Visual Order 1
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C
on ten t
figure/ground
similarity proximity closure continuance translation rotation reflection glide/reflection dilation symmetric balance asymmetric balance ambiguous balance neutral balance
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aka: Gestalt laws of grouping
first proposed by Gestalt psychologists to account for the observation that humans naturally perceive objects as organized patterns and objects. Gestalt psychologists argued that these principles exist because the mind has an innate disposition to perceive patterns in the stimulus based on certain rules.
principles of grouping
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V
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V VV
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Similarity- Objects that resemble one another are often percieved as a group.
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
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SS
S
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Proximity- Elements in close range are identified as a set.
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Closure- An incomplete object is identified as a whole when the viewer’s eye completes missing information.
U
U
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A A A A A AA A A A A A A A A AA A AA A AAA A A A A A A A AA A A A A A A A A AA A AA A AAA A A A A A A
A A A A A AA AA A A AA A
A A A A
A A A A A AA AA A A AA A
A A A A A AA A A A A A A A A AA A AA A AAA A A A A A A
A A A A A AA AA A A AA A
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ContinuanceFigures tend to be integrated into perceptual wholes when in alignment and implying a mutual direction.
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S
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symmetric operations
first proposed by Gestalt psychologists to account for the observation that humans naturally perceive objects as organized patterns and objects. Gestalt psychologists argued that these principles exist because the mind has an innate disposition to perceive patterns in the stimulus based on certain rules.
symmetry
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Translation- The figure is mapped out into equal linear points of correspondence
LLLLLLLLLL LLLLLLLLLL LLLLLLLLLL LLLLLLLLLL LLLLLLLLLL LLLLLLLLLL LLLLLLLLLL
O
O O
O OO O
O
O
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O
O O
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Rotation- The figure is turned on a predetermined point. All elements are at a fixed distance from the axis.
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R R
Reflection- The figure is rotated on the plane 180 degrees. The result is a mirrored image.
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R R
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D
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D
Glide Reflection- Figure is rotated from the plane 180 degrees, gliding into a new position.
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e e e eee ee e
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Dilation- An element changes in size at regular intervals
e ee e e ee e e e ee e e e e e ee e e e ee ee e e ee e e e e e e e e e e ee e e e e ee e e e e e e ee e e e e e ee eee
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B
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Gestalt Laws of Grouping
Balance is characterized by the distribution of elements within a composition. The relationship between forms on the picture plane are percieved based on the natural equilibrium in the human body. Forms can be placed to direct the eye and communicate the message to the viewer.
compositional balance
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Symmetrical Balance- Composition is balanced with elements relating to the same central axis.
r r
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1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 11 11 11
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Asymmetric Balance- Forms are placed irregularly in relation to a central axis.
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Ambiguous Balance- Compostion contains elements that posess an unclear relationship and balance.
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** * * *** **
Neutral Balance- Elements are placed at random creating a compostition that lacks emphasis.
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