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Visual_ Visual_ 1
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figure/ground similarity proximity closure continuance translation rotation reflection glide/reflection dilation symmetric balance asymmetric balance ambiguous balance neutral balance
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4
Gestalt Laws of Grouping
Gestalt is a pysochological term that means “unified whole”. The human eye naturally organizes visual elements into groups. German psyochologists developed this visual perception theory in the 1920’s to better describe why and how things are aesthetically pleasing.
principles of grouping
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V VV
Figure/Ground- Composition is identified by figure and background
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Similarity- Objects that resemble one another are often percieved as a group
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SS
S
10
Proximity- Elements in close range are identified as a set
11
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Closure- An incomplete object is identified as a whole when the viewer’s eye completes missing information
U
U
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A A A A A AA A A A A A A A A AA A AA A AAA A A A A A A
A A A A A AA AA A A AA A
A A A A A AA A A A A A A A A AA A AA A AAA A A A A A A
A A A A A AA AA A A AA A
A A A A A AA A A A A A A A A AA A AA A AAA A A A A A A
A A A A A AA AA A A AA A
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ContinuanceFigures tend to be integrated into perceptual wholes when aligned and implying a mutual direction
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S
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In this section, the correspondence between elements on the picture plane are observed. The viewer’s eye is directed and moves across the image in relation to the alignment of the objects.
symmetry
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19
Translation- The figure is mapped out into equal linear points of correspondence
L L L L L L L L L L LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL LLLLLLLLLL
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20
Rotation- The figure is turned on a predetermined point. All elements are at a fixed distance from the axis
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R R
Reflection- The figure is rotated on the plane 180 degrees. The result is a mirrored image
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R R
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D
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D
Glide Reflection- Figure is rotated from the plane 180 degrees, gliding into a new position
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e e e e e e e e e ee ee e e e e ee ee e e eeee e e e ee e e e e ee ee e e e ee e ee ee e e e e e e e ee ee e e e e e ee e e e e e e e e e e e e ee e e e e e e e e e ee ee e e e e e e e e ee e e e ee ee
e
e e e ee e e e
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Dilation- An element changes in size at regular intervals
e ee e ee ee ee
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B
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Balance is characterized by the distribution of elements within a composition. The relationship between forms on the picture plane are percieved based on the natural equilibrium in the human body. Forms can be placed to direct the eye and communicate the message to the viewer.
compositional balance
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31
Symmetrical Balance- Composition is balanced with elements relating to the same central axis.
r r r r r r r
r r r r r r r
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1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 111 11 1111 1111111111 1 11111 11 32
Asymmetric Balance- Forms are placed irregularly in relation to a central axis.
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Ambiguous Balance- Compostion contains elements that posess an unclear relationship and balance.
4
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* * * * * * * * * ****************** ****** * ******** ** ************** *** * *** ******** ** ** * * *** ** **** ******** * * * * * * * * ***** *** ** **** * *** ** ***** * * * * * * * * * * ** ** ** ****** ** 36
Neutral Balance- Elements are placed at random creating a compostition that lacks emphasis
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desn 200 in the graphic design program at the kcai—michael kidwell, assistant professor.
Kristen R. Ashton
order
Visual_