Building Construction Project1

EXPERIENCING CONSTRUCTION

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION PROJECT I

CONTENT 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 GROUP MEMBERS 1.1 SITE & PROJECT 2.0 SITE & SAFETY AND PRELIMINARY 2.1 PLANTS AND MACHINERY 3.0 EXTERNAL WORK 3.1 SETTING OUT 3.2 PRELIMINARY WORK 4.0 FOUNDATION 4.1 FOUNDATION TYPE IN BUKIT JALIL (FROM SITE) 4.2 FOUNDATION TYPE AND CONSTRUCTION PROCESS (FROM REFERENCE) 5.0 SUPERSTRUCTURE 5.1 BEAM AND COLUMN 5.2 SLAB 5.3 WALL 5.4 STAIRCASE 6.0 DOORS AND WINDOWS 6.1 DOORS 6.2 WINDOWS 7.0 ROOF 7.1 ROOF TYPE AND CONSTRUCTION PROCESS (FROM SITE VISIT) 7.2 ROOF TYPE AND CONSTRUCTION PROCESS (FROM REFERENCE) 8.0 SUMMARY 8.1 REFERENCES

Page 3 4 5-7 8-9 11 11-13 14-16 18-24 25 27-29 30-33 34-37 38-43 45-47 48-49 51-53 54-55 57 58

INTRODUCTION TO GROUP MEMBERS

Aimuni Khalidah Anith Syazlin Aidan Ho Chong Wen Bin Choo Zi Zhao Lee Suk Fang Quinn Liew Min Yee

0326074 0325737 0326021 0327442 0320498 0323293 0324525

3

INTRODUCTION TO SITE AND PROJECT PROJECT MANAGER DEVELOPER ARCHITECT

MR. JAMES TOH PIONEER HAVEN SDN. BHD. K.D.I (MALTON BERHAD’S IN HOUSE ARCHITECT) M.R.Y (IMPLEMENT ARCHITECT)

BUKIT JALIL CITY

by

4

2.0 SITE AND SAFETY AND PRELIMINARY

CHONG WEN BIN | 0327442

5

2.0.1 SITE & SAFETY Rules & Regulation Board

Project Board

Security Guard House

Safety Board

Companies that employ workers have an interest in keeping the workplace safe. Safety at construction site is very important where it ensures the safety of workers and people passing by.

The current practice of safety in Malaysia is having a safety signboard as well as project signboard right outside the border of the construction site and the construction waste site in order to keep safety awareness in mind every time.

Rules & regulation board

Temporary guard house

Furthermore, there is a rules and regulation board translated into different languages to cater for the different races of people working on site. It presented at the entrance of the workers accomodation.

Safety guard is playing an important role to ensure the construction workers are working in a safe and secure environment. Rules and regulation and strictly follow by all the workers. There are couple of safety guard house located in different sections.

Safety Board

6

2.0.2 PERSONAL PROTECTION EQUIPMENT

2.0.3 CIDB CARD

There are many types of Personal Protective Equipment(PPE) which protect different parts of worker’s body from different hazards. Before entering the site, construction workers are required to prepare PPE for themselves. The protection that is available in this particular site is:

• • • • • • •

Hearing protection.

Head protection.

Eye protection.

Foot protection.

Hand and Arm protection.

Body protection.

Fall Protection

Construction Industry Development Board

CIDB Card

Other than that, construction workers will need to attend induction class before start doing construction works to give them deeper understanding about the risks at the site, especially when it comes to machine works (e.g piling machine which can cause hazard).

Head protection

Non-local workers must have legal permit and CIDB card. CIDB card applies to both local and non local workers. This is an integrated program that involves the registration and accreditation of Construction Personnel to enhance safety levels at Construction work sites.

Why construction workers must register?

• To ensure that Construction Workers are aware of the importance a safe and healthy working place;

• To provide a basic knowledge on safety and health at the Construction work site;

• To inform Construction Workers of the legal requirements in relation to safety and health.

Automatically covered by a special Insurance Scheme that insures the Construction Personnel against death and accidents. The next working passes/gate pass will be issued after safety induction and CIDB card application.

Safety boots

Fall Protection

7

2.1 PLANTS AND MACHINERY Plants and Machinery are equipment that use in construction industry.

Construction plant is generally re-useable, and so as well as being purchased new, it may be purchased second hand or hired. There are light and heavy equipments; Light equipment such as hoist, wheel barrow and jack hammer.

Heavy equipment refers to heavy-duty vehicles, specially designed for executing construction tasks, most frequently ones involving earthwork operations.

Excavators are heavy construction equipment consisting of a boom, dipper (or stick), bucket and cab on a rotating platform known as the “house".

At each stage of construction, dierent plants are being used. In this case, they are using:

Stage I: Earthwork

Excavator

Bulldozer

Backhoe

Compactor

Dumptruck

Stage II: Piling/ Pile caps

Pre-bore Machine

Hammer Machine

Excavator

Crawler crane

Stage III: Building

Tower crane

Mobile Crane

Back Hoe

Loader

Telehandler

Passenger hoist

Bulldozer is a crawler (continuous tracked tractor) equipped with a substantial metal plate (known as a blade) used to push large quantities of soil, sand, rubble, or other such material during construction or conversion work and typically equipped at the rear with a claw-like device (known as a ripper) to loosen densely compacted materials.

Compactor is a compactor type engineering vehicle used to compact soil, gravel, concrete, or asphalt in the construction of roads and foundations,

8

Concrete batching plant is a device that combines various ingredients to form concrete. Some of these inputs include sand, water, aggregate (rocks, gravel, etc.), fly ash, potash, and cement.

Loader is a heavy equipment machine used in construction to move aside or load materials such as asphalt, demolition debris, dirt, , feed, logs, raw minerals, recycled material, rock, sand etc. into or onto another type of machinery such as a dump truck and railroad car.

Tower cranes are a modern form of balance crane that consist of the same basic parts. Fixed to the ground on a concrete slab (and sometimes attached to the sides of structures), tower cranes often give the best combination of height and lifting capacity and are used in the construction of tall buildings.

Crawler Crane is a crane mounted on an undercarriage with a set of tracks (also called crawlers) that provide stability and mobility. Crawler cranes range in lifting capacity from about 40 to 3,500 short tons (35.7 to 3,125.0 long tons; 36.3 to 3,175.1 t).

Mobile Crawler Crane is able to move around a site and perform jobs without much set-up. However, because of its great weight and size, it is quite diďŹƒcult and expensive to transport the crawler crane from site to site.

Concrete truck Special concrete transport trucks (in–transit mixers) are made to transport and mix concrete up to the construction site. They can be charged with dry materials and water, with the mixing occurring during transport.

9

3.0 EXTERNAL WORK

10

3.0.0 EXTERNAL WORK

LEE SUK FANG | 0323293

The external work is a must for every construction building in a site. It can also described any works carried out to the external environment of a building project.

It includes the following categories provided by RICS’ New Rules of Measurement Part 3 (NRM3): • Site preparation works(setting out and earthwork)

• Roads, paths, pavings and surfacings.

• Soft landscaping, planting and irrigation systems.

• Fencing, railings and walls.

• External fixtures.

• External drainage.

• External services.

• Minor building works and ancillary buildings.

3.1.0 SETTING OUT

AIDAN HO | 0326021

Setting out, Also known as Construction Surveying or Staking, is the activity of laying down markers or indicators that will enable the planning and to clearly define the excavation boundaries and ground lines. Setting out is usually carried out in many construction projects, not limited to buildings, but also roads, pipelines, and concrete frames. Physical features that appear on the plan are marked out. in order to correctly locate them.

A Coordinate system is used in order to carry out these surveys. A Specialist Surveyor will use this coordinate system to form a grid that will represent the rows and columns of the walls of the basic structure This can be Observed in the picture to the left.

11

3.1.1 SITE CLEARANCE

CHOO ZI ZHAO | 0320498

The construction site is usually prepared in two steps: first the vegetation is cleared, and then the surface soil layer is removed. These operations can be done either by hand or by machine. In both cases, special pieces of equipment such as ropes, cables and chains may be required.

The first step is to remove vegetation from the site.

followed by the removal of surface soil layers. large stones besides digging out large stones.

Then remove surface soil to the outside limits of pond dikes

Failure to remove decaying tree stumps will result in weaken soil due to voids in soil

Bulldozer is used to uproot trees or also assist in pushing loose vegetations or rocks out of the soil

Ant hills and animal burrows have to be removed the site after site clearing has been carried out. (figure 3 showing bare land after site clearing has been done)

12

3.2.0 EARTH WORK A process done during the early stages of construction where land is excavated to either level the site or transferred and compacted to another location.

The levelling of the land is usually done and confirmed by the contractor before construction begins.

No construction can be started on the site without earthwork first being completed.

SITE LEVELING

THE CUT AND FILL METHOD

a process where earth is moved from one place to another to level the ground. "cut" is when the earth is removed from the top while "fill" is when a hole in the ground is filled.

1) We first show the section of the ‘the land that needs removal is marked topography with the existing elevation showing the difference in height between each line.

2)The lines are then removed to show the existing site elevation

3) A cut line is drawn and the space between them that needs to be added with land is marked as "fill".

4)The land that needs removal is marked as “cut”

5) Lastly both cut and fill diagrams were combined to show how much land area need to be removed and filled

CHOO ZI ZHAO | 0320498

13

3.3.0 PRELIMINARY Before getting started the project, the project client and engineer are necessary to provide basic facilities and resources for workers, such as accommodation, kitchen, bathing area, power and water supply. They also need to take responsibility to the logistic planning (access and circulation).

Temporary accomodation designed by using shipping containers for workers. The accomodation are with linked to water and power supplies. There are including male rooms,female rooms and couple rooms. The temporary kitchen is located just next to the accomodation.

Temporary accomodation

Temporary Kitchen

Temporary cafeteria

Bathing area

CHONG WEN BIN | 0327442

14

3.3.1 HOARDING It is a temporary structure build for fencing to restrict other people access into the construction area.

Besides, hoarding also used to separate dierent function of area within a site.In the site,it is built by reusable materials like plywood, steel and iron.

Hoarding

Hoarding can include barriers, gates, viewing windows, areas of fencing and so on and may be used to display warning and information signs.

Only authorised persons can access through the guard house.

Hoarding

15

3.3.2 SCAFFOLDING

Various Scaolding Components

It is a temporary platform constructed for reaching heights above for the purpose of building construction,maintenance,or repair. Normally built of timber or steel and is assembled by a specialist that has undergone training.

16

4.0 FOUNDATION

CHOO ZI ZHAO | 0320498

17

Foundation focuses on stage II which is piling/pile cap. Once the foundation is set up, then it comes in as superstructure (slab/column). Engineer designed the platform using the special tools .

And as for the particular Bukit Jalil site, the surface of the soil is hard (but not all parts are 100% hard, it is certain with soggy soil) so the ones with soggy soil will have the different design.

Relationship Between Type Of Soils & Strength Of Foundation Diagram

•

The Engineer or consultant will send a specialist to drill a spot to test the soil condition know as soil test before starting the Earthwork.

•

This will affect the design base of foundation whether with piling or without piling

Soggy Soil Area

BUKIT JALIL CITY SITE PLAN

18

4.1.0 FOUNDATION TYPE IN BUKIT JALIL (From Site) Start from the ground, the first layer is the ground slab, depends on the engineer whether to design for the ground beam.

• •

Normally ground beam is using for the high-rise buildings

Low-rise building, the ground beam is not needed

There are two types of foundation that employed in our site:

TYPICAL PILECAP PLAN

Superstructure is above foundation.

Pad foundations are generally shallow foundation and its is an isolated foundation.

The another type of foundation which are widely used on our site is Deep foundation due to the soil conditions.

Underneath there are "hard rock" layer which can fix our foundation into the rock.

19

4.1.1 FOOTING FOUNDATION Pad foundations are generally shallow foundation and its is an isolated foundation. Footing was using when the stable soil of adequate bearing capacity occurs relatively near to the ground surface around 1 to 2 m according to Mr. James.

Pad Foundation Plan View

Plan, Section of Pad Footing

20

4.1.2 PILE CAP Pile cap has the function of spreading the load from a compression or tension member onto a group of piles so that the load is shared square between the piles. The piles cap also accommodates deviations from the intended positions of piles, and by rigidly connecting all the piles in one group by a massive block of concrete.

TYPE OF PILE CAP IN OUR SITE

SIZE (LxW)

Reasons for using Precast R.C. Square pile:

• Provide high strength

• Resistance to decay, heavy

• Brittleness and low

• Have to use drop hammer due to our soil condition is slight to acidity soil.

DEPTH

1P450

750 X 750

600

1P600

900 X 900

650

1P750

1050 X 1050

750

1P900

1200 X 1200

900

2P900

1200 X 3450

900 PILE CAP

21

There are few stores are using pile foundation due to the soil condition. Pile foundation employed when the soil underlying a foundation is unstable or of inadequate bearing capacity. They extended down through the unstable soil to transfer building loads to a more appropriate bearing stratum of rock or dense sand. Another reason that we apply deep foundation is because underneath there are "hard rock" layer which can fix our foundation into the rock.

There are 2 common pile cap:

PILING LAYOUT PLAN

SINGLE PILE

DOUBLE PILE 22

FOUNDATION DIAGRAM

GROUP PILECAP SINGLE PILECAP

Pile cap has the function of spreading the load from a compression or tension member onto a group of piles so that the .load is shared square between the piles.

The piles cap also accommodates deviations from the intended positions of piles, and by rigidly connecting all the piles in one group by a massive block of concrete.

23

4.1.3 PILING PROCESS

Piles are shifted to designated area using a crane. Handled with care to prevent breakage.

1

Piles are ready to be driven into ground.

3

Originally lying on the ground. Lift with vertical position.

2

The pile hammer will drive the pile into ground until suitable deepness.

4

24

4.2.0 FOUNDATION (From Reference) Our site utilises both shallow and deep foundation but there are dependent on the soil condition of the area.

Alternative foundation element - Timber

Timber piles are one of the oldest form of foundation used. They are economical but there is a risk of deterioration due to humidity unless treated. They are susceptible to cracks due to overdriving timber piles are ideal to be used for temporary structures.

Continuous footing/ strip footing

Continuous footing is also known as strip footing. They are usually used to support a few close- distance columns or load-bearing walls. Our site, already equipped high-strength spun piles.

25

5.0 SUPER STRUCTURE

26

5.1.0 BEAMS & COLUMNS Materials : slab, concrete, rebar Beams are longitudinal members that supports vertical loads or moments, while columns are vertical members that supports axial and lateral loads.

In the shop lot construction, two methods are used to install the columns and beams and are designed to hold the weight of the overall structure. However, they are designed to never hold the slabs.

The weight of the columns depends on the condition of the soil, which in our case the depth is high for the commercial building. Hence, big columns are used to hold the total volume of the concrete.

•

To strengthen the columns, the BRC wire mesh is used which sizes vary from A3 to A9.

1. Wooden panels are set up as the formwork is to construct the reinforced concrete beam.

Cast in-place concrete beams are usually formed and place along with the slab they supported.

2. The cements is then poured into the formwork to form the concrete beam.

•

In our site, it is continuous casting for columns, beams and slab since they are constructed together.

•

The reinforcement bar is installed before formwork takes place.

ANITH SYAZLIN | 0325737

3. Wooden panels are removed after the cement has hardened and dried up which usually takes 28 days without rain.

AIMUNI KHALIDAH | 0326074

27

5.1.1 STEPS TO CONSTRUCT COLUMN

AIMUNI KHALIDAH | 0326074

1. Shows that the steel bar is placed into the foundation to construct

column.

2. Wooden panels are set up around the steel bars.

2.1. Wooden panels were set up to form the shape of the wooden panel.

2.2. Cement is then poured into the set up wooden panels.

2.3. The wooden panels are removed after the cement formed a concrete column.

2.4. It takes about 28 days without rain for the concrete columns to harden and dry up

1

2

28

5.1.2 RC BEAMS & COLUMNS In our site, use of reinforced concrete column (RCC) where column with steel frame (note: reinforcement bars) composed of concrete is applied. It is designed in such way to carry compressive loads where in our site, it is used for the commercial blocks construction of 3 levels.

Reinforced concrete columns ADVANTAGES

DISADVANTAGES

Has high strength/weight ratio. thus , the dead weight of steel structures is relatively small.

May be more costly than other types of structures.

High ductility that is important for resisting shock loading such as blasts and earthquakes.

Strength of steel is reduced substantially when heated at temperatures commonly observed in building fires

Can be erected quite rapidly results in quicker economic payo.

Due to high strength/weight ratio, steel compression members are in general more slender and consequently more susceptible to buckling.

Highly suitable for prefabrication and mass production.

-

Steel have relatively good fatigue strength.

Section; reinforcement of column

AIMUNI KHALIDAH | 0326074

ANITH SYAZLIN | 0325737

29

5.2.0 SLAB

AIMUNI KHALIDAH | 0326074

⦁ Structural Concrete Slabs are constructed to provide flat surfaces.

Slabs are usually supported by reinforced concrete beams.

⦁ Slabs are usually applied during the second stage (piling/pile cap)

of construction.

⦁ Ground slabs are those slabs that are poured directly into excavated

trenches in the ground that rely entirely on the existing ground for

support.

⦁ The thickness of the ground slab on the site is 600mm. Meanwhile,

the thickness of the level slabs on the site are 300mm.

5.2.1 Process of concrete ground slab 1. Wooden panels were set up to form the shape of the slab. The rebar is placed on the gravel to withstand more force.

2. Cement is poured into the wooden formwork to form reinforced concrete to slab.

3. Wooden panels is removed after the cement form slab and it takes time around two weeks.

4. Reinforced concrete slab takes about 28 days to totally harden and dry up.

Section of the level slab

Section of ground slab

Final product of concrete ground slab

30

(a) Reinforced concrete cracked under load.

(b) Post-tensioned concrete before loading.

(c) Post-tensioned loading after concrete.

Simply supported beam

Cantilever beam

Benefits: •

As for the following floors, we were informed that post-tensioning method is used to construct the slabs.

•

Cracks occur in reinforced concrete are normally very small and well distributed.

•

Construction of post-tensioned slabs on grade is very similar to using reinforce steel except for the tensioning step.

•

Durability increases as the tension is eliminated under the combination of the two and tension cracks are prevented.

•

Post-tensioning is a method of prestressing in which the tendons are tensioned after the concrete has hardened.

•

Cost effective construction and takes a short time to construct.

31

5.2.2 The Operation of Post-Tensioning •

Tensioning steel tendons comprised of bars are embedded in the concrete to induce compressive forces.

•

The tendons are installed after concrete has been placed.

•

A hydraulic jack is attached to both ends of the tendon and pressurized to predetermine value while bearing against the end of the concrete beam.

•

The force in tendon is transferred from the jack to the end anchorage after jacking to the full required force.

•

The protruding "tail" of bars of permanent tendon are cut off using abrasive disc saw or plasma cutting after stressing.

5.2.3 Reinforced Concrete Floor System

One way beam floor slab When slab is supported on two opposite sides only, total load is carried along the perpendicular direction of supporting beams.

The Application of Hydraulic Jack 32

5.2.4 THE BASEMENT AREA Two-way flat slab with drop panels Usually does not require shear reinforcement at the columns. No-beams which simplifies the under-floor services outside the drops.

33

5.3.0 WALL

ANITH SYAZLIN | 0325737

STICK WALL SYSTEM/CURTAIN WALL

ADVANTAGES •

Bears its own dead load weight

•

Ideal for plane, vertical, angled and polygonal curtain walling

•

Economical

•

Reliable where it is easy to assemble,fix and maintain

•

Possible to execute with structural aluminium profiles or as an add-on system for wood and steel structure

Components of curtain wall: Anchors, Transom, Mullions, Glazing

•

An outer covering where the outer walls are non-structural and lightweight material

•

Designed to resist air and water infiltration, sway induced by the wind and most importantly to bear its own load weight forces

•

Designed with extruded aluminium members, whereas the aluminium frame is typically infilled with glass to provide good daylighting and pleasant looking building.

•

It is suitability fits the use for high-rise building, which in this case is the shop lot construction.

•

made of

Glazing

Building Structure

Stick Wall

The stick system comprise of aluminium sections being installed in the site.

34

Wall Frame Details

Production of cement is done in-situ.

Wall Type Normal wall - 120mm

Partition wall - 200mm

Material: Cement Sand Bricks

Dimension: 65mm x 95mm x 215mm

As seen from our site, the use of cement sand bricks is applied. The suitability of the material is parallel with the stick system as they are lightweight, durable, easy to install, fireproof, low maintenance and could be ornamented.

Laying of bricks arranged in stretcher bond.

35

5.3.1 Installation of wall

5.3.2 Process of Layering Wall

1. Stick systems are installed on site, component by component, after being prepared and machined in the factory and supplied in knock down form.

1. Amount of layering styles is according to the type of the walls (NOTE: Normal wall – 115 mm, Partition wall 230 mm).

2. After the mullions are secured, the horizontal transoms are added.

3. Blocks are joined together with mortars and ropes are tied at the end to ensure all the blocks are in line.

3. The glazing panels, spandrels and vents installed in the completed grid; normally using a pressure plate and facecap.

4. Stick systems allow on site adjustment accordingly.

5. The loose parts left once the blocks reach the full height of the wall are stued with mortars as well as small pieces of bricks.

7. All sides of wall are coated with 21 or 22 mm thick plaster cement.

36

5.3.3 PLASTERING In our site especially the commercial building, the cement plaster is used. The surface of the wall is ensured to be clean from any dust while any loose parts of the wall is filled with mortar. Water is sprinkled lightly to ensure better adhesion to the plaster materials. Appropriate amount of plaster is mixed first accordingly based on type of wall.

37

5.4.0 STAIRCASE

LEE SUK FANG | 0323293

The technical rules which suitable for this site is code BS 5395 which talks about building staircase and EN 1992 for designing the concrete structures with reinforcement.

Staircase is also known as stairway,stairwell,flight and steps.It composed of the tread and riser.Normally the design is designed by architect,then engineer will do the reinforcement based on architect design, later on pass to the builder to build the stairs.

For the types of staircase which used in the site are straight staircase, halflanding staircase.

The plan of half-landing staircase at ground floor.

The dimension of risers and treads in a stairway should be proportioned to accommodate the body movement.The photos below showed the dimension used in the site.

The section of half-landing staircase Straight Staircase

Half-landing Staircase

Tread:255mm

Riser:172.92mm

No. of steps:24 38

Use Cast in-situ Reinforced Concrete staircase in site.

5.4.1 PROCESS OF MAKING

Advantages: • It embraces various building shapes

•

Connection are homogenous with rest of the frame

•

It is easily used for two way structural systems

•

It is not necessary to pay for crane on site

•

Construction can proceed independently of weather conditions

•

Better working conditions for the building operatives

The site used inclined slab stairs which :

• The landing span from edges to load bearing wall.

•

1. The reinforcement is set after the slide formwork is built.

2. Later on,the horizontal wood panel formwork is put above the reinforcing steel bar.

The stair flights span from floor to landing and from landing to floor.

3. The concrete can be poured down as the slide formwork and horizontal panel leave a gap which allows concrete to flow beneath it.

Inclined slabs concrete stairs with half space landings

39

5.4.2 FORMWORK OF CAST IN-SITU CONCRETE STAR 1. Set the brackets on the two stringer members using the spacers and pivot screws.

The riser boards is made of wood panel which find from straight lumber,the surface of the boards also will aect the appearance of it. After the completion of formwork,the concrete with materials such as aggregate,mortar which are mixed together would be poured and placed about 21 days to wait the concrete harden.

2. Remove spacers and rotate brackets to the extension angle to adjust stair.

3. Fix brackets in position,attach riser forms and pour concrete.

Alternative Wall Support Spacer

Bracket

1 Pivot screw Plywood Plywood SoďŹƒt Board Joists Plywood Riser

Stringer

2 Rotate

Wall Board Joists supported by adjustable steel props Sole

Typical formwork of cast in-situ concrete stairs.

3

Brace

Poured Concrete 40

5.4.3 REINFORCED CONCRETE STAIRCASE Reinforcement:using deformed steel bar(also known as ribbed steel bar/rebar) to prevent slippage in concrete and aord the drawing stress together with concrete. For using deformed steel bar,it will give more strength up to 40% to 80% then normal steel bar with same diameter and weight, also save 40% of steel bars usage.

Precaution: no overlapping of steel bars and have to be separate with concrete.

Deformed steel bar

The size of steel bar is included in code EN 10080: Steel for the reinforcement of concrete.Normally range from 12mm to 16mm, N/Y12 - N/Y16.

Reinforcement of straight staircase.

41

5.4.4 METAL HANDRAILS & RAILINGS

For the site,it uses general tubular iron handrails with square and sharp end railings.

100cm

The coating of the iron uses oil-based paint.

Views of handrails and railings.

42

Metal Rails

Direct Screw

Cover Plate Welded to Standards

Alternative Cover Plate

Matching Cement Mortar Filling

Run Leader Cement Grout

Ragged end

Pocket Formed in Concrete

Typical rolled iron handrail sections are mounted on channel or flats secured by screws, or welded from below.

43

6.0 DOORS & WINDOWS

QUINN LIEW MIN YEE | 0324525 44

6.1.0 DOOR

Plan of flush doors •

generally made out of plywood with metal framing

•

Hollow part of the door are filled with cardboard core material

•

Having plywood or MDF fixed over a light timber frame

•

Generally made for interior and exterior with two same side facade

6.1.2 DOOR KNOB INSTALLATION

Drilling a bore hole about 2/18” diameter and 2 ¾” away from the corner for door knob, and 1” diameter cross hole

Attach a faceplate with 2 screw after the latch is installed, then install the knob and lever. Plastic alignment device is needed in this process.

45

6.1.3 DOOR INSTALLATION

First, measuring the size of a door & build up a rough hollow frame of a door

Then, fill up the gap between each bricks to create an actual size frame by using concrete.

Insert the door frame and leave about 3cm empty space from the ground.

6.1.4 Requirement of a standard fire door : •

Fire or smoke seals

•

Door hardware

•

Structure that holds the fire door assembly in place

•

The minimum requirement fire door assembly rating is 1.5 hour per door

•

•

Fire Door

Components of the fire door assembly must bear a listing agencies label of ANSI 156.2 and NFPA 80 (1999)

The exterior cement plaster minimum thickness is ¾” to face of lath

Intumescent strip work as a seal to prevent the passage of smoke and fire.

•

A door that is made to resist fire from spreading fire or smoke between compartments

•

Needs to meet the guideline from the general agency which listed the needs

•

Doorset are normally made out of structure that seals smokes, and hardware that resist fire

46

6.1.5 TEMPERED GLASS DOOR Single leaf Tempered Glass Door

• Build in with Fixed Sidelites.

• Using aluminium frame 102 Nos.

47

6.2.0 WINDOWS Window is an opening especially in the wall of a building for admission of light and air that is usually closed by casements or sashes containing transparent material. A very typical example of window since age of 70s is having it in a room where it is capable to be opened and shut.

Curtain Wall System

•

Curtain wall systems are a non-structural cladding systems for the external walls of buildings.

•

They are generally associated with building which has multi storey. -Curtain walls can divide interior from the exterior, yet still hold up on its own weight.

•

Curtain wall systems can be custom designed and manufactured, but are often manufacturer's proprietary systems that can be bought ‘off the shelf’.

•

Custom-designed systems are more expensive in large building generally.

48

6.2.1 STICK WALL SYSTEM Stick systems are installed piece by piece on site, with the glazing inserted into the frame from the inside or the outside depending on access conditions.

Powder Coated Aluminum Frames:

• • • • •

Aluminium frames has Slim Profile

When it comes to frame, aluminium is more durable compare to the others

Narrow sight lines

Low Maintenance and affordable for huge building.

Looks stylish and also gives a fresh look

-Panels are often composites, with the facing materials bonded to, or ‘sandwiching’ insulation.

-The system consists of the vertical framing elements and the horizontal sub- dividers or rails.

-These panel components are attached to the structural mullions to form the envelop.

This is an on-site activity.

-The panel units or modules there must also be able to accommodate unforeseen movements.

49

7.0 ROOF

AIDAN HO | 0326021

50

7.1.0 ROOF (FROM SITE VISIT)

The materials used are:1. Steel Angle bars

2. Aluminium Purlin

3. Ribbed Galvanised 
 Steel Sheet Metal

4. Galvanised Steel Flashing

The roof is a part of the exterior casing of any particular building. It is placed and located on top as a structure and acts as a shelter or covering, to shield inhabitants from external factors and elements. These environmental factors include weather, such as rain & snow, heat, sunlight, wind, animals, foreign objects, and even possible intruders.

7.1.1 DESIGN

Facade

BACK

FRONT

The type of roof utilised in this shop lot project is known as a Slanting Purlin Roof. It is mono-pitched in design (also known as a pent roof, shed roof, lean-toroof or scallion roof), meaning that there is only a single slope and it is not attached to a separate roof surface.

Furthermore, the roof does not rest directly on any walls, but on purlin angle bars on the inner surface of the walls.

Roof Purlin

RC Gutter

5. Fibreglass Insulation Batts

In this case the slope angle of the roof is only a shallow angle of 1 degree, and is barely noticeable to the naked eye, however it still serves it’s function, which is efficient drainage.

A Purlin roof was chosen because it is light weight, cost effective, and easy to install, while maintaining quality.

51

7.1.2 CONSTRUCTION PROCESS

4 Roofing materials are then placed on the purlin, firstly an aluminium sheet, followed by a layer of fibreglass, then insulation batts, and followed by the final metal (steel) roofing.

1 Walls are built

2 Angle bars are attached to inner surfaces of the wall at a desired angle

5 Waterproofing coat is spray on and applied to the surface, and then GI (galvanised iron) flashing is installed.

3 Purlin is placed and attached on angle bars.

52

7.1.2 BUILDING FACTORS/CONSIDERATIONS

The Fibreglass batts aid in both thermal and sound insulation of the building.

Malaysia is a hot country, and thermal insulation is a key part of building design, without it, it would also cost a lot more to have more air conditioning. The fibreglass batts form a separating layer between the interior and exterior, as the metal roofing acts more as a conductor.

WEATHER AND ENVIRONMENT External factors play an important role in how a building is constructed and the materials used,

Malaysia is located very close to the Equator, and is country that has higher temperatures, is humid all year round, and has regular rainfall.

Also, the batts dampen sounds from the environment that maybe very loud without it. This is most evident when it rains, because the sounds of the rain drumming on the metal produces a loud sound,

7.1.2 DIMENSIONS

The Galvanised Steel roofing, as well as the Flashing deter water from from entering the building through the roof. Because it has waterproofing, the metal will last much longer than usual and will not rust and break down. The Flashing seals and conceals any gaps and opening that may allow water seepage. Water is redirected off the roof, and into the RC Gutter and in to the drainage.

100

20

1050

20900

230

230

230

1050

150

400

250

7700

Cross section of roofing components RC Gutter

7700

Roof Plan

53

7.1.0 DIFFERENT ROOF SHAPES AND DESIGNS (FROM REFERENCES) The Bukit Jalil City Shop-lot’s roof is a mono-pitch roof like this one, However, too roof come in many different shapes and designs.

Mono-pitch

Mansard

Gable to gable

Suppressed gable or gambrel

Hipped “L”Plan

Non-right angle corners

Dropped eaves

Intersecting roof gable to gabel

Hip to hip

Square and curved turret 54

7.1.0 DIFFERENT ROOF CONSTRUCTION METHOD
 (FROM REFERENCES)

King post Top Chord

Metal Gusset

Truss Web Side post

Bottom Chord

Bearing post

TRUSS ROOF The roof of our site building was initially supposed to constructed with a Truss roof, however Truss roofs are heavy and harder to install and would cost and take more time.

FLAT RC ROOF This is a simple flat RC roof that is easily accessible and used usually in commercial buildings or office blocks, and sometimes residential area.

RAFTER/STICK ROOF Similar to the Truss roof, however, applications.

they have slightly different

55

8.0 SUMMARY

AIMUNI KHALIDAH | 0326074

56

To summarise, throughout the whole site visit we have absolutely learnt a lot from this observation. from the basic theories that we developed from reference books to finally undergone the experience of a construction practically. We visited one site located in Bukit Jalil, three storey of shoplot units (with two units having four selected storeys and a Lower Ground (LG) for basement parking. We got to see different construction levels, from foundation level to the final touches.

We learnt that to begin a project, we first need to consider the site & safety and preliminary to ensure the safety of the employed workers and also people passing by. Followed by external works which involved the setting out boundaries, surveying the land and setting out earth works. After Excavation, the first thing that is carried out is the foundation, and once that is done then comes the superstructure part which includes, columns and beams, slabs, staircase and wall. We also get to learn about post-tensioning with better understanding as well as study different kinds of windows and doors that gives different functions on our site. And finally we get to take a look at the roofing system and structure being utilised.

The busy gritty atmosphere on-site contrasts greatly to the confines of the four walls of our architecture studios While we were there, we got to observe and analyse many things and structures, how they’re built and how they’re made, for many of us for the fist time. Through this report we can see that it is evident that the external and environmental factors, context and budget of the project play and important part in the planning of a building’s design, structure, materials used, and construction method.

This report envelopes all the aspects of us Experiencing Architecture, and is a brief analysis and overview of the Bukit Jalil City Shop-lots by the Malton group.

57

8.1 REFERENCE 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

Chudley, R., & Greeno, R. (2004) Building Construction Handbook. Oxford: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann.

Francis D.K. Ching (2008) Building Construction Illustrated (Forth Edition) New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. John Corven, P.E. and Alan Moreton, P.E (2013) Post-tensioning Tendon Installation and Grouting Manual (Version 2.0) U.S Department of Transportation.

D. Fanella, I. Alsamsam, (2005) The Design of Concrete Floor Systems, PCA Professional Development Series.

Process of ground slab, ecohome.com. Retrieved 18 May 2016 from http://www.ecohome.net/guide/slab-grade-construction-step-step-guide Steps to construct columns, ehow.com. Retrieved 18 May 2016 from http://www.ehow.com/info_12170215_steps-make-concrete-column.html Alan & Sylvia Blanc (2001), Stairs (Second Edition), Great Britain: Architectural Press "Booshman's Blog: July 2011". Boosh-man.blogspot.my. N.p., 2011. Web. 21 May 2016. Retrieved fromhttp://boosh-man.blogspot.my/2011_07_01_archive.html "Eurocode 2: Design Of Concrete Structures". Wikipedia. N.p., 2016. Web. 21 May 2016.Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Eurocode_2:_Design_of_concrete_structures 10. Francis D. K. Ching. (2011). Building Construction Illustrated. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

11. "High Yield Deformed Bar". steelbarmalaysia.com. N.p., 2016. Web. 21 May 2016.Retrieved from http://www.steelbarmalaysia.com/high-yield-deformed-bar/ 12. "Rebar". Wikipedia. N.p., 2016. Web. 21 May 2016.Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebar#European_sizes 13. "Steel Bar Weight". steelbarmalaysia.com. N.p., 2016. Web. 21 May 2016.Retrieved from http://www.steelbarmalaysia.com/steel-bar-weight/ 14. “How to construct beams” theconstructor.com. Retrieved 23 May 2016 from http://theconstructor.org/concrete/typical-construction-joints-in-beams-and-columns/ 7373/ 15. Average price of building materials: Sabah & Sarawak. (2007). Kuala Lumpur: Construction Industry Development Board Malaysia.

16. Books, B. (2013). Construction site. Place of publication not identified: Beaver Books Pub. 17. Canizares, S., & Moreton, D. (2000). Construction site. New York: Scholastic.

18. Greathouse, L. E. (2012). Big digs: Construction site. Huntington Beach, CA: Teacher Created Materials.

19. Glaser, M. A. (2007). The construction site: And the metamorphosis of the cities. Baden: Lars Müller.

20. Site safety. (1998). London: CIRIA. 21."Scaffolding Safety ... OSHA Says The Key Is Inspecting Your Setup Before You Climb Onto It | Biofuels Journal". Biofuelsjournal.com. N.p., 2016. Web. 25 May 2016.

Retrived from http://www.biofuelsjournal.com/articles/scaffolding_safety_____osha_says_the_key_is_inspecting_your_setup_before_you_climb_onto_it-50842.html http:// 22."Hoarding For Construction Sites - Designing Buildings Wiki". Designingbuildings.co.uk. N.p., 2016. Web. 25 May 2016.Retrived from www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Hoarding_for_construction_sites 23."External Works - Designing Buildings Wiki". Designingbuildings.co.uk. N.p., 2016. Web. 25 May 2016.Retrived from http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/ External_works

58