Redefining Transitional Housing For Homeless Veterans Kathryn Santos Ball State University Professor: Michel Mounayar Advisor: Cesar Cruz
60,912 veterans in the United States will have no where to sleep tonight. 22 veterans will commit suicide today from untreated illnesses.
Introduction
Acknowledgments ... page 4 Abstract ... page 5
Thesis proposal
Issues and Positions ... page 6 Thesis Question, Statement, and Project Overview ... page 7 Program Outline ... page 8 Site Selection and Information ... page 9 Research Overview ... page 12
Design Process and Results
Design objectives ... page 34 Personal Stories ... page 35 Form Discovery ... page 36 Use of Cross-Laminated Timber ... page 37 Site Plan ... page 38 VA Facilities ... page 40 Unit Information and Construction ... page 44 Living Facility’s Floor Plans ... page 48
Reflections and Conclusions
Reflection ... page 54 Recommendations ... page 55
Resources
Bibliography ... page 56 Image List ... page 58
01 02 03 04 05
Acknowledgments Page 4
I would like to express my deepest appreciation to my studio professor, Michel Mounayar, and my thesis advisor, Cesar Cruz. Their dedication, support,
scholarly
advice,
and
overall insight into the professional field
helped
possible.
make
Their
this
project
encouragement
throughout this process allowed me to keep striving and improving. My appreciation also goes to my family and friends who supported me during my college career and reminded me of my passion for architecture.
environment that cannot serve the
across the United States. There
basic needs of a large percentage of
are 553,742 people (about half the
veterans experiencing homelessness.
population of Maine) who experience homelessness on any given night.
The design of this typology should
60,912 of these people have served in
combat mental illness and social
the military. In fact, men and women
isolation. This thesis explores applying
who have served in the military
biophilic
are at a higher risk of experiencing
housing for homeless veterans to
homelessness
positively impact the mental health
than
any
other
the
design
to
inhabitants.
transitional
demographic. This is mainly because
of
The
design
of mental and physical trauma.
process also should utilize modular design to cut down on construction
The
demand
for
housing
costs and time.
The master plan
developments for veterans surpasses
for this facility will also use public
the supply. Although there have
spaces to combat social isolation.
been efforts made to alleviate this crisis, the existing process does not adapt to the needs of these veterans, involves costly construction, and is
inefficient
complications
with in
time. the
These current
construction process have created an
A b s t r a c t
Homelessness is a plague that spans
Page 5
s a l
i s
s o
e p
h o
T P r Page 6
Issues
Po s iti o n s
• Tr a n s i ti o n al h o u s i n g f o r h o m e l e s s v eter a ns d o e s n o t ad d r e s s m e n t al di s a bi l i t i e s l i k e P TSD , an x i e t y , s o c i a l i s o l at i o n , an d d e p r e s s i o n . Th i s s pe ci f i c g r o u p o f p e o p l e i s a t a hi g h e r r i s k f o r t h e s e m e n t al i l l n es s es , b u t f aci l i t i e s d o n o t uti l i ze d e s i g n t o ai d i n t h e menta l h e al t h o f t h e i n h ab i t an t s .
• T h e de si gn f or th e se f a c i l i ti e s s h ou l d h av e a pos i ti v e i m pa c t on a pe rs on ’ s p s yc h e . Se v e ra l s c i e n ti f i c stu di e s h av e sh own th a t be i n g e m e rse d i n n at u re c a n l owe r bl ood pre s su re , r e d u c e stre ss , a n d l e ss e n th e e f f e c ts o f me n ta l i l l n e s se s. Th e re f ore , n a tu re s h ou l d be i n te gra te d i n to th e de si gn e i t h e r by u si n g n a tu ra l m a te ri a l s or b y c re a ti n g s m a l l gre e n s pa c e s th a t can be e n j oye d by th e c om m u n i ty.
• A r o un d 6 0 ,9 1 2 s e r v i ce m e n a n d w o m e n co u l d e x p e r i e n ce ho mel ess n e s s on an y given ni ght. T h i s v as t n u m b e r s h o w s the h i g h d e m an d an d n e e d for ho u s i n g . Ho w e v e r , the tr a di ti o n al co n s t r u ct i o n p r o ce s s tha t i s u s e d f o r t h e s e f aci l i t i e s w a s te b o t h t i m e an d m o n e y bec a u s e of its i n e f f i ci e n cy .
• Instead of using traditional construction m e t h ods, tra n si ti on a l h ou s i n g f or h o me l e ss v e te ra n s s h ou l d c a pi ta l i z e on pre f a bri c a ti on and m odu l a r co n stru c ti on . M odu l a r l i v i n g u n i ts c a n b e c on stru c te d of f -si te i n a n a s se m bl y l i n e type f a s h i on wh i l e th e f ou n da ti on an d s tru c tu re a re be i n g bu i l t on -si te . T h i s wi l l c u t down on th e c on stru c ti on co s t a n d ti m e f or e a c h f a c i l i ty.
• C u r r en t f l o o r p l an s o f t r an s i t i o n al ho u s i ng f o r h o m e l e s s v e t e r an s d o not fully serve people with physical di s a bi l i t i e s . Although these f a c i l i ti es d o f o l l o w A DA co d e s , tha t i s n o t e n o u g h f o r s o m e o n e c o n f i n ed t o a w h e e l ch ai r t o l i v e c o mf o r t ab l y . Of t e n t i m e s t h e l a y o u ts f o r t h e l i v i n g u n i t s h av e ti gh t s p ace s t o m an e u v e r ar o u n d a n d s mal l o b s t acl e s s u ch as d o o r tr ea ds th at can b e co m e a n u i s an ce .
• F l o or pl a n s f or th i s typol ogy s h ou l d be spacious so that a person in a wheelchair can e a si l y m ov e a rou n d th e i r l i v i n g u n it. Un i ts s h ou l d u se poc ke t doors w i t h n o-s i l l th re s h ol ds to e l i m i n a te th e h ass l e of a door s wi n g a n d a l l ow e a si e r acce s s f rom room to room . I n ste a d of o n ly f ol l owi n g ADA c ode s , e v e ry s m a l l d e ta i l of th e de s i gn s h ou l d be c a te re d t o s om e on e wi th a ph ys i c a l di s a bi l i ty.
Thesis Ques t ion
H ow can arch i tec tu r e po s i ti vel y i m p act the l ives o f homel es s veter a ns ?
Thesis Stat e m ent
B iophilic and mo dul a r des i gn s h o u l d b e u sed in t ran s i ti o n a l ho u s i ng f o r homeless vet er a n s s o th ey c a n b e a ssist ed in o ver c o mi n g ph y s i c a l an d m ental disabi l i ti es .
P roj ect O ver view
T his project w i l l r edef i n e ho w tr an s i t i o n al housing fo r h o mel es s v eter a ns sh o u l d b e d esigned. It w i l l c r ea te new s ta n d ar d s b y cre a t ing spaci o us f l o o r pl a ns f o r p e o p l e w i t h p hysical disabi l i ti es , u s i ng bi o ph i l i c d e s i g n to reduce t he ef f ec ts o f men ta l i l l n e s s e s , a nd capitalizi ng o n mo dul a r desi g n f o r i t s tim e and co st ef f i c i enc y . Thi s pr o j e ct w i l l introduce VA f a c i l i ti es o n- s i te to al l o w f o r e a sier access to medi c a l tr ea tme n t . It w i l l integrat e t he l o c a l c o mmun i ty t h r o u g h outdoo r publi c s pa c es a nd c o mm e r ci al b uildings to enc o ur a ge th e i n ter act i o n of homeless v eter a ns a n d o ther s i n t h e com munit y. Th i s f a c i l i ty w i l l ma i n l y h o u s e single-unit dw el l i n gs bec a u s e 92 % o f homeless veter a n s a r e s i n gl e ma l e s . Ho w e v e r , there will be s o me tw o - bedr o o m u n i t s f o r the occasional bo n ded pa i r . Page 7
P rogram o u t l ine C o mmunity Spa ce s C a fe - 1,554 s qf t J uice Bar - 1,660 s qf t Rest aurant (2) - 1, 853 s qf t Gym - 2,250 s qf t Retail (5) - 1,7 72 s qf t VA Facil iti es Physical Thera py - 3, 040 s qf t M e dical Clinic - 4, 790 s qf t C ounseling Ce nter - 4, 790 s qf t
Ho me l e ss Ve te ran Stati sti cs
51% have disab ilities
Living Units O ne Bedro o m ( 83) - 731 s qf t Two Bedroo m ( 24) - 1, 050 s qf t
68% live in ur ban areas
92% are single males Figure 1. Homeless Veterans Statistics Graphs. Image by author in 2022.
Page 8
Si te Selec t io n and In f ormat ion Tex as is o ne o f th e to p thr ee s t at e s with the hig hes t h o mel es s v et e r an p opulatio n an d D a l l a s bei n g o n e of the to p 20 c i ti es i n A me r i ca. A rou nd 900 veter a ns w i l l exper i e n ce homelessness o n a n y gi v en n i g h t . T his is why th e pr o po s ed s i te w i l l b e locat ed in D a l l a s , Texa s . 68 % o f homeless vet er a ns a r e l o c a te d i n d ownto wn are a s bec a us e o f the e as y a ccess to basi c n eeds . Ther ef o r e , t h e p ropo sed sit e w i l l be i n do w n t o w n Da llas. Curren tl y , th e s i te i s a p ay to-park parking l o t o f f o f El m St r e e t a nd acro ss fr o m a pa r ki ng gar ag e .
Figure 2. Location of Dallas, Texas. Image by author in 2022.
Figure 3. Location of Proposed Site. Image by author in 2022.
Page 9
North of the site, across from Pacific Avenue, are three green spaces. Northwest is Pacific Plaza which has a variety of different seating areas and some children’s playground equipment. North of the site is a bus station that utilizes green spaces and lawns. Northeast of the proposed site is John W. Carpenter Park. This park is currently under construction, but it will feature green spaces, walking paths, and a dog park.
John W. Carpenter Park
Public Bus Station
Proposed Site Pacific Plaza
Figure 4. Site Context Diagram. Image by author in 2022.
The site will be located near several different transportation options. Across the street is a bus station and three different Dallas DART stations are only a couple of blocks away. Having easy access to transportation is important so that the inhabitants have a way to move around the city to access goods or services.
DART Station
DART Station
DART Station
Figure 5. Location of Public Transportation Diagram. Image by author in 2022.
Bus Station
Proposed Site
U s e of Bi op h il ic D esign
“Biophilic design aims to create
urban context. Therefore, provoking
landscapes that enhance human
this aspect of the human brain to
physical and mental health and
positively affect mental and physical
Homelessness has plagued American
productivity by fostering beneficial
health can be achieved through
veterans for decades. According to
connections between people and
biophilic design. However, there are a
the U.S.
Department of Veterans
nature in places of cultural and
multitude of variables to consider in a
Affairs, 37,085 veterans experienced
ecological significance” (Baldwin et
design project for it to be successful.
homelessness in 2019. These men
al., 2011). The use of biophilic design
There are plenty of research studies
and women gave up a part of their
has been around for centuries but
that have proven the psychological
lives to fight for their country but
has only recently been connected
benefits of being around nature. Some
are often neglected once they return
with restorative cognitive function
of these benefits include lower stress
from service. Three main reasons
and physical health. Some scientists
levels, increased mood, and reduced
for homelessness among veterans
believe that this is because “…
risk from psychotic disorders. An
are social isolation, physical injuries,
humans are innately predisposed
article published by the International
and mental illness. These issues
to have an emotional affinity with
Journal of Environmental Research
can be addressed through modular
nature” (Joye, 2006). It is thought
and Public Health explains a study
homes that can create a community
that humans have this preference
that found the mental health benefits
and biophilic design to fight against
for nature due to the fact that “…
of public green spaces. Participants
mental illnesses. This research will dive
the brain evolved in a biocentric
were required to take part in some
further into the benefits of integrating
world” (Joye, 2006). In other words,
type of activity in one of three local
nature
creating
people have been interwoven with
green spaces over a period of two
successful community spaces, and
nature for the majority of humanity;
weeks. These volunteers were then
the efficiencies of modular design.
only recently branching away to an
expected to answer a questionnaire to
Page 12
into
a
project,
determine if there were any changes to their mental well-being. The study found that there were positive effects on the participants’ moods on all forms of activity. However, the authors state that “the location of the green space, over and above the type of activity, was an important factor in reducing stress. The concept of a healthy place is not only dependent on the physical characteristics of a site but also includes a sense of place…” (Coventry et al., 2019). This shows that although green public
Figure 6. Interior Perspective of Te Kura Whare in New Zealand. Image was downloaded from https://owtnz.com/project/te-kurawhare/ in April 2022.
spaces are beneficial, they need to
in urban environments” (Coventry
can achieve a successful design
be well designed and relate to the
et al., 2019). These positive effects
with this strategy. They explain
public to reach its full potential.
on a person’s psyche are essential
that green spaces are not the only
Additionally, the study found that
in designing facilities for veterans
characteristics of biophilic design,
“Short walks of thirty minutes in
who experience mental illnesses.
but also aspects such as natural
natural environments with green or
Martin and Choi (2018) Provide a
lighting, natural shapes and forms,
blue spaces are also associated with
couple of study cases in their article
environmental
greater restorative experiences and
about biophilic design. These case
patterns, place-based relationship,
cognitive function than similar walks
studies
and natural materials also play a
explain
how
designers
features,
natural
Page 13
significant role. Integrating all these
forest” (Martin & Choi, 2018). By
secure, and truly be content with
attributes or biophilia contribute to
imitating the local environment,
their way in living. It is imperative to
making a well-designed project. One
the designers were also creating a
create this kind of experience when
case study that they presented is a
sense of place with the community.
designing a transitional housing
community center in New Zealand
As
the
facility. In order to best produce
known as Te Kura Whare. “Lighting—
study performed by Coventry et.at.,
this type of experience, biophilic
both natural and artificial—is cleverly
creating a sense of place is essential
design needs to be implemented
varied
building,
to create a successful design project.
to its full potential. The studies that
warming the timber and leveraging
These design strategies are crucial
were performed by Coventry, Neale,
varying intensities of light and
when using biophilic design to
Dyke, Pateman, and Cinderby have
shadow that change over time to
aid in mental health. To produce
proven the mental benefits of using
emulate conditions that occur in
a successful transitional housing
this type of design strategy. The
nature” (Martin & Choi, 2018). This
facility, the structure should use
participants who performed daily
community center not only has
natural materials like exposed cross-
activities for two weeks in their study
access to public green spaces, but it
laminated timber as well as local
all showed reduced stress levels,
also mimics its natural environment
materials and wildlife vegetation. If
better moods, and reduced heart
through
materials.
the design were to use materials or
rates. However, their study also found
More specifically, “Natural materials,
vegetation that are not usually found
that being in a natural environment
shapes and forms can be seen and
in the area, then it would be more
is not the only important factor to
touched in the logs that serve as
difficult for the local population
consider. They discovered that if a
posts, beams and trusses… Together
to form a connection to the place.
participant felt a sense of place in
with vertical bands of glazing, they
Home is often thought of as being a
their environment, then these effects
are suggestive of tree trunks in a
place where a person can relax, feel
were greatly intensified. To create a
Page 14
throughout
lighting
the
and
previously
stated
from
sense of place in a design, the use of
traumas
and
materials, lighting, and other design
designing with natural elements is
characteristics need to be strategically
not the only design decision that
chosen. Using local materials would
should be made. Creating enjoyable
better connect with the community
public
spaces
illnesses.
is
also
However,
crucial.
than a foreign material brought from an unknown location. Although biophilic design is usually only seen as providing public green spaces, that is not the only approach that should be
applied.
Natural
daylighting,
materials, organic forms, and natural patterns should all be utilized when creating a successful design. The Te Kura Whare community center in New Zealand used all these qualities in its design to productively connect with the local population. The benefits of biophilic design are important characteristics to consider when designing a development for a population of people who are at higher risk of suffering from mental Page 15
Imp ortan c e o f P u blic Spac es
for homelessness (among veterans)
neuroendocrine system, and cognitive
are lack of support and social
functioning” and that “PSI also leads
isolation after discharge” (“Veteran
to depression, cognitive decline,
The urban environment has rapidly
Homelessness Facts,” n.d.). Therefore,
and
transformed into a concrete jungle.
designing a social hub to counteract
social isolation can affect a person’s
Most cities in America have evolved
the social isolation that homeless
physical health, it also has harmful
around motorized vehicles instead
veterans are faced with is imperative in
effects on a person’s psychological
of the people. Urban planning in
a transitional housing development.
health. A study that was performed
the United States focused on roads
After being discharged many veterans
on British school children found
and highways, making public spaces
will leave the military and retreat
that “early childhood loneliness (at
and pedestrian life a low priority.
into isolation to seek refuge. They
ages five and nine) was predictive of
Cities often lack well designed public
often feel alone and like an outcast
significant depressive illness later in
spaces because of this movement
after having to return to civilian life
life” (Bhatti & Haq, 2017). Another
towards automobiles. Over 60% of
and being separated from the men
study that was carried out included a
the homeless veteran population
and women who went through the
sample group of 19,000 individuals.
reside in urban areas because of the
same experiences. However, this
They discovered that among the
easy access to necessities that cities
withdrawal into seclusion can have
sample group “those who frequently
provide (“Veteran Homelessness,”
immense negative effects on a
experienced loneliness were at 21%
2021). Cities not providing enough
person’s health. Research performed
increased risk of having suicidal
public spaces for social interaction
by Bhatti and Haq (2017) found that
thoughts (as against 2.5% of those
is detrimental to the health of
there are “clear linkages between
who were not as frequently lonely)
homeless veterans. In fact, “research
PSI
(perceived
isolation)
and had a 8.4% chance of attempting
shows that the greatest risk factors
and
the
system,
suicide as against 0.7% for those who
Page 16
social
cardiovascular
sleep
problems.”
Although
were less frequently lonely” (Bhatti & Haq, 2017). Veterans are already at a high risk of suffering from mental disorders such as post traumatic stress
disorder
and
depression.
Therefore, it is essential not to assist in this problem, but instead encourage social interaction among homeless
veterans
through
the
use of well-designed public spaces. Although creating a communal space is important, it is crucial to ensure that the space is well designed so that it attracts people to inhabit the
Figure 7. Photo showing community interation in King George Square. Image was downloaded from https://www.gpsmycity.com/ attractions/king-george-square-24695.html in April 2022.
area. Just providing a space to gather
channels.” In other words, the majority
better engage the public rather than
is not necessarily enough to be
of the people merely passed through
them becoming movement channels.
inviting to the public. Trudy Schmidt
these spaces without stopping. Even
The first rule is that “public space
examined two public spaces in the
though these spaces were labeled
design should encourage a range
Brisbane Central Business District:
as movement channels, Schmidt
of different activities and choices
King George Square and Riverside
noticed that some people would use
to attract people into the space,
Centre Steps. She discovered that
the space for other activities. She
through the provision of different
both of these community spaces
used these findings to determine
areas which allow for a range of
could be categorized as “movement
how to design public spaces to
different use” (Pancholi et al., 2015). If Page 17
a space is designed to only serve one
Some other suggestions include
with cognitive function. There can
purpose, then the amount of people
providing interesting or beautiful
also be an affect on psychological
who use the space becomes limited.
views, allowing enough space for
health such as depression or anxiety.
However, if the space is able to be
groups to cluster, and the use of
Veterans are already more likely to
responsive to a multitude of user
water should be integrated into
experience these types of health
needs then more people are likely to
the design due to people’s natural
problems compared to their civilian
utilize the space. Another rule that
attraction towards water. Keeping
peers so the design of a transitional
was determined was that “a range
these design strategies in mind
housing facility for homeless veterans
of adequate seating types should be
when establishing a public place will
should be created to promote better
provided to ensure opportunities and
guarantee that the space is successful
health. To fight against the isolation
choices suited to maximum number
in attracting the local population.
that homeless veterans face the
of users” (Pancholi et al., 2015).
Homeless veterans are at a high
development needs to offer public
Schmidt found that a popular activity
risk of socially secluding themselves
spaces to stimulate social gathering.
among the people who spent time
from the public. Often times this is
Not only would this allow for veterans
in these public spaces was people
because civilian life can be difficult
to come together and lean on one
watching;
supplying
to adjust back into after being
another for support, but it would
sufficient seating is essential for
discharged. Studies such as the
also draw in the community and
public spaces. The placement of the
one completed by Bhatti and Haq
encourage the local residents to help
seating is also significant. Seating
have found there to be a variety of
fight against and better understand
should be placed in areas that receive
negative side effects from social
the
sunshine and in areas that are shaded
isolation. These side effects include
However, in order to for a public
so people have different choices
damage to a person’s physical health
space to successfully entice the public
based on their thermal comfort.
like cardiovascular problems or issues
there are certain design strategies
Page 18
therefore,
problem
of
homelessness.
that should be implemented. The
social isolation is ideal. Designing
space needs to offer a variety of
a space where the population can
activities for the community to
gather and interact with one another
interact with and enjoy. The more
would not only allow for the veterans
physically, emotionally, and mentally
to connect with other veterans
stimulating the area is then the more
experiencing the same life struggles,
likely it is for the people to want to
but also help bridge the social class
inhabit the space. There should also
gap of homeless veterans and the
be adequate seating for the people
local community. Although biophilic
to use that offer different visual and
design and producing successful
physically experiences such as being
public spaces are vital, they are
in the shade versus being in the sun.
not the only design aspects to take
Providing visual inspiration such as a
into account when manufacturing
water feature or a sculptural element
transitional
would also lure the local community.
housing is in high demand so there
Using
design
should be a solution that is used to
components in a public space would
minimize construction time and cost.
ensure that the space is successful
Not only would this allow for more
in drawing in people to occupy the
developments to be constructed
area and promote social interaction.
because of the lower costs, but it
Creating a desirable public space
would also allow for more complexes
for a housing development where
to be built in a faster amount of time.
these
different
housing.
Transitional
the inhabitants often experience Page 19
Eff icienc y o f M odul ar D es ig n
undergoing work at the same time.
solution to cut down on construction
When a mistake happens because
costs and create a process that can
of this it lengthens the timeline for
easily be used throughout a multitude
The cost of construction can quickly
the projects and raises the expenses.
of states is to use modular design.
become out of hand and easily
According to the 2021 budget plan
The use of modular design can cut
exceed a provided budget, especially
released by the Veteran’s Affairs, the
down on the time of construction
in a post-covid world. The prices of
allotted amount that goes towards
for a project. The design can be
building materials have sored to a
homeless veterans is $1.8 billion
constructed in a different location
record high due to the lack of supply
(Veteran’s Affairs, 2021). This budget is
while site preparation is on-going.
during coronavirus. This has caused
not strictly for housing development,
Some advantages of modular design
the price in construction to also go
it also includes other services such
include “(1) standardized design, (2)
up. However, it is not only the expense
as
standardized production method,
of materials that has made the cost
opportunities.
of construction so pricey. The cost
budget that the VA has to spend
(mass
of labor is also a factor into the price
towards housing development for
et al., 2019). Through the use of
of construction. Modular design can
homeless veterans across the nation
standardized design and production
significantly reduce the traditional
is significantly less than $1.8 billion.
methods, structures can be built
cost of homebuilding by reducing
There is a high demand for housing
faster
material and labor costs. When
among homeless veterans across the
using traditional methods. A study
traditional construction techniques
states so ensuring that the price of
performed in Seoul, South Korea
are used there is a higher chance
construction is as low as possible so
examined the construction data from
for rework. This risk occurs because
that a greater amount of veterans can
91 different traditional built housing
there are multiple areas that are
be positively impacted is imperative. A
projects and compared these against
Page 20
health
care
or
employment
Therefore,
the
and (3) large-scale development production
than
system)”
when
(Lee
constructed
projects that used the modular design concepts. “The results show that, even if not standardized, the design and production process, and modular
construction
durations,
were more effective” (Lee et al., 2019). A main factor that helped make the construction time for modular design significantly shorter was that the structure could be built off site while the foundation was being poured for the project. Another benefit that aided in creating a faster construction
schedule
was
Figure 8. Diagram explaining the different types of modular design. Image was downloaded from https://www.semanticscholar.org/ paper/An-Analysis-on-Architectural-Characteristics-of-and-Lee-Lim/81fb74e2b78c7c53bf9226aa5fb9a17ff6b9dde7 in April 2022.
that
“modular construction has the effect
worked at a fixed time and workspace;
produced in a short amount of time.
of resource saving and productivity
therefore, in modular design there
The growing population of homeless
improvement by minimizing rework”
is less of a chance for mistakes.
veterans has led to a high demand
(Hyun et al., 2020). When a project
Although a lower price tag on a
in housing development for this
is constructed in a conventional way
project from modular design is
particular group. This high demand
there is a higher risk for a design
one benefit from having a reduced
should
mistake to occur due to multiple
construction
another
the time efficient use of modular
areas under work at the same time.
important benefit is that these
design. Time sensitive architectural
Meanwhile,
modular designs can be easily mass
crises have been using modular
modular
design
is
timeline,
be
addressed
through
Page 21
design to quickly address occurring
structure
BIM
into the framed area with pillars for
problems. One example is how
technologies assisted in planning
further waste drainage system. When
architects addressed the problem
and
formation”
the foundation is set, a skeleton of
of
healthcare
(Smolova & Smolova, 2021). These
the units is placed accordingly to
facilities due to coronavirus. When
units needed to be designed with BIM
the plan. Consequently, skeleton
COVID-19 first started to spread into
technologies due to the complexity
modules
a pandemic, hospitals across the
of creating treatment facilities for
prefabricated panels and essential
globe were struggling to cope with
infectious diseases. The hospital was
electrical, medical, and ventilation
the influx of people being emitted.
designed with “1,600 beds located
systems, after which beds and other
This high demand for patient space
on a 79900 m2 covering” (Smolova
equipment can be placed” (Smolova
drove designers to create module
& Smolova, 2021). Although this
& Smolova, 2021). While the crews
units that could be easily constructed
hospital was relatively large the total
worked on site to level the ground
and shipped to areas that needed
construction time was only ten days
and prepare the foundation, the
temporary spaces for COVID patients.
and was broken into multiple steps.
panels and skeleton structure for the
One study that was performed to
“Initial preparation includes work of
modular units were being constructed
advocate for modular healthcare
excavators and bulldozers for leveling
off-site. Once the groundwork was
design looked at the construction
the ground. When the ground is
complete the structure and panels
methods for Leishenshan Hospital.
flat, sand is being distributed on
were sent to the site where they
This hospital was built as a response
the ground into layers combining
could be effortlessly put together
to provide healthcare space to
geotextile fabric and waterproofing
like a puzzle piece. This speedy
COVID-19 patients. The construction
materials in between to form the
construction technique would allow
process “combined the assembly
basis
Following
for housing development to quickly
of modules on-site fitting into the
that, concrete foundation is poured
be implemented for the growing
overcrowding
Page 22
in
where
precise
for
innovative
hospital
foundation.
being
completed
with
homeless
veteran
population.
could be to use modular construction
The Office of Veteran’s Affairs has
for the housing developments. This
less than $1.8 billion to spread
method would cut down on time and
throughout
the
cost for a project. When designing a
country to use for homeless veterans
housing development for homeless
housing developments. Therefore,
veterans, there are three key factors
the cost of construction for these
that should be considered. The
developments should be as cost
design should utilize biophilic design
efficient as possible so that more
because of the psychological benefits
veterans in the United States can be
that natural forms and materials have
assisted. Conventional construction
on the human brain. There should
can
project’s
also be well designed public spaces
budget. The cost of a multitude of
that captivate people to inhabit the
materials, labor, and fixing design
spaces to prevent social isolation.
mistakes all play a part into driving
Lastly, the project should employ
the price of a project up. The need
the module design method to lessen
for
homeless
the amount of time and cost of
veterans is an increasing crisis in the
construction and be more efficient.
the
rapidly
housing
entirety
exceed
among
a
of
United States. This high demand for housing means the amount of time for a development project needs to be shortened as much as possible. A solution to both of these problems Page 23
P recedent 1 : A m a zon Se cond H e adquart e r s by N BB J NBBJ designed the second Amazon
and wind their way up the structure.
Headquarters in Virgina with the
Figure 9 shows how these nature
employees’ health in mind. Often
trails wrap around the building.
times people who work in an office environment neglect to get the
Not only does this encourage the
recommended amount of exercise.
workers to take a break outside and
They are also usually trapped
exercise, but it also provides views
within their office with hardly
from their offices that soften the
any views to a natural landscape.
surrounding urban context. This use of nature helps with the mental
The design team at NBBJ decided to
drain that many white collar people
fight against this problem that has
face. It also has a positive impact
been plaguing American workers.
on their physical health by offering
They incorporated biophilia into
easy access to scenic walking paths.
their design by integrating a park into the building. The structure of
Figure 10 is a diagram of the
the building is a double helix that
important spaces and connections
twists into a tall skyscraper. Walking
in the design process. For instance,
trails start at the base of the building
the main idea of this project
Page 24
Figure 9. Bird’s eye view of the proposed Amazon Second Headquarters in Virgina. Image was downloaded from https://www.dezeen.com/2021/02/03/amazon-hq2headquarters-nbbj-glass-tower-usa/ in September 2021.
was to replicate a large hill that can be climbed, this aspect is highlighted in the diagram. The diagram also includes areas such as the “summit” and “nature/ horticulture.” As previously mentioned, biophilia this
was
design.
an
integral
Therefore,
having
areas
to
Figure 11
shows one of the interactive spaces
were
to
dedicated
outdoor
nature
aspect
that
can
necessary.
be
found
throughout the building and its site. These outdoor spaces have paths that weave in
Figure 10. Diagram of the important aspects in the design. Diagram was downloaded from https://www.bizjournals.com/ washington/news/2021/02/02/amazon-unveils-penplace-plans.html in September 2021..
between spacious green lawns. The walking paths not only invite the workers, but also the local community. Creating inviting green spaces is important for a successful green space. An essential quality to biophilic design is to design successful public green spaces.
This
helps
promotes
positive
effects on physical and mental health. Figure 11. Image of the outdoor area. Image was downloaded from https://www.dezeen.com/2021/02/03/amazon-hq2headquarters-nbbj-glass-tower-usa/ in September 2021.
Page 25
P recedent 2 : Crown Sk y G ar d en by M ikyoung K im D e s ig n The Lurie Children’s Hospital in
the city. Figure 12 shows a portion
Chicago has a play area known as
of this interactive play space.
the Crown Sky Garden. This garden provides
a
sanctuary
for
the
The firm intentionally provided this
children in the hospital. Going to the
sky garden due to research that has
hospital can be a scary experience,
proven the use of biophilic design
especially for a child, so this
reducing the recovery time for
getaway is essential to the hospital.
patients. Using this type of design should become more common in
This garden was designed with
facilities that deal with the mental
a child’s imagination. There are
and physical health of the public.
colorful
panels
that
light
up,
curvilinear shapes that provoke
Figure 13 explains the cognitive
play, and a bamboo forest in the
benefits
middle of a dense city. The garden
implemented into the sky garden.
offers an active space that not
The space engages all the senses
only allows the user to escape
instead of just visual. The logs
from the typology of a hospital,
have speakers that produce forest
but also from the urban context of
sounds
Page 26
from
the
designs
and there is running
Figure 12. The play area of the Crown Sky Garden in Chicago. Image was downloaded from https://architizer.com/projects/crown-sky-garden-at-chicagolurie-childrens-hospital/ in September 2021.
water to also mimic the sounds of nature. The bamboo that was planted in the garden creates a fresh outdoor smell to better engage the inhabitants. The firm also created a mezzanine that offers a different perspective of the space. Activating all the senses is what makes a
biophilic
Figure 14
design
truly
successful.
shows some of the natural
materials that are used in the sky garden. Although designing with nature is an important characteristic of biophilic design, it is not the only one. The use of materials,
Figure 13. Diagram showing the cognitive benefits of the sky garden. Diagram was downloaded from https://www.luriechildrens. org/en/patients-visitors/explore-the-hospital/crown-sky-garden/ in September 2021.
lighting, and patterns are also essential. Mikyoung Kim Design chose to use reclaimed wood from the area to create seating. Not only does this add another natural element to the garden, but reusing a local material is a more sustainable practice and better for the environment. Figure 14. Use of local reclaimed wood for seating. Image was downloaded from https://thesisprep2014.wordpress. com/2014/11/29/the-crown-sky-garden/ in September 2021.
Page 27
P recedent 3 : M aierh of Ho u s ing Es tate by Fe l d 7 2 The Maierhof Housing Estate is
fabric. Throughout the site are
located in Bludenz, Austria. This
pedestrian only paths that connect
small town is located in the alpines
the units to one another. Figure
of Austria and has magnificent views
15 shows the external material and
of the surrounding mountain range.
part of the walkway being used.
Feld72 did not want to impede on the characteristics and charm of
The pathways all connect to the
the old town so they designed
middle of the estate where there
these estates to be split up into
is a large open public space. This
multiple units instead of creating
space is not only open to the
one
people who live in the housing
overwhelming
structure.
units, but also the local community Each unit was strategically placed
of the town.
on the site to create specific views
offers seating and trees that will
and
village-like
provide shade once they have
character of the town. The exterior
matured. Figure 16 shows a bird’s
facade of the structures use local
eye view of this open green space.
maintain
the
materials to also help blend in with the town’s existing design Page 28
This public space
Figure 15. The exterior material of the Maierhof Housing Estate. Image was downloaded from https://www.archdaily.com/924454/housing-developmentmaierhof-feld72 in October 2021.
The housing units surround the communal space that was created on site. The patios of the units face the green space to invite the inhabitants of the estate to walk out onto the lawn and encourage social interaction. Figure 17 is a diagram that shows the arrangement of these units to emphasize the importance of the public space.
Figure 16. The public green space in the housing estate. Image was downloaded from https://www.archdaily.com/924454/housingdevelopment-maierhof-feld72 in October 2021.
Figure 17. Diagram showing the layout of the units around the community space.. Image was downloaded from https://www. archdaily.com/924454/housing-development-maierhof-feld72 in October 2021.
Page 29
P recedent 4 : Sch ool / H o u se by S OM
This
design
This unit can be easily constructed
was created as a response to
wherever needed if a school needs
COVID-19. The easily assembled
to expand their footprint. It can
school address problems such
also easily be taken apart if the
as density, air circulation, social
school decides they no longer
distancing,
safety
have a use for them. Figure 18
era.
shows one of these units being
during
pop-up
school
health,
the
and
pandemic
used in a more rural location. The design features include a high ceiling, views to the exterior,
Each module measures 36’ x 42’ to
enhanced airflow systems, easily
accommodate a class of 25 people
sanitized finishes, and integrated
that need to be spaced 6 feet apart.
technology. This modular unit
These units are constructed in six
can be deployed rapidly on any
easy steps. The walls and roofs of
flat surfaces in urban or rural
each structure is assembled from
areas. This unit addresses the
a folded aluminum frame filled
safety concern of overcrowding
with reinforced fiberglass panels.
in schools during a pandemic.
Once the frames are unfolded they can be effortlessly assembled
Page 30
Figure 18. School / House modular unit being used in a rural area. Image was downloaded from https://www.archdaily.com/947828/som-designs-covidresponsive-pop-up-school in 2021.
to create the full module. Figure 19 shows a diagram that explains this process. Once a unit is constructed, the process can be repeated to create multiple modules. These units can then be grouped together to create their own community type context. Figure 20 shows the modules being repeated to create their own community. Figure 19. Diagram of the construction process for School / House. Image was downloaded from https://www.archdaily. com/947828/som-designs-covid-responsive-pop-up-school in 2021
Figure 20. Image showing how the modules can be repeated to create their own community. Image was downloaded from https:// www.archdaily.com/947828/som-designs-covid-responsive-pop-up-school in 2021
Page 31
P recedent 5 : 6 W e s t by 359 Desig n
6 West is an apartment complex that was constructed in Edwards,
Each unit is prefabricated off-
Colorado.
site in a factory.
The
apartments
The units are
are multi-family housing and
then shipped to the site where
contain 120 units. The units
they are put together like a
include one to three bedroom
jigsaw puzzle.
options. The complex is made
that 359 Design uses lowers
up of ten buildings laid out at
construction time on site and
the bottom of a mountain valley.
costs. Reducing the construction
This process
time on site was important due Although these units are modular
to the site being on a mountain
they do not lack design or
where weather can be difficult.
aesthetic appeal. Figure 21 shows
Figure 22 shows how each unit is
how the design of the complex
constructed and then assembled
was not compromised in the
together to create the complex.
modular designs. The complex is still a sought after modern
The construction of the units was
design that residents can enjoy.
able to be completed off site while the site was prepared for
Page 32
Figure 21. Exterior finishes of the 6 West apartment complexes. Image was downloaded from http://www.359design.co/6west in 2021.
the structure. This includes pouring the foundation for the complexes. Figure 23 shows how this process was done on site.
Figure 22. Diagram of the units being constructed to form the apartment complex. Image was downloaded from http:// www.359design.co/6west in 2021.
Figure 23. Image showing the construction process for 6 West Apartments. Image was downloaded from http://www.359design. co/6west in 2021.
Page 33
n s s
The VA Medical Facilities in Dallas are located 8 miles south of downtown. This is a 20-minute
Downtown Dallas
car ride without traffic from downtown and a 25-minute ride using the Dallas DART system. Finding transportation to the medical facilities can be difficult for someone who is experiencing
g e
homelessness and long travel times can cause more anxiety. Therefore, VA facilities will be brought onto the site to allow for easy access to
D P r
e s i o c
scheduled appointments or small emergencies. The first floor of the transitional housing will be dedicated to commercial spaces to encourage social interaction with the local community. It is typical for people to have an ignorance toward homeless veterans so the integration of the community can help bridge this gap and bring awareness to the issue. The upper floors will consist of living units and roof gardens that can only be accessed by the people living there. There will be key card access for all three stairs and elevators so that the inhabitants can have their privacy from the community when needed. Page 34
VA Medical Facilities Figure 24. Location of Current VA Medical Facilities in Dallas, Texas. Image by author in 2022.
Justin Carter
Justin was standing guard one night outside the front gates of the base in Afghanistan when an enemy mortar round sprung him into action. The sounds of gunfire and the horrific scenes that Justin saw caused PTSD symptoms once he returned home. Loud noises would cause panic attacks, he was more irritable, and he would suffer from night terrors. The flashbacks that he would experience made it harder for him to maintain a job, but he was unable to find transportation to the VA psychology office.
Logan Conrad
Logan was an army ranger who was deployed shortly after 9/11. He grew close with one of his combat buddies during their time over seas. When Logan returned to the United States he had difficulties transitioning back to civilian life. His friend also had trouble returning home due to the experiences they went through. They created a strong codependent bond because they felt no one else could understand their struggles.
Michael Brown
Michael was part of the 101st airborne when he was deployed to Afghanistan. While on tour, the Humvee in front of him hit an IED. The explosion caused Michael to lose both of his legs and be confined to a wheelchair. After being honorably discharged Michael went to live with a friend of his but found it difficult to move around the house and travel across town to the VA physical therapy facility.
Page 35
Fo rm D i sco ve ry Figure 25 shows the progression of form for the structure. The building was designed in an ellipse shape to utilize the length of the site Utilization of site for internal garden
and create an internal community space that could act as a sanctuary from urban life in Dallas. This form can then help control the amount of noise that enters the site. The use of green public spaces is a key aspect of this facility so there
Blockage of external noises
are clear sightlines to the existing green spaces. These sightlines determined how the building was divided into different sections.
Connection to existing green spaces Figure 25. Form Discovery Diagram. Image by author in 2022.
Page 36
CLT WALL PANEL
SFS DOWELS METAL PLATE SCREWS CLT FLOOR
U s e o f C ro ss-L ami n ate d Ti mbe r The main material that is used throughout this project is cross-laminated timber. CLT is several layers of dimensional hardwood that are stacked and glued together at 90-degree angles. Figure 26 shows how these CLT panels are
SCREWS METAL PLATE SFS DOWELS
connected to create the structure. CLT has a plethora of benefits such as faster installation, high thermal performance, more sustainable than concrete or steel, and can provide enhanced noise control.
CLT WALL PANEL
The thermal performance of a material is important when designing in a hotter climate like Dallas. The noise reduction
SFS DOWELS METAL PLATE ANCHOR BOLTS CONCRETE FOOTING
characteristic is also an important quality so that people experiencing PTSD, like Justin Carter, can be better shielded from loud noises that might be triggering.
Figure 26. CLT Wall Construction Diagram. Image by author in 2022.
Page 37
Si te P l an
B
C
D
A
G
E F E
E
E
E
F
N
0’ - 0”
50’ - 0”
200’ - 0”
100’ - 0”
Figure 27. Site Plan with First Floor Plan. Image by author in 2022.
A - VA Medical Center
B - VA Physical
F - Restaurant
G - Cafe
Page 38
C - Community Gym
D - Juice Bar
E - Retail
Corn er Se ating A r e a
O ut d o o r Gy m
Children’s Pl ayground
C hil d re n’s Pl aygro und
Cen tral Com munit y Space
Ro o f Gard e n
Figure 28. Exterior Renders. Images by author in 2022.
Page 39
VA M edical C e nt er The VA Medical Center is the
the first floor and a counseling
northwest building located on
center on the second floor that
the site. This medical center
will serve the veterans living in
has an urgent care clinic on
the transitional housing units.
Figure 29. Interior Render of Clinic Waiting Room. Image by author in 2022.
Page 40
Figure 30. Interior Render of Counseling Office. Image by author in 2022.
Figure 31. Section Cut of VA Medical Center. Image by author in 2022.
Second Floor Counseling
Mech.
First Floor Clinic
Mech.
Figure 32. Floor Plan of VA Medical Center. Image by author in 2022.
Page 41
VA P h ysic al Th e r a p y an d Co m m un i t y G y m The VA physical therapy and community
is a physical therapy center that will
gym is the northeast building located
serve the veterans and the other half
on the site. This is a one-story building
is a gym that both the inhabitants and
that has been split in half. One half
the local community are able to use.
Figure 33. Interior Render of Physical Therapy. Image by author in 2022.
Page 42
Figure 34. Interior Render of Community Gym. Image by author in 2022.
Figure 35. Section Cut of Physical Therapy and Community Gym. Image by author in 2022.
Figure 36. Floor Plan of Physical Therapy and Community Gym. Image by author in 2022.
Page 43
Why P ref abr ic at ed M o d ul ar De s i gn f o r U n i t Co n stru cti o n ? Prefabricated modular units can
can be built at the same time at a
are modular, they can be constructed
significantly
the
different location. These units can
in an assembly line to be more
construction time compared to other
then be transported on-site once
efficient with time and labor costs.
construction methods. While the
the structural frame is complete
foundation and structural frame for
and be easily placed into their
the facility is being built, the units
designated spots. Because the units
cut
down
on
The Process
U nit Constr u c t ion O f f - S it e Page 44
Tr an s po rt U n i t s to Si t e by S e m i Tr uc k
Pl ace me n t o f Un i ts i n to stru ctu re by C ran e
The units have both opaque and clear glazing in different rooms and at different
PPPPPP SSSSS CCCCCCC
heights. Opaque glazing was used in areas like the bathroom to bring natural light into the space without compromising
privacy.
Large glazing areas have a system of louvers to control daylighting and solar heat gain. The living units will also utilize modular MEP systems. Each unit will have its own MEP system that can then be plugged into the main structure. Figure 37 shows the MEP system and façade layers for a unit. Figure 37. Exploded Axonometric Showing Construction of Units. Image by author in 2022.
Page 45
0’ - 0”
0’ - 0”
2’ - 6”
5’ - 0”
One Bedroom Unit 731 sqft
2’ - 6”
5’ - 0”
10’ - 0”
10’ - 0”
Two Bedroom Unit 1,050 sqft
Figure 38. Interior/Exterior Renders and Floor Plans of Units. Image by author in 2022.
Page 46
When the units are placed into the
four metal plates. Figure 40
structural frame, they will be secured
explains how the interstitial
by using metal plates and bolts. Figure
space between the units will
39 shows how a unit will be bolted into
be used for plumbing stacks.
the floor slabs above and below by
The
modular
plumbing
system in the unit will attach itself to the plumbing stack so that water waste can be safely drained from the units. Figure 39. Diagram Showing How Units Connect to Structure. Image by author in 2022.
0’ - 0”
10’ - 0”
20’ - 0”
40’ - 0”
Figure 40. Diagram Showing Plumbing Stacks for Unit Water Waste. Image by author in 2022.
Page 47
Third Floor
26 One Bedroom Units
0’ - 0”
10’ - 0”
20’ - 0”
40’ - 0”
Second Floor
25 One Bedroom Units
0’ - 0”
10’ - 0”
20’ - 0”
40’ - 0”
Figure 41. Floor Plans of Second and Third Floors. Image by author in 2022.
Page 48
0’ - 0”
10’ - 0”
20’ - 0”
40’ - 0”
Fifth Floor
16 One Bedroom Units
Fourth Floor
16 One Bedroom Units
0’ - 0”
10’ - 0”
20’ - 0”
40’ - 0”
Figure 42. Floor Plans of Fourth and Fifth Floors. Image by author in 2022.
Page 49
Seventh Floor
12 Two Bedroom Units
Sixth Floor
12 Two Bedroom Units
0’ - 0”
10’ - 0”
20’ - 0”
40’ - 0”
Figure 43. Floor Plans of Sixth and Seventh Floors. Image by author in 2022.
Page 50
Roof Plan
Figure 44. Floor Plan of Roof Garden. Image by author in 2022.
Page 51
2. 3.
2.
4. 1. Page 52
5.
Figure 45. Key Characteristics of Proposed Project. Image by author in 2022.
Key Characteristics 1. Prefabricated modular units to cut down on construction time and costs 2. Private roof gardens to integrate nature and encourage physical activity/socialization. 3. Centralized public space to encourage interaction among the local community. 4. VA facilities on-site for easy access to medical necessities. 5. Use of CLT for its biophilic characteristics, high thermal performance, and enhanced noise control.
Page 53
Reflection Recommendation Page 54
Reflection Thr o u g h o u t
the
of
b u t for s om e on e wh o i s a n
th i s t h e s i s , I h av e l e ar n e d t h e
am p u te e a n d m i gh t s tru ggl e
i mpo r t an ce o f u n d e r s t an d i n g
w i t h t ri ppi n g h a z a rds, th i s c a n
w h o w i l l b e u s i n g t h e s p ace t h at
m ak e
y o u d e s i g n an d h o w b e s t t o
e as i e r. As a rc h i te c ts, we m u st
des i g n f o r t h at s p e ci f i c g r o u p .
r e m e mbe r to l ook a t th e worl d
A s s om e o n e w h o h as n e v e r
t h r o u gh
l i ved t h r o u g h m e n t al i l l n e s s e s
t h at w e c a n de s i gn a worl d th a t
or
i s b e tte r s u i te d f or e v e ryon e .
p h y s i cal
p r o ce s s
d i s ab i l i t i e s ,
it
w a s e y e - o p e n i n g t o l o o k at th e
built
a
different
S ma l l mi ght
environment
design not
from
p e r s p e ct i v e . d e ci s i o n s
m e an
m u ch
t h at for
s o me o n e w h o d o e s n o t h av e a ph y s i cal d i s ab i l i t y co u l d b e a n a st r o n o m i cal d i f f e r e n ce f o r s o me o n e i n a w h e e l ch ai r . F o r i ns ta n ce , cr e at i n g l i v i n g u n i t s w i th n o - s i l l t h r e s h o l d s m i g h t n o t b e a b i g d i f f e r e n ce f o r m e ,
th e i r
life
s i gn i f i c a n tl y
di f f e re n t
l e n se s
so
R ecommendat io ns • Perform more in-depth research on the use of biophilic design for mental illnesses and apply that knowledge. • Create
more
community
spaces
for the inhabitants that vary on intimacy levels so that someone who is more isolated can slowly be introduced back into socialization. • Research
other
natural
materials
that could be used throughout the project to create a variety of finishes.
Page 55
Resources
Bibl io gr aphy
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