Center for Integrated Building Design

CENTER FOR I N TEGRATED BUI L DI N G DES R A E S E R N G I S E D G N I D L I U B D E T A R G E T N I R O F collaborativeresearch BIC NGISED RDBIC GNIDLIUB RDBIC RETNEC R

CENTER FOR INTEGRATED BUILDING DESIGN RESEARCH technology ER FOR INTEGRATED BUILDING DESIGN RESEA SCHEMATICS

NGISEDGNIDLIUBDETARGETNIROFRET

CENTER FOR INTEGRATED BUILDING DESIGN

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The Center for Integrated Building Design Research is a design by the University of North Carolina of Charlotte’s College of Architecture. This document, produced by the fourth-year students, is a collaboration of work. While the project only lasted the duration of a semester, it is not limited by its entirety, therefor subjected to further research. It is our goal, as architectural students, to recognize this project as not only a better way to design, but a new type of thinking in green building.

2008

RESEARCH

CIBDR

. . . .

This project has been made possible by: Lane Allmon, Colin Cleland, Kelli Franklin, Lindsay Frizzell, Emily Hinton, Brandon Johnson, Megan Jones, Rhonda Lowe, Casey Peura, Bethany Vandetta, and Jon Visser

under the instruction of

Dale Brentrup.

CENTER FOR INTEGRATED BUI

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ILDING DESIGN RESEARCH

A COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF A RESEARCH FACILITY WITH 0 CARBON FOOTPRINT

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OBJECTIVE

TO CREATE A RESEARCH ENVIRONMENT THAT IS PREDICATED ON TECHNOLOGIES THAT NOT ONLY INFLUENCE THE CAMPUS, BUT ACT AS A DIRECT LIAISON BETWEEN THE RESEARCHERS OF GREEN BUILDING DESIGN TO THE PUBLIC AND PROFESSIONAL COMMUNITY.

Analyze Sketch

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Site and System Analysis

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Preliminary Concepts / Models

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Design Build

Construction Documents

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The Built Environment & Interactivity

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GET THE HABIT OF ANALYSIS - ANALYSIS WILL IN TIME ENABLE SYNTHESIS TO BECOME YOUR HABIT OF MIND.

A quote from Frank Lloyd Wright, an American Architect

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ANALYZE

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This building houses the College of Architecture at UNC-Charlotte. The existing site lacks in fulfilling its full potential as an economic resource to the building. A proposed addition to the site will create a new layer of interaction between currently traveled paths and campus destinatioins while educating the others about energy consumption and awareness.

Storrs Building: University of North Carolina Charlotte

SITE ANALYSIS

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University of North Carolina at Charlotte: Storrs Building Located in the north eastern part of Charlotte-Mechlenburg County, the college is is centrally located within the greater Piedmont region. To help you understand the site location: see map above.

SITE ANALYSIS

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Diagrammatic Model of Site In the early stages of design, diagrams are helpful in determining building orientation, hierarchy of spaces and circulation patterns. It is important to document the use of our site in relation to its location within the campus.

SITE ANALYSIS

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Analysis of Atmospheric Conditions Topographical maps of temperature and solar radiation are used to create a strategic analysis of their effects on the existing building as well as the site. The balance point temperature for our site is 22 degrees fahrenheit.

SITE ANALYSIS

COA Energy 10 Base Case In this analysis we modeled the maximum amount of glazing that we could while maintaining energy code, therefore creating a “worst case scenario� that would serve as a point of departure and comparison for energy consumption of our building.

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LIGHTING ANALYSIS

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Stereographic Mapping A solar analysis is taken from a SunEye at strategic locations on the site. This hand held electronic device allows users to assess total potential solar energy given the shading of a particular site. By identifying the solar access with a fisheye lens early in the process, we are able to reduce the expense of system design and improve efficiency for the final building design.

LIGHTING ANALYSIS

Mapping Sun Patterns

A heliodon is used to investigate solar penetration and patterns with light on a tiltable table at various dates and times of day.

The heliodon consists of a moveable, tiltable device that can be set to match any surface on a model to show angle of incidence. The angle of incidence device indicates the relative intensity of the direct beam to the surface. The percentage of direct solar beam incident varies from one hundred percent. In this analysis, we looked at summer solstice, winter solstice, and equinox. We focused primarily on direct solar penetration for problematic solar heat gain potential as well as glare.

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LIGHTING ANALYSIS

Charlotte, North Carolina

Radiance Analysis

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Radiance is a comptuer simulation program that measures the amount of light that passes through or is emitted from diffuse sources and reflection from diffuse surfaces at a particular location.

LIGHTING ANALYSIS

The analysis we produced with Radiance informed us that there is a tremendous amount of glare in the previous design. The left group of images represent the building with an overcast sky while the right represents a clear sky.

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ARTIFICAL SKY

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Charlotte, North Carolina

Artificial Sky

The artificial sky simulates the typical overcast sky condition for Charlotte, NC. We modeled three typical bays in two different scnenarios. One of the scenarios was with 20 percent glazing and the other is with 100 percent glazing. We used this to learn the average illumination in each space.

ARTIFICAL SKY

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This analysis informs the need and appropriate placement for light shelves, exterior shading and ceiling configurations to create a space with even light distribution around 40 footcandles.

CONCEPTUAL MODELING

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Photo Sensors The graphs to the right represent data collected from grid arrays of calibratrated photo sensors. The sensors were placed within a physical model representing one 32” structural bay of the project’s eastern most phase. This information is a comparative analysis of varied conditions created from changes to the south fenestration and the roof condition above the central atrium. Figures 1-3 show the changes made to the PV integrated screen that shades the exterior from southern exposure. These changes also increase interior illuminance by reflecting northern light into the space. The screen controls the luminance into both floors through a 5’ ceiling aperture.

ARTIFICAL SKY

Figure 1

Figure 2

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Figure 3 Figure 4 Graphing Luminance The screen of various lengths was positioned with an arched shape to diffuse the available luminance. Figure 1 represents an overly bright condition up to 24’ from the window wall on the 2nd floor with negligible gain of first floor luminance. The same condition is illustrated in Figure 2 with a shorter 12’ linear product. While the contrast of illuminance values is higher in this iteration, our analysis showed that the balance of luminance can be best controlled by modifiers within the fenestration. Figure 3 shows improvement in the luminance balance across a full 36’ from the window wall on both floors in addition to a marked increase on the first floor space. A 3’ exterior sun shade is attached 4’ from the top of the southern glazing and between the vertical “fins” of each structural bay. Figure 4 shows that the 3’ shading device improves the balance of illuminance and pushes light further into the floor space.

ARTIFICIAL SKY

More on Luminance

Fenestration Testing

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Figure 5-6 show how the base case selected from the previous study of the south fenestration contributes a constant effect on the data collected and sensor placement (0) begins in a 36’ location of the previous study.

The first iteration opens the roof by increasing the angle from the intersection of the south facade to the point of intersection with the northern most interior atrium wall. Later, the roof plane was raised 9’ which opened the ceiling condition to an 8’x12’ opening to the north.

Figure 5 shows an overall increase of at least 30 foot candles. In the second iteration, the roof plane was cut at the intersections of both interior atrium walls and raised 5’ while maintaining the same angle. Figure 6 proves the benefit of bilateral light across the ceiling condition and below to creating balanced illuminance.

This iteration reduces the clipping effect of the higher floor plan and effectively raises the luminance levels beneath an additional 5-15 footcandle up to 10’ beyond the atrium wall without over illuminating the second floor space.

Foot candles

ARTIFICIAL SKY

Feet from Window Wall

Final Analysis

With the highest performing scenarios identified from the iterations discussed, the data from each was then combined in a conventional additive analysis which was consolidated into a spreadsheet format. The results were then transformed into line graphs for a graphic representation. As represented by the key in figures 1-6, the red lines represent the levels of illuminance received by the overcast sky condition created in the artificial sky and recorded from within the physical bay model. The blue lines represent the minimum and maximum levels of light as prescribed by the Illuminating Engineering Society (IES). In this manner, the foot candle measurements can be easily related and the underlay of the building section conveys the level of light as it is experienced across the space. This analysis was conducted with simplistic conditions other that the predetermined structural “fins” which were maintained for their control of southern exposure and solar heat gain. Based on the findings described, it was determined that the roof aperture should include 5’ shading devices. Also, the addition of 3’ light shelves on the second floor north fenestration as well as transparent openings to the garage doors below was suggested to utilize the northern light most efficiently and to address the inferior levels of light at the lower north floor plate. In addition, a graded ceiling condition was suggested to further improve diffusion of the available luminance toward the center of the space.

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PRECEDENTS

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

Pittsburgh Glass Center

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The Pittsburgh Glass Center is an addition to an existing building. The addition clearly has its own identity, but also has logical connections to the existing building through circiulation paths.

It houses studios and workshops as well as gathering spaces and conference areas. The equipment used in the shops emit heat which is collected and used to heat other portions of the building.

Active spaces like the shops have very little duct work supplying them to reduce the amount of energy require to move air unnecessarily. This building also relies mostly on unfinished materials to reduce the impact caused by VOCs and toxic finishes.

PRECEDENTS

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Daylighting with a Glass Facade The largely glass facade serves to allow daylight penetration into the building. The elements of the building filter the light before it reaches the glass working studios that reside deeper in the building. This also optimizes the views over the courtyard while walking along this facade.

PRECEDENTS

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Hawaii Gateway Energy Center The deep facade acts as a shading device for the large windows. The thick CMU walls and concrete surfaces on the interior are used as thermal mass to lessen the temperature swings within the building. The white tubes exhause the hot air from a thermal chimney.

PRECEDENTS

Kailua-Kona, Hawaii

Hawaii Gateway Energy Center The Hawaii Gateway Energy Center is a research and laboratory facility. The orientation of the building on its site completely eliminates the need for electric lighting during the day. The images show the space frame structure that gives the building a unique, iconic character. The space frame supports the two large photovoltaic arrays.

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TO CREATE, ONE MUST FIRST QUESTION EVERYTHING

A quote from Eileen Gray, an Irish Furniture Designer and Architect

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SKETCH

CONCEPTUAL DISCUSSION

From the Ground Up

“To be on site, in the exact location of our proposed building allows you to really envision the project.�

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The experimental qualities of being on site creates an energized dynamic within the team. During this discussion we were able to merge ideas and approach ideas in a clear manner by experience rather than through visual demonstration.

Discussions off site are equally as important.

It provides us the opportunity to note other technologies and resources other designers are pulling inspiration and learning from.

CONCEPTUAL MODELING

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Schematic design in development The on site discussions encourage eager development for schematic design models. The models were massings and preliminary structural concepts. This type of physical modeling enabled our team to think conceptually as well as three dimensionally.

CONCEPTUAL MODELING

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Team collaboration and mass model refinement Collectively, our team built a massing of the existing building on site. Within the large grouup, we were then split into teams where ideas were merged to form a more refined massing. The massing was important and effective in producing the results for sun path analysis.

CONCEPTUAL MODELING

Filter. Barrier. Switch.

When forced to think critically about your own design, one is able to separate the needs of the building verses the wants of the designer.

Massing models were created often throughout the design process. It allowed us to have a greater understanding of the types of systems that needed to be addressed and implemented as well as noting what on site should remain undisturbed.

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DIAGRAMMING

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University of North Carolina at Charlotte: Storrs Building Located in the north eastern part of Charlotte-Mechlenburg County, the college is is centrally located within the greater Piedmont region.

DIAGRAMMING

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University of North Carolina at Charlotte: Storrs Building Located in the north eastern part of Charlotte-Mechlenburg County, the college is is centrally located within the greater Piedmont region.

CONCEPTUAL

Schematic Diagramming In order to understand our site better, we started to pull concepts from different axes found on site.

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Transitions: From existing to new It was important to understand all conceptual layers of Storrs in order to appropriately incorporate the connections between the existing building and our project.

CONCEPTUAL

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Digging into the site An early design concept was to excavate the land and create subterranean spaces in order to maximize the footprint of the building.

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FOR MANY YEARS, I HAVE LIVED UNCOMFORTABLY WITH THE BELIEF THAT MOST PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN SUFFERS FOR LACK OF REAL AND BASIC PURPOSE. THE ULTIMATE PURPOSE, MUST BE THE IMPROVEMENT OF MANKIND

A quote from James Rouse, an American real estate developer

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design

42 European Academy Bolzano, Bolzano/IT

Gerhard Hagen, Bamberg/DE

Windows are the most common way to daylight a space.

The combination of reduced electric lighting and daylighting will contribute to a low energy footprint.

Lighting Creating spaces that maximize visual comfort, productivity, and reduce energy use.

INTERIORS

Lighting

Sustainable Commercial Interiors We, as humans, have needs for vision and the perception of our environments both intellectually and physically. If it weren’t for light, our eyes would not be able to capture such things. It is our responsibility to create a balance between functionality and sustainability throughout our building design. The main goals of our project were to maximize the use of daylighting, split task and ambient lighting, and maximize user controls within systems. Some of the systems included are Zumtobel LaTrave ™ indirect and direct luminaires, Motorized light redirection louvers, and Interior light-level sensors.

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INTERIORS

Flexible Environment

Modular Office Furniture 44

Inscape Corporation designs and manufactures various innovative and integrated products for office spaces. These products include modular work stations, movable walls, filing and storage products, desks and ergonomic work tools. It was our best interest to find products for our building that were sustainable, long-lasting, and were made from materials whose impact on the natural environment will be slight.

INTERIORS

Comfort

Sustainable Commercial Interiors In order to create the most comfortable environment, thought must be put into all aspects of the building including the chairs and the carpet tiles. An example of carpet tiles used in our building would be like that of Greenfloors Carpet. Greenfloors commercial carpet tiles are all made with recycled nylon and backing. The types of chairs that may be used could include Rohde & Grahl’s ergonomic swival and visitor chairs. These allow for motivated and efficient work. These chairs are proven to release the pressure of the back column up to 50% more than standard backrests. The object is simply to get users to fit and sit healthier.

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FIELD STUDY

The Living Machine Š

North Guilford Middle School 46

As a part of our design and study, several students did a field study on the process of a water retention and filtration system called The Living MachineŠ The process of the Living Machine consists of an overflow effluent from the septic tank into equalization tanks. The tanks are located adjacent to the school. They are completely submerged and the only indication of their location is a green lid shown to the right. The last tank shown has a carbon filter fan on top to reduce unpleasant odor. Unless you are standing directly downwind a few steps from the tank, the smell is hardly noticeable.

FIELD STUDY

Horizontal Wetlands Under the surface ther is a fabric material that is used to hold water one foot to 18 inches below. In this anaerobic system ther is no surface ponding so as to minimize evaporation. As is, 1,000 gallons a day are lost due to evaporation. However, this wide open design allows the wetlands to catch supplemental rainwater. For every one inch of rain the wetlands can offset 25,000 gallons of water per year.

The PVC pipe allow maintenance to visually monitor the subterranean water levels. The pumps are monitored by an automated machine that is monitored by a trained technician. They can be monitored from remote locations through the internet.

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FIELD STUDY

Carnegie Mellon University

Center for Technology 48

In addition to other research and field studies, the majority of influences for this project came from the Center of Technology at Carnegie Mellon University. At the University we were able to explore new ways to transport air across space as well as the different technologies used to make spaces more habitable and conducive to education.

FIELD STUDY

System Analysis Carnegie Mellon used a tile system in the flooring where the electricity was set up in pods or nodes.

This optimized the use of office space by providing the ability to reconfigure spaces without having to rewire electrical equipment. Another system that was being analyzed at Carnegie Mellon was the creation of biodiesel in addition to ways to use it practically.

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NATURE IS A SELF-MADE MACHINE, MORE PERFECTLY AUTOMATED THAN ANY AUTOMATED MACHINE. TO CREATE SOMETHING IN THE IMAGE OF NATURE IS TO CREATE A MACHINE, AND IT WAS BY LEARNING THE INNER WORKING OF NATURE THAT MAN BECAME A BUILDER OF MACHINES.

A Quote from Eric Hoffer, an American Writer

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BUILD

SOLAR THERMAL

Technology

Solar Thermal Collector 52

The parabolic solar collectors use solar radiation to heat water. They line the southern edge of the studio bays, and are oriented to the optimum angle to collect radiation year-round at 35 degree latitude. In the indirect, closed-loop system, a liquid-filled tube running through the collector connects to a series of tanks along the studio bays. The liquid in the tube is heated as it flows through the collectors and then heats water in the tanks as needed. The tanks store potable water as well as water to be used for the absorption chiller and hydronic system.

HYDRONIC SYSTEM

Technology

Hydronic System The heating system is an in-floor hydronic system.

Heated water from the solar thermal collectors will run through a series of pipes in the floor. The pipes will heat the floor and the heat will rise through the room. This creates an evenly heated space without using any type of forced air system.

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AUDITORIUM

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Above: Plan Auditorium Level Auditorium Level To the right is a section perspective through the audtiorium that shows the changes in elevation in addition to the habitable space above.

AUDITORIUM

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Interior Perspectives This scene shows our vision for the interior of the studio space. The building uses many structural features that also double as sustainable features through out the building. We propose to use reclaimed steel for the structure of the building.

STUDIO BAY

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Interior Lighting Interior lighting reflectors on the ceiling are designing to aid in allowing natural lighting to further penetrate the building. These features also hide mechanical systems behind them for convection cooling and heating. The goal of these ceiling panels are to use natural light through out the building as much as possible to reduce the use of artificial lighting.

STUDIO BAY

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Studio Sectional Cross-Section The section perspective shows the use of castellated beams as the primary structural system. Above is a plan view of the studio bays. Each studio bay holds various types of instruction.

GROUND LEVEL

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Ground Level This floor plate incorporates the main atrium space as well as the green house space for the interior Living MachineŽ勵 tidal wetlands.

GROUND LEVEL

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The Tower The tower serves as a ventilation shaft as well as an area to house the water tank for storing reclaimed greywater.

The water will be used to serve the hydronic heating and cooling systems and will be further filtered through the tidal wetlands for toilet flushing uses. This tower also houses the elevator for upward mobility through out the building.

MEZZANINE

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Model of Center for Integrated Building Design Research A 1/8” -1’-0” scale model represents the full scope of our design. It adequately displays the position the building has on site. The intricate detailing indicates the overall complexity and extent of our in depth research to full fruition.

MEZZANINE

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The Green Roof An important design feature was the use of a green roof that may be habitable by all. It can be used as external classroom space or as a nice place to sit outside and enjoy the surrounding environment.

SECOND LEVEL

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Administrative Building Section perspective shows the complexity of the structural system as well as the overall transparency of the building.

SECOND LEVEL

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Light Shelves Light shelves maximize the benefits of Northern sunlight and daylight.

AXONOMETRIC

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University of North Carolina Charlotte

Center for Integrated Building Design Research

AXONOMETRIC

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The Final Design

TECHNOLOGY

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The Living Machine Š Providing the visitors of this building the opportunity to view the systems helps promote environmental awareness.

TECHNOLOGY

3D Modeling Software

Integrated Technology These images show the use of multiple appropriate technologies on the roof and side structural system. The design calls for solar thermal technology, photovoltaics, light shelves, and a green roof. Three-dimensional modeling software allows us to appropriately analyze the structural systems and spatial arrangements.

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DESIGN

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University of North Carolina Charlotte

Center for Integrated Building Design Research

DESIGN

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European Academy Bolzano, Bolzano/IT

Gerhard Hagen, Bamberg/DE

As students, we understand that even when we feel we have walked away with a complete project, there are still changes that can be made to design.

Critique At the final review we were given the opportunity to hear comments from both the Dean and Chair of the college.

CRITIQUE

Modeling

Detailing the final model From beginning to end, the project underwent many changes as our knowledge on the different technologies grew exponentially. As a result, the team can conclude in saying that we were all pleased with the final design. Each person on the team succeeded in working together to combine multiple opinions as well as conceptual changes.

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CENTER DI DES RAESERFOR NGISEIN DTEGRATED GNIDLIUBDEBUI TARLG EN TNGIR OF collaborativeresearch BIC NGISED RDBIC GNIDLIUB RDBIC RETNEC R

T echnol o gy ER FOR INTEGRATED BUILDING DESIGN RESEA SCHEMA NGISTICS EDGNIDLIUBDETARGETNIROFRET