Chan_Keith_698739_PartA.pdf

S T U D I O

A I R

KEITH CHAN 2016 SEMESTER 1 TUTOR:MATTHEW MCDONNELL

CONTENTS

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PART A. CONCEPTUALISATION

S E L F - I N T RO D U C T I O N

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A.1 DESIGN FUTURING 1 . E C O R E S O R T I N UA E

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2. HYPERIONS

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A . 2 D E S I G N C O M P U TA T I O N 1. COOPER UNION

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2 . YO KO H A M A F E R RY T E R M I N A L

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A.3 COMPOSITION/GENERATION 1 . L A S AG R A D A FA M I L I A

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2. EDEN

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A.4 CONCLUSION

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A.5 LEARNING OUTCOMES

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A.6 ALGORITHMIC SKETCHES

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APPENDIX

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SELF-INTRODUCTION

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Hi, I am Keith Chan. Now I am studying my third year of architecture study in University of Melbourne. I was born and raised in Hong Kong. After finishing my public exam there, I decided to apply for University of Melbourne as this city is one of the most amazing places in the world. At that time I reckoned this will be an unforgettable journey and this feeling still implies at this moment.

In the second year of my study, I gained some technical knowledge by attending the Water Studio course. Through the course, I had to use different programs to draw out the site, the building and the plans. Hence, I gained some knowledge of several softwares such as Rhino, Autocad, Photoshop and Illustrator. I am pretty familiar with these softwares but not an expert of using them.

Before attending this Air course, I have heard people saying this course is Grasshopper-oriented. I knew that this software enables people to change their designs by plugging in different components. It can reduce the amount of time spent of changing errors and creating some crazy and complex shapes. It will be a tough challenge of getting familiar with this program but I will accept it.

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A . 1

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D E S I G N

F U T U R I N G

I m a ge re t r i eve d f ro m h t t p s : / / i . y t i m g. c o m / v i / 2 k 6 1 O R G Z 8 h 8 / m a x re s d e f a u l t . j p g A c c e s s e d a t 1 6 M a rc h 2 0 1 6

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Figure 1.

Eco Resort in UAE

by Baharash Architecture This is a project about designing an eco resort in Dubai, the southern region of UAE. The starting point of this project was because that groundwater could be extracted by deep wells. So the spring was the major focus of the project as the whole building is surrouding it.1 Also, the spring provides various recreational activities there, such as fish farming and crop irrigation. The spring creates a big contrast with the desert as water can be hardly seen in such a remote area.

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Eco Resort changes the ways of our usual thinking and practice. Most of the projects in the reality were built with manmade resources. However, this project used the groundwater, a natural resource, to be one of the features of the building. This provides some space for us to consider the choice of materiality of our buildings in the future. Is utilizing more natural resources to be part of the building practical? Is it more sustainable? These are questions and thinkings that can change the whole industry in terms of design futuring.

1 . N e i ra , J u l i a n a , B a h a ra s h A rc h i t e c t u re u nve i l s p l a n s f o r wo rl d â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s g re e n e s t e c o re s o r t i n UA E , < h t t p : / / w w w. d e s i g n b o o m . c o m / a rc h i t e c t u re / b a h a ra s h - a rc h i t e c t u re - wo rl d s - g re e n e s t - re sort-uae-03-03-2016/> [ a c c e s s e d 1 0 M a rc h 2 0 1 6 ]

Figure 2.

In terms of designing futuring, this project illustrates how to strike a balance between building a project and sustainability. From the roof we can see that there are a huge area installed with solar panels. This allows most of the energy can be obtained from the natural environment, and not using unrenewable resources that can damage the nature seriously.

Figure 3.

The most valuable ideas of this project are the using of renewable resources and the maximum use of the site.These are really useful ideas that can change and inspire our future on designing buildings.

Also because of the sufficient sunlight of the site, transparent glasses are used to provide natural lighting to the indoor area. These designs can really reduce lots of unnecessary waste of energy.

Figure 4.

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Pe r s p e c t i ve v i e w o f t h e E c o re s o r t I n t e r i o r l o o k o f t h e E c o re s o r t S o l a r p a n e l s o f t h e E c o re s o r t H u m a n eye - v i e w o f t h e g ro u n d w a t e r i n t h e c e n t re

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Figure 1.

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Figure 2.

1 . S m i t h , H o l l i e , V i n c e n t C a l l e b a u t â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s hy p e r i o n s i s a s u s t a i n a bl e e c o s y s t e m t h a t re s i s t s c l i m a t e c h a n g e , < h t t p : / / w w w. d e s i g n b o o m . c o m / a rc h i t e c t u re / v i n c e n t - c a l l e b a u t - hy p e r i o n s - s u s t a i n a bl e - e c o s y s tem-02-22-2016/> [ a c c e s s e d 1 0 M a rc h 2 0 1 6 ]

Hyperions

by Vincent Callebaut Architecture

Hyperions is an innovative project held in Delhi, India.The most incredible feature behind it is the idea of using architecture as a way to resist climate change, and to combine sustainable food systems with buildings. This project consists of 6 towers, each of them contains residential and office spaces.We can see that the most of the buildings have green areas on their exterior surfaces, roofs and grounds. This is because the aim of this project is to combine urban renaturation, small-scaled farming and natural environment with the buildings. 1 The idea of this project is to maintain energy consumption level lower than the energy production level.

This is a great approach to achieve sustainability of the design futuring topic.

Also, the vertical building structure has some special reasons behind it. For each roomâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s balcony, there is plenty of space for vegetation to growth. They can obtain sunlight directly and grow healthily. Also for the roof, it contains a transperant cover with a huge space for the plants to grow. With this vertical building design, less land is needed for the growth of vegetation. And the food provided in this building can solve the problem of peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s food need. This intelligent idea really achieve the aim of sustainability because the whole building can work in a long term.

Figure 3.

F i g. 1 . T i m b e r s t r u c t u re o f t h e H y p e r i o n s F i g. 2 . H u m a n eye v i e w o f t h e H y p e r i o n s F i g. 3 . G re e n e nv i ro n m e n t o f t h e ro o f i n t h e H y p e r i o n s F i g. 4 . B i rd eye v i e w o f t h e H y p e r i o n s

The use of the vertical space and the sustainability it aimed to achieve provide an inspiration and change our usual ways of thinking. As our size of the land will be reduced later on, it is our responsibility to think of some ideas to solve the problem.

This building provides ideas for us to consider our use of space and how do we obtain resources in the futre.

Figure 4.

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A . 2

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D E S I G N

C O M P U TA T I O N

I m a ge re t r i eve d f ro m h t t p s : / / o p e n l a b. c i t y t e c h . c u ny. e d u / f u s e l a b / f i l e s / 2 0 1 2 / 1 1 / c o m p Fa b 3 . jpg A c c e s s e d a t 1 6 M a rc h 2 0 1 6

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Cooper Union Building

by Morphosis Architecture

Figure 1.

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1.Bar n, Iwan, The Cooper Union f or the Advancement of Science and Art, < h t t p : / / w w w. a rc h d a i ly. c o m / 4 0 4 7 1 / t h e - c o o p e r - u n i o n - f o r - t h e - a d v a n c e m e n t - o f - s c i e n c e - a n d - a r t - m o r p h o s i s a rc h i t e c t s > [ a c c e s s e d 1 4 M a rc h 2 0 1 6 ]

Figure 2.

Utilizing computers has become one of the most essential and helpful tools in terms of designing, which can also change a virtual concept to a real 3D space in different softwares, helping architects to have a practical image of the building in their mind. In the old times, architects can only use pencils to draw out different plans and sections in their designing process. This method is very time-consuming, it also costs them very long to correct once they had some mistakes. Not to mention that drawing a 3D building was pretty hard at that time.

With the improvement of computer programmes, architects can produce their work more effectively. One of the example could be the invention of ‘explicit history’.

Even though at a later time there were different 3D softwares for architects to use, it still took them a long time to change their design when they were not satisfied with it.

Figure 3.

Yet, having ‘explicit history’, softwares can now save the datas of the design process and architects can change their design with just clicking their model a few times.

For example, the interior parametric design of Cooper Union Building’s roof and the facades (figure 2-3) can be changed quickly by using ‘explicit history’, which could save architects a lot of time. Also by using computation, the atrium appearance can look very organic and complex. 1 The softwares help us to draw out and complete different meshes, which make the atrium to be one of the most amazing features of this building.

Figure 4.

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H u m a n eye v i e w o f t h e C o o p e r U n i o n B u i l d i n g R o o f a n d t h e s t a i rc a s e o f t h e C o o p e r U n i o n B u i l d i n g Fa c a d e o f t h e s t a i rc a s e o f t h e C o o p e r U n i o n B u i l d i n g D eve l o p m e n t o f t h e a t r i u m i n t h e C o o p e r U n i o n B u i l d i n g

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Figure 1.

Yokohama Ferry Terminal

by Foreign Office Architects Utilizing computers led to the use of more complex shapes and designs of different buildings in the modern world. By the aid of computer softwares, we are able to create complicated facades and designs for the buildings. In the past, by using hand-drawing or low technology skills, curves, topography, complex shapes can be hardly seen in the buildings as it was extremely hard to create such shapes without the help of computer softwares. Buildings in the past were mostly consisting flat surfaces and there were not much designs on their facades. Even though there could be some special shapes being considered to be built, the structure support to the buildings was another issue to be concerned. Hence, with the advanced computer programmes, it is no longer a fairy tale to build some complex buildings from now on.

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Yokohama Ferry Terminal contains so many complex designs because of the help of the advanced programmes. For Figure 2 and 3, the complex shapes of the roof and the changing levels of the pathways illustrate the importance of the help of computer programmes. 1 When designing these elements, advanced programmes provide a medium for architects to see their outcomes in different angles. This allows them to have more room to improve and correct some of the unsatisfying designs. With the help of the programmes, it is much easier and more effective for the architects to create amazing appearances of the buildings.

1 . L a n g d o n , D av i d , A D C l a s s i c s : Yo ko h a m a I n t e r n a t i o n a l P a s s e n ge r Te r m i n a l , < h t t p : / / w w w. a rc h d a i ly. c o m / 5 5 4 1 3 2 / a d - c l a s s i c s - yo ko h a m a - i n t e r n a t i o n a l - p a s s e n ge r - t e r m i n a l - f o re i g n - o f f i c e - a rc h i t e c t s - f o a > [ a c c e s s e d 1 4 M a rc h 2 0 1 6 ]

Figure 2.

Computing brings the design practice to another level and keeps to improve continuosly. There are more opportunities to investigate some particular designs and to improve them throughout different testings. From figure 4 we can see there are some facade studies of the Yokohama Terminal, which allows architects to figure out which facade can fit the building most.

Figure 3.

Computing also ables to transfer 2D drawings to 3D models which could greatly increase the productivity of architects as the models are more practical. They will be able to see the project as a whole and it is easier for them to figure out approaches to fix the existing problems. All in all, computing helps architects to improve and enhance their designs. With the improvement of the softwares, the future architecture field will only get better and better and this provide a great help to the industry.

Figure 4.

F i g.

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Pe r s p e c t i ve v i e w o f t h e Yo ko h a m a Fe r r y Te r m i n a l G e o m e t r i c e l e m e n t s o f t h e ro o f a n d t h e p a t h G e o m e t r i c a n d d i f f e re n t l eve l l i n g s o f t h e p a t h w ay Fa c a d e s t u d i e s A - D

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A . 3

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C O M P O S I T I O N / G E N E R A T I O N

I m a ge re t r i eve d f ro m h t t p : / / w w w. a rc h d a i ly. c o m / 6 1 8 4 2 2 / a re - c o m p u t e r s - b a d - f o r - a rc h i t e c t u re A c c e s s e d a t 1 6 M a rc h 2 0 1 6

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La Sagrada Familia

by Antoni Gaudi

20 Figure 1.

Figure 1.

La Sagrada Familia is a cathedral in Spain that looks similar to the old cathedrals, such as the Gothic cathedrals. Yet its construction process is still ongoing and there are some differences between them. From the old Gothic cathedrals, there are some flying buttresses which were used to transfer the horizontal loads to the ground. However, in La Sagrada Familia, only columns are used to do this job.

Figure 3.

The advantage of using generation in La Sagrada Familia is to create some features in an easier way. The hyperboloids, facades and naves are complex systems that required lots of efforts to design and required computing to help us to do the work. It also previews that is the design suitable to this church.The shortcoming part could be the effect of using generating design does not suit with the old modern looking church.

It could look weird for some people and they do not prefer this design.

Parametric modelling can be seen this church (Figure 3). The light come from the vault can come through this parametric facade and become one of the features in this building. 1 The generation approach of this church fusions the old and modern design intro one building, which is a great idea.

F i g.

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Figure 4.

Pe r s p e c t ive v i e w o f t h e L a S a g ra d a Fa m i l i a C e n t ra l n ave s o f t h e L a S a g ra d a Fa m i l i a P a ra m e t r i c d e s i g n o f t h e t h e L a S a g ra d a Fa m i l i a G e n e ra l i n t e r i o r v i e w o f t h e L a S a g ra d a Fa m i l i a

1 . Jo n e s , R e n n i s , A D C l a s s i c s : L a S a g ra d a Fa m i l i a / A n t o n i G a u d i < h t t p : / / w w w. a rc h d a i ly. c o m / 4 3 8 9 9 2 / a d - c l a s s i c s - l a - s a g ra d a - f a m i l i a - a n t o n i - g a u d i > [ a c c e s s e d 1 7 M a rc h 2 0 1 6 ]

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Eden Project

by Grimshaw Architect Eden project is a scheme held in Qingdao, China. The biggest feature of it is the complex and organic faรงade. In fact, the surface is also a structure to the building which has least weight and large area of the curve. The three layers of the building provide strength to the cover of the building. 1

Eden project illustrates how architectural practice react to the change from composition to generation. Back to the old day, buildings usually contain of some normal roofs, truss systems and columns to be components of them. However, the generation approach inverts the traditional thinking process and create a brand new design outcome.

One of the examples of the changes is the choice of materials being used. Traditional buildings used concrete, steel to complete the building project in order to transfer the load to the ground. However, in this generation approach, the double-curved glulam and ETFE windows, which are brand new materials that never used in the past. They can used to create the curve surface that takes huge loads to the ground.

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1 . C row, H u f t o n , A rc h i t e c t u re a t E d e n < h t t p s : / / w w w. e d e n p ro j e c t . c o m / e d e n - s t o r y / b e h i n d t h e - s c e n e s / a rc h i t e c t u re - a t - e d e n > [ a c c e s s e d 1 7 M a rc h 2 0 1 6 ]

Figure 1.

The advantage of using generation in the design process is that it can bring new conceptual designs and outlooks to the others. The use of the hexagon windows in this example provides some bubble shapes which is very new in terms of architectural design. However, it also has some disadvantages such as the design outcome does not suit the existing context very much.

Figure 3.

F i g. 1 . Pe r s p e c t i ve v i e w o f t h e E d e n P ro j e c t F i g. 2 . I n t e r i o r o f t h e s t r u c t u re a n d ro o f o f t h e E d e n P ro j e c t

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A.4

CONCLUSION In Part A, we had a simple journey of discovering the future and the change of the context of the design concept. Computation has a great impact in this area and can be a crucial factor in the contemporary architecture designs. This concept also relates to other important areas such as the generation design approach and parametric modellings. They matters a lot in the contemporary architecture.

My intended design approch is to use computation to create contemporary architecture outcomes with the aim of achieving generation approach and sustainability. I hope to create products that can be sustainable, high functionability and great appearance that can be different to the old architecture buildings. This innovative idea can be done by using special curves and materials.

A . 5

L E A R N I N G

O U T C O M E S

The experience of using Grasshopper is the most important and memorable during the past few weeks. When exploring this software, I can really tell that it helps us with the design process a lot. It is because that the invention of â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;explicit historyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; have a great impact to us. When we are not satisfied with the design outcome, we can fix the problem without changing the whole model again. It is hoped that in the following few weeks I can explore more from this powerful software and create designs that can really satisfy the contemporary architecture requirements.

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A . 6

A L G O R I T H M I C

S K E T C H E S

Creating a vase by grasshopper is the task assigned in week one. In drawing this vase out, the component â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;loftâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; is the main idea of it and the basic idea was to create different curves and to loft them into one complete vase.Rotating the vase is also an important theory because it provides a more curvy lines to the body and looks more attractive.

The task in week two is to discover the ways of making a pergoda. For the first step of this production, I first discovered the way of creating the surface filled with hexagon elements. With the help of Grasshopper, I can adjust the size of the hexagon and make the desired outcome. The facade of the pergoda is pretty awesome and this is similar to the generation approach, the conceptual change of the outlook in the architectural field.

This is the perspective look of the pergoda.

There are some different in the levels of the components in the roof. This can give a special sense and create a different feeling to the others.

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A P P E N D I X

Bar n, Iwan, The Cooper Union f or the Advancement of Science and Art, < h t t p : / / w w w. a rc h d a i ly. c o m / 4 0 4 7 1 / t h e - c o o p e r - u n i o n - f o r - t h e - a d v a n c e m e n t - o f - s c i e n c e - a n d - a r t - m o r p h o s i s a rc h i t e c t s > [ a c c e s s e d 1 4 M a rc h 2 0 1 6 ]

1 . C row, H u f t o n , A rc h i t e c t u re a t E d e n < h t t p s : / / w w w. e d e n p ro j e c t . c o m / e d e n - s t o r y / b e h i n d t h e - s c e n e s / a rc h i t e c t u re - a t - e d e n > [ a c c e s s e d 1 7 M a rc h 2 0 1 6 ]

Jo n e s , R e n n i s , A D C l a s s i c s : L a S a g ra d a Fa m i l i a / A n t o n i G a u d i < h t t p : / / w w w. a rc h d a i ly. c o m / 4 3 8 9 9 2 / a d - c l a s s i c s - l a - s a g ra d a - f a m i l i a - a n t o n i - g a u d i > [ a c c e s s e d 1 7 M a rc h 2 0 1 6 ]

L a n g d o n , D av i d , A D C l a s s i c s : Yo ko h a m a I n t e r n a t i o n a l P a s s e n ge r Te r m i n a l , < h t t p : / / w w w. a rc h d a i ly. c o m / 5 5 4 1 3 2 / a d - c l a s s i c s - yo ko h a m a - i n t e r n a t i o n a l - p a s s e n ge r - t e r m i n a l - f o re i g n - o f f i c e - a rc h i t e c t s - f o a > [ a c c e s s e d 1 4 M a rc h 2 0 1 6 ]

N e i ra , J u l i a n a , B a h a ra s h A rc h i t e c t u re u nve i l s p l a n s f o r wo rl d â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s g re e n e s t e c o re s o r t i n UA E , < h t t p : / / w w w. d e s i g n b o o m . c o m / a rc h i t e c t u re / b a h a ra s h - a rc h i t e c t u re - wo rl d s - g re e n e s t - re sort-uae-03-03-2016/> [ a c c e s s e d 1 0 M a rc h 2 0 1 6 ]

S m i t h , H o l l i e , V i n c e n t C a l l e b a u t â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s hy p e r i o n s i s a s u s t a i n a bl e e c o s y s t e m t h a t re s i s t s c l i m a t e c h a n ge , < h t t p : / / w w w. d e s i g n b o o m . c o m / a rc h i t e c t u re / v i n c e n t - c a l l e b a u t - hy p e r i o n s - s u s t a i n a bl e - e c o s y s tem-02-22-2016/> [ a c c e s s e d 1 0 M a rc h 2 0 1 6 ]

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Spanish Pavilion

by Foreign Office Architects Patterning has been one of the new design for the facades of the buildings. There were development of the patterning design , which now include different combination for the exterior look. Spanish Pavilion contains one of the most appealing facade in recent years. For the exterior look, it has thousands of tiles connecting each other, forming a colorful skin for the pavilion. The starting point of this design was based on traditional Spanish and Islamic lattices found in late-Gothic cathedrals, and different tiles represented different traditions.2 The theme fused together with the hexagonal geometries to form the patterning facade.

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The conceptual design of Spanish Pavilion was based on two different tiles, with and without center aperture. The two different tiles create a difference at the facade of the pavilion. And the choice of the conceptual design was based on red and yellow of the Spanish flag, also comes along with different distinctions, such as rose and sun.3 This pavilion provides some idea on the conceptual design implications of our AIR studio project. The patterns of a building need to have a reason to make the project has a explaination and reasonable flow of design process. Otherwise, the developement of the project would be very weird.

I m a ge re t r i eve d f ro m h t t p s : / / w w w. a rc h i t e c t u re . c o m / R I B A / A w a rd s / R I B A I n t e r n a t i o n a l P r i z e / 2 0 0 5 / S p a n i s h - P a v i l i o n . a s p x , h t t p : / / w w w. f a r s h i d m o u s s av i . c o m / n o d e / 2 7 # s p a n i s h _ p av i l i o n _ a t _ t h e _ 2 0 0 5 _ wo rl d _ e x p o _ a i c h i _ j a pan_27_8 A c c e s s e d a t 3 0 M a rc h 2 0 1 6

B . 1

R E S E A R C H

F I E L D

PA T T E R N I N G

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Patterns are the sense of paradigms and models, have served as points of reference for architecture since the Middle ages.â&#x20AC;?1

There are also different opportunities for the design of the patterns. Spanish Pavilion used tiles with different colors, dimension and content to make this appealing facade.

Thinking oppositely, other than using large shapes, we can use small and density holes to make different patterning outcomes. For example, the Restaurant Aoba-Tei in Japan used perforated surfaces to create beautiful spaces. The use of dark and soft color, the density of different spaces can also create different great patterns. The opportunity is to based on the story and the idea of the design, then to discover and maximize the possibilities to create the patterns.

For the fabrication concerns, the work on connecting the tiles could be a bit tougher than the perforated surfaces. With the advance skill of machines, it is now easier to produce accurate surfaces for the facades of the buildings. However, for connecting tiles or other reality elements, the fabrication is a relatively easy issue, but the connection between them is more complex.

For example, if the pattern of the facade consists of stone and steel reinforcing strips, like the Chokkura Plaza4, it will be a bit more labour intensive to build the surface out. So the fabrication concerns are also important issues to concern about.

1 . A n d re a G l e i n i g e r, P a t t e r n : O r n a m e n t , S t r u c t u re , a n d B e h av i o r, ( B i rk h a u s e r Ve rl a g AG, 2 0 0 9 ) , p. 5 5 .

2 . B e n Pe l l , T h e A r t i c u l a t e S u r f a c e : O r n a m e n t a n d Te c h n o l o gy i n C o n t e m p o ra r y A rc h i t e c t u re , ( B i r k h a u s e r G m b H B a s e l , 2 0 1 0 ) , p. 1 6 4 .

3 . I b i d . , p. 1 6 5 .

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B . 2

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CA S E

S T U DY

1 . 0

MATRIX EXPLORATION

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MOST SUCCESSFUL ITERATIONS

Our brief is to design a bird hide, with the technique of folding and carving. Although these iterations are not totally based on these concepts, they can still be partly applied to the bird hide design.

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The bird hide facade can work well with the use of patterning. In this pattern, it allows the sunlight to get in and produce interesting shadows. The difference of the circles also creates a cool surface.

The use of the hidden circle can produce a special facade to the bird hide. The size of the circles are different throughout the design.

This can create a repetitive pattern which will be quite interesting.

The most significant feature of this pattern is the contrast of the base and the circles. The dark and light area creates a special pattern and allow people to peek out from the bird hide.

This pattern is pretty different from the other three ones. This pattern mainly uses the positions of the straight lines to create a pattern. It also increases the density when the lines go to another end.

SPECULATION

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

Iterations from this design exercise helps me to explore many design possibilities of different geometries. Other than simply being the facade of different buildings, the patterning shapes can also be the structure of some projects (Figure 1).

Considering the shape of the outcomes, it is definitely possible to use it as the structure of a pavilion, where the whole structure is linked together to provide strength to itself. For example, using the 4 outcomes in the previous page, they can combined to create a pavilion which allows sunlight to penetrate through and create interesting shadows. The shadow places can be used as spots for people to rest and chat with each others.

I m a g e re t r i eve d f ro m h t t p : / / w w w. evo l o. u s / w p - c o n t e n t / u p l o a d s / 2 0 1 0 / 0 5 / p o l a n d - p av i l i o n - s h a n g h a i - 2 0 1 0 . j p g ( F i g u re 1 ) , h t t p : / / d e s i g n a n d m a ke . a a s c h o o l . a c . u k / w p - c o n t e n t / u p l o a d s / 2 0 1 0 / 0 4 / p av _ s wo o s h 1 . j p g ( F i g u re 2 ) Accessed at 1 April 2016

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B . 3

CA S E

S T U DY

2 . 0

ICD Pavilion at the University of Stuttgart

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