Village model of self-sufficiency in Community forestry of Gunung Kidul
REGENERATIVE FORESTRY LIVING
TOWARDS SYMBIOTIC SELF-SUFFICIENCY RELATIONSHIP BETWEEEN FORESTRY AND VILLAGE PLANNING IN GUNUNG KIDUL by
KEVIN KUAH KAI YING
A0147107L
26 November 2018
National University of Singapore
School of Design and Environment
Village model of self-sufficiency in Community forestry of Gunung Kidul
Abstract
The thesis premises on the concept of symbiotic relationship between Community Forestry (CF) and village living in Gunung Kidul regency in Java, Indonesia. Defined as ‘the close relationship between two organisms from different species’, the principle of Symbiosis challenges and redefines the existing relationship; that is expressed in the roles of timber plantation and the current effectiveness of land use in village planning. The three-tiered agenda of CF –
a. Rehabilitation of widespread forest degradation, b. Satisfaction of timber market demandand c. Alleviation ofpovertywithincommunities,has beenimpededdueto theadverse effects from natural and socio-economic conditions. The intention of the thesis ultimately aims to assist the community’s livelihood and welfare, financial returns and maintain the natural environment based on sensitivityand pragmatism. As such, the proposal will be manifested by an 8-year Revitalisation plan, recognized as a universal village planning model; where it seeks to be retrofitted and adaptable in villages around Gunung Kidul. Thus, improving and enhancing the entire region to achieve symbiosis. The thesis report will first discuss on the general context of CF and a study of existing conditions. Thereafter, an analysis the villagers’ livelihood through the Sustainable Livelihood Framework (SLF) which act as a vehicle for the proposedvillageplanning,willbeprovided.Next,thereportwilldiscussonthelistofstrategies and programmes with a possible site selection
Keywords: Community forestry, Livelihoods, Sustainable Livelihood Framework (SLF), Timber Cultivation,
Tutor: A/P Shinya Okuda
Thesis
Village model of self-sufficiency in Community forestry of Gunung Kidul Table of Contents i. Abstract ii. Table of Contents iii. List of Acronyms iv. List of Figures and Tables Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 History of timber industry in Java, Indonesia 8 Chapter 2: Background of Community Forestry in Gunung Kidul 2 1 Community forestry 10 2 1.1 Objectives of Community Forestry 10 2.1.2 Types of CF 10 2.1.3 Timber Cultivation Process and Value chain 11 2.1.3.1 Traditional Value Chain 12 2.1.3.2 Direct Value Chain 12 2.2 Current Land use in Village Structure 13 2.3 Functions and utilization of Forestry 15 2.3.1 Productive forestry 15 2.3.2 Climatic Forestry 16 2.3.3 Amenity Forestry 17 2.3.4 Local Perspectives and Attitudes towards Forestry 18 2.4 Site Context – Gunung Kidul 20 2.4.1 General Characteristics 20
Village model of self-sufficiency in Community forestry of Gunung Kidul 2 4 2 Natural Characteristics 22 2 4.2 Climatic Characteristics 24 2.4.3 Social Characteristics 26 2.5 Timber Cultivation 28 2.5.1 Price of Harvested Timber 29 Chapter 3: Critical Analysis of Research 31 3.1 Evaluation of Issues 31 3.2 Sustainable Livelihood framework 32 3.3 Hypothesis 33 Chapter 4: Design Strategies and Implementation 35 4.1 Potential consideration and challenges of Design Implementation 35 4.2 8-year Revitalisation Plan 36 4.2.1 Timeframe of Revitalisation Plan 36 4.2.2 Selection and Networks of Capitals 37 4.2.3 Natural Capital 39 4.2.4 Human Capital 41 4.2.5 Physical Capital 41 Chapter 5: Site Selection 43 5.1 Possible Site Selection 43 Chapter 6: Conclusion 44
Village model of self-sufficiency in Community forestry of Gunung Kidul References 45 Appendix A First-Hand Sources 47 B Tree Species information and characteristics 49 C Issues of Community Forestry in GK 61 D Timber Value Chain in GK 62 E Sustainable Livelihood Framework 63 F 8-year Revitalisation Plan 65 G Networks of Capitals 66 H Sampling of Rainfall Calculation based on possible site of Menggoran 67 I Map – Poverty and Community Forestry 68 J Map – Rainfall and Community Forestry 69 K Map – Natural Condition 70 L Map – Menggoran Village 71
Village model of self-sufficiency in Community forestry of Gunung Kidul
List of Acronyms
8RP 8-year old Revitalisation Plan
CF Community Forest
HR Hutan Rakyat
GK Gunung Kidul
POF Privately-owned Forestry
SLF Sustainable Livelihood Framework
Village model of self-sufficiency in Community forestry of Gunung Kidul
Table of Figures and Tables Fig.1 Efforts to preserve land by the State 8 Fig.2 Traditional Value chain 11 Fig.3 Local Farmer sourcing forest products in the background 15 Fig.4 Eco-Edu Forestry of Wanagama 17 Fig.5 Location of Gunung Kidul 20 Fig.6 Impact of Tourism - Foreign aid in alternative farming 22 Fig.7 Karst Landscapes 23 Fig.8 Soil profile of karst terrains 24 Fig.9 Abandoned dryland awaiting wet seasons 25 Fig.10 Timber Cultivation on Dryland 29 Fig.11 Summarisation of issues 31 Fig.12 Sustainable livelihood framework 32 Fig.13 8-year Revitalisation Plan 36 Fig.14 Inter-relationship between capitals 37 Fig.15 Framework of Capital Network 39 Fig.16 Reorganisation of timber plantation 40 Fig.17 Menggoran Village Map 43 Table 1 Comparison between HR and HKm 10 Table 2 Plantation Land Use 14 Table 3 Proposed Programme 38
Village model of self-sufficiency in Community forestry of Gunung Kidul
Regenerative Forestry Living
1. Introduction
1.1. History of timber industry in Java Indonesia
The genesis of community forestry first began by governing body of the Dutch in 19th century. Duringworld wartwo, thetransfer ofsovereigntyto theJapanese colonial government between 1942 – 1949, led to a widespread deforestation. Vast forest exploitation took placed for the “production for food and materials for the Japanese army”1 . The affected regions such as, GK were significantly transformed into barren lands. In 1949, Indonesia gained official independence and efforts to reforest the degraded land began by the centralized state-owned forest management, Jawatan Kehutana Kementrain Kemakmuran The stringent forest management from the state, limited the accessibility of forest products for the forest-depended
1 Leontien Kraaijeveld, The impact of community forest scheme on rural livelihood (2013), 56.
Figure 1: Efforts to preserve land by the State
Village model of self-sufficiency in Community forestry of Gunung Kidul communities With the lack of access for daily needs, the desperate communities began to illegally encroach state-owned forestland, resulting in second event of widespread deforestation.2 Eventually, by the mid-1970s, there was a shift of attitudes toward the importance of sustaining forestland resources. Several state programmes were introduced and adopted to address issues of deforestation, forest encroachment and livelihood amongst the communities. Replanting of trees on private-owned forestry plantations was viewed in two ways, as a commodity for long-term investment and as a tool for forestland rehabilitation. In the 1980s, the presence of smallholder forestry plantation led to the success of regional-scaled reforestation. The cultivation and harvesting of timber aimed to enhance the livelihood of the communities. However, these issues remain until present times. As a solution, in late 20th century, state-owned forest management began to decentralise, increasing financial opportunities for smallholders.
2 Leontien Kraaijeveld, The impact of community forest scheme on rural livelihood (2013), 56.Village model of self-sufficiency in Community forestry of Gunung Kidul
2. Background of Community Forestry in Gunung Kidul
2.1.1 Objectives of Community forestry
The objectives of CF scheme aim to achieve the following:
a. Rehabilitation of widespread forest degradation
b. Meet market demand for timber
c. Provide income opportunities for villages
2.1.2 Type of CF
Since the decentralisation of state-owned forest management in the 1990s, Hutan Rakyat (HR) or Privately-Owned Forest (POF) has been favoured over Hutan Kemsyarakatan (HKm) to meet the timber demands from the market. The area of HR, specifically teak plantation has increased from 28,675ha 2008 to 41,954ha in 2013.3
The thesis narrows the focus to HR; as from first-hand site visits, the conditions of livelihoods and forestry plantation demands more improvements.
Hutan Rakyat (HR) Hutan Kemasyarakatan (HKm) Ownership Individual farmers or Group of Farmers State-owned
3 David Pearce and Andrew Alford, Adoption of ACIAR project outputs: Improving economic outcomes for smallholders growing teak in agroforestry systems in Indonesia (2015), 57.
Plantation size Min. 0.25Year of implementation 1970s Introduced in 1950s but implemented in 2007 Purpose Community, financial safety net Rehabilitation of degraded land, Empower financial capital for rural popualtion
Table 1: Comparison between HR and HKm
Village model of self-sufficiency in Community forestry of Gunung Kidul
2.1.3 Timber cultivation process and value chain
This section will investigate of timber cultivation processes and the difference between the existing types of value chains, Traditional vs Direct
Value chains is defines as “full range of activities that are required to bring a product or service from conception, through the intermediaryphases of production and deliveryto final consumers, and final disposal after use.”. 4 The value of the product increases as it passes through the stages In other words, if a village expands its value chain, the financial returns will increase.
4 Raphael Kaplinsky, Spreading the gains from globalization: what can be learnt from value-chain analysis? (2004), 80.
Figure 2: Traditional Value chainVillage model of self-sufficiency in Community forestry of Gunung Kidul
2.1.4 Traditional value chain
Stage 1-3: Seedlings are typically cultivated at state-owned nurseries in centralized locations. Seedlings may be taken by the villages without a fee. This initiation by the state prevents villagers from illegally logging in state-owned forestland.
Stage 4-5: Farmers cultivate timber. This stage is essential as it dictates the financial returns from harvest logs. From first hand sites visits, the management of forest plantation are still primitive, and improvements should be made.
Stage 6: Middlemen buys trees from CF farmers. Middlemen arranges chainsaws operator and assistant (labours) for tree harvest. Harvested logs are brought to roadside for drivers to transport to Timber Depots. The harvesting process is technical, where it involves highly technical individuals to minimise damages to trees, i.e. direction of logging.
Stage 7: Grading and classification of logs based on log diameter and volume takes place at the Regional Timber Depot. The rejected wood may be used for manufactured jointed board, providing additional value to the product.
Stage 8: The processed wood will be then delivered to an industrial timber depot, typically located in another city. The wood will undergo a second round of processing.
Stage 9: The industrial-grade processed wood will be sold as construction members or furniture, depending on the tree species.
2.1.5 Direct Value Chain
The direct value chain helps to bypass two stages of value chain, Stage 6 – 7. This is organized by Grower Group/ NGOs who will calculate logs from CF farmers and directly
Village model of self-sufficiency in Community forestry of Gunung Kidul transport to wood process5 The role of NGOs, performs as middlemen, communicating between farmers and regional processors with harvesting data. The harvest logs will be graded and sorted before transporting to the processors. The processor would then negotiate a sum to transport the harvest logs to the timber depots. Here, it is still uncommon for the farmers to be involved in harvesting and processing of logs due to the lack of education and confidence. As such, this is an opportunity to allow the farmers to take more ownership of the value chain, increasing their profits and skills
2.2 Current Land use in Village Structure
The section provides an analysis of land use in CF villages and to understand the possible interventions. The table below, list down the plantation typology and their descriptions.
5 Setiasih Irawanti, Digby Race, Hugh Stewart, Nunung Parlinah & Aneka Prawesti Suka, Understanding the timber value chain in community-based forestry in Indonesia: Analysis of sengon in central Java, 2017, 841
Village model of self-sufficiency in Community forestry of Gunung Kidul
Plantation Land Use
No. Type Function & Usages Scale Size (Ha) Remarks
1 Forestland (Alas) Land reserved for tree cultivation. Minimum requirement to be considered as Community forestry member. Land terraced.
• Function: Economic and climatic
• Type of trees: Teak, Acacia, Mahogany, Sengon, Jabon
2 Dry land (Tegalan) Small land located next to or close to family habit. Non-irrigated. Trees may be planted along borders.
• Function: Agriculture, Timber cultivation
• Type of crops
3 Irrigation rice field (Sawah) Large plot of land reserved close to habit. Single functioned land used during Wet seasons and abandoned in Dry seasons. Crops are shared on a Village level. Trees may be planted along borders
• Function: Irrigated rice crops
• Type of crops: Rice
4 Home-garden (Pekarangan) Land surrounding family’s habit. Similar to Dryland.
• Function: Agriculture, Timber Forestry
• Type of Crops: Fruit trees
Household 0.25 – 5.00 (Based on Menggoran 3.00)
Household 0.04(Based on Menggoran Village)
Village 3.94 (Based on Menggoran Village)
Household 0.05 – 0.15
2.3 Functions and utilization of Forestry
Practically, the sustainability of forest cultivation is justified through functions on various fronts. These are categorised into 3 types: Productive, Climatic and Amenity forestry.
2.3.1 Productive forestry6
As a natural resource, forest produce are of great importance to mankind- especially wood, which as a major forest produce, is extensively used for various purposes. Most of wood produced is used for house construction, agricultural etc. Wood is also a universal fuel.
6 My Agriculture Information Bank. “Productive Functions of the Forests.” Agriinfo.in http://agriinfo.in/default.aspx?page=topic&superid=2&topicid=1608 (accessed November 20, 2018)
Village model of self-sufficiency in Community forestry of Gunung Kidul Table 2: Plantation Land Use Figure 3: Local Farmer sourcing forest products in the background (Banana) (Cassava)Village model of self-sufficiency in Community forestry of Gunung Kidul
However, an alternative fuel source may be suggested to increase financial capital in profiting in waste wood.
Forest also provides raw material like pulp, manufactured boards, saw mills, furniture etc. Additionally, many non-wood products are also available from forests. These are known as Minor Forest Products, which consist of, and are not exhaustive to, products such as tissue from woody plants, grasses & bamboo, essential oils, oil seeds, etc.7
2.3.2 Climatic Forestry
Global scale8
On a global scale, Paul Trianosky, chief conservation officer at Sustainable Forestry Initiative, claims that the world’s forests absorb about 2.4 billion tons of carbon dioxide annually, equating to about a third of the carbon dioxide released by burning fossil fuels.The data given evidences that forestry through the climatic lens serves as massive carbon sinks for pollution, and are significant in reducing global warming. Trianosky also purports that forests contribute to the benefits and values that we all care about every day. Examples include clean water and clean air, wildlife habitat, and simply quality of life. Such benefits are contributed to by well-managed and healthy forests. It is also important to note that thinning forests can prevent overcrowding and reduce disease, through well-timed, prescribed burns that can
7 My Agriculture Information Bank. “Productive Functions of the Forests.” Agriinfo.in http://agriinfo.in/default.aspx?page=topic&superid=2&topicid=1608 (accessed November 20, 2018)
8 Yale Climate Connections. “The Climate Benefits of Healthy Forests.” Yaleclimateconnection.org https://www.yaleclimateconnections.org/2016/05/the-climate-benefits-of-healthy-forests/ (accessed November 20, 2018)
Village model of self-sufficiency in Community forestry of Gunung Kidul support healthy forests. This clears out excessive underbrush, allowing native vegetation to grow back.
1. Household Scale
On household scale, shade provided from forests protect the not just the Earth, but also houses from solar radiation. Trees conserve energy by reducing integral temperatures and optimizing thermal comforts, as well as reducing evaporation from ground moisture. This contributes to the overall result effective reduction of carbon footprint. Emotionally, households that locate near forests have the advantage of direct and/or close connection with nature.9
2.3.3 Amenity Forestry
https://www.tmsarchitects.com/not-just-for-asethetics-or-shade-benefits-of-trees/ (accessed November 20, 2018)
Figure 4: Eco-Edu Forestry of WanagamaVillage model of self-sufficiency in Community forestry of Gunung Kidul
The amenity forestry sees the forest as a place that provides spaces for the public to relax, as well as carry out family or group activities such as picnic and recreational activities. This function is effective in creating awareness among the public on the importance of maintaining the environment for better life; as the forest is able to enhance individual performance and release from the stress of work and busy city lifestyle. As the grounds that provide opportunities for the public to explore forest areas and enjoy its natural beauty by walking through forest trails, the forest becomes a facility for activities such as hiking etc. Through these, ecotourism is boosted as the forest becomes an attraction and additional revenue to the country. Above and beyond these, the forest may also function as open laboratories for conducting research and education.10
As the setting for the public to understand functions and the importance of forestry, the amenity forest intended to create a societal awareness on the roles of the primary forest –such as balancing temperature, water reserves, erosion and flood control and shield in wind speed reduction among many other functions. Such society foresting aimed to develop and preserve forest The method of forest cultivation aids an integrated approach to generate economy, balance tourism and preservation of nature simultaneously.11
2.3.4 Local perspective and attitudes towards Forestry
The villagers’ perception towards forestry plantation is seen only for its productive purposes, viewing the trees as a commodity and financial safety net. Trees are harvested when money is needed for various purposes, such as the villagers’ daily necessity, education
10 Singh, Parikshat Manhas. Sustainable and Responsible Tourism. New Delhi: PHI Learning, 2012. 33 - 34
11 Singh, Parikshat Manhas. Sustainable and Responsible Tourism. New Delhi: PHI Learning, 2012. 33 - 34
Village model of self-sufficiency in Community forestry of Gunung Kidul fees for their younger generation, investments etc.12 The occurrence of tree harvesting typically happens at unpredictable timings.
According to first hand interviews, tree harvesting is considered as the ‘last resort’ to earn money Instead, many villagers prefer to seek temporary jobs, usually labour-intensive or odd jobs with low wages; situated close to city centres during the dry seasons. The motive behind this occurrence lies the villagers’ dire need to preserve the natural conditions and forestry, considering that GK was once affected by widespread deforestation in the past.
Here, there is a duality that is significant, and demands to be addressed in this thesis.
The duality of preserving the rural natural conditions while paradoxically putting economic and climatic pressures on the urban centres questions if there should be a balance between natural preservation and resources required for human livelihood. The issue is not primarily on increasing employment opportunities in rural areas. Instead, education along with new perceptions towards a more controlled and sustainable forestry management and harvesting are required for livelihoods of villagers.
Furthermore, beyond productive proposes, to enhance the natural conditions, capitalising on the full functions of forestry, climatic and amenity would largely benefit across various scales.
12 Fujiwara, Takahiro, San Afri Awang, Wahyu Tri Widayanti, Ratih Madya Septiana, Kimihiko Hyakumura and Noriko Sato. Socioeconomic Conditons Affecting Smallholder Timber Management in Gunungkidul District, Yogyakarta Special Region, Indonesia. Berlin: Springer, 2017, 52.
Village model of self-sufficiency in Community forestry of Gunung Kidul
2.4 Characteristics of site – Gunung Kidul
GK is one of four regencies in the province of Yogyakarta Special Region in the Java island of Indonesia. Located at the south-eastern side of Yogyakarta, GK is home to several well-known caves and waterfalls tourist spots, assisting in tourism revenue and public awareness The presence of natural karst formations, however, leads to infertile soil and lack of surface water, affecting the agricultural yield. In the past, the regency has been heavily dominated by forest cover which was destroyed by large-scaled deforestation and forest degradation. Coupled with the natural conditions and forest degradation, poverty and low livelihoods of villagers have been firmly rooted in the regency, physically and culturally.
This section first addressed on the physical characteristics and conditions of GK, providing information and reasons for the specific site selection. Thereafter, in tandem with the natural and climatic conditions, social and cultural conditions will be discussed.
2.4.1 General Characteristics
Figure 5: Location of Gunung KidulVillage model of self-sufficiency in Community forestry of Gunung Kidul
GK is the largest regency in the province of Yogyakarta with a total area of 1 485.36 km2. The regency is divided into 18 sub-districts with its capital, Wonosari amongst the list. Each sub-district is divided into smaller clusters of villagers. Based on the Population census 2010, GK has population of 675 382 with 90.7% are living in rural condition.13 The population density is concentrated closer to the city centre of Wonosari district where regional transport networks, (i.e. highways and roads) are located. The average population of sub-district is 32 000
The economic generators of GK consist of the three sectors, primary, secondary and tertiary industries. The primary industry typically involves agriculture and timber cultivation where most of the population engages in. During the dry seasons, some may leave their villagers and engage in secondary industry jobs such as manufacturing of charcoal or construction work; located close to the city centre of Yogyakarta. Some may also seek odd jobs in the city centres which unfortunately, low in salary. From first-hand interviews from academia and village heads, wood processing and manufacturing industries are not fully established in the regency and opportunities of engagement is low. As mentioned previously on tourism in GK, the close proximity to tourist spots have greatly impacted the surrounding villagers financially, increasing the flow of external contributor and increasing public awareness.
13 City Population. “Gunung Kidul.” Citypopulation.de https://www.citypopulation.de/php/indonesia-jawa-admin.php?adm1id=3403 (accessed November 24, 2018)
2.4.2 Natural Condition
The natural conditions of GK contributes largely the current state of impoverishment and encumbers the governmental and community efforts of natural and financial restoration
Unlike the other regencies, the landform of GK is morphed by mountainous Karst terrains, with the combination of limestones, dolomite and gypsum14 . The landform divides the regency into three district topography zones, Batur Upland area (north) Wonosari Lowland Area (central) and Sewu Mountainous Area (south) 15 Each differentiated by natural conditions and types of tree and plant species.
14 The University of Texas at Austin. “What is Karst?”
https://web.archive.org/web/20060516002856/http://www.esi.utexas.edu/outreach/caves/karst.php
(accessed November 24, 2018)
15 Fujiwara, Takahiro, San Afri Awang, Wahyu Tri Widayanti, Ratih Madya Septiana, Kimihiko Hyakumura and Noriko Sato. Socioeconomic Conditons Affecting Smallholder Timber Management in Gunungkidul District, Yogyakarta Special Region, Indonesia. Berlin: Springer, 2017, 45.
Village model of self-sufficiency in Community forestry of Gunung Kidul Figure 6: Impact of Tourism - Foreign aid in alternative farmingThe soluble and highly porous limestone structure ‘absorbs’ surface water and forms cracks, directing water to the subterranean caves and to spring water bodies at lower topography levels 16 The lack of water on surface level leads to dry and infertile soil, limiting the volumes of agricultural yield. This is coupled with the excessive presence of limestone rocks on surface. Despite the formation of waterfalls and caves which may be capitalised as tourist spots (Refer to Appendix I for location for tourist waterfall and caves), only a fraction of villages is at close proximity. Current efforts to extract groundwater is established from a regional level, sourced from a centralized location.
16 US Geological Survey, “Karst Topography - Teacher's Guide and Paper Model.” https://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/parks/cave/karst.html (access November 24, 2018)
Village model of self-sufficiency in Community forestry of Gunung Kidul
Figure 7: Karst Landscapes
The figure above, points out the soil profile of karst terrains in GK and how the land affects the surface soil condition and moisture retention. The fragile landscape is considered as one of the root causes of the improvised region. (Refer to Appendix K for map)
2.4.3 Climatic Condition
Situated along the tropical belt, the climatic conditions of GK is uniformly high humidity and high temperatures with the average of 80% and 29c respectively.
17 The average annual rainfall ranges between 1500 to 3500mm depending on the locations within the regency. However, referring to Appendix J, the overlaying of rainfall locations and
17 Skymetweather. “Kabupaten Gunung Kidul”
https://www.skymetweather.com/forecast-international/weather/indonesia/yogyakarta/kabupatengunung-kidul/kabupaten-gunung-kidul (accessed November 25, 2018)
Village model of self-sufficiency in Community forestry of Gunung Kidul Figure 8 Soil profile of karst terrainsVillage model of self-sufficiency in Community forestry of Gunung Kidul community forestry suggest that villages received only 1000 – 2500mm of rainfall annually.
GK’s climate is distinguished by two seasons dry and wet monsoon, which occurs between June to October and November to March respectively.18 The climatic seasons heavily dictates the agriculture yield and forestry maintenance. Furthermore, with climate change, weather patterns have been erratic and unpredictable, affecting the livelihoods of farmers. (Refer to Appendix J for map)
18 World Weather Online, “Gunungkidul Historical Weather”, worldweatheronline.com https://www.worldweatheronline.com/gunungkidul-weather-history/central-java/id.aspx
Figure 9: Abandoned dryland awaiting wet seasonsVillage model of self-sufficiency in Community forestry of Gunung Kidul
2.4.4 Social Condition
The social condition of GK reveals the need for livelihood re-enhancement for the present and future generations. The current situation is a result of combination of factors, coexisting with one another, in realms of political affairs, natural conditions, climatic conditions, coupled with cultural behaviours and aspirations.
According to T Fujiwara et al. and first-hand interviews, the Javanese people tend to be family-oriented, concentrating much devotion to their future generations. Attempts to improve livelihood in the villages have led to initiation of Hutan Rakyat (HR), privately owned forestry or community forestry (CF) in 1953.19 The first initiation began in the village of Kedung Keris where the sub-village heads foresaw the financial benefits of planting teak trees and harvesting them in 10-20 years; for the sake of their children. The motivation to receive high returns in the future and improve water conditions led the increase of HR in the regency.
Despite of the efforts, poverty remains entrenched in GK where the poverty headcount rate (NPL%) stands at 21.73%20, compared to Yogyakarta’s rate of 14.91% and the national rate of 9.8%.21 (Refer to Appendix X). Surveyed in three villages in GK,
19 Fujiwara, Takahiro, San Afri Awang, Wahyu Tri Widayanti, Ratih Madya Septiana, Himmah Bariatul, Mamat Rahmat, Agus Suyanto, Noriko Sato, Overcoming vulnerability of privately owned small-scale forest through collective management unit establishment: A case study of Gunung Kidul District, Yogyakarta in Indonesia, 2011, 120
20 Semru Research Institute, “Kab. Gunung Kidul, DI Yogyakarta Province Poverty Map by Village, 2015” Povertymap.smeru.or.id
http://povertymap.smeru.or.id/map3/kabbydesa/3403_kabdesa (accessed November 24, 2018)
21 Indonesia Investments, “ Poverty in Indonesia Fell to the Lowest Level Ever in March 2018,” Indonesia-investment.com
https://www.indonesia-investments.com/news/news-columns/poverty-in-indonesia-fell-to-the-lowestlevel-ever-in-march-2018/item8899? (accessed November 24, 2018)
Village model of self-sufficiency in Community forestry of Gunung Kidul
Kedung Keris, Dengok and Girisekar, with each located in different topography zones, indicates that the annual average income is 5.7 million rupiah (US$354.95/year). According to T. Fujiwara et al., distribution between the lower- and upper-income group is significantly wide with 68.01% in lower income group (up to 5.7 million rupiah) and 31.9% in upper income group.22 In order to fully contextualised the issue, the villagers are living on a daily income of an estimated US$0.97, lower than the International poverty line of US$1.90.23
Furthermore, there is a disparity in financial incomes between the urban centres of Yogyakarta and rural GK, where the urban income stands at US$239.25 per month, (US$7.96 per day); which is multiplied in 7 folds.24 As such, the statistics shall not be avoided in the considerations of design implementation.
Akin to most improvised regions around the world, the efforts to escape the traps of poverty lies in two phenomena: Firstly, borrowing money to pay for education for younger generation, daily needs or investments. And secondly, Rural and urban migration.
T Fujiwara et al. and first-hand interviews note the priority of villagers’ expenses which is largely spent on education for younger generation. Next, for daily needs or investments purposes.25 With the lack of employment in rural areas, the education is typically seen an integral solution to equip the younger generations with skills to be relevant in the workforce. The younger generation would then leave their villages for the hopes of
22 Fujiwara, Takahiro, San Afri Awang, Wahyu Tri Widayanti, Ratih Madya Septiana, Kimihiko
Hyakumura and Noriko Sato. Socioeconomic Conditons Affecting Smallholder Timber Management in Gunungkidul District, Yogyakarta Special Region, Indonesia. Berlin: Springer, 2017, 46.
23 The World Bank, “Poverty & Equity Data Portal,” Povertydata.worldbank.org
http://povertydata.worldbank.org/poverty/country/IDN (accessed November 23, 2018)
24 Numbeo, “Cost of Living in Yogyakarta,” Numbeo.com
https://www.numbeo.com/cost-of-living/in/Yogyakarta (accessed November 23, 2018)
25 Fujiwara, Takahiro, San Afri Awang, Wahyu Tri Widayanti, Ratih Madya Septiana, Kimihiko
Hyakumura and Noriko Sato. Socioeconomic Conditons Affecting Smallholder Timber Management in Gunungkidul District, Yogyakarta Special Region, Indonesia. Berlin: Springer, 2017, 47
Village model of self-sufficiency in Community forestry of Gunung Kidul employment in the urban fringes or the city centres. Their income will be sent back to the families in the village. The phenomena occur around impoverished regions around the world. However, there are many issues surround the phenomena:
1. Potential weaken of villager’s community structure and future destabilization of land ownership and management
2. Environmental, social, and economic pressures on urban centres
The tread of rural to urban migration amongst the younger generation weakens the villager’s community structure and sustainability of forest management of HR.26 The uncertainty of future issues drives the absence of landlord which leads to decline in forest management level. And with increase of population in city centres, specifically in Yogyakarta Therefore, it is crucial to address the issue. (Refer to Appendix I for map)
2.5 Current State of Timber Cultivation
In GK, four main tree species, Teak, Jabon, Sengon and Acadia (Refer to Appendix B for Tree data) planted on three types of forest plantation where majority are planted in Forestland and Dryland while the rest are planted in Home gardens. The current state of Timber Cultivation demands improvement as the plantation lack proper forestry management and silviculture practices. From first hand interviews and site visits, first generation of trees are planted manually. Sequentially, new trees on the plantation are usually planted via natural seed dispersal. Many villagers do not maintain the forestry to the proper cultivation
Fujiwara, Takahiro, San Afri Awang, Wahyu Tri Widayanti, Ratih Madya Septiana, Himmah Bariatul, Mamat Rahmat, Agus Suyanto, Noriko Sato, Overcoming vulnerability of privately owned small-scale forest through collective management unit establishment: A case study of Gunung Kidul District, Yogyakarta in Indonesia, 2011, 128
Village model of self-sufficiency in Community forestry of Gunung Kidul requirements resulting in poor growth rate and wood quality affecting the financial returns. The figure below illustrates the extend of irregularity of tree spacing.
2.5.1 Price of Harvested Timber
The price of harvested timber depends on the length of log, diameter at base and top of log, maturity of trees, harvesting methods, district locations and the type of value chain, either Traditional or Direct. As an example, Sengon tree will be utilized.
The calculation of prices considers if the trees are planted with proper forestry management and required planting distances. At Year 3, Sengon trees climbs to an average height of 18m with a diameter of 0.165m. Depending on the relationship between length and diameter, each tree cost USS22.58. At Year 6, the height and diameter grow to 30m and 0.33 respectively. The cost triples the amount to US$67.28 (Traditional) or US$71.71 (Direct) And lastly, at Year 8, the recommended harvested age, the tree climbs to the height of 36m
Figure 10: Timber cultivation on dryland
Village model of self-sufficiency in Community forestry of Gunung Kidul
with diameter of 0.4m. The cost of the tree increases to US$118.83 (Traditional) and US$126.65 (Direct) 27 In order to achieve the desired profit, proper forestry management and planting distances is required.
27 Setiasih Irawanti, Digby Race, Hugh Stewart, Nunung Parlinah & Aneka Prawesti Suka, Understanding the timber value chain in community-based forestry in Indonesia: Analysis of sengon in central Java, 2017, 856
3.1 Evaluation of issues
3. Critical Analysis of Research
The objectives and success of CF are impeded due to the combination of natural and socio-economic conditions. The diagram above, provides a summarisation and flow of issues categorized in the respective capitals (Refer to Section 3.2).
The flow of issues first present itself from the poor natural conditions. The landforms of GK is structured by Karst terrains which ‘absorbs’ surface water, leaving a layer of infertile soil. Coupled with that, the lack of rainfall due to the prolonged dry seasons, limits the cycles of agricultural yield. The harsh conditions hinder the villager’s food supply and profit. As a remedy to deal with low financial returns, villagers may engage in timber harvesting. Due to the lack of proper forestry management and urgent need for cash,
Village model of self-sufficiency in Community forestry of Gunung Kidul
Figure 11: Summarisation of issues (Refer to Appendix X)
Village model of self-sufficiency in Community forestry of Gunung Kidul
harvesting is typically done at immature stages of tree growth. Moreover, the harvesting does not meet the industrial requirements, resulting in a low financial return once more
This vicious cycle results in two ways, the illegal logging of state land forestry which deforestation would occur or villagers seeking employments away from the village centres Most of the financial capitals ends up in the payment of education for the younger generations. Education is seen is solution, allowing the younger generation to work in big cities who send back their income in the villages. The phenomenon of Rural-Urban Migration destabilises community and the future workforce in the village.
The Sustainable Livelihood framework is an integrated approach to poverty instead of the narrow indicators of income and productivity. It embodies the key factors that influences
3.2 Sustainable Livelihood Framework
Figure 12: Sustainable livelihood framework
Village model of self-sufficiency in Community forestry of Gunung Kidul people’s livelihood decisions, outcomes and relationships.28The objectives of the framework aim to assist stakeholders with different perspectives and participate in discussions on factors that affect livelihood. The intention of utilisation questions how architecture and building structures will intervene as external support for the impoverished, in achieving sufficient capitals to lead a society out of poverty.
The framework lists various livelihood assets, which it seeks to gain understanding of people’s strength (assets or capital endowments) and how to adapt them into positive livelihood. The combination of assets and nurturing of human development will posses survival insurance (e.g. training farmers as a community = social and human capital). This help maintain the farmers’ livelihood assets or capitals.
The required capitals, Natural, Human, Financial, Physical and Social. Such assets are listed in the Appendix E.
3.3 Hypothesis
With the unpredictability conditions that impedes the objectives and success of CF, it is essential to consider the diversity and functionality of land use, current infrastructure, level of education, sustainability practises in existing village model; coupled with the enhancement of forest management and perception towards forestry.
The thesis seeks strike a balance between the resources required for human livelihood and preservation of natural environment. The implementation of 8-year Revitalisation Plan aims to also help the villages to be self-sufficiency within 8 years. Attain self-sufficiency, monthly harvesting of two 8-year-old Sengon tree for every household in the village is required. The
28 William Solesbury, Sustainable Livelihoods: A Case Study of the Evolution of DFID Policy, London: Overseas Development Institute, 2003
Village model of self-sufficiency in Community forestry of Gunung Kidul timeframe of 8 years will be challenging to prevent villagers from immaturely harvesting the trees. As such, programmes to delay early harvesting will be implemented with relationship of SLR capitals. The implementation will would consider the stipulated timeframe, seasonal changes (wet and dry), function of forestry with sensitivity and pragmatism.
Village model of self-sufficiency in Community forestry of Gunung Kidul
4. Design Strategies and Implementation
The section delivers a strategic proposal to reduce the impacts of natural and climatic conditions of GK and to assist in mitigating poverty by an 8-year Revitalisation Plan 8RP is built upon the evaluation of issues and the utilization of SLR. The proposed intervention is a process of rural development, not exclusively on the infrastructure and forestry management; but with the development of human capabilities. The central objectives of the 8RP stress the importance of balancing the resources required for human livelihood, along with preserving the natural environment.
This section will discuss on the considerations and challenges of the proposal, Network of Capitals and detailed descriptions of programmes.
4.1 Potential considerations and challenges of Design implementation
The potential challenges of the strategy present itself in two-folds:
1. To prevent immature harvesting before the 8-year harvest
2. Issues of time factor and seasonal changes affecting programmes and resources
The plan of being self-sufficient in 8 years is an aspiration for the villages in GK. The proposed strategy challenges the existing perceptions towards forestry management and harvesting. It also considers the seasonal changes, specifically, wet and dry seasons and time factors within the 8-year plan. To mitigate the potential immature harvest, programmes will be applied which will be discussed
Village model of self-sufficiency in Community forestry of Gunung Kidul
4.2 Proposal of 8-year old Revitalisation Plan (8RP)
8RP is holistic approach to achieve self-sufficiency. It will be divided into 3 stages, each involving a distinct purpose. The first stage involves the Establishment of Basic Needs
The second involves the Provision of Service and Opportunities. And the third stage concerns the Future Path of the village through participatory design.
4.2.1 Timeframe of Revitalisation Plan
The timeframe of 8 years is derived from prices of Sengon trees at various ages. Sengon is selected as a basis of the timeframe. The reasons are as such:
Firstly, the growth rate of Sengon trees has a fast speed, compared to the rest of the species. Referring to Appendix B, by Year 8, the Sengon trees climbs to the height of 36m.
Secondly, the suggested harvest cycle of Sengon tree are amongst the earliest.29
29 Okuda Shinya, Laurent Corpataux, Shravan Muthakrishnan and Kua Harn Wei, Cross-Laminated Timber with a Renewable, Fast Growing Tropical Species in Southeast Asia, Singapore: National University of Singapore, 3
Figure 13: 8-year Revitalisation PlanVillage model of self-sufficiency in Community forestry of Gunung Kidul
The prices of Sengon trees as mentioned in Section 2.4.4 reveals that if trees are cultivated with appropriate silviculture management and required planting distances; a monthly harvesting two 8-year-old Sengon trees, would provide a household a daily income of USD7.98 (annually harvesting of 24 Sengon Trees). This is approximately seven-folds of the current daily income of GK of US$0.97.30 Furthermore, it is comparable to the average daily income of Yogyakarta City of US$7.96 31 This would not only enhance the financial capital of the villager but provides stability to the natural environment.
The stipulated timeframe and profit may only be achieved if there is an establishment of related influences. Particularly, the five capitals of SLF which will be selected and discussed in the next section.
4.2.2 Selection and Networks of Capitals
Examining the current conditions and culture of Javanese people, Natural, Physical and Human capitals are selected. These capitals will work synthetically, creating a network to achieve the desired outcome The network will be implemented across various scales, from the village planning to individual household. The current state of social capital in the Javanese Culture is considered as robust where Gotong Royong (mutual help) is commonly present in community.32 Utilisation of this would drive project forward. The diagram below illustrates the capital inter-relationships.
30 Fujiwara, Takahiro, San Afri Awang, Wahyu Tri Widayanti, Ratih Madya Septiana, Kimihiko Hyakumura and Noriko Sato. Socioeconomic Conditons Affecting Smallholder Timber Management in Gunungkidul District, Yogyakarta Special Region, Indonesia. Berlin: Springer, 2017, 46.
31 Numbeo, “Cost of Living in Yogyakarta,” Numbeo.com https://www.numbeo.com/cost-of-living/in/Yogyakarta (accessed November 23, 2018)
32 Leontien Kraaijeveld, The impact of community forest scheme on rural livelihood (2013), 75.
The programme formulation of each capital is as follows:
Type of Capital Programme
Natural
1. Reorganisation of timber plantation
2. Water resources
Human 1. Education of timber processing
2. Education of water recycling management
3. Well-being of villagers through passive designs and functions of forestry
Physical 1. ‘Superorganism’ village centre: Water Infrastructure (catchment and recycling), Education centres, Timber processing sawmill facility, social gathering node
Table 3: Proposed Programme
Village model of self-sufficiency in Community forestry of Gunung Kidul Figure 14 Inter-relationship between capitalsVillage model of self-sufficiency in Community forestry of Gunung Kidul
The diagram below reveals the relationship of programmes which work alongside.
4.2.3 Natural Capital
The villagers’ perception towards forestry plantation is seen as a commodity and a financial safety net. The duality to preserve natural environment and harness its resources should be sensitively managed in order to ensure that a sustainable supply of natural capital is maintained for utilisation in long term.
Figure 15: Framework of Capital Network (Refer to Appendix G)Village model of self-sufficiency in Community forestry of Gunung Kidul
A. Reorganization of forest planation:
Each community forestry has minimum timber plantation of 0.25ha. The plantation is then divided into 8 sections, each corresponding to a year in the construction plan. Each year, the villagers will manage a section which involves:
1. The clear-cut harvesting of existing trees which is roughly about 75 trees in a section.
2. Preparation of land and planting seedlings in specific planting distances according the tree species, either by mono- or mixed species.
3. The existing trees are utilized into two ways:
A. Gain profit the harvest timber
B. Process and store timber for construction projects
4. The process is continued for the next 8 years.
5. On the eighth year, two 8-year-old Sengon trees will be harvest per household. The profit will be self-sufficient.
Figure 16: Reorganisation of timber plantationVillage model of self-sufficiency in Community forestry of Gunung Kidul
B. Water Infrastructure: Retrofitting rainfall catchment system on household
The 5-month wet season between November to March provides opportune capitalising on the rainfalls for water supply. The rainfall will be collected in storage tanks either on the surface or buried underground in homegardens or drylands close to the household. The existing roof surface areas will be used as collection areas that will channel rainwater into the storage tanks. Refer to Appendix H for rainfall calculation sample.
4.1.2 Human Capital
The current conditions of human capital, specifically, the level of education and wellbeing, vary between the villages in GK. Human Capital is essential for nurturing skills, increase confidence and help make decisions of the villagers in future programmes and investments with a healthy environment.
In this respect, 8RP aims to provide the villagers a good level of education and skills in silviculture, timber processing, water recycling management (recycling of grey water), rainfall collection and waste management with biogas systems. This education works along with Natural and Physical capitals, as an insurance to proper management of the resources used in the CF.
4.1.3 Physical Capitals
On a larger scale, physical capital may be translated as infrastructure and production services. The central focus on the 8RP is the construction of the Superorganism Centre, which serves as the infrastructure of the scheme. Nestled in the forestland, the Superorganism Centre performs as a new Village Hall/Centre, as a space that bring the village members close to nature with a renewed perspective towards the functions of forestry, i.e. Production,
Village model of self-sufficiency in Community forestry of Gunung Kidul
Climatic, Amenity. Superorganism Centre is an integrated hub of capitals, forming a physical network that will aim to nurture and physically invest both Natural and Human Capital with regards to CF.
Architecturally, Superorganism Centre is to be constructed with the harvested wood from the Reorganisation of Forest Plantation. As termed as a Superorganism, it ‘grows’ in stages paralleled to the various capitals incurred: allowing activities and education to take place collectively over the course of 8 years to its completion and beyond. A quick and efficient construction system is to be considered – such that it is realistic and achievable within the tight timeframe of 8 years. The principle of its design should be flexible in spacious organization and functions, depending on the seasonal changes (maybe during wet season, centre morph into rainwater collection machine and during dry season a timber processing hub).
Relating to Natural Capital, it will consist of water infrastructure centres, timber processing sawmills, biogas, rainwater catchment. For Human Capital, education centres with social and community nodes are to be constructed in passive design to encourage and facilitate close interaction with functions of forestry.
Ultimately, the aim of the centre is the improvement of human livelihood assets and capitals, achieving self-sufficiency and a rejuvenated symbiosis between man and forest.
Village model of self-sufficiency in Community forestry of Gunung Kidul
5. Site Selection
5.1 Possible Site Selection
The village of Menggoran may be considered as possible site selection. It is located in subdistrict of Playen which is the western region of GK. Menggoran village has been blessed with its close proximity to several tourist spots, namely Goa Rancang Kencono and Sir Gethuk Waterfall. According to first hand interviews, the presence of tourism has benefited the village over the years. Alternative farmingmethod and communitynurserywere introduced byforeign agents. Despite of the well implementations, Menggoran may still be an appropriate site as the thesis aims to develop an universal self-sufficient village planning model and existing conditions could be a good starting point.
Figure 17: Menggoran Village Map (Refer to Appendix L )
Village model of self-sufficiency in Community forestry of Gunung Kidul
6. Conclusion
The pursuit of symbiotic relationship between Community Forestry and village living will be attained through the 8-year Revitalisation Plan The natural and socio-economic conditions impede the objectiveness and success of CF; resulting in low liveability in villages across GunungKidul. Thenatureof impoverishment demands anincreaseoffinancial capital.Though the utilisation of Sustainable Livelihood Framework, a Network of Capitals, specifically, Human, Physical and Natural, work synthetically to achieve a self-sufficient symbiotic living. The robust social capital of the Javanese works alongside, propelling the project forward Furthermore, the current issue of duality in rural nature preservation and paradoxical pressures on urban centres has been addressed. The Network of Capitals sought to strike a balance between resources need for human livelihood and nature preservation through the reorganisation and renewed perspective of forestry, nurturing of skills and the provision of infrastructural services. Manifested through a universal village planning model, the focus lies on the restructuring of village’s land use and the Superorganism village centre. Thus, not only benefiting a village but the entire regency and beyond.
Village model of self-sufficiency in Community forestry of Gunung Kidul
References
Leontien Kraaijeveld, The impact of community forest scheme on rural livelihood, 2013
David Pearce and Andrew Alford, Adoption of ACIAR project outputs: Improving economic outcomes for smallholders growing teak in agroforestry systems in Indonesia, 2015
Raphael Kaplinsky, Spreading the gains from globalization: what can be learnt from valuechain analysis?, 2004
Setiasih Irawanti, Digby Race, Hugh Stewart, Nunung Parlinah & Aneka Prawesti Suka, Understanding the timber value chain in community-based forestry in Indonesia: Analysis of sengon in central Java, 2017
My Agriculture Information Bank. “Productive Functions of the Forests.” Agriinfo.in
http://agriinfo.in/default.aspx?page=topic&superid=2&topicid=1608 (accessed November 20, 2018)
Yale Climate Connections. “The Climate Benefits of Healthy Forests.” Yaleclimateconnection.org
https://www.yaleclimateconnections.org/2016/05/the-climatebenefits-of-healthy-forests/ (accessed November 20, 2018)
TMS architects. “ Not Just for Aesthetics or Shade: Benefits of Trees. TMSarchitects.com
https://www.tmsarchitects.com/not-just-for-asethetics-or-shade-benefits-of-trees/ (accessed November 20, 2018)
Singh, Parikshat Manhas. Sustainable and Responsible Tourism. New Delhi: PHI Learning, 2012
Fujiwara, Takahiro, San Afri Awang, Wahyu Tri Widayanti, Ratih Madya Septiana, Kimihiko Hyakumura and Noriko Sato. Socioeconomic Conditons Affecting Smallholder Timber Management in Gunungkidul District, Yogyakarta Special Region, Indonesia. Berlin: Springer, 2017
City Population. “Gunung Kidul.” Citypopulation.de
https://www.citypopulation.de/php/indonesia-jawa-admin.php?adm1id=3403 (accessed November 24, 2018)
The University of Texas at Austin. “What is Karst?”
https://web.archive.org/web/20060516002856/http://www.esi.utexas.edu/outreach/caves/karst .php (accessed November 24, 2018)
US Geological Survey, “Karst Topography - Teacher's Guide and Paper Model.”
https://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/parks/cave/karst.html (access November 24, 2018)
Village model of self-sufficiency in Community forestry of Gunung Kidul
Skymetweather. “Kabupaten Gunung Kidul”
https://www.skymetweather.com/forecastinternational/weather/indonesia/yogyakarta/kabupaten-gunung-kidul/kabupaten-gunung-kidul (accessed November 25, 2018)
World Weather Online, “Gunungkidul Historical Weather”, worldweatheronline.com
https://www.worldweatheronline.com/gunungkidul-weather-history/central-java/id.aspx
Fujiwara, Takahiro, San Afri Awang, Wahyu Tri Widayanti, Ratih Madya Septiana, Himmah Bariatul, Mamat Rahmat, Agus Suyanto, Noriko Sato, Overcoming vulnerability of privately owned small-scale forest through collective management unit establishment: A case study of Gunung Kidul District, Yogyakarta in Indonesia, 2011, 120
Semru Research Institute, “Kab. Gunung Kidul, DI Yogyakarta Province Poverty Map by Village, 2015” Povertymap.smeru.or.id
http://povertymap.smeru.or.id/map3/kabbydesa/3403_kabdesa (accessed November 24, 2018)
Indonesia Investments, “ Poverty in Indonesia Fell to the Lowest Level Ever in March 2018,” Indonesia-investment.com
https://www.indonesia-investments.com/news/news-columns/poverty-in-indonesia-fell-tothe-lowest-level-ever-in-march-2018/item8899? (accessed November 24, 2018)
The World Bank, “Poverty & Equity Data Portal,” Povertydata.worldbank.org
http://povertydata.worldbank.org/poverty/country/IDN (accessed November 23, 2018)
Numbeo, “Cost of Living in Yogyakarta,” Numbeo.com
https://www.numbeo.com/cost-of-living/in/Yogyakarta (accessed November 23, 2018)
Fujiwara, Takahiro, San Afri Awang, Wahyu Tri Widayanti, Ratih Madya Septiana, Himmah Bariatul, Mamat Rahmat, Agus Suyanto, Noriko Sato, Overcoming vulnerability of privately owned small-scale forest through collective management unit establishment: A case study of Gunung Kidul District, Yogyakarta in Indonesia, 2011
Setiasih Irawanti, Digby Race, Hugh Stewart, Nunung Parlinah & Aneka Prawesti Suka, Understanding the timber value chain in community-based forestry in Indonesia: Analysis of sengon in central Java, 2017
William Solesbury, Sustainable Livelihoods: A Case Study of the Evolution of DFID Policy, London: Overseas Development Institute, 2003
Okuda Shinya, Laurent Corpataux, Shravan Muthakrishnan and Kua Harn Wei, CrossLaminated Timber with a Renewable, Fast Growing Tropical Species in Southeast Asia, Singapore: National University of Singapore, 2018
Village model of self-sufficiency in Community forestry of Gunung Kidul
Appendix
A. First Hand Sources (max visit of village 1.5 hours)
Village Details
Name of Sub-district:
Name of village: (P)
Address:
Coordinates:
Type of community forestry: HR / HKm / Non-community member
Daily Necessities: Electricity / Portable Water / Food / Transport Network (P)
What are the natural resources: (P)
Rural Settlement layout: Dispersed / Linear / Nucleated / _____________
General
Type of plantation: Agroforestry / Mono / (P)
Size of plantation: ha
Land use and Function of spaces
Plantation Details
Type of plantation land: Homegarden / Dry land / Forestland (P)
Types of trees in plantation: (P)
Type of plants in plantation: (P)
Number of trees:
Age of trees/ plants: (P)
Type of Soil: (P)
Average distances of trees
Height of trees and diameter
(P)
(P)
Village model of self-sufficiency in Community forestry of Gunung Kidul
Average log yield volume & cost
Current symbiosis & relationship: Commodity / ____________
Drone shot plantation/ village Y / N
Infrastructure
Energy Source: (P)
Condition of Water Source: Polluted / (P)
Food Supply and Diet: (P)
Harvesting tools: (P)
Road access to plantation: Y / N (P)
Habitant Details
Distance from plantation: __________m (P)
Age of habitant and expansions: (P)
No. of buildings within land: (P)
Size (Area) of habitant: __________ m (P)
Distance from neighbours: __________m (P)
Types of objects and belonging:
Household
1. Name of household:
2 Demographic of family:
3. Education cost:
3. Daily lifestyle and jobs:
- Location of jobs:
. The aspirations of local household:
. Need of household:
(P): Requires photos
Village model of self-sufficiency in Community forestry of Gunung Kidul
B. Tree Species information and characteristics
1. Teak33
Scientific name: Tectona Grandis
Common name: Jati
Description:Teak is a large, mainly deciduous tree reaching over 30 metres in height in favourable conditions with an open crown that has many small branches. The bole, which can be unbranched for up to 15 metres, is up to 1 metre in diameter and is often buttressed and may be fluted. In seasonal climates, the tree is deciduous, whilst trees grown in non-seasonal climates are semi-deciduous.
Teak is one of the most important timbers in the world - a rare combination of superior physical and mechanical properties makes it a paragon of timber, and there is no likelihood of it being eclipsed by any other. It is widely planted for timber in the tropics. Teak is often grown in botanical gardens and is occasionally cultivated in tropical countries as an ornamental for its large leaves and spreading flower clusters.
Uses: Timber construction, furniture, ornamentation, edible uses [seeds, leaves, fruit], medicinal values, charcoal
Plantation cultivation requirements: - Requires sunny position, deep, well-drained & fertile alluvial colluvial soil [The quality of growth, however, depends on the depth, drainage, moisture status and the fertility of the soil]. - No waterlogging and infertile lateritic soilsFlowering normally starts at age 8 to 10 years, rare occasions 3 moths- Spacing: 2.5 X 2.5m, 3 X 1.5m, 3 X 3m (monoculture)[dense spacing - straighter stems + faster height growth] [wide spacing - larger stem diameter]
Height/ Growth Rate: (Next pg)
Village model of self-sufficiency in Community forestry of Gunung Kidul
Village model of self-sufficiency in Community forestry of Gunung Kidul
Village model of self-sufficiency in Community forestry of Gunung Kidul
2. Sengon34
Scientific name: Mollucan sau, Paraserianthes falcataria
Description:Paraserianthes falcataria (L.) Nielsen, also known as batay, is one of the most important pioneer multipurpose tree species in Indonesia. It is one of the tree species preferred for industrial forest plantations in Indonesia because of its very fast growth, its ability to grow on a variety of soils, its favourable silvicultural characteristics and its acceptable quality of wood for the panel and plywood industries. Paraserianthes falcataria plays an important role in both commercial and traditional farming systems in several sites in Indonesia.
Uses: Timber construction, boats, furniture, plywood, veneer, paper, fuel, medicinal values, seeds edible
Plantation cultivation requirements: - warm humid climate, able to tolerate long dry season where growth will be reduced and able to tolerate mean annual rainfall of 10004500mm- well-drained soil preferred, but able to grow in poorly drained soil - requires sunny position-spacing distances: 2 x 2m to 4 x 4m: greater growth in narrow spacing
Height/ Growth Rate:
34 Haruni Krisnawati, Eveliina Varis, Maarit Kallio and Markku Kanninen, Paraserianthes falcataria (L.) Nielsen: Ecology, silviculture and productivity, Bigor: CIFOR
Village model of self-sufficiency in Community forestry of Gunung Kidul
Village model of self-sufficiency in Community forestry of Gunung Kidul
Village model of self-sufficiency in Community forestry of Gunung Kidul
3. Acacia35
Scientific name: Acacia mangium
Description:-Acacia mangium is a fast-growing evergreen tree with a dense, spreading crown; it can grow from 25 - 35 metres tall. The bole is usually straight, often fluted near the base, free of branches for up to half its height and up to 60cm in diameter. Although it produces leaves as a seedling, like most members of the genus the mature plant does not have true leaves but has leaf-like flattened stems called phyllodes.
-The tree is harvested from the wild for its wood, which is used locally and also traded. It is valued for its rapid growth and ability to grow on poor soils, and has been planted throughout the humid tropics and is a major plantation species in Asia. The tree is also grown as an ornamental in some areas-has a symbiotic relationship with certain soil bacteria, these bacteria form nodules on the roots and fix atmospheric nitrogen. Some of this nitrogen is utilized by the growing plant but some can also be used by other plants growing nearby
Uses: Timber construction, boats, furniture, plywood, veneer, paper, fuel, medicinal values, seeds edible
Plantation cultivation requirements: - warm humid climate, able to tolerate long dry season where growth will be reduced and able to tolerate mean annual rainfall of 10004500mm- well-drained soil preferred, but able to grow in poorly drained soil
- requires sunny position-spacing distances: 2 x 2m to 3 x 2m to 4 x 4m: greater growth in narrow spacing
Village model of self-sufficiency in Community forestry of Gunung Kidul
Height/ Growth Rate:
Village model of self-sufficiency in Community forestry of Gunung Kidul
Village model of self-sufficiency in Community forestry of Gunung Kidul
4. Jabon36
Scientific name: Neolamarckia cadamba
Common name: Burflower tree
Description: Amboina is a large, ornamental tree with a broad, umbrella-shaped crown that can reach a height of 45 metres. It has a straight, cylindrical bole, sometimes with buttresses, that can have a diameter of 100cm, exceptionally to 160cm.
Amboina is becoming one of the most frequently planted trees in the tropics where it is often grown along avenues, roadsides and in villages both for ornament and to provide shade. The tree is highly regarded religiously and culturally in India, Java and Malaysia, it is considered sacred to the Lord Krishna. It is a favoured plantation species, both inside and outside its native range
Uses: Timber construction (plywood), light construction, pulp, paper, boxes/ crates, canoes, furniture, medical value
Wood detail: Wood - white with light yellow tingeThe wood has a density of 290-560 kg/cu m at 15% moisture content, a fine to medium texture; straight grain; low lustre and has no characteristic odour or taste.It is easy to work with hand and machine tools, cuts cleanly, gives a very good surface and is easy to nail. However, the wood is rated as non-durable, graveyard tests in Indonesia show an average life in contact with the ground of less than 1.5 years
Plantation cultivation requirements: - Moist climate- Preferred annual temperature of 23CWell drained entisols preferred- No leached and poorly aerated soil- Older trees require good light condition- Saplings require protection from hot and direct sun
- Sensitive tree species to drought and excessive moisture but tolerate to periodic flooding - Spacing: 4 x 3m
Height/ Growth Rate: (Next page)
Village model of self-sufficiency in Community forestry of Gunung Kidul
Village model of self-sufficiency in Community forestry of Gunung Kidul
Village model of self-sufficiency in Community forestry of Gunung Kidul
C. Issues of Community Forestry in GK
Village model of self-sufficiency in Community forestry of Gunung Kidul
D. Timber Value Chain in GK
Type of Capitals Description
Livelihood assets
Seeks to gain an accurate and realistic understanding of people’s strength (assets or capital endowments) and how the attempt to convert these into positive livelihood People find out ways of nurturing and combining what assets they do have to ensure survival (training farmers as a community = social and human capital) The purpose to create assets.
Natural Capital
Defined as the world’s stocks of natural assets which include geology, soil, air, water and all living things, nutrient cycling and erosion protection. From natural capital human can derive from wide range of services, making human life possible. Conflict between Natural and Financial Capital, careful management is required allowing nature to recover and sustain resources for future generation. Natural capital in plantation may be valued in monetary values
Human Capital
Financial Capital
The collective skills, knowledge, or other intangible assets of individuals that can be used to create economic value for the individuals, their employers, or their community. Education can be an investment in human capital that pays off in terms of higher productivity.
Higher education/ training > higher productivity > increase in financial capital
Financial capital is the money used to help pay for the acquisition of plants, equipment, and other items needed to build products or offer services. Financial capital is also referred to as investment capital. Least available. Last capital to achieve? And end goal?
Physical Capital
Tools, machinery, computers, and other equipment that are needed for the production of goods and services, transport network for accessibility. To increase productivity, human and physical capitals are needed, leading to financial capital
Village model of self-sufficiency in Community forestry of Gunung Kidul E. Sustainable Livelihood Framework37
37 Vidya-mitra. “Sustainable Livelihoods Framework.” YouTube, YouTube, 8 June 2017, www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZozbmClcYx4.
Village model of self-sufficiency in Community forestry of Gunung Kidul
Social Capital
The networks of relationships among people who live and work in a particular society, enabling that society to function effectively. Trust, goodwill, honesty and mutual understanding (farmers and middleman). Highly important for rural development in rural areas
Village model of self-sufficiency in Community forestry of Gunung Kidul
F. 8 Year Revitalisation Plan
G. Network of Capitals
Village model of self-sufficiency in Community forestry of Gunung Kidul
Village model of self-sufficiency in Community forestry of Gunung Kidul
H. Sampling of Rainfall Calculation based on possible site of Menggoran
Rainfall collection calculation
Average household roof surface area: 95-100m2
Average no. of dwelling units per household: 2
Estimated total roof surface area in Menggoran: 50 200m2 (251 households)
Average annual rainfall in Gunung Kidul: 1500 - 2500mm
Amount of annual rainfall collected: 75 300 000 - 125 500 000L
(per household: 300 000 - 5000 000L)
Amount of water need for irrigation
Amount of water need for irrigation per day: 4mm rainfall
Per hecture: 40 000L
Average surface area of homegardens and dryland per household: 0.1ha
Amount of water needed daily: 4000L
No. of days irrigate on rainwater: 75 days (est. 2 months)
Analysis: If rainfall collection on a household scale, only last 2 month during the dry seasons, more structures with large surface area should be constructed.
Village model of self-sufficiency in Community forestry of Gunung Kidul
I. Map – Poverty, Community Forestry, Tourist Spots
Village model of self-sufficiency in Community forestry of Gunung Kidul
J. Map – Rainfall and Community Forestry
Village model of self-sufficiency in Community forestry of Gunung Kidul
K. Map – Natural Conditions
Village model of self-sufficiency in Community forestry of Gunung Kidul
L. Map – Menggoran Village