Architectural Technology AT3 Building Study
Stasi Archive and Centre Berlin, Germany Karly Chung C3325997
Contents Precedent Studies ............................3
Site Location 4 Plans and Section 5 Environmental 7 Materiality 8 Sustainability 9 Problems 10
Site Response .................................. 11 Site Location 12 Solar Analysis: Existing 13 Solar Analysis: Proposed 14 Acoustics 15 Temperature 16 Wind 17 Water 19
Structural Response ........................22
Geology 23 Structural System 24 Floor plans and Section 25 bv 26 Load Path 27 Assembly 28
Environmental Response ................29 Sustainability 30 Programme 32 Ventilation 33 Fire Strategy 34 Services 35 Lighting and Acoustics 36
Construction Response ..................37
Manufacturing Process Detail Drawings
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Precedent Investigation Ruskin Library Richard MacCormac Architects Karly Chung C3325997
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Precedent Investigation Site Location
Site map of the Lancaster university campus - To enter the campus, vehicles turn off the A6 down the windy road and the Ruskin Library is predominantly the initial sight of the campus
Access to Ruskin Library and initial impression The Ruskin Library is situated in front of the rest of the campus to make it stand out more. - The library is situated on an open field with no trees or hills to protect the building -The building is very exposed to the element which will make it more difficult for maintenance
Exposure to the elements - Although it makes the building stand out more the pathway walking up to the library is very windy, making it difficult to get to the entrance - The curved form creates an easier path for the wind to flow around. However as the wind is directed round the side of the building, it does affect the people walking on the side of the building.
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Precedent Investigation N
Structural : Floor Plans 4 1
2
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Overview of the layout Basement
- 3 floors in total, but the basement is for storing the archive and workshop
1. Private Staircase 2. Archive 3. Educational room and archive 4. Workshop
- Fig 1:The core structure of the library is a concrete frame poured on site, and then clad with a facade.
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11
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- Fig 2: The core structure of the archive is concrete load bearing walls and the corridors in the basement run up the library to support the curving staircases
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Analysis of the design
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Fig 1: Primary structure for Library
Ground Floor 5
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1. Stone Causeway 2. Porch 3. Foyer 4. Public Staircase 5. Offices 6.Private staircase
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N
Fig 2: Primary Structure for the Archive
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First Floor
2
- The curved form creates an easier path for the wind to flow around. However as the wind is directed round the side of the building, it does affect the people walking on the side of the building.
7. Lift 8. Archive 9. Reading Room 10. Catalogue 11. Toilets
2
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- Although it makes the building stand out more the pathway walking up to the library is very windy, making it difficult to get to the entrance
- Although it makes the building stand out more the pathway walking up to the library is very windy, making it difficult to get to the entrance - The curved form creates an easier path for the wind to flow around. However as the wind is directed round the side of the building, it does affect the people walking on the side of the building.
1. Public Staircase 2. Gallery 3. Meeting Room 4. Walkway 5. Private staircase 6. Void space
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Precedent Investigation Structural: Sections
Long Section - In the long section the archive is located directly in the centre of the building - The parti diagram (Fig 2) illustrate the building and the archive is protected by the library and is not exposed to any elements which could harm the archives - The basement is absorbing and distributing the load from the walls over the ground
Fig 1: Long Section of the Ruskin Library
Fig 2: Parti diagram of the library
Cross Section - Ruskin Library has pile foundations to support the load - Fig 3 shows where the foundation would be to support the load of the building. There is a outer load bearing walls and then inner load bearing walls for the archive - The blue arrows show the load distribution throughout the building. The live and dead load will spread along the floor to either the inner or outer loading walls and down to the ground
Fig 3: Cross section of the Ruskin Library with where the foundation would be
Load path Fig 4: Load distribution throughout the building
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Precedent Investigation
Female and Male toilets downstairs
N
Environmental: Fire Strategy and Lighting
N
Fire Strategy 1. Ground floor plan of the two fire escape doors 2. Main routes to the fire escape 3. Basement fire escape door
1.
2.
Ground floor
Ground floor
Fig 2: Circulation to the fire escape doors
Fig 1: Location of the fire escape doors
Loading Bay
3. Fig 3: Location of the fire door in the basement
- There is only one entrance/exit point on the Ground floor (highlighted in red box) - There is also a exit downstairs in the female and male toilets -Although there are two fire escapes, most users would not be aware of the fire escape leading down the stairs to the toilets as it is not obviously located. (as shown in 2. in smaller arrows) - The length of the building is 25 metres which complies with the fire regulation that the fire exit must be no more than 25 in a high risk fire. - In the basement there is one rear door which is also the loading bay. - This would only be used by the archivist and staff in the library - The alternative exit route would be to go up the spiral staircase to ground floor, however the spiral staircase could be inconvenient during an emergency. Lighting 1. Floor plan and where natural light enters the building 2. Section of where the natural light enter down 3. Photograph
Ground floor Fig 4: Openings of where natural lights comes in
Fig 5: Opening in the roof showing the lighted corridor
Fig 6: Two location which receives the most natural light
- The two main window opening are on the East and West of the building (Entrance and Reading Room) - There are smaller openings around the curved walls to the offices and private space - None of the natural light can enter into the archive, which will protect the archive from decomposition - The glass wall in the reading room has UV filter to prevent the documents in the reading room from being damaged - Without the artificial lights the library is actually very dark and in the reading room it would be virtually impossible to read anything without some artificial light
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Precedent Investigation Construction/Materiality: Materiality and maintenance Materiality - The materiality is heavily influenced by Ruskin’s study in Venice. - The glass walkway may have been aesthetically pleasing however it easily scratches and very difficult to clean and maintain with the visitors wandering about. - The slate which encases the staircases and the corridor is very sharp and pointed where the stairs start. This makes it easier to damage and chip the edges which loses the aesthetics and hard to repair. - The materiality is a very important factor of the building however most of it is applied on to the concrete structure and pose no function, other than aesthetics.
Exterior: Split Faced Lignacite Blocks
Archive: Venetian Plaster, oak
Walkway: Glass and dark rendered concrete
Wall: Slate
Maintenance/Cleaning - In 2009 there was a major process of cleaning and restoring the external facade to its original state - Because the site is highly exposed and no guttering at the top of the building, the split faced lignacite blocks will stain very quickly, making it very hard to maintain -After the scaffolding was put up, they had to cover it in hundreds of metal trimming and sheets to prevent any water damaging the building, and the archive. -They then used a specialised hot pressure cleaning equipment to remove the protective layer off the facade and then reapplied it to last another 10 years. -Highly expensive and time consuming -Alternatively the exterior could have used a more durable and easier to maintain facade so that maintenance would be easier Photographs showing the cleaning process of the Ruskin Library
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Precedent Investigation Sustainability: Ventilation Maintaining the temperature 1.Data logger in the gallery 2. Above the required temperature and where the heat goes 3. Below the required temperature and where the heats comes from
Fig 1: Device in the gallery for monitoring the humidity and temperature
Fig 2: The heat transfer into the concrete walls when the temperature of the library increase
Fig 3: the heat release from the concrete wall when the temperature of the library decreases
- As the library is passively tempered there is a data logger in the gallery space to record and monitor the temperature and humidity. - Ruskin library is first passively tempered library in the UK - There is an external concrete structure then another concrete structure surrounding the archive. -The concrete walls have high thermal mass which helps control the temperature. - In 1 shows when the library is above the 19 째C the excess heat will be absorbed by the walls - In 2 shows when the library is below 16 째C the walls will release the gathered heat. -This enables the archive in the middle to remain at a constant temperature and not cause any damage to the archive. - This is an effective and environmental method rather than using air conditioning Ventilation 1. Data logger in the gallery 2. Ventilation path through the building - There is a gap beside the building which allows air into the basement workshops to prevent stagnant air building up. - There is a chute on both side of the building to let air through into the gallery spaces as there is not many windows opening to let air in. As the air rises it will exit at the top of roof chute.
Fig 4: The location of the air vents in the library
Fig 5: The ventilation of air flow throughout the library
-Effective method of keeping the ventilation flowing without having any exposed and visible pipes. However it does make the two sides of the galleries a lot colder than the middle.
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Precedent Investigation Sustainability and problems: Fire Strategy and Lighting Temperature/Humidity 1. Floor plan of where air condition is located
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-The archive and the reading room are the only two rooms with air conditioning to control the temperature and humidity. - Temperature: 20 째C - Relative Humidity: 40% (recommended is 45-60%)
Fig 1: The areas which also uses air conditioning as well as passive ventilation
Fig 2: The large window in the reading room will cause the temperature to fluctuate
- The humidity is below the recommended because the passive ventilation changes the way the air flows - The large glass opening in the reading room may be effective for letting in natural light, however it will cause the temperature to fluctuate more which would damage the archive. Therefore the air conditioning will have to be altered and used more in this room. Fire System in the Archive - Due to the passive ventilation system the archive cannot use the common oxygen reduction system in the archive to retard fire (example shown in Fig 4)
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Smoke sensor
- There is a water sprinkler system in the emergency of a fire, which would damage and potentially ruin the document if a fire was to occur
Nitrogen input pipes
Fig 3: The basement floor plan and where the water sprinkler system is installed
Fig 4: The ideal fire retardant system that most archives use
Other problems with the Ruskin Library - Fig 1: The curving staircase may have a disability seat to travel up to the gallery however it is very narrow and uncomfortable for any visitors who use it - Fig 2: There are electrical wiring running up from under the desks in the reading room because if it was wired into the walls, it would be very difficult to maintain - Fig 3: The main door is very heavy to open and the exposed building causes it to bang
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Site Response
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Site Response N N
Site Location of the design project
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Location of the site - The site is situated in the capital of Germany, Berlin - The site lies on the north of the main river running through Berlin, River Spree
Germany
Site
Berlin
Current Site
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- The current site is the Berlin Wall memorial where parts of the Berlin Wall remains - The topography of the site is very flat and linear - Next to the site there is a large cemetery with lots of plantings
View overlooking the Nordbahnhof station
View of the end of the of the site
- The site is very open with no immediate buildings on the site beside the coreten walls which has been taken out in the design project
Site Map Scale 1:1000 at A2
View looking down the site
View looking at the remains of the Berlin Wall
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Site Response
N
Site Response: Existing Solar
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Equinox -Throughout the day there is no significant shadow overlooking the site
Equinox 10am
Equinox 1pm
- The coreten walls (Fig 1) is the main element which causes a shadow on the site
Equinox 4pm
- The block of building has the most rights to light around the site N
Summer - There is virtually no shadows upon the site during the summer N
Fig 1: The coreten walls around the site
- The site will be very exposed to sunlight with no shadowing - To improve the site, plantings or canopies should be added to provide some shading for users
Summer 10am
Summer 1pm
- The archive will be very exposed to the sunlight which could potentially damage the archive
Summer 4pm
N
Winter - The coreten walls causes shadowing to part of the site however most of the site is unaffected
N
Winter 10am
Winter 1pm
- This will allow plenty of natural lighting into the design, making it more environmental than to use artificial lighting
Winter 4pm
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Site Response N
Proposed solar analysis Equinox - Throughout the day the site is exposed to the site until the evening when the Berlin wall creates a partial shadow over the building
N
Equinox 10am
Equinox 1pm
- To reduce the lights affecting the activities in the building for example glare on computer screen, curtain and screens will be put in to prevent these problems
Equinox 4pm
Fig 1: Composite of the solar analysis in top view
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Summer - The south side of the building is completely exposed to the sun which will make those rooms a lot warmer, so those spaces will need cooling in the summer - To compensate this, there will be trees and other planting to create more shadowing around the site
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- The building does cause shadow over the minor road but does not affect any residential area Summer 10am
Summer 1pm
Summer 4pm
Fig 2: Composite solar analysis of the site in perspective view
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Winter - In the morning the plantings from the cemetery creates a shadowing, the building also shadows the major road but does not affect the residential area Composite solar analysis
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- Overall the building causes shadow mainly over the next part of the Berlin Wall memorial, and the site remains very exposed to the sun throughout the year - With the high solar exposure this can be utilised in the design to generate energy
Winter 10am
Winter 1pm
Winter 4pm
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Site Response Acoustics Source of noise - 1. There are trams running parallel to the site throughout the door
1. Trams running directly next to the site
2. Tourist on the Berlin Wall Memorial site
3. Cemetery next to the site
- 2. The current use of the site is a tourist attraction which will mean in the summer there will be a lot more noise pollution than the winter
4. Commercial and residential buildings around the site
- 3. There is a cemetery located next to the site and any funeral service will increase the noise - 4. Around the site there are residential and commercial buildings which will have users within. Location of the noise source - The site is outline in the box and the most direct noise will come from the tourist walking around the site - The trams will create a lot of noise pollution but the Berlin wall will act as a deflector for incoming sound into the site - The noise from the cemetery will be minimal and the plantings will deflector and break up the noise
85
90 80
50 40 Decibel
Fig 2
- Fig 1: The pedestrian route runs directly into the site as well as all around the site and two sides of the site has a road running along it, therefore the site is surrounded by a lot of sonic event - Fig 2: Pedestrian walking around the site and the traffic will be the primary source of sonic event around the site
Tram
Fig 1
- The noise from the surrounding building will be too far to make a direct impact on the site
Car
Pedestrian
Site
- Fig 3: This graph shows how much noise each element contribute to the sonic environment and the Bus bus has the highest because of the regularity of its service
Fig 3
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Site Response
25°C 24°C 22°C
Temperature 19°C
19°C
15°C 14°C 14°C
13°C
12°C
Maximum and Minimum Temperature
10°C 8°C
5°C
5°C 3°C
- The maximum temperature ranges from 2C to 25C - The minimum temperature ranges from -3 C to 14c - The average temperature difference is about 9C
8°C
8°C
- When designing, the building will be subjected to a vast range of temperature so retaining heat and efficient ventilation will be an important element to consider
3°C
3°C
2°C 0°C Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Mar
Dec
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov -2°C
Maximum Temperature (°C) 2°C
-3°C
-3°C
Jan
Feb
Minimum Temperature (°C)
Dec
2°C
Factors to consider with the temperature differences -The differences in temperature will have an immense effect on the materiality and their properties - Archives needs to be at a constant temperature therefore when designing a high ratio of glass will be unsuitable
How the cold weather will affect the design? - In the winter the temperature drops below freezing point - Exposed pipes in any design would have to circulate with many loops to prevent difficulties caused by the differential expansion of the pipes.
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Site Response N
Wind Flow
Annual Wind Direction - On average the wind is predominantly from the west of Berlin about 10 knots - There is also a peak at south south west where the wind flows up the site Winter -In the winter the wind is still mainly coming from the west - However in December the wind is mainly coming from south south west which runs directly up the site. This may have to be considered when designing on Spring
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N
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- All three months are mainly coming from the west direction Annual Wind Direction - In March and May there is also wind coming from east - The wind from the east will not affect my design because the wind will be dispersed by the N woodland before Summer - In the summer the wind comes from west and west south west - The buildings will cause some vortex but will not affect the site Autumn
December January February
Winter
March April May
Spring
June July August
Summer
September October November
- In the autumn the wind comes from a variety of direction: west, south south west and east Autumn south east - This will also blow directly through the site which may not be a strong breeze at the moment but with climate change, the design should have future consideration of the exposed site.
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Site Response
12 11 10
10
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Wind Flow
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10
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Average Wind Speed - Average annual wind speed is 10kmph - The probability of the wind reaching above the Beaufort scale of 4 (Moderate breeze) is 32% 1 kmph
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Average Wind speed
Sep
Oct
Nov
- This means that there is very little wind around the site, however it would be enough wind to ventilate the building
Dec
Section showing the wind flow through the site - This is a section of the site illustrating the wind flow from the west - On the West Germany there is many tall building which will cause vortex, however the distance between the site and buildings are too great to have any influence over the site.
Section showing the wind flow through the site - This is a section of the site illustrating the wind flow from the west - On the West Germany there is many tall building which will cause vortex, however the distance between the site and buildings are too great to have any influence over the site.
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Site Response Water
N
Drainage system Fig.1 illustrates the different approaches of drainage throughout the city. The suburbs adopt a split sewer approach separating waste water and rain water, whereas the city centre has a combined drainage system which has no separation.
Combined Sewage
River
Separate sewage Rainwater and wastewater sewage
Waste Water Sewers only without Rainwater Sewers
Waste Water and Rainwater Sewers (discharge into combined sewage overflows, with waste water Sewers)
Drains
Site
Rainwater Sewers only without Waste Water Sewers
Fig 2: Drains around the site Main sewers line
Minor sewers line
As the site is relatively centrally located, it operates a combined sewage drainage system with drains situated along the road about every 10-15m, the surface runoff of the site and its immediate surroundings is low due to the amount of grass & other permeable surfaces compared to impermeable surfaces such as concrete (shown in fig.2.) the affect of excess water on the site as a result of drainage failure is not a direct threat to be considered.
Fig 1: Drainage system around Berlin
68.7
Mean precipitation 57.3
53.8 45.1 42.3
55.3
40.5 37.1
37.3
33.3
Illustration of the drains around the site
Jan
43.6
45.1
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Mean Rainfall (mm)
Sep
Oct
Nov
Berlin’s built-up area creates a micro-climate, with heat stored by the city’s buildings. Temperatures can be 4 °C higher in the city Centre than in the surrounding areas. Fig.3 illustrates the mean average annual rainfall in Berlin. Annual precipitation is 570 mm with moderate rainfall throughout the year.
Dec
Fig 3: Mean precipitation in Berlin
5 mm
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Site Response Water N
Site in relation to the River Berlin is crossed by a multitude of rivers and canal stand has 1,700 bridges. The main river in Berlin is the River Spree running 400km from southeast to northwest. It flows through the city centre of Berlin to join the River Havel in Spandau, one of Berlin's western boroughs. The Spree drains an area of 3,900 square miles (10,100 square km). fig1 demonstrates how the site sits around1500m away from the river Panke and 1300m from the river Spree. Throughout Berlin the only areas that are at risk to flooding is those along the river bank.
Water Table for Berlin N
The map illustrates the depth to the water table, the immediate land around the river is between 0.0 and 3.0 metres, and the land further out is between 3.0 and 5.0. The site sits between 3.5 and 4.0 metres above the water table so is relatively high compared to the rest of the city however generally speaking the water table of the city is high so prevention methods are in place to counteract this. (next page)
Scale 1:15000 at A3 Key: in metres
<0.5
0.5-1.0
1.0-1.5
1.5-2.0
2.0-2.5
2.5-3.0
3.0-3.5
3.5-4.0
3.5-4.0
4.0-4.5
4.5-5.05.0-5.5
River
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Site Response Water
Water supply and treatment
N
-Approximately 6% of the area of Berlin consists of freshwater: lakes, river lakes rivers, and canals.100% of public water supply in the Berlin comes from groundwater with a contribution of approximately 70% from bank filtration and artificial groundwater recharge (see figure 2). -No surface water is used directly. The use of bank-filtered water for drinking water supply is very important due to the limited available quantity of natural groundwater. -As Fig.1 shows the closest water works to the site is Tegal. From here, a constant flow is ensured through substantial storage facilities and pumping stations. Fig 2: Water works and purification
Fig 1: Water supply and circulation around Berlin
-There are 254,000 house connections to the supply network and an equal number of water meters throughout Berlin. In addition, there are almost 62,000 hydrants and approx.90,000 valves.
Berlin High Water Table -Due to Berlinâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s high ground water level, the foundations of new construction projects are often in water. These pipes transport excess water to nearby canals and rivers. These pipes also provide heating to companies and residents.
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Structural Response
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Site Response
Site N
Geology Pile Foundation
Geology and soil condition of Berlin Sand Sand (plateau) Water table Clay
Fig 1: Geology of the site
< 2m 2-5m 5-10m < 2m 2-5m 5-10m Humus sand, peat & Sands of dunes gyttja
< 2m 2-5m 5-10m Sands of glacial valleys
Fig 2: Section of the geology of the site
- Fig 1 shows the geology around Berlin and the red dot specify the site location - The site geology is sand of the glacial valleys which means the predominant sediment would be sand - A few kilometres from the site the geology starts to change to clay - Suitable foundations would include strip and pile foundations to compensate for the high water table
Water
Choice of Foundation N
- For the design project, mini pile foundations have been selected - The piles will support the load from the structural beams between the translucent marble wall - To distribute the load evenly between the piles there will be shallow strip of concrete of where the walls would be and with pile foundation underneath (Fig 3 shows the grid system of where the foundation would be built) - Fig 4 shows the beams distributing the load downward to the pile foundations
Fig 3: The layout of the shallow concrete strip and pile foundation in the grid
Fig 4: Diagram of how the foundation will support the walls
Scale 1:200 at A2
Load path for the Archive -The archive is a separate element to the rest of the design and is self supporting - The archive will be held up by pile foundations under each column on the four corners of the archive - The pile will be deeper and wider to compensate for the growing archive
Fig 5: The piles foundation for the archive only
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Structural Response Structural System
System to support the translucent marble - To make the marble look as translucent as possible, it should allow as much light as possible through the panels therefore the load bearing structure holding the 2 panels of marble should be as minimal as possible Fig 2: If using a load bearing wall it will allow the weight distribution to be more even however the wall will prevent the natural light travelling through the translucent panels Fig 3: If using a frame structure it will allow more light through the panels, but there will be two strip of shadow appearing in all the wall Fig 1: Images of the translucent marble with light source to make it as translucent as possible
Fig 2: If using a load bearing wall as the primary structure
Fig 3: If using a steel frame structure as the primary structure
Using a steel frame structure will be a more appropriate as it will allow more lighting into the building which will also reduce the need for artificial lighting throughout the day Steel frame system - Due to the nature of the design and layout of the walls, a regular steel frame structure will not work (Fig 4) - The floor plans has been aligned with its own grid system which will need to be marked out on site before the start of construction (Fig 5) - This grid system will also indicate the location of the foundation, and then where the frame structure will sit
Fig 4: Regular steel frame primary structure
Fig 5: The grid system outline for the building
Fig 6: The steel frame system based on the grid system
- In the design there are walls which extrude through the roof, therefore some of the vertical columns will run through the beam system to support it (Fig 6)
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Structural Response N
Floor Plans
14 m
Ground Floor Primary steel beams or in-situ concrete walls
15 m
Secondary translucent marble wall panels
Secondary glazing system
Archive outline Length of Span
Scale 1:200 at A2
- The ground floor is where most of the activities occur and where the majority of live load will be - The dotted outline shows where the archive is sitting above - The largest span is 15 metres which is where the archive resides. However the only load imposed on the structure between that point is the roof
Ground Floor Plan Scale 1:200
N
First Floor - The first floor is where the archive reside in the structural concrete box Primary steel beams or in-situ concrete walls
- There is a walkway leading up the archive, which is supported by the surrounding planes which intersect the walkway and is joined by the steel beams
Secondary translucent marble wall panels
Secondary glazing system
Length of Span Scale 1:200 at A2
First Floor Plan Scale 1:200
N
Roof Plan
Primary steel beams or in-situ concrete walls Secondary translucent marble wall panels
- The blue dotted line outline the boundary of the roof which overhangs on all the walls to provide solar cover in the exposed site - The beams system will join with the structural columns between the plane to support the roof
Secondary glazing system
Roof Outline
Scale 1:200 at A2
Roof Plan Scale 1:200
Long Section - The structural columns run between the two planes of translucent marble - The columns run down to the pile foundation to distribute the load better Primary steel beams or in-situ concrete walls Secondary translucent marble wall panels Long Section Scale 1:200
- The archive is completely separate to the rest of the design and is structurally stable on its own with load bearing walls around the archive and bigger pile foundation to compensate for the increasing weight of the archive
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Structural Response Exploded Axonometric
Primary Roof system
- Flat roof with solar panels to maximise solar gain
Primary ceiling beams system -To support the roof system
Secondary ceiling
-Insulation and cover the beams structure
Archive Secondary translucent marble panels Primary floor system
- Support the weight of archive
Primary in-situ concrete walls Primary glazing system - Join up all the translucent marble walls to form the exterior of
the building
Secondary translucent marble panels - Attached to the structural steel columns - Allows light to penetrate the walls
Primary steel columns system - Support the translucent marble panels
Berlin Wall
Existing wall which is becomes part of the building
Primary In-Situ cast floor slab
-Cast In-situ floor -Underfloor heating generated by geothermal energy to heat the building
Primary Foundation System
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Structural Response Load Paths
Primary/Secondary structure Fig 1: - The structural columns run between the two planes of translucent marble - The columns run down to the pile foundation to distribute the load better - The archive is completely separate to the rest of the design and is structurally stable on its own with load bearing walls around the archive and bigger pile foundation to compensate for the increasing weight of the archive
Fig 1: structural elements in the building Primary steel beams or in-situ concrete walls
Secondary translucent marble wall panels
Secondary glazing system
Dead Load Fig 2: - The structural columns run between the two planes of translucent marble - The columns run down to the pile foundation to distribute the load better
Live Load Fig 3: - The structural columns run between the two planes of translucent marble - The columns run down to the pile foundation to distribute the load better
Fig 2: Dead load distribution in the building
Fig 3: Live load distribution in the building
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Structural Response Assembly/ Disassembly Process 1. Foundation Fig 1 - The structural columns run between the two planes of translucent marble - The columns run down to the pile foundation to distribute the load better 2. Structural steel frame Fig 1: Foundation system
Fig 2 - The structural frame have to be constructed first for the translucent marble to clad on - Roof system can then be added on protect the structure for the environment 3.Translucent marble panels Fig 3 - The structural columns run between the two planes of translucent marble - The columns run down to the pile foundation to distribute the load better Fig 2: steel frame system
4. Glazing system - The structural glass can then be inserted in between the marble walls
Disassembly - The translucent marble panels, glass and steel structure will all be prefabricated and put up on site, therefore the disassembling the building will be simple Fig 3: Translucent marble assembling
- Prefabrication will also mean that if any material such as the marble cracking, replacing it will be easier
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AT3: Environmental Response
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Environmental Response Sustainability
N
To reduce the carbon footprint on the environment, this design project is intended to be a zero-carbon where all energy is sourced by the environment
Fig 2: Layout of the solar panels to gain maximum solar power
Fig 1: How the solar panels would be arranged on the roof
Fig 3: Diagram showing how the solar panel will be tilted to gain maximum solar power
Fig 4: Diagram of how the passive ventilation would flow through the building
Annual Wind Rose Geothermal generator
N
Solar Panels - The solar panels can be placed on the flat roof between the translucent marble panel to maximise the solar gain on the site (Fig 1 &2) - The solar panels will all be slanted towards the south to gain the most solar power and be used for electricity and heat throughout the year (Fig 3) - The excess power generated by the solar panels can be stored for backup if any problem was to occur Passive Ventilation - From the wind analysis, the main wind is travelling from the West ( Annual Wind Rose) - To utilise this, there will be a passive ventilation system within the building to allow the wind to flow through and into the building Geothermal Energy - There will be a generator located in the back of building to generate geothermal energy to heat the building - This will then connect to the plant room located in the workshop which will then be distributed via underfloor heating (Fig 5 and 6) Water Source - To utilise the high water table in Berlin, the brown water could be collected and used for the amenities
Fig 5: Diagram of how the energy will be transported
Fig 6: Location of the generator and where the pipes will flow
N
Site
Conservation of resources
Sourcing of the material - There are steels and steel supplier within the boundary of the outer Berlin which means that the construction can start whilst the translucent marble is getting delivered to the site - Sourcing locally will reduce the carbon footprint of the project
- The translucent marble panels will be made to the thinnest depth to reduce material cost transportation fee - The steel frame can be easily and quickly assembled , then the marble panels can be clad on to ensure a quicker construction - To prevent the marble cracking from exposed elements there will be a slim acrylic bonded on top so that maintaining it will be easier and preserve the lifespan Potential for Recycling - The concrete used for the foundation could be down-cycled to use as hardcore or sub base - The steel beams and columns in the frame could be melted down and reused Concrete supplier - The marble panels could be cut down into smaller panels and resold for tiling and kitchen units
Fig 7: Map showing the location of the suppliers
Steel Supplier
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Environmental Response
Road N
Loading Bay
N
User Comfort Public and Private/ Ease of access - The public and private space are split to make it easier for staff to get around without visitors interrupting them (Fig 1) - The circulation and entrance are also different, the public enter from the East of the building and the private users enter from the north.
Public
Private
Fig 1: Public and private spaces
Public
Private
Fig 2: Public and private circulation
- This allows the ease of access for the private users There is also a loading bay which leads directly to the bottom of the archive so that delivery can get the documents into the protected environment as fast as possible
N
Landscaping
1
- There are two main gardens in the building for both public and private users (Fig 3) - 1 is for the private users - 2 is for the public - The private users can take a break in the tranquil garden 2
Gardens
Fig 4: The concept of the garden spaces
Fig 3: The garden spaces
N
- The gardens will be used to soften the site and create some shadowing over the building to prevent the building from getting too hot in the summer
Maintenance - There are two plant rooms both on the ground floor for ease of access
2
- Plant room 1 will monitor the archive and is placed in the workshop as that will be where the staffs will be working most days and can keep an eye on it
1
- Most of the services will run on the ground floor besides the archive Ground Floor plan Fig 5: location of plant rooms
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Environmental Response Principle Programme
N
7 4
1. Atrium - Ceiling opening to allow plenty of natural lighting into the building and to give a more open atmosphere - Floor to ceiling height in the atrium is about 9 metres so sound absorbing panels will be inserted to reduce echoing
3
2. Cloakroom - Located to the left of the entrance to ensure easy access and view - South facing with lots of sunlight into the room therefore blinds must be added to give some shadowing to the space
5 8
6
1
2 5
3. Toilets - It is located in the north of the building as it does not require any natural light or opening - It will require regular air changes and ventilation to ensure any odour is reduce to the maximum
Ground Floor Plan
4. Seminar Room - Located in the north of the building in the staff section for ease of access - The presentation screen will not be affected by the glare - The north lighting will also make it easier for viewers to see the screen
Section 1st floor: Archive N
5. Computer Room - The room is located in the south of the site - This may cause glare on the screens therefore the rearrangement of the room will be important to reduce this - Temperature will need to be maintained as the computer can generate a lot of heat and make it uncomfortable for users 6. Computer storage - Located in the centre of the building as it requires no natural lighting into the space - The temperature and humidity should be kept relatively constant to not damage the storage materials 7. Workshop - Located in the north of the building - Space for maintaining the archive material therefore the location of the room will receive less UV rays - Glass will all have UV filters to prevent any damage coming to the archive materials - Temperature and humidity should also be kept constant to ensure that the materials will not be vulnerable whilst working on it 8. Exhibition - Artificial lighting to light the exhibition pieces - Ventilation should be controlled so that the exhibition pieces will not be damaged by it - Sound absorbing panels should also be placed to reduce echoing in the open space exhibition
- The archive has to comply to the BS 5454 - Temperature should remain as constant as possible between 18 -21째C - The humidity needs to be controlled as wetter condition will cause the documents to go mouldy, and it needs to remain between 50- 60% - Lighting should be limited and any light with the wavelength below 400nm should be eliminated
First Floor Plan
- UV will also harm the documents however the archive is in the centre of the building in an enclosed concrete wall to prevent UV into the archive
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Environmental Response Fire Strategy N
N
Fire Escape Route Ground Floor 13 m 16 m
7m
18 m
- There is 4 main external fire doors in the design and 7 main internal fire doors - The rooms with risk of fire such as the computer room has all been design with fire resisting material - The maximum travel distance in the building does not exceed the maximum length of 25 metres from the class 0 regulation
12 m
First Floor
Compartment zones
Ground Floor Plans
First Floor Plan
Scale 1:200 at A2
Scale 1:200 at A2
Travel Distance
Fire Doors
Compartment zones
Travel Distance
Fire Doors
- The archiveâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s walls is reinforced concrete which act as a compartment zone to stop the fire from spreading into the rest of the building but also protecting the archive if the fire occurs outside the archive - The issue is the staircase is not fire approved as it is not enclosed in a concrete core. This will need to be investigated further to ensure that the exit will be fire safe Materiality - The design consist of a lot of glazing system and to ensure it complies to the regulation, the glazing will all be 90 minutes protection period. - The steel will all be have thin film intumescent coatings to ensure the structure of the design will not be damaged in the emergency of a fire - One of the problems that needs to be investigated is how the marble could be made to be more fire resistant as thermal shock can damage it
Fire Resistant Glass
Coating the steel to make it fire resistant
-Although the building consist of a high quantity of glass and marble, the building is mainly on the ground floor and this makes the ease of exit easier for the users, therefore the materials need not all to be as heavily made for fire resistant
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Environmental Response Ventilation Strategies
Ventilation Flow - As stated earlier, this design is intended to be zero carbon therefore the ventilation will be passive - The main wind flows from the west of the site to the east which runs directly through the building
Fig 1: Section showing the air flow through the building Scale 1:200
- There will be an ventilation opening in the roof which will allow cold air in and it will flow through and down through the gap between the translucent marble walls and steel beam structure - The hot air will rise and the opening in the ceiling will allow the air to flow through and out of the building - There will also be small opening in the wall to allow more air flow into the building The entry/exit points of the ventilation
Fig 2: Diagram of the roof showing the air entering the roof
Fig 3: Diagram the wall and how the cold air flows out from it
- Fig 2: Air gap to allow air flow into the roof structure and also ventilate the building - Fig 3: The cold air will flow down between the translucent marble wall and structure and there will be a 50mm gap at the bottom to allow the cold air out Heating - Geothermal energy and solar panels will be used throughout the year to heat and cool the building - There will be a pipe system under the floor around the building to provide the heating
Scale 1:200
- This was the best decision because of the high ceiling if placed elsewhere the heat will be lost, and this is the most direct system to the users on the ground floor
Fig 4: Section showing the pipes under the floor and heat flow through the building
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Environmental Response Services
Location of plant room 2
- There are two plant rooms in the design Fig 1: - 1 is for the main ground floor maintenance - 2 is for the maintenance of the archive and the exhibition space which both require more specific requirement
1
- Plant room 2 is located out of the archive because the workshop will be where most of the staff will be working when looking after the archive - The wiring will go under the floor and then up the closest structural column for the archive Fig 1: Floor plan of the location of the plant rooms Plant Room
Boundaries of the services the plant room is providing
Plant Room
Circulation of the system
Fig 2: The circulation of the system for the maintenance of the archive from the plant room
Horizontal and Vertical distribution of services - The ground floor services will mostly be a horizontal distribution of the services, whereas the archive will be the only element where there will be vertical distribution of the services as the archive is suspended above the ground level
Horizontal distribution
Vertical distribution
Fig 3: The distribution of services Scale 1:200
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Environmental Response Lighting and Acoustics Natural Lighting in the building - Fig 1 shows where the natural lighting enters from the roof - Main opening in the atrium where the light floods down to the reception - Small opening to light the journey around the exhibition space
Scale 1:200
Fig 1: Section showing where the natural light comes into building
Fig 2: Section showing how the natural light does not affect the archive
- The artificial lights will be powered by the solar panels on the roof, due to the completely exposed site, there will be enough to light the rooms in the evening and enough natural light in the daytime
N
1
- Fig 3: The two plant rooms each control different parts of the artificial lighting system, plant room 1 will control the exhibition and archive lights and plant room 2 will control the rest
2
Fig 3: Artificial lighting system and wiring from the plant room
Fig 4: The translucent marble allows the light to travel through the wall
N
Scale 1:200`
Fig 5: section showing the different effect of the corridor acoustics and the archive acoustic
- Fig 2 shows how the archive is protected from the harmful UV rays as it is located in the centre of the building and enclosed in a set of concrete walls
Fig 6: Floor plan showing where the acoustic panels would be around the atrium
- Fig 4: The nature of the materials in the design will reduce the amount of artificial lights as the lights can travel through the marble panels and light other rooms Acoustics - The design has a tall ceiling therefore it will cause a lot of flutter echoing in the building. To prevent this: - The ceiling of the rooms will all have acoustic ceiling to absorb the sound to stop it echoing, as well as the soft furnishing - The walls around the atrium (in red) will have acoustic panels to absorb some of the sound in the large open space - However the corridor leading to the archive and the space around the archive will not have any acoustic absorbing equipment besides furnishing as the echo will emphasise the importance and dominating nature of the archive - The inside of the archive will be full of bookcases and furniture so the space will seem a lot more intimate and inviting (Fig 5)
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Construction Response
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Construction Response Manufacturing process
Manufacturing process for the translucent marble 1. The first stage of the production is to determine the thickness of the marble. The next stage is to set up the different length and height of each panel on the computer 2. Once the panels dimensions have been set, the saw can start cutting out the panels which will take a long time as each panels is different and cutting stone is requires a lot of time
1. Putting the desired size and dimension of the marble panels
2. Cutting out the marble panels
3. Initial cleaning and polishing of the marble panels
3. Once the marble panels have been cut, it can be cleaned to remove the stray bits of marble and polish it 4. The marble panel will then be bonded onto a piece of glass to make it more stable and stronger. It is then polished and cleaned for the last time 5. The panels are then package carefully to prevent the surface from scratching and chipping, then it is transported to the site for assembling onto the steel frame structure
4. The marble panels is then bonded to a piece of glass to give it strength and stability
5. The panels are then carefully packaged and transported to site
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Construction Response Ground floor/External wall junction
Clasp to hold the cladding Translucent marble cladding Secondary steel structure Waterproof membrane Steel I beam Insulation Bracket to prevent water entering Metal plate to protect the steel strutcure
Bolts to join the foundation and steel column Flooring Underfloor heating Screed Insulation Concrete slab Waterproof membrane Sand Blinding Waterproof Membrane Hardcore Scale 1:10 at A2
Pile foundation
Reasons for the construction - There is insulation between the structural I beam and in the floor to reduce the need for heating - The pipes are underfloor heating which will be powered by the geothermal energy - There is a waterproof membrane surrounding the exterior and part of the foundation to ensure no water damage - The marble panels will be clad on to make it easier to construct
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Construction Response Roof /External Wall junction Bracket Gutter
Roof steel beam system Waterproof membrane Metal finish
Insulation Primary structural steel column waterproof membrane Secondary steel structure Translucent marble panels Clasp to hold the cladding Scale 1:10 at A2
Reasons for the construction - There is insulation in the whole roof to maintain as much heat in the building as possible and to reduce the need to use underfloor heating - The steel column joins with the roof beams system and then another set of steel column is bolted on to create the effect of the walls travelling past the roof - There is a slant on the roof to make the water run to the gutter
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Construction Response Reglet cap flashing
Glazing Detail Structural Glass
Sheet roofing Waterproof membrane Roofing structure Passive ventilation route Sealant
Rigid Insulation Steel beam system to support roof Plasterboard Bolts to hold the window frame Opening for passive ventilation Steel mesh to prevent insect entering the ventilation chute Flashing Internal glass External glass sheet Scale 1:10 at A2
Reasons for the construction - Triple glazed window to make it more insulating to prevent losing heat - There is a cap and steel mesh to protect the opening in the roof which allows the wind to travel into the building and passively ventilate it - The sealant will prevent the glass from letting in water vapours and causing condensation between the layers of the glass
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