilitli vida, İMÇ’de ise ort. iki (dağılım: 2–3) vida gönderildi. Ameliyatların tümü travma alanında yeterli tecrübesi olan ikisi AO sertifikalı üç ayrı eğitim görevlisi cerrah tarafından yapıldı.

(a)

(b)

Hastaların radyolojik ve klinik değerlendirmeleri ilk altı ayda aylık takiplerle, sonrasında ise üç aylık takiplerle yapıldı. İntramedüller çivi ile tedavi edilenlere tolere edebildikleri kadar yük vermelerine izin verildi. Kilitli plakla tedavi edilenler cerrahi sonrası ilk üç haftada koltuk değnekleriyle yarım yük verdirildi, sonrasında ise takiplerine göre kademeli olarak yük vermesi artırıldı. Hastanın yüklenme sırasında rahatsızlık duymaması ve üç kortekste kırık hattında kemik köprünün görülmesi kaynama olarak değerlendirildi.[17] Radyolojik ve klinik olarak erken kaynama bulguları olan hastalara tam yük verdirildi. Hastaların fonksiyonel değerlendirmelerinde AOFAS (The American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle surgery) skorlaması kullanıldı.[19] Her iki gruptaki hastalar kaynama zamanları, komplikasyonları (kaynamama, kötü kaynama -her iki planda >5° açılanma-, enfeksiyon) ve materyal çıkarılma gibi sekonder girişim oranları açısından karşılaştırıldı. Radyolojik ölçümlerde Paley tekniği kullanıldı.[20] İstatistiksel değerlendirmede normallik denetimi Shapiro wilk testi ve histogram grafiği çizilerek yapıldı. Veriler ortalama, minimum, maksimum, frekans ve yüzde olarak sunuldu. Grup

(c)

(d)

Şekil 1. Altmış beş yaşında erkek hastanın ameliyat öncesi (a), ameliyat sonrası 16. hafta (b), ameliyat sonrası 16. ay (c) direkt grafileri ve son kontroldeki klinik görünümü (d).

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Bilgili ve ark. AO 42A ve 42B tipi tibia kırıklarında uyguladığımız perkütan kilitli plak ve intramedüller çivi tespit sonuçlarının geriye dönük analizi

Tablo 2. Komplikasyonlarla ilgili sonuçlar (p değeri <0.05 anlamlı kabul edildi) Parametreler

Çivi (18)

Plak (24)

p

Kaynamama (>9 ay kaynama yokluğu)

0

2

2

0.321

Kötü kaynama (Her planda >5° açılanma)

2

1

3

0.391

Yüzeyel enfeksiyon

2

3

5

0.72

Sekonder enfeksiyon

1

1

2

0.67

karşılaştırmaları Mann-Whitney U ve Fisher kesin olasılık testleri kullanılarak yapıldı. Anlamlılık sınırı p<0.05 ve çift yönlü olarak alındı. Analizler SPSS 21 istatistik paket programlarında yapıldı.

Toplam

Grup II’de 19 (dağılım: 16–24) haftaydı (Şekil 1, 2). Kaynama zamanı açısından her iki grup arasındaki fark istatistiksel olarak anlamlıydı (p=0.002). Kötü kaynama, kaynamama, enfeksiyon oranları her iki grup arasında benzerdi (Tablo 2).

BULGULAR Ortalama takip süresi Grup I için 20 ay (dağılım: 12–32 ay), Grup II için 22 aydı (dağılım: 13–34 ay). Yaş, cinsiyet, kırık tipi açısından gruplar arasında anlamlı fark tespit edilmedi (p=0.166; p=0.094; p=0.105). Kırık tipi (açık/kapalı), yumuşak doku yaralanma derecesi açısından her iki grup arasında anlamlı fark yoktu (p=0.16, p=1). Son kontroldeki AOFAS skoru Grup I için 85 (dağılım: 69–100 puan), Grup II için 81puan (dağılım: 60–95 puan) bulundu, aralarındaki fark istatistiksel açıdan anlamlı değildi (p=0.06). Diz ve ayak bileği hareketleri başlandığı için hastaların hiçbirinde diz ve ayak bileği hareket kısıtlılığı oluşmadı. Kırık kaynama zamanı Grup 1’de 16 (dağılım: 12–24) hafta,

(a)

(b)

Grup I’deki hastaların ikisinde, Grup II’deki hastaların üçünde yüzeyel enfeksiyon oluştu (p=0.72). Bu hastaların dördünde tip 2 açık kırık mevcuttu. Antibiyotik tedavisiyle hastaların tümü iyileşti. Grup I’ deki hastaların birinde, Grup II’deki hastaların ikisinde materyaller ikincil bir girişimle çıkartıldı. İkincil girişim oranları her iki grup arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı değildi (p=0.3). Kötü kaynama oluşan üç hastanın tümünde distal fibula kırığına osteosentez yapılmamıştı. Tibia kırığıyla beraber cerrahi tespit uygulanmayan 33 fibula kırığında kötü kaynama oranı

(c)

(d)

Şekil 2. Kırk üç yaşında erkek hastanın ameliyat öncesi (a), ameliyat sonrası 20. hafta (b), ameliyat sonrası 26. ay (c) direkt grafileri ve son kontroldeki klinik görünümü (d).

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Bilgili ve ark. AO 42A ve 42B tipi tibia kırıklarında uyguladığımız perkütan kilitli plak ve intramedüller çivi tespit sonuçlarının geriye dönük analizi

%27.3 bulundu. Kaynamama oluşan hastaların birinde fibula tespit edilmiş, diğerinde tespit edilmemişti. Yapılan tespit tipinden bağımsız olarak fibula kırığı tespit edilenlerle edilmeyenlerde tibia kırığındaki kötü kaynama ve kaynamama oranları arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı fark tespit edilmedi (p=0.34, p=0.31). Tibia kırığındaki kaynama zamanı distal fibula kırığına tespit uygulanmayanlarda ortalama 17.5 (12–24) hafta, tespit uygulananlarda 18 (12–20) haftaydı. Aralarındaki fark istatistiksel olarak anlamlı değildi (p=0.185). Grup II’deki hastaların ikisinde kaynamama görüldü. Bu hastaların birinde tibia distalinde yumuşak doku kalınlığı az olmasına rağmen plak uygulandı ve ciltte beslenme bozukluğuna bağlı yara problemleri oluştu. Plak çıkartılarak eksternal fiksatörle revizyon yapıldı. Kırığı kaynamayan diğer hastanın ise kırık hattının, ameliyat sırasında distrakte vaziyette tespit edildiği saptandı.

TARTIŞMA Eklem dışı tibia distal uç kırıklarının tedavisi hem İMÇ hem de PKP ile minimal invaziv yoldan yapılabilmektedir. Literatürdeki İMÇ ile yapılan karşılaştırmalı çalışmalar kilitli plaktan ziyade daha çok konvansiyonel plakla yapılmıştır.[16,18,21–23] Kilitli plakla İMÇ’nin karşılaştırıldığı bu çalışmada kaynama zamanının PKP yapılan grupta daha uzun olduğu tespit edildi. Kaynama oranları, enfeksiyon, kötü kaynama ve kaynamama oranları açısından her iki grup arasında anlamlı fark tespit edilmedi. Genel kabullenmelere göre diafiz kırıklarının mutlak dengeyle tespiti öngörülse de metafizodiafizer bileşke kırıklarında ne tür bir tespit yapılması gerektiği konusu hala belirsizliğini korumaktadır.[24] Bu çalışmanın sonuçlarını irdelediğimizde İMÇ grubunda saptadığımız hızlı kaynamanın esnek tespit yönteminden kaynaklandığını düşünmekteyiz. Plak vida grubunda sağladığımız osteosentezin rigid tabiatta olması kanımızca kaynamayı geciktirmektedir. Kaynama süresine etki eden faktörleri düşündüğümüzde ilk etapta çivi yapılan gruba daha erken yük verdirilmesinin hızlı iyileşme üzerine pozitif etkisi olabileceği akla gelmektedir. Diğer taraftan titanyum plaklar kilitli vidaları sayesinde daha rijit bir tespit sağlamakta ve çalışmanın verilerinin bize işaret ettiği gibi kırığın daha uzun sürede iyileşmesinde bu rijiditenin daha fazla rolü olmaktadır. [25] Plağın çalışma uzunluğu çivinin çalışma uzunluğundan daha kısa olduğu için kırık fragmanları arasındaki hareket daha az olmakta ve fonksiyonel redüksiyon yapılan bu kırıklarda kallus oluşumu daha az olmaktadır.[24,26] Köpekler üzerine yapılan bir biyomekanik çalışmada daha az rijit plaklarla daha iyi kemik iyileşmesi elde edilmiştir.[27] Başka bir karşılaştırmalı mekanik çalışmada AO/ASIF tip 43.A3 kırıkların tedavisinde kilitli plakların 750 N siklik yüklenme altında İMÇ’ye göre daha katı tespit sağladığı ortaya koyulmuştur.[28] Yükü kemiğe aktarma konusunda İMÇ’ler kilitli plaklardan daha etkindir. Yine yapılan bir klinik çalışmada ekstraartiküler tibia distal uç kırıklarında konvansiyonel plakla kilitli plak karşılaştırılmış ve konvansiyonel plak yapılanlarda kaynamanın daha erken olduğu görülmüştür. Sonuç olarak kilitli plakla yapılan osteosentezin 94

daha rijit olması sebebiyle kaynamanın bu nedenle geciktiği belirtilmiştir.[7] Bizim çalışmamızda konvansiyonel plak yerine intramedüller çivi kullanıldı ve benzer şekilde daha elastiki tespityapan İMÇ ile tespitin kilitli plağa göre daha erken kaynama sağladığı görüldü. Kırık diziliminin sağlanması fonksiyonel sonuçlar üzerine etkili bir diğer faktördür.[29] Önceki çalışmalarda İMÇ’ler ile kırık repozisyonunun sağlanması ve devam ettirilmesinin plaklara göre daha zor olduğu bildirilmiştir;[16,17] fakat bu sorun yeni geliştirilen çivilerle kolaylaştırılmıştır.[3,6,13] Yapılan karşılaştırılmalı çalışmalarda plak tespitleri açık redüksiyon ve konvansiyonel plakla yapıldığından ve geriye dönük analiz yöntemi uygulandığından literatürün bilgi eksikliği mevcuttu.[17,21,23] Bu eksikliği gidermeye yönelik yapılan konvansiyonel plak yerine kilitli plağın kullanıldığı güncel bir çalışmada kırık fragmanlarındaki dizilimin İMÇ ile daha iyi sağlandığı bildirilmiştir.[18,30] Bu çalışmada kırık fragmanlarının dizilimi her iki grup arasında benzerdi. Dizilimin sağlanması, kullanılan implanttan çok yapan kişinin tecrübesiyle ilişkili olduğu görüşündeyiz. Kaynamama oranında, geriye dönük yapılan çalışmalarda İMÇ ve plak vidayla osteosentez arasında fark yoktur. Sadece Vallier’in çalışmasında İMÇ aleyhine bir yönelim mevcuttur [17,21–23] Bu çalışmada da her iki grup arasında anlamlı fark yoktu. Kaynama sorunları konusunda bir diğer tartışmalı önemli nokta da eşlik eden fibula kırığının tespitidir. Tibia kırığına yönelik yapılan cerrahi yöntemden bağımsız olarak eşlik eden fibula kırığının tespitinde malunion riski azalırken nonunion oranı artmış olarak bildirilmiştir.[17,22,31] Bu çalışmada da fibula kırığı tespit edilmeyenlerde tespit edilenlere göre istatistiksel olarak anlamlı olmasa da kötü kaynama oranı daha yüksek bulundu. Ameliyat sonrası enfeksiyon oranı konusunda yapılan karşılaştırmalı çalışmalarda farklı sonuçlar bildirilmiştir.[16,17,21] Minimal invaziv plak uygulamalarından sonra özellikle implant irritasyonuna bağlı cilt sorunlarının ortaya çıktığı görülmektedir.[14] Kilitli plak yapılanlarda çivi yapılanlara göre yara sorunları daha fazla görülme eğilimindedir.[18] Bu çalışmada da cerrahi sonrası görülen yara enfeksiyonu literatürde olduğu gibi tespit materyalinin tipine bağlı olmasının yanında hastanın tibia distalinin yumuşak doku kalınlığı ve sigara kullanımı gibi faktörlerden de etkilenmektedir. İmplant çıkartma oranında gruplar arasında anlamlı fark bulunmazken Guo ve ark.nın çalışmasında LCP yapılan hastaların self-taping vidalarından dolayı zorluklarla karşılaşılmış.[18,22] Bizim çalışmamızda implant çıkartılan dört hastanın biri çivi ile üçü ise plak ile tedavi edilmişti, plak çıkartılma esnasında kilitli vidalardan dolayı zorlukla karşılaşıldı. Fonksiyonel skorlar Guo ve ark.nın[18] çalışmasında olduğu gibi istatistiksel olarak anlamlı olmasa da İMÇ yapılanlarda daha iyiydi. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg, Ocak 2016, Cilt. 22, Sayı. 1


Bilgili ve ark. AO 42A ve 42B tipi tibia kırıklarında uyguladığımız perkütan kilitli plak ve intramedüller çivi tespit sonuçlarının geriye dönük analizi

Çalışmamızın geriye dönük yapısı, randomizasyon olmaması ve hasta sayısının az olması zayıf taraflarıydı. Hasta seçimi her ne kadar çalışma dışından tecrübeli bir cerrah tarafından yapılmış olsa da rastgele bir seçim olmadı. Bu konuda yapılan Guo ve Im’in çalışmaları randomize kontrollü çalışmalar olup hasta sayıları bakımından dengeli bir dağılıma sahiptir.[16,18] Ancak yine de Iqbal ve ark.nın 2013 yılında yayınlanan sistematik derlemesinde bu çalışmaların yeterli örneklem gücüne haiz olmadığı belirtilmektedir.[5] Dolayısıyla gerek olgu seçimi gerekse tedavinin randomizasyonu konusunda tam teşekküllü bir çalışmanın zorlukları izlenmektedir. Bu bakımdan seçilme kriterlerini belirlediğimiz geçmişe dönük yapılan bu çalışmanın yeni ileriye yönelik çalışmalara ışık tutacağını düşünmekteyiz. Yaş, cinsiyet, kırık tipi açısından gruplar arasında anlamlı fark olmaması bir miktar hataya meyli azalttı. Bizim çalışmamızın diğer çalışmalardan farkı politravması olmayan sadece AO 42A ve 42B tipi kırıkların iyileşme zamanları ele alınıp rijiditenin bu kırıkların iyileşme hızındaki etkilerinin ortaya koyulmasıydı. Hali hazırda markette olan ve sıkça kullanılan kilitli plak sistemleri ve uygulama teknikleri kırık fragmanını stabil ederken kırık fragmanlarında kaynamayı hızlandıracak minimal hareketleri sağlaması bakımından sorunludur.[32] Bu kaynamanın temini için gerekli olan fragmanlar arası hareketin miktarı net olarak bilinmemekle beraber İMÇ’lerin sağladığı göreceli stabilite bu izafi hareket miktarına en yakınıdır diye düşünüyoruz. Bu bölgedeki kırıklara yapılan redüksiyon anatomik redüksiyon değil fonksiyonel redüksiyondur. Dolayısıyla yapılan tespitte köprüleme tekniği kullanıldığı için osteosentezin rijit değil elastiki olması gerekir. Çünkü hedeflenen indirekt kemik kaynaması elastiki tespitle daha hızlı olmaktadır. Bu konuda ilerde yapılacak olan çalışmalarda kilitli plakların göreceli stabilite derecesinin önceden ayarlanabilir şekilde düzenlenmesine ve gerekli mikrohareket miktarının bilinmesine yönelik çalışmalara ihtiyaç vardır. Sonuç olarak bu bölge kırıklarının tedavisi tekniğine sadık kalınmak kaydıyla her iki yöntemle de fonksiyonel olarak iyi sonuç alınmaktadır. Her iki tekniğin dizilim, stabilite ve yumuşak doku biyolojisiyle alakalı avantaj ve dezavantajlarının bilinmesi cerraha hangi tekniği kullanması konusunda yardımcı olacaktır. İntramedüller çivi ile tespit yapılan kırıklarda kaynamanın daha erken olduğu görüldü. İstatistiksel olarak anlamlı olmasa da İMÇ yapılanlarda komplikasyonlar daha az, fonksiyonel sonuçlar daha iyiydi. Çıkar örtüşmesi: Çıkar örtüşmesi bulunmadığı belirtilmiştir.

KAYNAKLAR 1. Broos PL, Sermon A. From unstable internal fixation to biological osteosynthesis. A historical overview of operative fracture treatment. Acta Chir Belg 2004;104:396–400. 2. Dogra AS, Ruiz AL, Thompson NS, Nolan PC. Dia-metaphyseal distal tibial fractures-treatment with a shortened intramedullary nail: a review of 15 cases. Injury 2000;31:799–804.

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3. Extraarticular distal tibial fractures: Plating or intramedullary nailing Orthop. trauma dir. 2009;6:19–28. (https://www2.aofoundation.org). 4. Gupta RK, Rohilla RK, Sangwan K, Singh V, Walia S. Locking plate fixation in distal metaphyseal tibial fractures: series of 79 patients. Int Orthop 2010;34:1285–90. 5. Iqbal HJ, Pidikiti P. Treatment of distal tibia metaphyseal fractures; plating versus intramedullary nailing: a systematic review of recent evidence. Foot Ankle Surg 2013;19:143–7. 6. Nork SE, Schwartz AK, Agel J, Holt SK, Schrick JL, Winquist RA. Intramedullary nailing of distal metaphyseal tibial fractures. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2005;87:1213–21. 7. Ozkaya U, Parmaksizoglu AS, Gul M, Sokucu S, Kabukcuoglu Y. Minimally invasive treatment of distal tibial fractures with locking and nonlocking plates. Foot Ankle Int 2009;30:1161–7. 8. Ronga M, Longo UG, Maffulli N. Minimally invasive locked plating of distal tibia fractures is safe and effective. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2010;468:975–82. 9. Frigg R. Development of the Locking Compression Plate. Injury 2003;34 Suppl 2:B6–10. 10. Hasenboehler E, Rikli D, Babst R. Locking compression plate with minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis in diaphyseal and distal tibial fracture: a retrospective study of 32 patients. Injury 2007;38:365–70. 11. Schmidt AH, Finkemeier CG, Tornetta P 3rd. Treatment of closed tibial fractures. Instr Course Lect 2003;52:607–22. 12. Janssen KW, Biert J, van Kampen A. Treatment of distal tibial fractures: plate versus nail: a retrospective outcome analysis of matched pairs of patients. Int Orthop 2007;31:709–14. 13. Nork SE, Schwartz AK, Agel J, Holt SK, Schrick JL, Winquist RA. Intramedullary nailing of distal metaphyseal tibial fractures. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2005;87:1213–21. 14. Lau TW, Leung F, Chan CF, Chow SP. Wound complication of minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis in distal tibia fractures. Int Orthop 2008;32:697–703. 15. Zelle BA, Bhandari M, Espiritu M, Koval KJ, Zlowodzki M; EvidenceBased Orthopaedic Trauma Working Group. Treatment of distal tibia fractures without articular involvement: a systematic review of 1125 fractures. J Orthop Trauma 2006;20:76–9. 16. Im GI, Tae SK. Distal metaphyseal fractures of tibia: a prospective randomized trial of closed reduction and intramedullary nail versus open reduction and plate and screws fixation. J Trauma 2005;59:1219–23. 17. Vallier HA, Le TT, Bedi A. Radiographic and clinical comparisons of distal tibia shaft fractures (4 to 11 cm proximal to the plafond): plating versus intramedullary nailing. J Orthop Trauma 2008;22:307–11. 18. Guo JJ, Tang N, Yang HL, Tang TS. A prospective, randomised trial comparing closed intramedullary nailing with percutaneous plating in the treatment of distal metaphyseal fractures of the tibia. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2010;92:984–8. 19. Kitaoka HB, Alexander IJ, Adelaar RS, Nunley JA, Myerson MS, Sanders M. Clinical rating systems for the ankle-hindfoot, midfoot, hallux, and lesser toes. Foot Ankle Int 1994;15:349–53. 20. Paley D. Principles of Deformity Correction, First edition.Springer- Verlag. Berlin, Heidelberg 2002;64–7. 21. Janssen KW, Biert J, van Kampen A. Treatment of distal tibial fractures: plate versus nail: a retrospective outcome analysis of matched pairs of patients. Int Orthop 2007;31:709–14. 22. Vallier HA, Cureton BA, Patterson BM. Randomized, prospective comparison of plate versus intramedullary nail fixation for distal tibia shaft fractures. J Orthop Trauma 2011;25:736–41. 23. Yang SW, Tzeng HM, Chou YJ, Teng HP, Liu HH, Wong CY. Treatment of distal tibial metaphyseal fractures: Plating versus shortened intramed-

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Bilgili ve ark. AO 42A ve 42B tipi tibia kırıklarında uyguladığımız perkütan kilitli plak ve intramedüller çivi tespit sonuçlarının geriye dönük analizi ullary nailing. Injury 2006;37:531–5. 24. Hak DJ, Toker S, Yi C, Toreson J. The influence of fracture fixation biomechanics on fracture healing. Orthopedics 2010;33:752–5. 25. Stoffel K, Dieter U, Stachowiak G, Gächter A, Kuster MS. Biomechanical testing of the LCP-how can stability in locked internal fixators be controlled? Injury 2003;34 Suppl 2:B11–9. 26. Hoffmeier KL, Hofmann GO, Mückley T. Choosing a proper working length can improve the lifespan of locked plates. A biomechanical study. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2011;26:405–9. 27. Foux A, Yeadon AJ, Uhthoff HK. Improved fracture healing with less rigid plates. A biomechanical study in dogs. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1997;339:232–45. 28. Strauss EJ, Alfonso D, Kummer FJ, Egol KA, Tejwani NC. The effect of concurrent fibular fracture on the fixation of distal tibia fractures: a labo-

ratory comparison of intramedullary nails with locked plates. J Orthop Trauma 2007;21:172–7. 29. Vallier HA, Cureton BA, Patterson BM. Factors influencing functional outcomes after distal tibia shaft fractures. J Orthop Trauma 2012;26:178–83. 30. Mauffrey C, McGuinness K, Parsons N, Achten J, Costa ML. A randomised pilot trial of “locking plate” fixation versus intramedullary nailing for extra-articular fractures of the distal tibia. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2012;94:704–8. 31. Egol KA, Weisz R, Hiebert R, Tejwani NC, Koval KJ, Sanders RW. Does fibular plating improve alignment after intramedullary nailing of distal metaphyseal tibia fractures? J Orthop Trauma 2006;20:94–103. 32. Wagner M. General principles for the clinical use of the LCP. Injury 2003;34 Suppl 2:B31–42.

ORIGINAL ARTICLE - ABSTRACT OLGU SUNUMU

Retrospective analysis of AO 42A-B type tibia fractures treated with percutaneus locked plating and intramedullary nailing Fuat Bilgili, M.D.,1 Ayhan Kılıç, M.D.,2 Sami Sökücü, M.D.,3 Atilla Sancar Parmaksızoğlu, M.D.,2 Kamil Serdar Çepni, M.D.,2 Yavuz Selim Kabukçuoğlu, M.D.,3 1 2 3

Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, İstanbul University İstanbul Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Taksim Training and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Baltalimanı Training and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey

BACKGROUND: In this study, the results of AO 42A and 42B type tibia fractures treated with intramedullary nail (IMN) and percutaneus locking plate (PLP) were evaluated. The complications were examined, and it was questioned whether the type of fixation had an effect on union time and functional results. METHODS: Forty-two patients with extraarticular distal tibial fractures were enrolled in this retrospective study. Eighteen patients were treated with closed IMN (Group I) and 24 patients were treated with PLP fixation (Group II). Mean age was 41 (range: 16–70) years; thirty-two of the patients were men. Fractures were classified according to the AO classification system. Union time, functional results and complications (malunion, malalignment, infection) were compared. The American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Surgery (AOFAS) scoring was used to compare functional results. RESULTS: The average follow-up period was 20 (12–32) months for Group I and 23 (13–36) months for Group II. The average union time was 16 (12–24) weeks in Group I and 19 (range: 16–24) weeks in Group II (p=0.002). The AOFAS scoring was 85 (range: 69–100) points in Group I and 81 (range: 60–95) points in Group II. The difference in AOFAS scoring was not significant (p=0.06). Two patients had nonunion in Group II. Two patients in Group I and three patients in Group II had malalignment. DISCUSSION: We suggest that IMN can provide early healing time. Although it is not statistically significant, complication rate was lower and functional results were better in patients treated with IMN. Keywords: Distal tibia; fractures; intramedullary nail; percutaneus locking plate. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg 2016;22(1):90–96

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CA S E R EP O RT

Isolated bitemporal hemianopsia due to traumatic chiasmal syndrome Bulent Yazici, M.D., Sertac Argun Kivanc, M.D. Department of Ophthalmology, Uludağ University Faculty of Medicine, Bursa, Turkey

ABSTRACT A 20-year-old man presented with complaints of inability to see the outer half of objects and blurred near vision while reading. His complaints began one year ago after a motor vehicle accident that caused cranio-orbital fractures. Ocular examination revealed complete bitemporal hemianopsia and slight exotropia. Central visual acuity was 20/20 in both eyes. Radiologic studies demonstrated fractures in the fronto-ethmoid and sphenoid bones and thinning of the optic chiasm. No hypothalamic-pituitary abnormality was detected. Clinical findings remained unchanged during follow-up. Although rare, blunt head trauma may cause an isolated damage to the chiasmal crossing nerve fibers, resulting in a complete, bitemporal hemianopsia associated with normal visual acuity. Traumatic chismal syndrome should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients presenting with bitemporal hemianopsia. Keywords: Bitemporal hemianopsia; head trauma; optic chiasmal injury; traumatic chiasmal syndrome.

INTRODUCTION Bitemporal hemianopsia is a sign that typically indicates an optic chiasmal involvement, mostly caused by a compressive tumor.[1] Traumatic chiasmal injury, also called traumatic chiasmal syndrome (TCS), is a rare phenomenon and can manifest with a variety of visual defects.[2] Herein, it was aimed to report a case of TCS with an isolated, complete bitemporal hemianopsia following a traffic accident and review the relevant literature. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report of TCS from Turkey.

CASE REPORT A 20-year-old man presented with complaints of inability to see the outer half of the objects when looking with only one eye and blurred vision while reading. His complaints had started one year ago after an automobile accident. On adAddress for correspondence: Bülent Yazıcı, M.D. Uludağ Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Göz Hastalıkları Anabilim Dalı, Görükle, 16059 Bursa, Turkey Tel: +90 224 - 295 24 15 E-mail: byazici@uludag.edu.tr Qucik Response Code

Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg 2016;22(1):97–99 doi: 10.5505/tjtes.2015.90540 Copyright 2016 TJTES

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mission to an emergency clinic, he was conscious and complained of blurred vision, and bilateral periorbital ecchymosis was noted. Computed tomography showed frontal, ethmoid, and maxillary fractures in the right orbit, fractures in the sellar region of the sphenoid bone, and air in the orbit and cranium (Fig. 1a). Thirteen days later, frontal craniotomy and cerebrospinal fluid fistula repair were performed for prolonged rhinorrhea and pneumocephalus. After he was discharged from the hospital, the patient underwent an automated 30–2 visual field test because of his visual complaints, and a bitemporal hemianopsia was found. On examination in our clinic, visual acuities in both eyes were 20/20. A 10-prism diopter exotropia with predominantly right eye fixation was noted in primary position. Other ocular findings were normal. Automated 30-2 visual field test showed a complete bitemporal hemianopsia with macular splitting (Fig. 2). Partial sparing was noted in the macular visual field in the right eye using 10–2 and Amsler grid tests, but the left side showed complete splitting (Fig. 2). Compared with the 30–2 test performed in the previous year, no remarkable change was seen in the current visual field test. Magnetic resonance imaging showed thinning, shape deformity, and high T2 signal intensity in the optic chiasm (Fig. 1b). Endocrinology consultation found no abnormality in hypothalamic-pituitary functions. The clinical findings were stable during a follow-up of 9 months. 97


YazÄącÄą et al. Isolated bitemporal hemianopsia due to traumatic chiasmal syndrome

(a)

(b)

Figure 1. (a) Coronal computed tomography scan with bone window setting at the level of the sella turcica shows fractures (arrows) of the roof and floor of the sphenoid sinus. Intracranial air collection also occurs (open arrow). (b) Coronal T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging scan obtained 1 year after the accident shows abnormally thin optic chiasm with heterogeneous hyperintensity (arrow).

Left Eye

Right Eye

Figure 2. Automated 30–2 and Amsler grid tests showing temporal hemianopsia, which split the macular vision in the left eye, but spared the right side.

Bitemporal hemianopsia, depending on the site and extent of chiasmal damage, may be complete or partial, central or peripheral, and absolute or relative. The temporal visual loss may spare or split the central macular field. Moreover, central visual acuity may remain stable or decrease. The most frequent cause of bitemporal hemianopsia is tumors. One study has reported pituitary adenoma (60%) or parasellar tumors (29%) in 89% of 149 patients with bitemporal hemianopsia. [1]

matic chiasmal injury is rare, and usually occurs in young men and in association with traffic accidents or falls.[3] Frontal and/or basilar fracture is seen in about 70% of the patients and closed head trauma in 30%.[4] In the latter group, TCS is frequently associated with an intracranial hematoma. Other accompanying disorders may include cranial nerve palsies (anosmia, hearing loss, optic neuropathy, ocular motor palsy), cerebrospinal fluid leakage, pneumocephalus, meningitis, carotid aneurysm, carotid-cavernous fistula, nystagmus, and hormonal deficiencies.[2]

Head traumas frequently affect the intracanalicular segment of the optic nerve in the retrobulbar optic pathways. Trau-

Traumatic chiasmal syndrome is usually diagnosed, as in our patient, after neurologic rehabilitation, when the patient is

DISCUSSION

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Yazıcı et al. Isolated bitemporal hemianopsia due to traumatic chiasmal syndrome

able to undergo a visual field test. As seen in our patient, complete bitemporal hemianopsia with a normal visual acuity is rare.[5,6] In most instances, the prechiasmal optic pathways are also involved. Visual acuity decreases to 20/40 or less in one or two eyes in about 85% of the patients, and total blindness in one eye occurs in about 50% of patients.[2,4] In the latter group, temporal hemianopsia is found in the sighted eye. Due to the close proximity of the cavernous sinus, the ocular motor nerves may also be injured. One study has reported paralytic strabismus in 63% of the patients with TCS.[4] Permanent or transient diabetes insipidus develops in 30% to 50% of the patients, resulting from associated hypothalamicpituitary trauma.[2,4] In eyes with midline hemianopsia, the central macular visual field can be evaluated more sensitively by automated 10-2 or Amsler grid visual field tests. Bitemporal visual loss may cause blurred near vision, diplopia, and reading difficulty because of “hemifield slide phenomenon” and preexisting small and latent strabismus may become manifest.[1] A bitemporal hemianopsia can occur in the case of damage involving only the crossing of nasal nerve fibers through the midline of the chiasm. It is unclear why compressive lesions show a predilection for damage to the crossing fibers. Vascular theory suggests that a bitemporal hemianopsia results from compression of the inferior group of vessels supplying the crossing fibers of the chiasm. According to a mechanical theory, an expanding mass below the optic chiasm exerts a higher intrinsic pressure in the central aspect of the chiasm than the temporal aspect.[7] It is more surprising that a sudden, blunt trauma may also produce a preferential and precise damage within the chiasm, as in tumoral compression. Several mechanisms have been suggested to explain TCS, such as direct tearing, external compression by brain tissue or hematoma, traumatic thrombosis of supplying arteries, or contusion necrosis.[2] Infrequently, magnetic resonance imaging may display a rupture of the optic chiasm.[4,8] Radiologic findings did not show macroscopic disruption or external compression in the current case. When the optic nerve is displaced

posteriorly by the impact, the crossing fibers may be subject to relatively greater pressures and microscopic tears.[9] Currently, there is no management guideline for TCS. Although systemic corticosteroids have been used in some cases, its benefit has not been shown.[2,4] In patients who have received long-term follow-up care, progressive loss or improvement of vision has not developed. Although rare, blunt head trauma may cause an isolated damage to the crossing nerve fibers in the optic chiasm, producing a complete, bitemporal hemianopsia without central visual acuity loss. Traumatic chiasmal syndrome should be considered in the differential diagnosis in patients presenting with bitemporal hemianopsia. Conflict of interest: None declared.

REFERENCES 1. Mejico LJ, Miller NR, Dong LM. Clinical features associated with lesions other than pituitary adenoma in patients with an optic chiasmal syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol 2004;137:908–13. 2. Savino PJ, Glaser JS, Schatz NJ. Traumatic chiasmal syndrome. Neurology 1980;30:963–70. 3. McCann JD, Seiff S. Traumatic neuropathies of the optic nerve, optic chiasm, and ocular motor nerves. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 1994;5:3–10. 4. Hassan A, Crompton JL, Sandhu A. Traumatic chiasmal syndrome: a series of 19 patients. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol 2002;30:273–80. 5. Resneck JD, Lederman IR. Traumatic chiasmal syndrome associated with pneumocephalus and sellar fracture. Am J Ophthalmol 1981;92:233–7. 6. Chirapapaisan N, Sadun AA. A traumatic bitemporal hemianopia with macular sparing. J Med Assoc Thai 2005;88 Suppl 9:126–30. 7. Kosmorsky GS, Dupps WJ Jr, Drake RL. Nonuniform pressure generation in the optic chiasm may explain bitemporal hemianopsia. Ophthalmology 2008;115:560–5. 8. Segal L, An JA, Gans M. Traumatic disruption of the optic chiasm. J Neuroophthalmol 2009;29:308–10. 9. McIlwaine GG, Carrim ZI, Lueck CJ, Chrisp TM. A mechanical theory to account for bitemporal hemianopia from chiasmal compression. J Neuroophthalmol 2005;25:40–3.

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Travmatik kiyazmal sendroma bağlı izole bitemporal hemianopsi Dr. Bülent Yazıcı, Dr. Sertaç Argun Kıvanç Uludağ Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Göz Hastalıkları Anabilim Dalı, Bursa

Yirmi yaşında, erkek hasta her iki gözünde nesnelerin yarısını görememe ve okurken bulanık görme yakınmalarıyla başvurdu. Hastanın yakınmaları bir yıl önce kranyo-orbital kırıklara yolaçan bir trafik kazasından sonra başlamıştı. Göz muayenesinde total bitemporal hemianopsi ve hafif ekzotropya saptandı. Görme keskinlikleri her iki gözde 1.0’dı. Radyolojik incelemede fronto-etmoid ve sfenoid kemiklerde kırıklar ve optik kiyazmada incelme saptandı. Hipotalamo-hipozifer bir bozukluk saptanmadı. İzlem sırasında görsel bulgularda değişiklik olmadı. Nadir olmakla birlikte, künt kafa travması kiyazmal çaprazlaşan sinir demetlerinde izole bir hasara ve buna bağlı olarak normal görme keskinliğinin eşlik ettiği bir bitemporal hemianopsiye yol açabilir. Travmatik kiyazmal sendrom bitemporal hemianopsinin ayırıcı tanısında göz önünde tutulmalıdır. Anahtar sözcükler: Bitemporal hemianopsia; kafa travması; optik kiyazmal yaralanma; travmatik kiyazmal sendrom. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg 2016;22(1):97–99

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Interesting X-ray and computed tomography images of a cervical trauma patient Havva Kalkan, M.D.,1 Ganime Dilek Emlik, M.D.,1 Mesut Sivri, M.D.2 1

Department of Radiology, Necmettin Erbakan University Meram Faculty of Medicine, Konya, Turkey

2

Department of Radiology, Selcuk University Faculty of Medicine, Konya, Turkey

ABSTRACT Patients admitted to emergency departments with loss of consciousness following trauma often have cervical vertebrae fractures and spinal cord injuries with a ratio of 5–10%. Computed tomography (CT) and radiography are important for diagnosis. The aim of this study was to describe the interesting CT and radiography findings of a patient who had C3-4 dislocation anddistraction that was called shearing injury. C3 and C4 were seperated, but there was no fracture or major vascular injuries. Images were interesting. NEXUS and Canadian Rules were also referred to for clinical evaluation. Imaging modalities, espacially reformatted CT images, make it easier to diagnose where and what the problem is. Keywords: Cervical vertebrae; computed tomography; distraction; radiography; trauma.

INTRODUCTION

CASE REPORT

Cervical vertebrae injuries are mostly the result of motor vehicle collisions, falls, diving into shallow water, industrial accidents from backhoe loaders, and gunshot wounds to the neck. Most fatal cervical spine injuries occur in the upper cervical levels, either at the craniocervical junction, C1, or C2. Patients admitted to emergency departments with loss of consciousness following trauma often have cervical vertebrae fractures and spinal cord injuries with a ratio of 5–10%.[1] The aim of this study was to present the findings of computed tomography (CT) and radiographyof a patient who suffered an industrial backhoe loader accident. The patient had a C3– C4 separation because of hematoma. Despite these findings, there was no fracture. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case reporting separated vertebral components without a fracture. The patient’s imaging findings proved very interesting.

A 41-year-old male patient with a cervical collar was brought to our emergency department by ambulance. Following the accident, he was initially managed in a state hospital and transferred to our hospital a few hours later. According to the history given by his coworkers, a backhoe loader fell onto his body and neck. Once the emergency medical technicians in the ambulance secured the ABCs (airway, breathing, & circulation) at the scene, the patient was transferred to the nearest hospital. He was monitored, resuscitated, and intubated at the hospital. A thorax tube was placed for hemopneumothorax. Then, because of the critical care inadequacies at the state hospital, he was transferred to our university hospital. On arrival in our emergency department, the patient was unconscious. His pupils were myotic, his light reflexes were negative, and his Glasgow Coma Scale was 3. His blood pressure was 60/40 mmHg and his pulse was 30 beats per minute. He had neurogenic shock with marked hypotension, anemia, and bradycardia. As the patient was unconscious, his neurologic physical examination could not be performed by the emergency team. Therefore, he was transferred to the radiology department to have a body imaging from a lateral cervical graphy to a cervical and abdominopelvic multislice CT. There were no detected major vascular or solid organ injuries other than the hemopneumothorax.

Address for correspondence: Havva Kalkan, M.D. Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi Meram Tıp Fakültesi, Radyoloji Anabilim Dalı, 42080 Konya, Turkey Tel: +90 332 - 223 63 37 E-mail: drhavvaradyoloji2011@gmail.com Qucik Response Code

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The lateral cervical graphy revealed a craniocaudal separation between C3–C4 (Fig. 1a). A sagittal reformatted image Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg, January 2016, Vol. 22, No. 1


Kalkan et al. Interesting X-ray and computed tomography images of a cervical trauma patient

(a)

(b)

(c)

Figure 1. (a) Lateral cervical radiography reveals the distraction of C3-4 and craniocaudal displacement, seperation (arrow). (b) Cervical sagittal reformat image shows distraction of C3-4 and craniocaudal displacement, widening of the space between C3 and4 (arrows) because of the hematoma without fracture. (c) The axial CT image of the hematoma (curved arrow) between C3 and4, and slight hyperdensities represent active extravasation from microvasculars.

(Fig. 1b) revealed the distraction and craniocaudal dislocation better than the axial CT images. The space between the separated vertebrae could also be seen. On the axial cervical CT (Fig.1c), the hematoma between C3 and C4 was heterogeneous and contained slight hyperdensities representative of microvascular extravasations. Surgery was immediately performed on the patient by the cardiovascular team. He was thoroughly examined for vascular injuries of the neck, but there were no great vessel injuries reported by the cardiovascular surgical team. Despite having hypotension, bradycardia was also present. The reformatted CT images and vital findings were considered to be the result of neurogenic shock resulting from a spinal cord injury. However, due to the patient’s low Glasgow Coma Scale score, this could not be provedwith magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The patient did not respond to treatment with massive intravenous transfusions, steroids, dopamine, or atropine. His blood pressure and pulse failed to increase. Ultimately, the patient died following three days in neurosurgery critical care.

DISCUSSION Emergency departments receive a lot of patients every day. It is unimportant to which group these patients belong to, they must be treated with a multidisciplinary approach for their multitraumas. Firstly, they must also be stabilized for their vital signs. They must be examined in accordance with the initial findings and provided with appropriate imaging modalities to determine the problematic locations. Most fatal cervical spine injuries occur in the upper cervical levels, either at the craniocervical junction, C1, or C2. The most common levels of cervical vertebral fractures are found at C2, C6, and C7.[2] In emergency departments, clinical criteria to detect the need Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg, January 2016, Vol. 22, No. 1

for imaging are determined with the NEXUS Low-Risk Criteria[3] and the Canadian C-spine Rule.[4] Under the NEXUS criteria, tenderness in a cervical region, focal neurologic deficits, alcohol/drug intoxication, and altered mental states are the criteria strongly suggesting a cervical spine injury examination. Even when the patients meet only one of these criteria, the patient must undergo cervical spine imaging. Our patient’s major criterion for imaging was the loss of consciousness. According to the Canadian C-spine Rule, the criteria for imaging in an alert patient include: older than 65 year of age, sensory neurologic deficits, and dangerous mechanisms of injury. Our patient had a terrible accident. These two clinical risk detection rules are important in preventing unnecessary imaging ratios in emergency departments. The first modality preference for treatment and diagnosis changes between guidelines and departments. While international guidelines[5] support CT as the first-line imaging, the most recent Advance Trauma Life Support (ATLS) Spine and Spinal Cord Trauma guideline recommend X-ray films with targeted axial CT imaging for areas of suspected injury.[6] Standard X-ray films taken in emergency departments are not entirely reliable for detecting cervical spinal injuries despite careful views. Therefore, if a cervical spinal injury is strongly suspected, a CT with sagittal and coronal reformatted images permits optimal detection and evaluation of fracture-luxation. Normal findings on an X-ray film of the cervical spine do not always indicate that there are not any neck problems. This must be confirmed with CT under the high suspicion of a cervical injury. Sometimes, both modalities will reveal the pathology; X-ray reveals fracture or dislocation and CT confirms or detects any other pathologies. CT provides faster and more accurate information than radiography. In addition, contrastenhanced CT can simultaneously give details concerning neck vascular structures and fracture assessments. 101


Kalkan et al. Interesting X-ray and computed tomography images of a cervical trauma patient

Types of spine injury include flexion, extension, rotation, and shearing.[3] These injuries can be combined with each other according to the force direction. Our patient’s images suggested that the injury mechanism was shearing because there was a dissociation between the C3 and C4 levels. Shearing injuries are caused by forces in opposite directions. These are commonly seen at the craniocervical junction. Distraction is also a component of this injury. Three types of this injury have been reported in the literature: Type 1 results from posteroanterior trauma; Type 2 is a result of a cephaled separation of the craniocervical junction; and Type 3 is caused by a force directed anteroposterior. Our patient had a C3–C4 separation suggesting a Type 2 injury as the most appropriate type according to imaging findings. According to the lateral cervical graphy and cervical CT images, this injury was reported as a shearing injury Type 2 of the C3–C4 vertebrae. Patients who have lost consciousness after trauma for any reason must be examined especially for cervical spinal cord injuries or vertebral fractures. Imaging modalities, especially CT, have the advantage of multiplanar reformatted images, therefore, diagnosis may be easier made when compared to

single-plane CT imaging or only radiography. Conflict of interest: There were no conflicts of interests for any authors.

REFERENCES 1. Trafton PG. Spinal cord injuries. Surg Clin North Am 1982;62:61–72. 2. Como JJ, Diaz JJ, Dunham CM, Chiu WC, Duane TM, Capella JM, et al. Practice management guidelines for identification of cervical spine injuries following trauma: update from the eastern association for the surgery of trauma practice management guidelines committee. J Trauma 2009;67:651–9. 3. Panacek EA, Mower WR, Holmes JF, Hoffman JR; NEXUS Group. Test performance of the individual NEXUS low-risk clinical screening criteria for cervical spine injury. Ann Emerg Med 2001;38:22–5. 4. Stiell IG, Clement CM, McKnight RD, Brison R, Schull MJ, Rowe BH, et al. The Canadian C-spine rule versus the NEXUS low-risk criteria in patients with trauma. N Engl J Med 2003;349:2510–8. 5. American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma. Spine and spinal cord trauma. In: Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) Student Course Manual, 8th edn. Chicago: American College of Surgeons 2008;157–73. 6. Munera F, Rivas LA, Nunez DB Jr, Quencer RM. Imaging evaluation of adult spinal injuries: emphasis on multidetector CT in cervical spine trauma. Radiology 2012;263:645–60.

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Bir servikal travma olgusunda ilginç direkt grafi ve bilgisayarlı tomografi görüntüleri Dr. Havva Kalkan,1 Dr. Ganime Dilek Emlik,1 Dr. Mesut Sivri2 1 2

Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi Meram Tıp Fakültesi, Radyoloji Anabilim Dalı, Konya Selçuk Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Radyoloji Anabilim Dalı, Konya

Acil servise düşme veya motorlu taşıt kazası sonrası bilinç kaybıyla gelen olguların yaklaşık %5–10’unda servikal vertebra kırığı ve kord hasarlanması vardır. Tanıda görüntüleme yöntemleri özellikle bilgisayarlı tomografi (BT) ve direkt grafi önemli role sahiptir. Amacımız C3–4 dislokasyonu ve distraksiyonu olan ve shearing hasarlanma olarak adlandırılan servikal travma olgusunda ilginç BT ve direkt grafi bulgularını tanımlamaktır. C3–4 vertebra korpusları arasında hematom nedeniyle belirgin genişleme görülmüştür fakat kırık hattı ve majör vasküler yaralanma saptanmamıştır. Görüntüler oldukça ilginçti. Ayrıca klinik değerlendirmede NEXUS ve Kanada kuralları dikkate alınmıştır. Görüntüleme yöntemleri özellikle de reformat BT görüntüleri hasarın ne olduğu ve nerede olduğunu bulmada kolaylık sağlar. Anahtar sözcükler: Bilgisayarlı tomografi; direkt grafi; distraksiyon; servikal vertebra; travma. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg 2016;22(1):100–102

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A rare cause of acute abdomen: spontaneous common hepatic duct perforation Hüseyin Pülat, M.D.,1 Oktay Karaköse, M.D.,1 Mehmet Fatih Benzin, M.D.,2 Mehmet Zafer Sabuncuoğlu, M.D.,2 Recep Çetin, M.D.1 1

Department of Surgical Oncology, Suleyman Demirel University Faculty of Medicine, Isparta, Turkey

2

Department of General Surgery, Suleyman Demirel University Faculty of Medicine, Isparta, Turkey

ABSTRACT Spontaneous extrahepatic bile duct perforation is generally seen in infants. Although rarely seen in adults, it may be seen with fatal bile peritonitis. Therefore, for a patient presenting with acute abdominal symptoms, differential diagnosis must be made with radiological imaging such as abdominal ultrasonography or computed tomography, without any loss of time. In these imaging tests, in cases of gallstone disease together with perihepatic free fluid or choledocus which can not be monitored, it should be considered in the differential diagnosis. An emergency surgical intervention should be planned to avoid serious complications. The aim of this paper was to present the rare cause of acute abdomen which developed associated with spontaneous common hepatic canal perforation in an adult. Keywords: Acute abdomen; common hepatic duct; spontaneous perforation; surgery.

INTRODUCTION Spontaneous extrahepatic bile duct perforation (SEBDP) is an extremely rarely seen cause of acute abdomen in adults.[1] Preoperative diagnosis is very difficult, and diagnosis is often made during surgery.[2] However, with the use of abdominal ultrasonography (US) together with multidetector computed tomography (CT), preoperative diagnosis can be made. Although the most common location is the choledocus, hepatic canal damage may also be seen.[3] In cases of gallstone disease, simple peritoneal drainage, cholecystectomy and T-tube drainage are effective and safe treatment choices.[2] In these patients, fatal complications can be avoided with early diagnosis and treatment.

CASE REPORT A 36-year-old female had been admitted to our clinic 15 days previously with a diagnosis of biliary oedematous pancreatitis Address for correspondence: Oktay Karaköse, M.D. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Cerrahi Onkoloji Bilim Dalı, 32260 Isparta, Turkey Tel: +90 246 - 211 20 00/2224 E-mail: oktaykarakose@gmail.com Qucik Response Code

Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg 2016;22(1):103–105 doi: 10.5505/tjtes.2015.95142 Copyright 2016 TJTES

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(Fig. 1a), and with clinical recovery after medical treatment, she was discharged after 8 days. She presented again with complaints of sudden onset back and abdominal pain, nausea and bilious vomiting. On physical examination, the abdomen was distended with widespread sensitivity, defence and rebound. Murphy’s sign was positive. Intestinal sounds were reduced with auscultation. Vital signs included abody temperature of 38.5°C, pulse of 110/minute, and an arterial blood pressure of 100/60 mmHg. Laboratory test results were determined high with leukocytes 16x103 /uL (5.2–12.4), CRP 132 mg/l (0–10), amylase 230 U/L (28–100), lipase 205 U/L (21–67), alkaline phosphatase 674 U/L (30–120), LDH 268 U/L (0–247), total bilirubin 1.38 mg/dL (0.3–1.2) and direct bilirubin 0.51 mg/dL (0–0.2). On abdominal US, intrahepatic bile ducts were evident in the centre, the gallbladder wall thickness was seen to have slightly increased, and there was an appearance of many stones within the lumen. Free fluid was observed in the perihepatic and perisplenic areas and between the intestinal ans. On abdominal CT, a fluid collection approximately 11x42x76 mm with multiple lobular contours was seen in the upper right quadrant adjacent to the inferior liver and extending to adjacent to the head of the pancreas and compressing on the duodenum, and free fluid within the abdomen and pelvic area contaminating the mesenteric tissues was determined (Fig. 1b). The thickness of the gallbladder wall had increased. The bile duct perforation was thought to have occurred as the choledocus could not be monitored because of the adjacent fluid. In this patient who had previously experenced pancreatitis, an area was determined within 103


P端lat et al. A rare cause of acute abdomen: spontaneous common hepatic duct perforation

(a)

(b)

(c)

Figure 1. (a) Axial coronal CT scan of the abdomen showing edematous and inflamed head of pancreas and collection of peripancreatic fluid. (b) Axial coronal CT scan of the abdomen showing compressing the duodenum and multiple lobulated collection of fluid. (c) Intraoperative appearance of T- tube in the perforation area.

the pancreas parenchyma consistent with ischaemia or necrosis. The patient was admitted for surgery with an initial diagnosis of bile duct perforation. In the exploration, there was widespread bile within the abdomen. Following dissection of adhesions in the subhepatic area, it was seen that the hydropic and wall thickness of the gallbladder had increased. Millimetric stones were palpated in the gallbladder neck. In the continuation of the exploration, a 2 cm ischaemic area was determined in the anterior of the common hepatic canal and it was here that the perforation had occurred (Fig. 1c). There was slight oedema of the head of the pancreas, but no haemorrhagic or necrotising appearance in the pancreas. After cleaning within the abdomen, and cholecystectomy, the distal choledocus and proximal bile ducts were checked with choleducus coils. As no additional pathology, such as choledocus stone, papillary stenosis or choledocal cyst was determined, a T-tube drain was placed from the perforation area to the common hepatic canal and the operation was terminated. On the postoperative twenty-first day, the passage to the duodenum was seen to be normal on cholangiography applied from the T-tube, and the T-tube was removed. Pathological examination of cholecystectomy determined ulcerous cholesistitis and cholelithiasis. During a one-year follow-up period, no complications were seen.

DISCUSSION In the majority of SEBDP cases, perforation location is determined at the conjunction of the cystic canal with choledocus. [4,5] Very few cases have been reported in the common hepatic cannal, especially in adults.[3] As it is rarely seen, prevalence, morbidity and mortality rates are not certain. However, when diagnosis is delayed, fatal bile peritonitis may develop. [6,7] While 80% of cases with SEBDP are seen to be clinically subacute, acute abdominal findings occur in the remainder. [5,8] The case presented here had findings of acute abdomen. In adults, the etiological factors held responsible are viral infections, stone and/or erosion caused by a stone, biliary sludge, congenital weakness of the wall because of a con104

nective tissue defect, bile canal ischaemia, intramural infection, cyst or diverticulum and pancreas fluid reflux.[9,10] In the current case, there were many millimetric stones within the gallbladder lumen. However, they were not of a size to create pressure on the extrahepatic bile ducts. In the extrahepatic bile ducts, no gallstones, sludge or sphincter which would increase pressure in the lumen were determined. However, the wall of the common hepatic canal was extremely thin and weak in structure. As the patient had recently had pancreatitis, the etiological reasons could be considered to be pancreatic fluid reflux, wall weakness and stones in the gallbladder lumen determined in the operation and necrosis of the common hepatic canal. Advanced methods such as scintigraphy and choledoscopy can be useful in preoperative diagnosis but are difficult to apply under emergency conditions.[1] Even though it is said in the literature that generally radiological imaging methods such as abdominal US and CT are insufficient for preoperative diagnosis,[1] after careful examination of these tests, bile duct perforation can be determined. Therefore, in patients presenting with acute abdomen, SEBDP should be considered in the differential diagnosis in cases of gallstone disease determined together with perihepatic free fluid or peritonitis or when the chholedocus can not be monitored. In the treatment of SEBDP, there are choices such as symptomatic, medical, interventional, and surgical methods.[11] From surgical treatment choices, the most frequently recommended ones are simple peritoneal drainage when it is seen that there is no obstruction in the distal, and T-tube drainage applied to the perforation area together with cholecystectomy.[2] The T-tube should be removed after remaining in place for free drainage for up to two-three weeks.[5] In the case presented here, no problems were experienced during drainage or after removing the T-tube. Possible complications of SEBDP are cholangitis, portal vein thrombosis and bile leakage.[8,12] However, with early diagnosis and appropriate surgical intervention as in the current case, the frequency of complications is reduced. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg, January 2016, Vol. 22, No. 1


Pülat et al. A rare cause of acute abdomen: spontaneous common hepatic duct perforation

In conclusion, in a patient with a recent history of pancreaticobiliary pathology presenting with acute abdomen, abdominal US and multidetector CT must be taken without losing any time. In cases of gallstone pathology and determination of pericholecystic, perihepatic free fluid and when the choledocus can not be monitored on these imaging tests, extrahepatic bile duct perforation should be considered in the differential diagnosis. Emergency surgery must be planned in the shortest time possible to reduce and protect against complications. Conflict of interest: None declared.

REFERENCES 1. Çeleb F, Balık AA, Yıldırgan Mİ, Demirci N, Ören D. Spontaneous perforation of the choledoc (Case report). T Klin J Med Sci 2002;22:56–8. 2. Sözütek A, Karabuğa T, Derici H, Bozdağ AD. A rare cause of acute abdomen: spontaneous choledochus perforation. Akademik gastroenteroloji dergisi 2010;9:32–3. 3. Sert İ, Salimoğlu S. Spontaneous perforation of the left hepatic duct: Case report. Turkiye Klinikleri J Case Rep 2013;21:53–5.

4. Sen M, Turan M, Kurt A, Er Y. Spontaneous perforation of the ductus choledochus: case report. Cumhuriyet Med J 2009;31:75–7. 5. Ozdemir T, Akgül AK, Arpaz Y, Arikan A. Spontaneous bile duct perforation: a rare cause of acute abdominal pain during childhood. [Article in Turkish] Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg 2008;14:211–5. 6. Rege SA, Lambe S, Sethi H, Gandhi A, Rohondia O. Spontaneous common bile duct perforation in adult: a case report and review. Int Surg 2002;87:81–2. 7. Aydin U, Yazici P, Coker A. Spontaneous rupture of intrahepatic biliary ducts with biliary peritonitis. Indian J Gastroenterol 2007;26:188–9. 8. Imanieh MH, Mowla A, Zohouri D, Forootan HR, Karimi M. Spontaneous perforation of the common bile duct with eosinophilia in an 18-month-old girl: a case report and review of literature. Med Sci Monit 2006;12:CS31–3. 9. Kang SB, Han HS, Min SK, Lee HK. Nontraumatic perforation of the bile duct in adults. Arch Surg 2004;139:1083–7. 10. Megison SM, Votteler TP. Management of common bile duct obstruction associated with spontaneous perforation of the biliary tree. Surgery 1992;111:237–9. 11. Fitzgerald RJ, Parbhoo K, Guiney EJ. Spontaneous perforation of bile ducts in neonates. Surgery 1978;83:303–5. 12. Evans K, Marsden N, Desai A. Spontaneous perforation of the bile duct in infancy and childhood: a systematic review. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2010;50:677–81.

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Nadir bir akut karın nedeni: Spontan ortak hepatik kanal perforasyonu Dr. Hüseyin Pülat,1 Dr. Oktay Karaköse,1 Dr. Mehmet Fatih Benzin,2 Dr. Mehmet Zafer Sabuncuoğlu,2 Dr. Recep Çetin1 1 2

Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Cerrahi Onkoloji Bilim Dalı, Isparta Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Genel Cerrahi Anabilim Dalı, Isparta

Spontan ekstrahepatik safra yollarının perforasyonu, genellikle bebeklerde görülür. Erişkinlerde nadir görülmesine rağmen ölümcül safra peritonitiyle seyredebilir. Bundan dolayı akut karın tablosu ile başvuran bir hastaya zaman kaybetmeden karın ultrasonografisi ve bilgisayarlı tomografi gibi radyolojik görüntüleme yöntemleri ile ayırıcı tanı yapılmalıdır. Bu görüntüleme incelemelerinde safra taşı hastalığı ile birlikte perihepatik serbest sıvı veya koledoğun takip edilememesi durumunda ayırıcı tanıda düşünülmelidir. Ciddi komplikasyonlarından korunmak için acil cerrahi girişim planlanmalıdır. Bu yazıda erişkin bir hastada spontan ortak hepatik kanal perforasyonuna bağlı gelişen nadir bir akut karın sebebini sunmayı amaçladık. Anahtar sözcükler: Akut karın; cerrahi; ortak hepatik kanal; spontan perforasyon. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg 2016;22(1):103–105

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Spontaneous rupture of the splenic artery aneurysm: a rare clinical presentation of acute abdomen Mehmet Timuçin Aydın, M.D., Mehmet Mahir Fersahoğlu, M.D., Sinan Tezer, M.D., Mehmet Okuducu, M.D., Birol Ağca, M.D., Kemal Memişoğlu, M.D. Department of General Surgery, Fatih Sultan Mehmet Training and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey

ABSTRACT Splenic artery aneurysms are very rare causes of acute abdomen but are important to recognize since they carry high rate of mortality when ruptured. The aim of this study was to present a middle aged man with sudden onset of abdominal pain. Being previously on steroid treatment due to sarcoidosis, the patient developed hypovolemic shock during work-up in diagnostic imaging and went on emergency laparatomy. The source was identified as a ruptured splenic artery aneurysm. Splenectomy en bloc with the aneurysmatic distal splenic artery was performed, and he was discharged uneventfully. Despite rare, it is important to recognize splenic artery aneurysm in the emergency department, and immediate intervention is required to save the patient. Keywords: Acute abdomen; aneurysm; rupture; splenic artery.

INTRODUCTION Acute abdominal pain is one of the most frequent complaints encountered in emergency departments. The differential diagnosis is made from a quite long list, and some pathologies are so infrequent that one may overlook them. Although it is the third most common abdominal aneurysm after aortic and iliac artery aneurysms, splenic artery aneurysm (SAA) is an uncommon and a quite rare clinical diagnosis in emergency department admissions.[1] They may be congenital or acquired conditions, and atherosclerosis, hypertension, trauma, and septic embolism play role in the development of SAA. [2] Pregnancy and multiparity are known as risk factors in the development of SAA, and indeed, SAA is frequent in female patients. The patient may be asymptomatic, but the rupture is catastrophic and carries high mortality, especially during pregnancy, both maternal and fetal compromise are frequent unless diagnosed and managed timely.[2,3] Address for correspondence: Mehmet Timuçin Aydın, M.D. Fatih Sultan Mehmet Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi, Genel Cerrahi Kliniği, E-5 Karayolu Üzeri, 34752 Bostancı, İstanbul, Turkey Tel: +90 216 - 578 30 00 E-mail: mtimucina@gmail.com Qucik Response Code

Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg 2016;22(1):106–108 doi: 10.5505/tjtes.2015.32654 Copyright 2016 TJTES

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The aim of this study was to present a case who was admitted to the emergency department with sudden onset of abdominal pain and later developed shock.

CASE REPORT A 33-year-old male with a known history of pulmonary sarcoidosis on steroid therapy presented to the emergency department with acute left upper quadrant - left flank pain and nausea of about 3 hours duration. The patient was pale and sweating and uneasy while lying down on the table. There was no history of trauma, and the patient told that he was otherwise healthy. He was slightly hypotensive with a blood pressure of100/70 mmHg and tachycardic. Initial abdominal examination revealed tenderness on epigastrium and left upper quadrant andrigid guarding with rebound tenderness mimicking an episode of hollow viscus perforation. The costa-vertebral angle tenderness was questionable and bowel sounds were hypoactive. Digital examination was unremarkable. Laboratory findings disclosed leucocytosis (WBC: 29990/ mL), a low hemoglobin level (Hb: 11.8/dL) and normal platelet count. Chest X-ray was normal without any signs of subdiaphragmatic free air, and strip urinalysis were inconclusive. The patient was referred to the radiology department for a computerized abdominal tomography (CAT) which showed a rim of free fluid around the liver in addition to an irregular non-homogenous mass lesion around the greater curvature of the stomach that was initially considered as a confined tumor perforation. However, with the aid of intravenous conUlus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg, January 2016, Vol. 22, No. 1


Aydın et al. Spontaneous rupture of the splenic artery aneurysm: a rare clinical presentation of acute abdomen

trast, 20x14 mm-dilated aneurysmatic splenic artery near the splenic hilus was identified (Fig. 1a, b). While real time scanning was interpreted, the patient became further hypotensive with short periods of confusion, and signs of hypotensive shock became evident. The patient was immediately admitted to the operating room. The exploration began laparoscopically and the perisplenic and perihepatic areas were filled with blood, and it wasdecided to move on laparatomy through a midline incision. Immediately, a massive hemorrhage was encountered and blood was hardly aspirated,and multiple laporatomy pads were required to control bleeding. Gastrocolic ligament was cut wide and a huge collection of coagulated blood was evacuated, then a bleeding arterial source was identified and compressed just behind the distal pancreas near the splenic hilus. Considering the splenic artery aneurysm on CT, splenic artery was dissected on the upper border of the pancreas and suspended with 2/0 silk stay sutures for the proximal control of the hemorrhage that was promptly decreased in volume. Hemorrhage was controlled with splenectomy en bloc (Fig. 2). The patient was accepted to the surgery ward after staying two days in the intensive care unit and discharged on postoperative fourth day uneventfully. Pathology revealed non-caseating granulomatous infiltration of the spleen pa-

(a)

(b)

Figure 1. (a, b) Perihepatic fluid collection and aneurysmatic dilatation of the splenic artery close to the hilus.

Figure 2. Splenic artery aneurysm close to the splenic hilus.

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renchyma consistent with sarcoidosis and hilar splenic artery aneurysm.

DISCUSSION Although visceral arterial aneurysms are not common, SAA is the most frequent one followed by hepatic, superior mesenteric and celiac artery aneurysms. It is also the third frequent intra-abdominal aneurysm after abdominal aorta and iliac artery. The prevalence of SAA has been reported 0.8% in unselective visceral angiograms and 0.04 to 0.1 at autopsy. [1,2] They are usually asymptomatic and found during unrelated diognostic imaging. Most are small saccular aneurysms at the bifurcation in the middle or distal splenic artery. Among etiologic factors, atherosclerosis, sysyemic and/or portal hypertension, trauma, and septic embolism have been reported and mycotic infections, diabetes, pregnancy also may play a role. SAAs are more frequent in women than men, with a 4:1 female-to-male ratio, and commonly affect multiparous women during pregnancy. In pregnant women, compression of the aorta by the uterus is believed to increase portal congestion and increased hormone levels, estrogen and relaxin, lead to vascular intimal hyperplasia and fragmentation of the internal elastic membrane.[3–5] The rupture of SAA may result in exsanguinating hemorrhage and the reported rate of rupture is between 3% and 9.6%, and about 10% of SAAs are ruptured at the time of diagnosis with a reported mortality rate of 36–75%.[3,5] Rupture and bleeding result in sudden abdominal pain and even in rapidly progressing hypovolemic shock; as it wasthe case presented here.[6,7] In fact, SAA is a rare diagnosis in the emergency department with a prevalence of approximately 0.011%.[1] They are usually small but aneursyms as large as 30 cm have been reported. Although rupture is usually directly proportionalwith size, rupture in aneurysms less than 2 cm in diameter is also possible.[2] SAA rupture with intra-abdominal hemorrhage may be an unexpected finding as a part of the workup of abdominal pain. Computerized abdominal tomography (CAT) usually detects free fluid around the spleen and other viscera, and contrast media leakage or contrast enhanced hematoma may also be present. Since most aneurysms occur during late pregnancy, placental abruption is the most frequent misdiagnosis and it is usually corrected only during exploration. Patients are usually in the delivery room and complex diagnostic facilities are usually not within immediate reach.[2,3] Rupture of the aneurysm may be difficult to diagnose intially due to the double rupture phenomenon. Rupture into the lesser omental, may tamponade bleeding intially and result in acute abdominal pain and transient hypotension, However, as bleeding continues, the lesser sac also ruptures relieving the tamponade, and massive abdominal bleeding ensues with cardiovascular collapse.[5] It was the case we believed to have happened during the CAT examination of our patient. 107


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Regardless of how SAA is discovered, surgical or endovascular treatment is advocated. Patients with known SAA and related symptoms (pain, expanding aneurysm >2.5 cm in diameter), SAA in women who are pregnant or expecting to be pregnant, and in liver transplantation candidates, SAA can be angiographically obliterated or surgically repaired with or without splenectomy or partial pancreatectomy. Elective repair of SAA is safe with around 1.3% mortality. Yet, emergent repair of ruptured SAA is associated with mortality of up to 40%.[1] The presented case is further interesting since the patient had sarcoidosis and was on steroid treatment. Rheumatologic disorders may be associated with vasculitis and several reported cases are associated with aneurysmatic splenic artery developed with vasculitic involvement.[7,8] It is unusual for sarcoidosis to involve vessels but splenic involvement may occur as the presented case revealed non-caseating granuloma formation within the spleen and in the splenic hilus consistent with sarcoidosis but not in the vessel wall per se.[9] Consent: Written informed consent was obtained from the patientfor publication of this case report and accompanying images. Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors’ contributions: MTA and MMF analyzed and interpreted the patient data. MTA, MMF and ST were the major

contributors in writing. MO and BA helped in searching the literature. MTA, MMF and ST were involved in treatment of the patient. KM involved in checking all the course.

REFERENCES 1. Liu CF, Kung CT, Liu BM, Ng SH, Huang CC, Ko SF. Splenic artery aneurysms encountered in the ED: 10 years’ experience. Am J Emerg Med 2007;25:430–6. 2. Sadat U, Dar O, Walsh S, Varty K. Splenic artery aneurysms in pregnancy-a systematic review. Int J Surg 2008;6:261–5. 3. Chookun J, Bounes V, Ducassé JL, Fourcade O. Rupture of splenic artery aneurysm during early pregnancy: a rare and catastrophic event. Am J Emerg Med 2009;27:898.e5–6. 4. Betal D, Khangura JS, Swan PJ, Mehmet V. Spontaneous ruptured splenic artery aneurysm: a case report. Cases J 2009;2:7150. 5. Popham P, Buettner A. Arterial aneurysms of the lienorenal axis during pregnancy. Int J Obstet Anesth 2003;12:117–9. 6. Sarikaya S, Ekci B, Aktas C, Cetin A, Ay D, Demirag A. A rare clinic presentation of abdominal pain: rupture of splenic artery aneurysm: a case report. Cases J 2009;2:148. 7. Desinan L, Scott CA, Piai I, Mazzolo GM. Sudden death due to spontaneous rupture in splenic artery atypical dissection with features of vasculitis: case report and review of the literature. Forensic Sci Int 2010;200:e1-5. 8. Dolar E, Uslusoy H, Kiyici M, Gurel S, Nak SG, Gulten M, et al. Rupture of the splenic arterial aneurysm due to Behcet’s disease. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2005;44:1327–8. 9. Barton JH1, Tavora F, Farb A, Li L, Burke AP. Unusual cardiovascular manifestations of sarcoidosis, a report of three cases: coronary artery aneurysm with myocardial infarction, symptomatic mitral valvular disease, and sudden death from ruptured splenic artery. Cardiovasc Pathol 2010;19:e119–23.

OLGU SUNUMU - ÖZET

Spontan splenik arter anevrizma rüptürü: Klinikte nadir görülen bir akut abdomen sebebi Dr. Mehmet Timuçin Aydın, Dr. Mehmet Mahir Fersahoğlu, Dr. Sinan Tezer, Dr. Mehmet Okuducu, Dr. Birol Ağca, Dr. Kemal Memişoğlu Fatih Sultan Mehmet Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi, Genel Cerrahi Kliniği, İstanbul

Acil serviste nadir olarak görülen spontan splenik arter rüptürü ani başlayan akut karın ağrısını olarak ortya çıkabilir ve tanı zamanlı olarak konulamazsa yüksek mortalite ile seyreder. Karın ağrısı yakınması ile başvuran 33 yaşında erkek hastada akut batın bulguları ile tanı çalışmasında sırasında hipovolemik şoka girdi ve acil aparatomide rüptüre splenik arter anevrizması splenektomi ile kontrol altına alındı. Anahtar sözcükler: Akut batın; anevrizma; rüptür; splenik arter. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg 2016;22(1):106–108

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OLGU SERİSİ

Çocuklarda duodenum perforasyonları: Olgu serisi Dr. Şenol Emre, Dr. Emrah Aydın, Dr. Rahşan Özcan, Dr. Gonca Topuzlu Tekant, Dr. Ergun Erdoğan, Dr. Osman Faruk Şenyüz, Dr. Sinan Celayir İstanbul Üniversitesi Cerrahpaşa Tıp Fakültesi, Çocuk Cerrahisi Anabilim Dalı, İstanbul

ÖZET Kliniğimizde duodenal perforasyon nedeniyle takip ve tedavisi yapılan olgular incelendi. Duodenal perforasyon tanısı ile 1990–2014 yılları arasında tedavi edilen 14 olgunun kayıtları geriye dönük olarak değerlendirildi. On dört olgunun (sekiz erkek, altı kız) ort. başvuru yaşı 6.2 yıl (25 gün–16 yıl) dı. İki olgu primer olarak başvuruda bulunurken, 12 olgu dış merkezlerden yönlendirilmişti. Ortalama başvuru süresi 3.2 (bir gün–bir hafta) gündü. Perforasyon nedeni 10 olguda duodenal ülser, üç olguda travmatik perforasyon, ichtiosisli iki aylık bir olguda ise idiyopatik idi. Bir olguda nesidioblastozis nedeniyle totale yakın pankreatektomi sonrasında hiperbilüribineminin devam etmesi üzerine yapılan laparotomide duodenal perforasyon saptanarak hastaya duodenum birinci ve ikinci kıtalara rezeksiyon, pilor rezeksiyonu, koledekojejunostomi, gastrojejunostomi ve jejunojejunostomi uygulandı. Kalan 13 hastada primer onarım yapıldı. Primer onarım yapılan hastaların birinde ek olarak gastrostomi açılırken dokuz olguya omentoplasti yapıldı. Takipte 12 olgunun herhangi bir klinik yakınması yokken, iki olgu kaybedilmiştir. Duodenal perforasyonlar çocuk cerrahlarının nadir karşılaştıkları cerrahi problemlerden biridir. Bu nedenle karın ağrısının ayırıcı tanısında akılda tutulmalıdır. Cerrahi sağaltımda primer onarım (duodenorafi ± omentoplasti), etkin ve güvenli bir cerrahi yöntemdir. Anahtar sözcükler: Çocuk; cerrahi; duodenum perforasyonu; sağaltım.

GİRİŞ Duodenum perforasyonları çocuklarda nadir karşılaşılan cerrahi patolojilerdir ve sıklıkla travma ve peptik ülser sonucu ortaya çıkarlar. Karın ağrısı ile başvuran pediatrik olgularda öncelikli olarak akla gelen bir patoloji olmadığı için tanısı genellikle klinik tablo oturduktan ya da komplikasyonlar ortaya çıktıktan sonra konur. Bu gecikme bu patolojide sıklıkla mortalite ve morbiditenin artmasına neden olur. Bu yazıda kliniğimizde duodenal perforasyon nedeniyle takip ve tedavi gören olguların geriye dönük olarak irdelenmesi amaçlanmıştır.

OLGU SERİSİ 1990–2014 yılları arasında merkezimizde tedavi edilen duodenum perforasyon tanılı olguların dosya kayıtları geriye dönük İletişim adresi: Dr. Şenol Emre, Kartaltepe Mahellesi, İncirli Caddesi, Kıbrıs Sokak, No: 12/8, Bakırköy, İstanbul. Tel: +90 212 - 414 33 14 E-mail: senolemre@hotmail.com Qucik Response Code

Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg 2016;22(1):109–113 doi: 10.5505/tjtes.2016.69947 Telif hakkı 2016 TJTES

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olarak incelendi. Olguların tanı yaşı, cinsiyeti, başvuru zamanı, başvuru yakınması, perforasyon nedenleri, yapılan cerrahi girişim, erken ve geç komplikasyonlar ve klinik sonuçlar incelendi. Duodenal perforasyon tanısıyla tedavi edilen 14 olgu (sekiz erkek, altı kız) değerlendirildi. Ortalama yaş 6.2 (25 gün-16 yıl) idi, başvuru süresi 3.2 gündü. İlk olarak merkezimize başvuran iki olgu, farklı dış merkezlerden sevk edilen 12 olgu mevcuttu. Olguların başvuru yakınmaları karın ağrısı (n=8), travma (n=3), hematemez (n=1), sarılık (n=1) ve kusma (n=1) idi. Merkezimize başvuran olguların fiziksel incelemelerinde yaygın karın hassasiyeti ve defans (n=12) ve karın distansiyonu saptandı (n=2). Olguların 10’unda direkt karın grafisinde pnömoperitoneum görüldü (Şekil 1a). Dört olguda tanı üst gastrointestinal pasaj grafisi ile konulmuş olup üç olguda ek olarak intravenöz kontrastlı bilgisayarlı tomografi (BT) kullanılmıştır (Şekil 1b, c). Perforasyon nedeni 10 olguda duodenal ülser iken üç olguda künt karın travması, bir olguda ise infantil persistan hiperinsülinizm (İPHH) tedavisi sırasında karşılaşılan cerrahi komplikasyon idi. Peptik ülsere bağlı duodenum perforasyonu olan olgulardaki ek patolojiler: ichtiosis (n=1), herediter sferositoz (n=1), Fanconi anemisi (n=1), glutarik asiduri (n=1) ve vezikoüreteral reflü nedeniyle yapılan üretero-neosistostomi operasyonundan altı gün sonra oluşan stres ülseri (n=1) olarak saptandı. 109


Emre ve ark. Çocuklarda duodenum perforasyonları

(a)

(b)

(c)

Şekil 1. (a) Duodenal ülser perforasyonlu olguda ayakta direkt karın grafisinde diafragma altı serbest hava. (b) Travma nedeniyle başvuran olguda intravenöz kontrastlı bilgisayarlı tomografide periduodenal sıvı. (c) Travma nedeniyle başvuran olguda üst gastrointestinal pasaj grafisinde duodenum lateral duvarda perforasyon.

Steroid kullanan bir olgu ve aspirin kullanan bir olgu dışındaki olgularda ilaç kullanımı öyküsü yoktu. Duodenal ülser nedeniyle perforasyon gelişmiş olguların tümünde serum gastrin düzeyleri normal sınırlarda bulundu.

Duodenal ülser nedeniyle başvuran olguların tamamında ağır peritonit bulguları mevcuttu (Şekil 2b). Ülsere yönelik onarım sonrası tüm olgularda karın bol serum fizyolojik ile yıkandı ve dört olguda işleme ek olarak drenaj yapıldı.

Cerrahi Tedavi

Travma olguları: Travmaya bağlı duodenal perforasyon oluşan üç olguda travma nedeni biri yüksekten düşme, bir trafik kazası diğeri ise darp idi. Araç dışı trafik kazası (ADTK) nedeniyle başvuran olguda eşlik eden karaciğer laserasyonu da mevcuttu. Bu olgularda bilgisayarlı tomografi (BT) ve kontrastlı üst gastrointestinal sistem (GİS) pasaj görüntülemesi ile tanı konuldu. Bu olguların hepsinde karın içinde az miktarda kan ve duodenum çevresinde az miktarda safra sıvısı görüldü. Olgularda perforasyon duodenumun ikinci kısmında ve yan duvarda idi. Bu üç olguya primer onarım uygulanmıştır.

Duedenal ülser olguları: Duodenal ülser nedeniye perforasyon gelişen tüm olgulara açık cerrahi yöntemle primer onarım ve omentoplasti uygulandı. Bu olgulardan birinde ek olarak gastrostomi de yapıldı. Beş günlük şiddetli ağrı yakınması ile başvuran 14 yaşında kız hastada duodenal ülser nedeniyle yapılan eksplorasyonda bulbus duodeni ön duvarında perforasyona (Şekil 2a) ek olarak posterior duvarda oluşan enflamasyona sekonder geliştiği düşünülen ciddi gastroduodenal arter kanaması saptanmış ve primer sütür ile durdurulabilmiştir.

(a)

(b)

Şekil 2. (a) Duodenal ülser perforasyonu. (b) Duodenal ülser perforasyonu olan olguda peritonit.

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İnfantil persistan hiperinsülinizm nedeniyle “totale yakın pankreatektomi” uygulanan bir olguda koter kullanımına bağlı olarak ameliyat sonrası dördüncü günde komplikasyon olarak ortaya çıkan duodenum perforasyonu ve safra yollarında darlık nedeniyle duodenum birinci ve ikinci kıtalara rezeksiyon, pilor rezeksiyonu, koledokojejunostomi, gastrojejunostomi, jejunojejunostomi işlemi uygulanmıştır. Klinik rutinimiz gereği iki gün ve daha uzun süre aç kalan diğer olgular gibi duodenal perforasyon olgularında da operasyon sonrası total parenteral nutrisyon yapılmış olup ameliyat sonrası beşinci günde enteral yolla beslenmiştir. Cerrahi girişim sonrası onarım hattında kaçak ya da darlık görülmemiştir. Ameliyat sonrası yatış gün ortalaması ülsere bağlı perforasyon olgularında 11.3 gün, travmaya bağlı perforasyon olgularında 7.7 gün cerrahi komplikasyon nedeniyle perfore olan olguda ise 28 gündür. Ameliyat sonrası ilk altı hafta boyunca tüm olgularda Proton pompa inhibitörü (Lansoprazol 15 mg gün/ tek doz) kullanıldı. Takip: Ortalama 7.6 yıllık takipte 12 olgu sorunsuz seyretmektedir. İki yaşındaki duodenal ülser nedeniyle perforasyonu olan bir olgu ameliyat sonrası dokuzuncu gün sepsis nedeniyle, duodenektomi uygulanan olgu ise ameliyat sonrası dönemde tanısı konulan Tirozinemi nedeniyle karaciğer yetersizliği sonucu ameliyat sonrası birinci ayda kaybedilmiştir. Duodenum perforasyonu ve buna bağlı komplikasyonlar nedeniyle ölüm oranı %8 (1/13) dir. Duodenum ülseri tanılı olgularda ise oran %10 (1/10) dur.

TARTIŞMA Duodenal perforasyonlar çocuklarda nadir rastlandıkları ve sıkılıkla gecikmeyle başvurduklarından dolayı karın ağrısının ayırıcı tanısında mutlaka akılda tutulması gereken bir cerrahi patolojidir.[1] Primer ülserler Helicobacter Pylori (H. Pylori) enfeksiyonuna bağlı ortaya çıkarken sekonder ülserlere bağlı perforasyon nedenleri arasında daha sıklıkla travma, Zollinger Ellison sendromu, yabancı cisim, Sickle cell anemi, Zollinger Ellison hastalığı ya da reaktif solunum yolu hastalığına bağlı uzun süreli steroid kullanımı ve NSAİİ ilaç kullanımına bağlı perforasyonlar öne çıkmaktadır. Duodenal ülsere bağlı perforasyonlar ise daha çok erişkinlerde bildirilmekle birlikte H. Pylori’ye yönelik eradikasyon tedavisi ve endoskopinin günlük rutine daha çok girmesiyle birlikte erişkin olgularda da perforasyon sıklığı azalmıştır. Çalışmamızda iki farklı duedenal perforasyon (travmatik ve ülser kökenli olgular) grubu irdelenmiştir. Bu iki grup gerek etiyoloji gerekse cerrahi sağaltım açısından farklılıklar göstermektedir. Ülser nedenli perforasyon izlenen iki olguda steroid ve aspirin kullanımı öyküsü vardı. Diğer peptik ülserli olgularda önceden başvurdukları ikinci basamak ve öncesi merkezlerde geri planda reaktif hava yolu hastalığı olmaması ve şikayetlerin sıklıkla tekrarlayan karın ağrısı olması ya da diğer predispozan faktörUlus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg, Ocak 2016, Cilt. 22, Sayı. 1

ler olmaması nedeniyle ayırıcı tanıda peptik ülser perforasyonu düşünülmediğinden tanıda gecikme ve tanı konulduğu sırada olguların büyük bir bölümünde perforasyon oluşmuş durumda idi. Bu nedenle ülser nedenli duodenum perforasyonlarında başvuru süresi çalışmamızda uzun bulunmuştur (ortalama: 4.2 gün). Bu olgularda gelişmiş olan ciddi peritonit komplikasyonları nedeniyle barsaklar ileri derecede ödemli ve enflame, anslar arasında ve sıklıkla subdiyafragmatik alanda irili ufaklı abseler oluşmuş idi. Yaygın peritonit nedeniyle ulser perforasyonu olgularında uzun süreli antibiyoterapi yapılması gerekliliğinden dolayı, operasyon sonrası yatış süreleri de uzamıştır (ortalama: 11.3 gün). Olguların büyük bölümü başka merkezlerden yönlendirilmiş, cerrahi konsültasyonu yapılmamış ve geç tanı konulmuş olgulardı. Bu nedenle şikayetlerin başladığı üçüncü günde başvuran iki yaşındaki bir olguda primer onarım ve omentoplasti yapılmış olmasına ve yoğun antibiyoterapiye karşın hasta ameliyat sonrası dokuzuncu günde sepsis nedeniyle kaybedilmiştir. Duodenum perforasyonu olgularında seçilmesi gereken cerrahi tedavi yöntemi Dr. Graham tarafından 1937’de tanımlanan omental patch yöntemidir.[2] Son üç dekatta H2 blokerler ve proton pompa inhibitörleri ile gastrik asit salınımının kontrol altına alınabilmesi ve laparoskopik onarımın yaygın ve yoğun kullanımı sayesinde vagotomi ± piloroplasti ancak geniş perforasyonlarda ve mide çıkış obstrüksiyonlu olgularda uygulanır hale gelmiştir.[3,4] Biz de peptik ulser perforasyonlu olgularımızda primer onarım-Graham omentoplasti işlemine vagotomi eklemedik. Literatürde çocuklarda duodenum perforasyonunun laparoskopik sağaltımıyla ilgli sınırlı veriler mevcuttur. En geniş çalışma Wong ve ark. tarafından bildirilmiştir. On yedi peptik ülser perforasyon olgusunda laparoskopik yöntemle tedavi yapılmış bu olguların dördünde perforasyonun geniş olması ve teknik zorluk gerekçesiyle açık operasyona dönüldüğü bildirilmiştir.[5] Bizim olgularımızda geç başvuruya bağlı olarak yaygın peritonit nedeniyle laparoskopik yöntem yerine açık cerrahi yöntem tercih edilmiştir. Duodenal ülserlerin etiyolojisinde non-steroid antienflamatuvar ilaçlar (NSAİİ) dan sonra en çok suçlanan iki faktör H. Pylori enfeksiyonu ve yüksek gastrin düzeyleridir. Bu nedenle duodenal ülserlerin postoperatif dönem takibinde H. Pylori eradikasyon tedavisi yaygın olarak kullanılmakla birlikte.[6–11] H. Pylorinin duodenal ülser oluşumunda ve nükste etkili olmadığına yönelik görüşler de bildirilmiştir.[12–14] Kalach ve ark.nın Avrupa çapında yaptıkları 694 olgunun incelendiği ileriye yönelik çok merkezli bir çalışmada H. Pylori enfeksiyonunun, peptik ülser gelişmiş olan çocukların %27’sinde görüldüğü bildirilmiştir.[15] Bu çalışmada duodenal ülser nedeniyle perforasyon oluşmuş olguların hiçbirinde yüksek gastrin düzeyi saptanmadı ancak yine de ameliyat sonrası dönemde minimum altı hafta proton pompa inhibitörü kullandık. Olgularımızda H. Pylori’ye yönelik herhangi bir araştırma ve buna yönelik bir eradikasyon tedavisi de uygulamadık. 111


Emre ve ark. Çocuklarda duodenum perforasyonları

Travma nedeniyle ortaya çıkan perforasyonların tanısı oldukça güçtür. Duodenumun retroperitoneal konumu nedeniyle duodenum perforasyonları erken dönemde radyolojik bulgu vermezler BT ve direkt grafide tanınmaları zordur. Bu nedenle merkezimize travma nedeniyle başvuran olgularda BT ve ultrasonografi görüntülemeleri sonrası, seçilmiş olgularda oral kontrastlı görüntüleme yapılmaktadır. Klinik çalışmadaki travma olgularına bu yöntemle tanı konulabilmiştir. Travma olgularında perforasyon alanı ülser nedenli perforasyonlardan farklı olarak duodenum ikinci ve üçüncü kıtada lateral ve posterior yüzde idi ve lineer tarzda idi. Bu olguların hiçbirinde circumferantial laserasyon ve Vater papillasında etkilenme görülmedi. Bu nedenle bu olguların tedavisinde primer onarım yeterli olmuştur. Travmatik duodenal perforasyonlarda genellikle primer onarım yeterli olmakla birlikte ileri derecede yaralanmış olgularda jejunal veya omental patch ile onarım, daha da ileri olgularda gastrik diversiyon ve tüp duodenostomi ya da jejunostomi gerekebilir.[16,17] Ancak cerrahi komplikasyon nedeniyle ortaya çıkan duodenal perforasyonlu olgumuzda primer onarım mümkün olmayınca duodenektomi, gastrojejunostomi, koledokojejunostomi ve “Roux and Y” prosedürü uygulanmıştır. Bu onarımın primer onarım yapılamayacak ya da duodenum ön yüzünü de içeren perforasyonlarda uygun cerrahi seçim olduğunu düşünmekteyiz. Duodenum ülseri nedeniyle perforasyon gelişen olgularda mortalite erişkin çalışmalarında %6 ile 31 arasında bildirilirken, çocuk hastalarda bu oran %3.8 ile 12.5 arasında bildirilmiştir.[18,19] Klinik çalışmada mortalite 2/14 (%14)’dir. Duodenum perforasyonu ve buna bağlı komplikasyonlar nedeniyle mortalite 1/13 (%8) olup literatür verileriyle benzerdir. Peptik ülser ve travmaya bağlı perforasyon olgularında erken ve geç ameliyat sonrası dönemde ikincil bir girişim gerekmemiştir. Ortalama 8.6 yıllık takip sürecinde olguların hiçbirinde dispeptik ya da cerrahiye bağlı yakınmalar izlenmemiştir. Yine bu dönemde olguların hiçbirinde rekürrens izlenmemiştir. Sonuç olarak, duodenal perforasyonlar, çocuklarda sık rastlanmadığı için tanısı geç konulan bu nedenle de tedavisi gecikebilen, morbidite ve mortalitesi yüksek seyredebilen patolojilerdir. Epigastrik ağrı, kusma ve hassasiyetle başvuran olgularda direkt grafi ile kontrol tanıda önemlidir. Travmatik perforasyonlarda ise BT’de periduodenal herhangi bir şüpheli görüntüde üst GİS pasaj grafisi tanıda oldukça değerlidir. Duodenal ülser perforasyonlarında sıklıkla primer onarım ve omentoplasti yeterli olur. Travma olgularında ise laserasyonun tek kat primer onarımı tedavide çoğu zaman yeterlidir. Daha geniş ya da medial yüzde oluşan yaralanmalarda duodenektomi, gastrojejunostomi, koledokojejunostomi ve jejunojejunostomi işlemi uygun ve güvenli bir cerrahi seçimdir. Çıkar örtüşmesi: Çıkar örtüşmesi bulunmadığı belirtilmiştir.

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KAYNAKLAR 1. Mezoff AG, Balistreri WF. Peptic ulcer disease in children. Pediatr Rev 1995;16:257–65. 2. Graham RR. The Treatment of Perforated Duodenal Ulcers. Surg Gynaecol Obstet 1937;64:235–8. 3. Yildiz T, Ilce HT, Ceran C, Ilce Z. Simple patch closure for perforated peptic ulcer in children followed by helicobacter pylori eradication. Pak J Med Sci 2014;30:493–6. 4. Antoniou SA, Antoniou GA, Koch OO, Pointner R, Granderath FA. Meta-analysis of laparoscopic versus open repair of perforated peptic ulcer. JSLS 2013;17:15–22. 5. Wong BP, Chao NS, Leung MW, Chung KW, Kwok WK, Liu KK. Complications of peptic ulcer disease in children and adolescents: minimally invasive treatments offer feasible surgical options. J Pediatr Surg 2006;41:2073–5. 6. Kate V, Ananthakrishnan N, Tovey FI. Is Helicobacter pylori Infection the Primary Cause of Duodenal Ulceration or a Secondary Factor? A Review of the Evidence. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2013;2013:425840. 7. Levi S, Beardshall K, Haddad G, Playford R, Ghosh P, Calam J. Campylobacter pylori and duodenal ulcers: the gastrin link. Lancet 1989;1:1167–8. 8. Tam YH, Lee KH, To KF, Chan KW, Cheung ST. Helicobacter pyloripositive versus Helicobacter pylori-negative idiopathic peptic ulcers in children with their long-term outcomes. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2009;48:299–305. 9. Maciorkowska E, Kaczmarski M, Skowrońska J, Cieśla JM, Chrzanowska U, Olejnik BT, et al. Helicobacter pylori eradication as prevention against chronic peptic ulcer disease in children. Rocz Akad Med Bialymst 2005;50 Suppl 1:137–40. 10. Huang FC, Chang MH, Hsu HY, Lee PI, Shun CT. Long-term followup of duodenal ulcer in children before and after eradication of Helicobacter pylori. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1999;28:76–80. 11. Israel DM, Hassall E. Treatment and long-term follow-up of Helicobacter pylori-associated duodenal ulcer disease in children. J Pediatr 1993;123:53–8. 12. Hobsley M, Tovey FI, Bardhan KD, Holton J. Does Helicobacter pylori really cause duodenal ulcers? BMJ 2009;339. 13. Miwa H, Sakaki N, Sugano K, Sekine H, Higuchi K, Uemura N, et al. Recurrent peptic ulcers in patients following successful Helicobacter pylori eradication: a multicenter study of 4940 patients. Helicobacter 2004;9:9–16. 14. Reinbach DH, Cruickshank G, McColl KE. Acute perforated duodenal ulcer is not associated with Helicobacter pylori infection. Gut 1993;34:1344–7. 15. Kalach N, Bontems P, Koletzko S, Mourad-Baars P, Shcherbakov P, Celinska-Cedro D, et al. Frequency and risk factors of gastric and duodenal ulcers or erosions in children: a prospective 1-month European multicenter study. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010;22:1174–81. 16. Desai KM, Dorward IG, Minkes RK, Dillon PA. Blunt duodenal injuries in children. J Trauma 2003;54:640–6. 17. Torba M, Gjata A, Buci S, Troci A, Subashi K. Delayed presentation of blunt duodenal injuries in children. Case report and review of literature. G Chir 2013;34:122–4. 18. Hua MC, Kong MS, Lai MW, Luo CC. Perforated peptic ulcer in children: a 20-year experience. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2007;45:71–4. 19. Edwards MJ, Kollenberg SJ, Brandt ML, Wesson DE, Nuchtern JG, Minifee PK, et al. Surgery for peptic ulcer disease in children in the posthistamine2-blocker era. J Pediatr Surg 2005;40:850–4.

Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg, Ocak 2016, Cilt. 22, Sayı. 1


Emre ve ark. Çocuklarda duodenum perforasyonları

CASE SERIES - ABSTRACT

Duodenum perforations in children: case series Şenol Emre, M.D., Emrah Aydın, M.D., Rahşan Özcan, M.D., Gonca Topuzlu Tekant, M.D., Ergun Erdoğan, M.D., Osman Faruk Şenyüz, M.D., Sinan Celayir, M.D. Department of Pediatric Surgery, İstanbul University Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey

To analyse patients those admitted to our clinic due to perforation in duodenum. Fourteen patients those have been admitted to our center with perforation in duodenum between 1990 – 2014 analysed retrospectively. Ten patients (8M, 6F) those have been admitted to our clinic between 1990 – 2014 have a mean age of 6.2 years (25 days – 16 years). Two of cases admitted directly to our clinic and the rest referred from another hospitals. Mean time for appliance to our clinic was 3.2 days (1day – 1 week). Ulcer in duodenum was the cause of perforation in 10 cases while in 3 the cause was trauma and in 1 case was surgical complication of infantly persistant hyperinsulinism (IPHH). The case with hyperbilluribinemia after near total pancreatectomy due to IPHH had been explored and perforation in deuedenum diagnosed. Resection in first two parts of duodenum and pylor, choledochojejunostomy, gastrojejunostomy and jejunojejunostomy was performed. Primary repair was performed in the remaining patients. In one case with primary repair gastrostomy was performed, while in 9 cases omentoplasty were performed. In the follow-up 12 cases has no problems and doing well. Two patients died. Perforation in duedenum is a rare entity that pediatric surgeons should encounter and keep in mind. Primary repair (duodenoraphy ± omentoplasty) is safe and reliable surgical treatment modality.. Keywords: Child; duodenal perforation; surgery; treatment. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg 2016;22(1):109–113

doi: 10.5505/tjtes.2016.69947

Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg, Ocak 2016, Cilt. 22, Sayı. 1

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Yaşam Kontrolünüz Altında Geçici karın kapama yöntemlerinde görülen yüksek mortalite oranlarını, özel tasarımıyla fark yaratan negatif basınçlı açık abdomen yönetim sistemi ABThera ile %14’e kadar indirebilir1, hastalarınızı hayata bağlayabilirsiniz. TM

Referans: 1. Yanar H, Sivrikoz E. Management of open abdomen: a single center experience. Gastroenterology Research and Practice. Volume 2013, Article ID 584378, 3 pages


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