Construction
Solutions
Learning Centre for All Klang
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 1 [BLD6140/ ARC3514 /ARC3512] SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING & DESIGN Bachelor of Science (Honours) (Architecture)
Kennett Lim Roong Xiang 0325031 Mr. Rizal
CONTENT TABLE 1.0 Introduction 1.1
Jalan Besar, Klang
1.2
Learning Centre for All A.
Project description
B.
Plans
2.0 Precedent studies and analysis 2.1
Façade – M House, Grid timber louvres screen façade
- Cloverdale 749, Corrugated Metal Cladding Façade 2.2 Structural system - The Spring House, Steel System 2.3 Floor system - The Spring House, Composite Steel Floor 2.4 Roof - Nest We Grow Moment Connection,
3.0 Alternative design scheme 3.1
façade 1
3.2 façade 2
4.0 Sectional perspective 5.0 References
2
1.0 Introduction The elaborated findings and analysis in the practicality of design through the means of the structural and the envelope systems of proposed Learning Centre for All in Klang design. The analysis and documentation of construction methods and materials, evaluation of existing construction system and detailing of the selected project, lastly to generate an alternative construction solutions via the interpretation of sketches and drawings. Moreover, the thought process and consideration spans to ensure that the design implemented into the abstract of thinking integrates logical and workable construction systems such as floor, roof, and façade of the proposed building project. The findings and conclusions drawn thereafter allows understanding of the design scheme as an intention to tackle issues regarding to the site in Klang as well as to increase knowledge competency of the design proposed. This objective encourages analytical and critical study of the principles, practices and details of building technology in the abstract design of the Learning Centre for All. Also, to be able to implement the alternative construction systems into the design of the building afterwards.
1.1 Jalan Besar Primary circulatory access to cross through to the be redirected back south of Klang. Along the wide road, it consists of the physical qualities like the intimate scale of the buildings, oriented facades to the street sheltered with five foot walkways, spots and clumps of vegetation, and the many parking amenities.
Figure 1: Jalan Besar street converging towards to the site viewed from the bridge of Jalan Tengku Kelana.
Figure 2: the famous “Chong Kok” that is well perceived by many people local and far from Klang flanked by shop lots of interest by along the wide busy street of Jalan Besar .
Scale 1; 2000
Diagram 1: The street of Jalan Besar spanning across Klang intersecting at a junction in front of KTM and near site A. Introduction I 1.0
3
1.2 Learning Centre for All A. Project description Building function: Learning and activity centre
Building type:
Infill of 3 shop lots
Building area:
5471.91 m2 . (31 metres long and 16 metres wide)
Building storeys:
Existing building storey- 2 storeys, Proposed learning centre-4 storeys.
Location:
JY mart, trading gold smith shop lot and a wholesale shop lot opposite collectively placed right in front of the KTM of Klang
Design Intention: The learning centre is designed to aid in bringing livelihood and vibrancy to the rather stagnant sector of Klang. It is also considered in the design as a strategy to be aware and a new experience whilst travelling down the road of Jalan Besar, Klang. There is much more things that can be discovered and to have community to intertwine with the place a little longer as there are opportunities that can be taken and strengths to be reinforced, weaknesses to be tackled and threats to be provided a solution to.
Scale 1; 2000
Diagram 2: site plan of Klang with the site indicated in relation with the surrounding context.
The design takes on the approach to the people by bringing introducing street life with the building by the path-space relationship on the ground level as a connecting circulation to the spaces above. Spaces whilst defined in relation to the presence of the surrounding context.
Diagram 3: Buildings lots highlighted as the proposed building of the learning centre for all. It consists of 3 corner infill shop lots. 4
B. Plans 1 :100
Ground floor
1
2
3
4
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
5
1 :100
First floor
1
2
3
4
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
6
1 :100
Second floor
1
2
3
4
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
7
1 :100
Third floor
1
2
3
4
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
8
2.1. Masonry facade
The building seeks to give an urban response by understanding the boundary gable of the school as a facade, not as a "blind" wall.
Edicion Juana Azurduy 1635 by BAAG Buenos Aires, Argentina 2011 Advantages 1.
2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Resourceful, vernacular materials that can be potentially found locally . Sufficient thermal mass to cool interior spaces Privacy to the inhabitants within the house. Recyclable Repeated intricate pattern allows ease of constructability Relatively low cost, in labour and material usage
Disadvantages 1. 2.
3. 4.
Possibility for occurrence in corrosion Expensive to be funded when needed additional quantity Weight- weight of a brick construction can lead to premature and extensive sinking of the foundation. High cost in maintenance and labour
What can be learnt for the Learning Centre for All . The implementation of this pattern of façade design stimulates play of transparency from in the building to out. It makes perfect fit for the intention into creating interest from street level in Jalan Besar, Klang – the mix of classic and new. The modular arrangement and dimension eases construction tension whilst economic factor which compliments the interior spaces effectively whereby spaces needed to be quiet; yet open. Therefore, this fits in the learning centre nicely. Masonry screen façade I Precedent studies and analysis I 2.0
9
Perforated faceThe initiative was to design a flexible wall in meeting the terms of privacy as well as local air movement orientation.
Modular schemes
1.
Gridles Parasols
2.
Gridles Railings
3.
Expansions
*All images courtesy of BAAG
Parasol strip Brick screening
4.
Core spaces
Structure - Steel
Brick locking English brick screen Palomero rigging with tizon
+ Girdles - Parasol Belt edge Double wall | Brick screen
Brick screen Soga Rigging
=
Simple brick screen Palomero rigging Exploring the possibilities of the massive brick, horizontal "banners" of 90 cm in height were designed that act as parapets, brises and screens. These bands run along the four faces of the blocks forming the walls; balancing and accentuating the visuals. Each balcony and terrace has expansions by brises& screens that create privacy specific characteristics that favours privacy.
4–faced - Continuously facet every orientation of the house. This motive initiates dialogue among the suburban setting; privacy & transparent
10
2.1. Corrugated Metal Cladding Façade
The contemporary effects of such a façade which responds to the heaty seashore climate of the country. The play of opacity and modern materials usage which in turn , provides ease of assemblage & obtaining it.
CLOVERDALE 749 O’Herlihy Architects
by
Lorcan
Los Angelos, CA, USA 2014 Advantages 1.
2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Durable material against weather element and age. Strength in material Ductile and non-permeable Ease in constructability of modular sizes and fabricated offsite Reusable and can be recycled Low energy waste emission, & low in construction waste
Disadvantages 1. 2.
3.
Possible corrosion and rust Possible and constant check-up of material quality to ensure not rust and dust free Excess carbon emission during production period
What can be learnt for the Learning Centre for All . By allowing the concept of transparency and the varies of activities intensities within the learning centre, this façade system creates the dialogue of architectural poetic means whilst providing the structural façade system to the building. The blend of opacity and openings formulated with the modular dimension means in construction provides ventilation and views to the outside. Straightforward constructability saves cost as well as labour skill required to assemble such façade along the busy road of Jalan Besar, Klang. Corrugated Metal Cladding Façade I 2.1 I Precedent studies and analysis I 2.0
11
Installation method 1. 2.
Steel structures are bolted to the concrete structure. The corrugated panel is then added later on to the steel beams at intervals by securing it into place using screws (fasteners).
Linen white with deep rib panel
(corrugated/ opaque)
Primary structure:
Concrete structure Structural integrity of the “face” of the house.
Secondary structure:
Steel beams and columns Horizontal and vertical members which holds the façade into place.
Fastening patterns
Attaching to steel: #12 – 14 XL SELF DRILLING SCREW Trim Fastener 1/8” x 3/16”Pop Rivet /1/4“ – 14 x 7/8” XL Stitch screw
Primary structure:
Metal Sales panel colours -
ENERGY STAR® which reduce heat load to building. Durable Recyclable Low demand for cooling technologies.
Linen aluminium panels (perforated and opaque) “face” of the building. Components place on the beam.
12
2.2 Structural steel system
Steel is an inexpensive material and can formulate the intricate in design. Special connection and joint utilised to mixes the structural members with he masonry wall whilst providing strength to the structure.
Spring House Architects
by
Wu
&
Liu
Taipei, Taiwan 2015 Advantages 1.
2. 3. 4. 5.
Fast modular components to be assembled when reached to site Flexible and resistive against lateral forces Strong and durable Variety in dimensions as well as suitable with cladding with other materials Able to span great distances
Disadvantages 1.
2.
Lose strength at really high temperatures and also that it can conduct heat and electricity, numerous coatings adhered to prevent such accidental occurrence Prone to natural corrosion in tropical and humid environment
What can be learnt for the Learning Centre for All . Steel frame are available to longer and larger structural spans whilst efficiency when laid out along a regular grid layout. Combined with masonry approach in construction with the steel structure framework, it produces an intricate architecture type along the neighbouring shoplots. Thus appeal to the generic sense of place in Jalan Besar. Masonry also possess such insulation in acoustics required in several spaces which need sound proofing in the learning centre for all. Reused bricks from existing damaged and abandoned shoplots can be reused in this building. Structural steel system I Construction system I 2.2
13
THE PROCESS IN CONSTRUCTING THE STEEL FORMWORK
1
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
2
3
4
After the construction of pad footing foundation is set up, steel base plates are anchored and attached to the pad footing foundation with anchor bolts. Steel columns are lowered and welded to these base plates as these plates plays part into transferring load to the ground. Ground floor beams are connected to the columns via fin plates welded onto the web of the steel I-Beams. The ground floor is prepared through the floor system of composite flooring (refer to Composite floor system) as the infill walls are then placed later. As the floor progresses, columns are erected and connected through splices where the splices are bolted by the sides on the flanges surface of the I- Beams. This process is applied to floors again to the second floor.
A light weight with a grid-like skeleton of vertical and horizontal I- Beam steel members in which sub structures are attached. (image courtesy of SteelConstruction Info)
Column and masonry connection details
(image courtesy of The International Masonry Institute)
Sectional constructional detail of steel formwork. 14
2.3 Composite Steel Floor
Steel is an inexpensive material and can formulate the intricate in design. Special connection and joint utilised to mixes the structural members with he masonry wall whilst providing strength to the structure.
Spring House Architects
by
Wu
&
Liu
Taipei, Taiwan 2015 Advantages 1.
2. 3. 4. 5.
Fast modular components to be assembled when reached to site Flexible and resistive against lateral forces Strong and durable Variety in dimensions as well as suitable with cladding with other materials Able to span great distances
Disadvantages 1.
2.
Lose strength at really high temperatures and also that it can conduct heat and electricity, numerous coatings adhered to prevent such accidental occurrence Prone to natural corrosion in tropical and humid environment
What can be learnt for the Learning Centre for All . Steel frame are available to longer and larger structural spans whilst efficiency when laid out along a regular grid layout. Combined with masonry approach in construction with the steel structure framework, it produces an intricate architecture type along the neighbouring shoplots. Thus appeal to the generic sense of place in Jalan Besar. Masonry also possess such insulation in acoustics required in several spaces which need sound proofing in the learning centre for all. Reused bricks from existing damaged and abandoned shoplots can be reused in this building. Composite Steel Flooring System I Floor I 2.2
15
THE PROCESS IN CONSTRUCTING THE STEEL FORWORK
1
1. 2. 3. 4.
2
3
4
Trapezoidal steel decking is placed and spanned across the secondary floor beams The decking is rigidly placed to the primary and secondary beams by shear studs, connected through deck-welding technique . Mesh reinforcement , like rebars, are placed on top of the steel decking to provide bending resistance and to reduce support cracking. The mesh aids in distributing effects of line and point loads. The profiled steel decking acts as a formwork during construction & additional reinforcement at the final stage of construction when R.C. (reinforced concrete) is casted on top of it Composite
Details of composite metal deck flooring. (image courtesy of SteelConstructionInfo )
steel flooring components joint to the IBeam of the building structure. (image courtesy SteelConstruction Info)
of
Deck-welding technique of the metal deck placed on the I-Beam of the structure (image courtesy of Arc Spot Welding Steel Deck – A Primer)
Sectional perspective constructional detail of composite steel flooring. 16
2.4 Transparent Plastic Corrugated Sheets
Allowing light in for the plants, and heating the space during colder months, extending the usability of the Nest- This is the criteria mentioned into one of the efforts into maintaining energy efficiency of the structure. The simple construction deemed practical Whilst aesthetic in a harmonic appeal in its setting and context.
Nest We Grow Moment Connection by Graduate students from the University of California Japan 2015 Advantages 1.
2. 3. 4.
Simple mechanism of longitudinal wood truss allows simple construction Lightweight members reduces load imposed on structure Resourceful material that is can be obtained easily Transparent corrugated material allows play of light to enter the structure’s interior thus exposed ceiling can be achieved
Disadvantages 1.
2.
3.
Skilled labourer required to amend construction details o be assembled Possible degrade in wood over long period of time Traditional methods into securing could compromise structural integrity
What can be learnt for the Learning Centre for All . Longitudinal wooden trusses are of a common essence in the sense of place in Klang shophouses. But, traditional methods could be of failure and potentially be leading to the building’s demise. Efficiency in the modular assemblage with proper integral pattern with much sturdier material like steel, could prevent such unfortunate event whilst providing visual appeal to the structure when ceiling is exposed. This effort allows light to be diffused into the spaces while aesthetically pleasing. Transparent Plastic Corrugated Sheets | Roof I 2.3
17
The Nest takes advantage of the transparent plastic corrugated sheets on the faรงade and roof, allowing light in for the plants, and heating the space during colder months, thus extending its usability.
Structural assemblage
(image courtesy of Archdaily)
Roof members assembly
1. 2.
3.
Columns are amended into intended form of modularity. Additional structural aids like steel plates are secured along with cross bracing from one member to another. Structural members have their end tip subtracted out to have ease in assemblage horizontal members to be connected across it.
Columns
Vertical members in grid intervals as structural members to hold the form of the structure (image courtesy of Archdaily)
Sliding panels in the roof open to facilitate air movement through the structure during the summer and warmer parts of the day. The tea platform sits to keep in warm air created by the skin during the colder months, and in a cross ventilated area during the warm summer months. (image courtesy of Archdaily)
Rafter and joists are connected via the hurricane strip and is later attached with the translucent roof.
Sectional perspective
(Image courtesy of Archdaily) 18
3.0 Alternate Faรงade Scheme 3.1 Faรงade scheme 1 | Masonry facade scheme Front elevation Scale 1:100
19
Rear facing Scale 1:100
2 0
3.2 Faรงade scheme 2 | Corrugated Metal Cladding Faรงade Front elevation Scale 1:100
21
Rear facing Scale 1:100
2 2
Sectional perspectives Ground floor Dining space 1 ; 30
30mm (thickness) timber oak flooring embedded into concrete slab
Concrete slab mesh reinforcement
Low carbon shear studs Concrete slab steel decking with composite trapezoidal profile Powder coated steel I- beam 200mm x 200mm 300 mm shared concrete wall to neighbor shop lot
60mm composite table counter
Self hydrated hangers holding evergreen creepers
196mm x 70mm wooden floor joists
Dining space Rehydrate and cook station
40mm (thickness) Floor board decking
Reinforce concrete stump 400mm x 400 mm Reinforce concrete pad footing 900mm x 900 mm 1200mm below ground level
150mm Reinforce concrete floor slab 250mm x 350mm Reinforce concrete floor beam 23
Highest floor ‘A space for me’ – breathing space
Operable window skylight
Roof flashing
Tubular hollow Rafter 300mm x 200 mm Tubular hollow purlin 60mm x 150 mm
150mm concrete wall composite
Milky white polycarbonate corrugated metal sheeting 30mm (thickness)
Lightweight concrete closer 300mm
Rectangular hollow truss 80mm x 200 mm 900mm pipe railing
Continuous metal gutter
60mm concrete wall build
Tree ball (root)
Geotextile Protection & drainage layer Waterproof membrane
Concrete slab steel decking with composite trapezoidal profile 50mm (thick) dampproof membrane 80mm (thick) oakwood flooring decking
Wooden planks louvres 40mm x 150 mm
Fiber cement panels 200mm(thick) x 2000mm x 1000mm
24
5.0 References Façade Edicion Juana Azurduy 1635
B. Julia, (2018) Edíficio Juana Azurduy 1635 / BAAG. Retrieved from: https://www.archdaily.com.br/br/894458/edificio-juana-azurduy-1635-baag?ad_medium=gallery R. Sean, (n.d.) The Disadvantages of Masonry Construction. Retrieved from:https://www.hunker.com/12465558/the-disadvantages-of-masonry-construction BAAG, (2017) Casa Buho / BAAG. Retreived from: https://www.plataformaarquitectura.cl/cl/office/baag
CLOVERDALE 749
G. Alyn, (2014). Cloverdale749 apartments by LOHA feature balconies screened by perforated metal panels. Retrieved form: https://www.dezeen.com/2014/05/28/cloverdale749-apartments-by-loha-feature-balconies-screened-by-perforated-metal-sheets/ G.John, (2013). Cloverdale749. Retrieved from: https://www.architectmagazine.com/awards/annual-design-review/cloverdale749_o O’Brien L. (2017). Metal Sales™ Adds Sleek Sustainability to Los Angeles’ Cloverdale749. retrieved from: http://lopressroom.com/metalsales/cloverdale
Structural steel frame system Spring House W L A
Images courtesy by Akira photography (2016), Spring House W L A, retrieved from: https://www.archdaily.com/photographer/akira-photography (2016).
Spring Spring House. Retrieved from:https://www.archdaily.com/789515/spring-house-w-l-a WLA, (2015). The spring house /WLA. Retrieved from: http://www.understandconstruction.com/steel-frame-structures.html B. Dwight (n.d.). STEEL FRAME STRUCTURES. Retrieved from: https://www.whirlwindsteel.com/blog/bid/407580/7-advantages-of-structural-steel-frame-construction Whirlwind Team (2015). 7 ADVANTAGES OF STRUCTURAL STEEL FRAME CONSTRUCTION. Retrieved from: https://www.whirlwindsteel.com/blog/bid/407580/7-advantages-of-structural-steel-frame-construction
2 5
Floor Spring House W L A
Images courtesy by Akira photography (2016), Spring House W L A, retrieved from: https://www.archdaily.com/photographer/akira-photography
J. W. Rackham, G. H. Couchman, & S. J. Hicks, (2009), Composite Slabs and Beams using Steel Decking: Best Practice for Design and Construction (Revised Edition). Britian, The Metal Cladding & Roofing Manufacturers Association in partnership with The Steel Construction Institute Retreived from: https://www.steelconstruction.info/images/b/b8/SCI_P300.pdf M. Crisinel , & D.C. O'Leary, (1996). STATE-OF-THE-ART REVIEW OF COMPOSITE FLOOR SLAB DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/37455428_Composite_Floor_Slab_Design_and_Construction
Roof Nest We Grow Moment Connection J. Jenny, (2015). Innovative Detail: Nest We Grow Moment Connection. Retrieved from: https://www.architectmagazine.com/technology/detail/innovative-detail-nest-we-grow-moment-connection_o S. Eduardo, (2015). Nest We Grow / Faculdade de Projeto Ambiental UC Berkeley + Kengo Kuma & Associates Retrieved from: https://www.archdaily.com.br/br/765181/nest-we-grow-college-of-environmental-design-uc-berkeley-plus-kengo-kuma-andassociates/54c9b1dce58ece5c5e000219-section-aa (2015). Nest We Grow / Kengo Kuma & Associates + College of Environmental Design UC Berkeley. Retrieved from: https://www.archdaily.com/592660/nest-we-grow-college-of-environmental-design-uc-berkeley-kengo-kuma-and-associates
26