Building construction 2 (Bus shelter report)

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION II PROJECT 1 BUS SHELTER

Chong Wen Bin Nicole Foo Shuli Hor Ming Jack Alexandra Go Tan Chin Yin Tan Jee Khium

0327442 0325517 0325145 0325342 0320080 0324827

Tutor Ms Alice Lim Li Yuen

contents 1.

Introduction

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2.

Design Development a. Process Sketches b. Mock-up’s c. Final Design d. Technical Drawings e. Axonometric Drawing f. Materials Analysis

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3.

Construction Details a. Floor b. Column (Wing) c. Roof & Gutter

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4.

Construction Process

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5.

Analysis a. Primary & Secondary Structure b. Lateral Forces Wind Load c. Vertical Forces d. Considerations Moment of Force e. COnsiderations Wind Pressure

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6.

Loads and Forces Testing

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7.

Final Model

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8.

Conclusion

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9.

References

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INTRODUCTION A skeletal structure is in which weight is carried by a skeleton or framework, as opposed to being supported by walls. A frame is a structure used to resist vertical forces and lateral forces in conjunction with its foundation to provide strength and stability for the structure. This assignment allows students to experience and understand skeletal structure and its relevant structural components. It is important as it is one of the most widely used structures for building support.

We were required to form a group of 5 people, construct a temporary bus shelter which it should be constructed to accommodate 5-6people. The maximum height is 600mm and the base size is 400mmx800mm. We have to demonstrate the knowledge of skeletal frames and its joints, and clearly define all the building components in this project. The structure should be elevated at least 50mm from the ground. In terms of form, we are required to choose two different forms, combined and transformed into one bus shelter. Besides that, we also need to consider the other design consideration such as weather resistant and the accessibility of the shelter to fulfil the design criteria.

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DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

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Process sketches The design of the bus stop is based on the traits and the form of the coconut tree. The coconut tree was chosen as it is one of the most resilient trees against the weather, as well as providing a large area of shade due to its broad leaves.

Although the coconut tree looks flimsy and weak when hit by strong forces such as wind, the coconut tree still stands due to its flexibility and thin profile. As such, we have decided to design the bus stop with flexibility, strength and minimum profile with the addition of a large roof for maximum shade against the weather.

We have experimented with different designs to suit our motives as well as providing stability and comfort for the passengers waiting at the bus stop. After several concept designs and brainstorming, we have selected the most promising design and that design will be tested structurally and further developed.

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Mock-up Mock Up 1 The model made by white modelling board (image A) shows that the initial design of the bus shelter, came out with initial ideas and overall form. The joints model (image B&C) shows how the joints been constructed and study how the loads transferred from the top to the column.

A

B

C

Mock Up 2 After the first tutorial, we have decided to use other materials for experimentation, and to test the stability of the structure by using the form we have chosen (image D). Image E shows the joints in detail. The last image shows the outcome of the second mock up. The result shows the weaknesses of the wing, and we need to enhance and study more about how to stabilize and strengthen the wing to support the roof.

D

E

F

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Final design We decided to combine two forms cuboid and pyramid, with some changes of the pyramid form, and transferred into the bus shelter. After couple of tutorials and an interim session, a final digital model was made, visualizing the structure, spaces and materials of the bus shelter. Types of necessary joints were now identifiable.

Cuboid + Pyramid

Final Digital Model

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Technical Drawings

4000

4000

3000 2500

Floor Plan

Roof Plan 3000

4000

3300 3300

Front Elevation

Side Elevation

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Axonometric Drawing

9

Materials Analysis

Polycarbonate

Glulam Wood Advantage: Flexible in terms of size and shape ie form, relatively sturdy, durable, Disadvantage: Subject to rotting and fire

Advantage: Waterproof, flexible, and span distance appropriate for the project purpose, high resistance to heat and cold.

Metal Advantage: Does not rot, lightweight,strong/sturdy, soft, durable, ductile and malleable metal. It acts as a good thermal and electrical conductor and is also fairly corrosion resistant.

Disadvantage: Not as long lasting as the other 2 materials, subject to thermal degradation, not very resistant to scratching, marring, and abrasive surfaces.

Disadvantage: Conductor of heat, It’s not particularly strong and is expensive compared to steel of the same strength.

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Construction details

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floor

DIAGRAM 1: Column to pad footing The metal brackets are strengthened and stabilized the wooden columns as a support. The air gap is designed to minimise moisture exposure to the wooden columns,

DIAGRAM 2: Floor beam to column The beam hanger plays an important role where it holding the floor beam.

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DIAGRAM 4: Floor decking Wooden decking is joined by nails, nailed on the beams.

DIAGRAM 3: Floor joist to floor beam The hurricane tie works as to join the floor joist and beam.

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column

DIAGRAM 5: Column to column The beam hanger is holding two columns, for both sides of the structure.

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roof

DIAGRAM 6: Wings to roof beam The customized wing hangers are to support both wings joists to the roof beam

DIAGRAM 7: Minor supporting member Besides customized wing hanger, there are 4 minor supporting members to enhance the stability of the roof wings.

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DIAGRAM 8: Polycarbonate panels and wing joist This diagram shows the joints between the polycarbonate panels (uses for roof) and wings.

DIAGRAM 9: Gutter The customized metal gutter is being used in between the wings, installed underneath of the polycarbonate roof to collect and diverts rainwater away from the roof.

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Construction process

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Making template

Process of model making

Making the model template with accurate sizes & scale

Trace the template on plywoods

Saw the plywood by following the traced template

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The plywood had been cut into appropriate pieces

Footing

Making wooden cuboid casing for the concrete footing

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Add water, sand and mix together to make concrete

Pour concrete mixture to the generated template

Metal plate attached on the top of the concrete footers for the column (wing) joist system to foundation 20

Floor Beam

Create main floor beam by gluing multiple players of wood.

Attaching joists onto main floor beams using nails

Column (Wing)

Polish & trim all the columns in one go to smooth out rough edges and keeping a consistent shape for all the columns 21

Attach all the columns (wings) by screws

The wings and the flooring system are done and ready to be joined

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Roof

Place the L-brackets on the roof beam with precision with regular intervals between them and attaching it using screws

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Attaching polycarbonate to the roof structure with metal frame.

Decking

Installing floor deck to the floor system.

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Concrete footing is cast before steel plates are bolted into the concrete footing. Metal brackets are bolted and welded directly onto the metal plate for place the wooden column.

Wooden columns are placed onto the concrete footing and bolted down using a metal bracket. Beam hangers are bolted onto the columns to place the floor beams.

The floor beams are placed onto the beam hangers. Floor joins are placed on top of the beam and run perpendicular to the direction of the beam.

Floor deck is placed on top of the joists and nailed down.

The roof beam is erected up and the wing hanger is installed. Minor supporting member are then placed onto the roof wings.

The gutter is is installed on top of the roof beam and the polycarbonate roof is installed alongside the seating area.

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Analysis

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Primary & secondary structure

Primary Structure These are the components are the main load bearing structures. They also make up the general framework of the bus shelter.

Secondary Structure The secondary components function as load distributors as they distribute load evenly throughout the primary components. This prevents the primary components from being unevenly stressed.

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Lateral Forces: Wind Load

The roof beam and the floor beams are the main components of the structure that resist wind load, producing an opposing force to cancel out the force exerted on structure by wind.

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vertical forces: Roof Load and gravitational load

The gravitational load of the roof is equally distributed among the two columns to be carried to the ground.

Considerations: Moment of force

Moment is the tendency of a force to rotate an object about an axis.

The moment of force is present in both columns, but since both columns are held together where they cross, the opposing forces cancels each other, leaving the structure to be in perfect balance.

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Considerations: Moment of force

Moment is the tendency of a force to rotate an object about an axis. The moment of force is present in both columns, but since both columns are held together where they cross, the opposing forces cancels each other, leaving the structure to be in perfect balance.

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Considerations: wind pressure

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loads & Forces testing

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LOAD TEST

+

+

=

Laptop

White Box

Toolbox

2. 4 kg

2 kg

5 kg

Total 9. 4 kg

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Final model

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conclusion We were assigned to construct a temporary bus shelter with sizes of 600mx400mx800m (1:50) for this assignment. We have to apply construction system in the design, demonstrate our knowledge of skeletal frames and its joints. Furthermore, it must clearly define all building components such as roof, walls, column and floor. The model is to be constructed in 1:5 scale. After all, analyse the issues of strength, stiffness and stability of structures are required.

By the end of the assignment, we have understood how a skeletal structure been constructed and functioned. we have also learnt how to address our design issues by using construction methods, as well as overcome the force and stress applied to a structure with suitable construction techniques.

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References 1.

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3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

Air gap between column and footing. Retrieved October 3, 2016, from http://www.nzdl.org/gsdlmod?e=d-00000-00---off-0cdl--00-0----0-10-0---0---0direct-10---4-------0-1l--11-en-50---20-about---00-0-1-00-0--4----0-0-1110-0utfZz-8-00&cl=CL2.1&d=HASH51495f314e8d35f51533d4.7.4&gt=1 Authority, H. D. P. (2000). Engineered wood flooring. Retrieved October 3, 2016, from http://www.homedepot.com/c/how_to_choose_right_engineered_wood_for_your_project_HT_BG_LC Deck basics. Retrieved October 3, 2016, from http://www.robertshomeinspectionservice.com/pages/deckbasics.aspx Limited, T. S. E. Building structure. Retrieved October 3, 2016, from http://www.colorcoat-online.com/en/technical/functional-design/buliding-structure Project26: Performance (Wooden column to concrete pad footing). Retrieved October 3, 2016, from http://rerdm.hyperbody.nl/index.php/project26:Performance Tetlow, K. (2012, August ). BNP media. Retrieved October 3, 2016, from https://continuingeducation.bnpmedia.com/coursePrint.php?L=307&C=913 (2010). Little toolbox. Retrieved 3 October 2016, from http://www.freepik.com/free-icon/little-toolbox_700839.htm#term=toolbox&page=1&position=32

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