Bergamot Green

by Kevin Nugent

California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo Published in 2020 All rights reserved Kevin Nugent

Completed as part of thesis Sandy Stannard 2019-2020

In loving memory of

Mary Nugent 1959-2020

Thank you to...

Mary Nugent, Ed Nugent, Richard Destin and Sandy Stannard

by Kevin Nugent

CONTENTS THE BIGGER PICTURE

PRECEDENT STUDIES

what is climate change?........................................3

bullitt center.............................................................36

personal vehicles in a warming world................5

gardens by the bay................................................ 37

what is being done................................................ 7

the sustainable city.................................................39

smart growth............................................................10

renzo pinao pavilion..............................................41

transit-oriented development..............................11

step up on 5th..........................................................44

the rise of public transit.........................................13 how much do you contribute..............................15 “thesis pitch” in a nutshell.....................................21

WHAT REALLY IS “NET ZERO”

MATERIAL EXPLORATION

how is net zero achieved...................................... 25

nature’s coffee table...............................................47

net zero building vs. net zero lifestyle................28

wood species..........................................................49

solar collection........................................................29

environmental impact........................................... 52

use of solar panels................................................. 31

SITE - SANTA MONICA, CA

APPENDIX

santa monica, ca.....................................................55

112

demographics.........................................................57

sources......................................................................113

site information.......................................................59

images......................................................................116

bergamot district....................................................64 btv code analysis.....................................................68 climate responsive design....................................71 bio inspired design................................................77

BERGAMOT TRANSIT DEVELOPMENT project description.................................................85 site plan....................................................................87 program....................................................................91 outdoor spaces.......................................................95 phase one................................................................98 section model.........................................................104 shading elements...................................................105 solar and rainwater catchment............................ 107

THE BIGGER PICTURE

3

WHAT IS CLIMATE CHANGE? Over the past 150 years, the Earth has

meteorology, this process is known as

been warming. Natural causes alone

temperature inversion. [1]

cannot explain the drastic change in temperature. The earth’s temperature

Most of the air pollution comes from

has risen 1.5° F since accurate global

fossil fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas that we use to produce electricity

1880.

[1]

and run our vehicles. According to a draft of the forthcoming U.N. fifth assessment

This rise in temperature is due to human

report on mitigation of climate change,

activity, primarily the release of carbon

greenhouse gas emissions from cars,

dioxide (CO2) and other heat trapping

trains, ships and airplanes may become

gases called greenhouse gases, into

one of the greatest drivers of human-

the atmosphere. Over the years the

induced climate change.

accumulation of greenhouse gases has

to a NASA study, motor vehicles are

created an inversion layer barricading us

the largest net contributor to global

from the cooler air higher up in Earth’s

warming. [1]

According

atmosphere, trapping in the warm air that humans emit daily. In terms of

As deep as we are into the problem

4

“THE TIME IS PAST WHEN HUMANKIND THOUGHT IT COULD SELFISHLY DRAW ON EXHAUSTIBLE RESOURCES. WE KNOW NOW THE WORLD IS NOT A COMMODITY.” -FRANÇOIS HOLLANDE

however, there is still light at the end of the tunnel.

In terms of architecture, there has been a huge push for more sustainable design over the past ten years.

Buildings

consume nearly 40% of the energy in the U.S. and emit almost half of the carbon dioxide through greenfield development, cement production, and the burning of fossil fuels such as oil, gas, and coal for energy (Cramer). Certain legislation has been passed, particularly in California, where all residential buildings must be Zero Net Energy (ZNE) by 2020 and all commercial Left: the seven petals to the Living Building Challenge

buildings must follow the same route by 2030. [2]

5

PERSONAL VEHICLES IN A WARMING WORLD Global warming is an internationally recognized threat to humanity, largely due to motor vehicles. American cities were designed around cars with an emphasis on suburban living. This sprawl has been present for the past century, with the idea that the wealthy move farther away from the city centers. But what has this done to our planet? Have we invested so much in ourselves that we took the ecosystems for granted? Many take the “comfort over convenience” path by living far from everyday needs, but has this selfishness brought unfixable problems?

6

“CLIMATE CHANGE IS NOT JUST ABOUT CARBON DIOXIDE LEVELS AND MELTING POLAR ICE CAPS. IT IS ABOUT OUR PUBLIC HEALTH AND PROTECTING OUR EARTH FOR FUTURE GENERATIONS.” -MIKE QUIGLEY

The International Energy Agency (IEA) stated that 90% of the

number of people are moving to cities as the world today sees

world’s carbon emissions is due to energy production and

a record of 55% of humans living in urban areas. This number

consumption; two traits largely tied to economic growth of

is projected to rise to 68% by 2050 according to the United

countries. In a time when population growth rates are at

Nations (UN). [4] People moving to urban areas, however, means

an all-time high, humanity’s energy consumption has also

residential accommodations and infrastructure are needed now

risen.

more than ever. But urban planners and architects are looking at

[3]

ways that divert from the car oriented strategies of the past, with an An all-time high of 276 million vehicles are registered in the

emphasis on combating overpopulation. [4] New living styles that

United States in 2019; a pivotal time in terms of urban design as

entail staying close to home for daily needs must be at the center

many future designers are looking to transform the modern day

of attention of future urban design. But how can we expand this

city into a pedestrian friendly environment. A seemingly growing

method to a greater population? [4]

7

WHAT IS BEING DONE Legislation all over the world is

world today. Its main principles revolve

being passed to limit the amount of

around the ideas of mixed land uses,

greenhouse gases being pumped

compact building designs and creating

into the atmosphere.

Most notably,

walkable neighborhoods, diverting from

the Paris Agreement is an international

relying on cars in favor of transportation.

agreement signed by 196 countries

Guided by the Environmental Protection

in 2016 to limit carbon emissions.

Agency, smart growth aims to develop

The main goal is to reach the global

new communities that are better for

peak of greenhouse gas emissions

human health and the environment.

as soon as possible.

Aside from

legislation, however, are new tactics

A transit-oriented development, on

of development.

the other hand, is a type of urban

smart

growth

Among them are and

transit-oriented

development

that

maximizes

the

development. space within walking distance of a public Smart Growth refers to expanding in an

transit station, aiming to reduce the

environmentally friendly manner and

amount of cars by increasing ridership

can be seen in many cities across the

of public transit systems.

Right: citizens in Seattle, WA protesting President Donald Trump’s withdraw from The Paris Agreement in 2017

8

9

“Saving our planet, lifting people out of poverty, advancing economic between climate change, water scarcity, energy shortages, global health, food security and women’s empowerment. Solutions to one problem must be solutions for all.”

- Ban Ki-moon

10

SMART GROWTH “Smart growth” covers a range of

is encouraging public transit ridership

development

sustainability

which could drastically improve air

methods that aim to protect our health

quality by taking motor vehicles off

and natural environment while making

the roads. This would not only cause

our communities overall better places to

less pollution from cars themselves,

live. The idea of smart growth extends

but from their production as well.

vastly beyond a designer’s perspective

Compact development and open

of urban development as it takes into

space preservation can additionally

account economic development, the

improve water quality by reducing the

schools our youth attend, the taxes we

amount of paved surfaces, allowing

and

pay and most importantly our health.

These characteristics are accounted for

runoff before it reaches drinking-water

to not only help us survive, but for our

supplies.

future generations to thrive.

and encouraging redevelopment in

[5]

Preserving natural lands

existing communities protects farmland, Beyond the increase in health, smart

wildlife habitat, outdoor recreation, and

One of the movement’s main pillars

drinking water. [5]

11

TRANSIT-ORIENTED DEVELOPMENT (TOD) In urban planning, a transit-oriented development is a type of urban development under the “smart growth” category, in which its goal is to increase the amount of public transportation. Thus, a TOD increases the amount of public transportation ridership making a more sustainable urban environment.. [6]

12

“A DEVELOPED COUNTRY ISN’T A PLACE WHERE POOR PEOPLE HAVE CARS. IT’S A PLACE WHERE THE RICH USE PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION.” -GUSTAVO PETRO

A transit-oriented development revolves around a central transit

next to transit stops is diminished and adjacent properties ideally

stop in walking distance to a high-density mixed-use area. In

reach to the transit stop on all sides.

some cases, this is surrounded with lower-density areas spreading out from this center. The ideal distance from the central stop for

Amongst all design tactics for production of TODs, the most

highly used programs is a radius up to ½ mile. This is considered

notable are to locate stations in locations with highest ridership

to be the sweet spot as it is an ideal distance appropriate for

potential and development opportunities, designating half mile

pedestrians.

radius around station as higher density, mixed-use, walkable development and creating a range of densities with highest at

A TOD is also typically designed to be more walkable than other

and near the station, tapering down to existing neighborhoods.

built-up areas, through the use of smaller block sizes and reduction

In addition easy access, safety for bicycles and plenty of bike

the land area dedicated to automobiles. The typical parking lot

parking in multiple locations around the station are priorities. [6]

13

THE RISE OF PUBLIC TRANSIT Public transportation has seen an increase in ridership over the past three decades. Since 1997, United States public transportation systems have seen a growth in ridership of 21% - larger than the 19% growth in population. This is largely due to the increase of population in urban areas. With this in mind, however, 45% of Americans still have no access to public transportation. [9] Should we be building more public transportation around people, or more residences around public transportation?

14

Public transportation is an up and coming $71 billion industry

In addition to health, public transit also offers great economic

that sees more ridership annually. In 2018, Americans took 9.9

opportunity. For instance, every $1 invested into public transit

billion trips on some form of public transportation. This includes

generates $4 in economic returns. And every $1 billion invested

34 million trips per weekday. The public transit industry employs

in public transit companies creates nearly 50,000 jobs. This is a

over 430,000 people and is expected to greatly increase over the

tremendous economic opportunity for investors and common

next decade.

citizens.

[7]

Additionally, home values of those located near

frequently running public transit systems perform 42% better than Los Angeles in particular has seen a decease in public transit

those that aren’t. [7]

ridership over the past decade. This is largely due to the increase in car ownership of the low income, Angeleno immigrants, the

In a day and age when the motor vehicle comes with as many

most common demographic of riders. The city, however, is

costs and liabilities as it does, public transit is a safe, green and

looking at the situation as a long term investment and expects the billions of dollars being poured into the system to attract new

the responsibility of owning a car. New public transit systems

riders of all demographics.

are currently under construction all over the world, and there are

[8]

many plans for even more to come.

15

HOW MUCH DO YOU CONTRIBUTE American

cities

are

growing

at

unprecedented rates, causing new

passive systems that don’t call for energy consuming methods.

housing developments to become farther away from daily needs such as

With a new type of “complete design,”

grocery stores and workplaces. Since

urban developments consisting of

motor vehicles is the leading cause of global warming and Los Angeles

small community of everyday needs

being one of the least pedestrian

is the future of residential urban

friendly cities in the United States,

living. Ideally, this style of living would

multifamily housing that is not only self

consist of a medium sized building

sustainable, but provides daily living needs in both the units themselves

space, recreation areas, food access,

and in close vicinity may be one way

designated bike and scooter parking,

to combat air pollution challenges.

private and communal kitchens and

Rather than millions of local residents

limited amounts of parking. This

reaching for their car keys and air

would enable a more sustainable

conditioners daily, we should focus

lifestyle that can be implemented into

on designing new residences with

a preexisting modern day city.

Right: Intro to thesis Abstract Project that calculates CO2 emissions based on distance traveled to work.

16

17

18

This

interactive “abstract” cross

references housing location and distance traveled to work based on a 262 day work year. The map of Los Angeles, CA overlaid with radial distances allows the user to place the “home” block where they live, in addition to other daily needs, to calculate a rough estimate of the amount of CO2 they individually produce on commutes annually. The idea behind the blocks conjoining to make a circle represents the idea that when all of these different programs are in one location, for example the the program blocks, that is the ideal and most convenient arrangement.

19

“Climate change is no longer some far-off problem; it is happening here, it is happening now.”

- Barack Obama

20

68%

The percentage of humans to be living in urban areas by 2050. An increase from 55% in 2019.

276

The amount of registered vehicles in the United States in 2019; an all-time high.

45%

The amount of Americans with no access to public transportation.

26.6

The average work commute time in the United States. An increase from 21.9 minutes in 1985.

million

Earth

minutes

United States

3.3 billion

119 hours

Los Angeles, CA

$14.4 billion

delays to work only, in 2017; the highest in the country.

The excess cost Angelino consumers spent in $1,400 per capita

21

IN A NUTSHELL In a day and age when the common

With this in mind, this thesis aims

citizen relies on a personal vehicle,

to change the way of living by

we tend to forget the impact that we

encouraging

make by starting our engines each

friendly lifestyle.

morning. Carbon emissions are at

Oriented Development (TOD) places

an all-time high, with the leading

commercial programs within walking

cause coming from the transportation

distance of a public transit stop,

sector.

typically with low-density residences

an

environmentally A typical Transit

sprawling outwards. However, the site Motor

vehicles,

their

in Santa Monica cannot accommodate

production and maintenance, emit

such sprawl. Bergamot Green aims

nearly half of the world’s carbon

to emphasize a new type of TOD

monoxide.

including

For short trips, it is

recommended that you substitute

A Transit Oriented Development is

driving with walking and/or public transportation.

not

the citizens and the planet, as it gives

everyone’s work is a short trip from

However,

easy access to transportation that us

home.

humans so heavily rely on.

Right: air pollution in Shanghai, China

22

WHAT REALLY IS “NET ZERO”

25

HOW IS NET ZERO ACHIEVED? When referring to a building, the concept of net zero is when a building is able to create equal to or more energy than it uses. This idea has been evolving from an idea to reality and although there are only a small number of net zero energy buildings (NZEB), there are plans and laws provoking many more in the near future. As a result of advances in construction technologies, renewable energy systems, and academic research, creating Net Zero Energy buildings is becoming more and more feasible. [9]

26

“ENERGY EFFICIENCY IS NOT JUST ABOUT SAVING ENERGY, IT’S ABOUT TACKLING ECONOMIC, ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ISSUES AT THE SAME TIME.” -HARRY VERHAAR

Most net zero energy buildings are connected to the electrical grid as they can use traditional power sources such as natural gas and coal when its internal energy sources cannot be reached.

Architecture itself plays a huge role in achieving net zero energy

However, this is a two way road. When the building is over

use. There are many tactics architects use through their designs

producing energy it can release its excess back into the electrical

aiming to mitigate the amounts of energy being used such as

grid for other energy consuming buildings and devices to use. and mechanical systems and designing a tight envelope.

It is becoming more and more common to see on-site renewable energy sources.

The most common of the on-site energy

With the combination of both architectural design and renewable

generators include solar panels, solar water heating and wind

energy sources, net zero energy buildings are ultimately

turbines. Alternative to typical energy consumption, these are very

achievable.

27

28

NET ZERO BUILDING VS. NET ZERO LIFESTYLE A net zero energy building is very

seen human development to that point then that super eco-friendly building

renewable energy consumption, but

would have a negative impact as it is

what good is this building if it is located

adding the carbon emissions needed

far away from daily needs? The carbon

to build it and transport its users there. If

emitted from vehicles getting there

the site is far away it adds even more of

would nearly match that of what would

a challenge. On the contrary, however, if

be needed to power the building. As

the site was an old building needing to

hinted, location also plays a large factor

be renovated, the overall impact would

in this scenario.

be positive since the site is being reutilized.

Should a developer want to change a site into a super eco-friendly building,

If a “net zero” building is located far

the location and current condition

from an urban environment, the overall

of that site have a large impact on

carbon footprint of this building would

that building’s overall impact on the

not be zero.

environment.

because of the energy used and carbon

For example, if the

previous site was green space that hasn’t

It would be positive

emitted just for people to get there.

29

SOLAR COLLECTION The most used method of solar energy

globe for nearly a full year. [11]

collection is the photovoltaic (PV) solar The two most used ways of capturing solar energy are photovoltaics and back much farther. Back in 400 B.C.

solar thermal capture. For smaller scale

the ancient Greeks and Romans used

projects such as houses and buildings,

the sun to heat certain areas of their

photovoltaic solar panels are typical.

homes while shading the other areas.

On a larger scale, such as a utility

Recognized much differently than we

solar installation, you will typically see solar thermal capture. This is different

type of energy source.

[10]

from photovoltaics in that the thermal technologies capture the heat energy

Each photon (a single particle of

from the sun and use it for heating and/

sunlight) contains energy that can be

or the production of electricity. This is

captured to power our planet, and

different from PV solar panels, which

it comes in great abundance. Each

directly convert the sun’s radiation into

hour of pure daylight on Earth gives

electricity that can be used immediately

off enough energy to power the entire

or stored for when needed. [12]

30

“The truth is that transitioning to clean energy like wind and solar will create millions of new, good jobs that can’t be outsourced, and spur economic will suffer should we keep building more pipelines.”

- Tom Steyer

31

USE OF SOLAR PANELS Photovoltaic (PV) solar panels absorb sunlight to generate electricity and power which is stored in a battery until needed. Many individual PV modules are packed into a uniform pattern to make up the panel, typically a rectangle. The most common uses of solar panels are on rooftops of building, houses and recreational vehicles. Solar panels are being used at unprecedented rates and are expected to be seen much more in the near future.

32

“NO OTHER PLANET IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM IS A SUITABLE HOME FOR HUMAN BEINGS; IT’S THIS WORLD OR NOTHING. THAT’S A VERY POWERFUL PERCEPTION.” -CARL SAGAN

in the past, it is becoming much more popular today and is realistic and practiced solution. [13] course of renewable energy production. They also provide the Incorporating solar panels into architecture is becoming a very local use purposes. Much of their recent popularity has been due

popular practice known as solar architecture. This design takes

to the mass production that has caused lower prices for home and commercial uses. [13] BC for which they used the sun to passively heat their houses.

Today however, solar architecture is much more than architecture the environment. On the other hand, coal, gas and oil prices

as it involves optics, thermics, electronics and materials science. [14]

PRECEDENT STUDIES

35

36

BULLITT CENTER The Bullitt Center is a commercial

LOCATION: Seattle, WA - United States

district of Seattle. Designed by Miller

PROGRAM TYPE

Hull, the net zero building is best known for its completely sustainable

CONSTRUCTION STARTED: 2011

design. It was designed to be the greenest commercial building in the

CONSTRUCTION COMPLETED: 2012

building” by the International Living

DATE OPENED: April 22, 2013 (Earth Day)

Future in April 2015.

[19]

It was built

by the Bullitt Foundation, a non-

TOTAL COST: 30 million USD

focuses on urban ecology. In fact,

ARCHITECT: Miller Hull Partnership

the foundation is a tenant of the OTHER: an architectural masterpiece in that it

52,000 ft.2

manages to have net positive energy

Built by the Bullitt Foundation

use annually.

Energy Use Intensity (EUI): 9.4 kBtu/ft.2/yr

[19]

37

GARDENS BY THE BAY Gardens by the Bay is a nature park

LOCATION: Singapore

spanning 250 acres of reclaimed land in the Central Region of

PROGRAM TYPE: Natural park

Singapore. Sitting on the bank of the Marina Reservoir, its goal is to

AREA: 250 acres

raise the quality of life by enhancing OPERATED BY: Gardens by the Bay Essentially, bringing nature back into the city. The park consists of

DATE OPENED: June 29, 2012

three waterfront gardens all located in the marina. It contains multiple

TOTAL COST: 1 billion USD

structures, including the world’s largest glass greenhouse. The park

ARCHITECT: Grant Associates & Gustafson Porter

can make the user feel like they are in another world, escaping the chaos

OTHER: Open to the public daily

of the city. Proving itself as a hit,

Contains 3 on-site public transit options

Gardens by the Bay is the top tourist

Has seen 50 million visitors (as of October 2018)

attraction in Singapore.

[19]

38

39

THE SUSTAINABLE CITY Sitting on 114 acres in Dubai, the

COUNTRY: United Arab Emirates

energy development in the Emirate

EMIRATE: Dubai

of Dubai. natural organic

The city includes 11

‘biodome’ farms

for

greenhouses, local

CITY: Dubai

food

production, waste water recycling,

ESTABLISHED: 2015

biking and shaded jogging trails, and equestrian center and charging stations for electric cars.

AREA: 114 acres

The city

does not rely on any outside source

POPULATION: 2,700

of energy and is complete selfsustainable. In addition to housing,

DENSITY: 5,900/km2

healthcare, a nursery and food and

OTHER: Contains 500 townhouses and courtyard villas

beverage outlets. Phase two of the

11 natural biodome greenhouses

development will contain a hotel,

10MW solar production

school and innovation center.

Separate waste water recycling for greywater and blackwater

[20]

40

41

RENZO PIANO PAVILION The Renzo Piano Pavilion is a 2013

LOCATION: Fort Worth, Texas

addition to the Kimbell Art Museum in Fort Worth, TX. The roof of the

PROGRAM TYPE: Museum

building consists of a glass structure with translucent light wells to allow in

CLIENT: Kimbell Art Foundation

daylight to the spaces reducing the MATERIALS: Glass, wood and concrete the roof includes a layer of highARCHITECT: Renzo Piano mechanical aluminum louvers with built-in photovoltaic cells that not

OPENED: November 2013

only collect energy, but also shade direct sun and generate enough

AREA: 101,130 ft.2

power to offset up to twenty percent of the carbon produced by

OTHER:

the building’s annual operations.

These two roof features exemplify sustainable design strategies.

Uses half the energy as the adjacent, original building

42

43

44

STEP UP ON 5TH This residential project distinguished itself

from

affordable

most housing

LOCATION: Santa Monica, CA - United States

conventional projects

by

PROPERTY TYPE: New construction

incorporating many passive heating and cooling strategies to minimize

PROGRAM TYPE: 46 studio units

the buildings energy usage. These strategies

include

orienting

the

CONSTRUCTION COMPLETED: 2008

building to control solar impacts; shaping and orienting the building

SERVICE PROVIDER: Step Up on Second Street

for exposure to prevailing winds; shaping the building to induce

TOTAL COST: 18.6 million USD

buoyancy for natural ventilation; designing windows to maximize

ARCHITECT: Milimet Design

day lighting; shading south facing windows and minimizing west-facing glazing. All of these together make

OTHER: Two private courtyards Laundry facilities Two community rooms

typical structure.

[21]

MATERIALS EXPLORATION

47

NATURE’S COFFEE TABLE Recycling is often an misinterpreted

Nature’s Coffee Table is a handcrafted

term in today’s society. One might

coffee

think of cans and bottles going to

recycled wood scraps, repurposed

some far away land in a truck once

glass and highly recyclable steel.

a week. And as this is partly true,

The wood itself was donated to the

recycling can be done all at home,

project, as every piece of wood in

whenever and however you wish. It

the table’s design was from offcuts.

doesn’t always need to take a new

The wood species include red oak,

form however.

ash, poplar, birch, mahogany and

table

made

from

100%

ebony. The glass was donated to Recycling can happen in many forms.

the project as it was no longer being

Buying something at a garage sale,

used in its original purpose.

avoiding the use of plastics and

design incorporated the dimensions

using cloth napkins/towels rather

of the glass upon reception of it. The

than disposable are some examples

steel used for the table’s legs is non

of simple recycling. True recycling is

galvanized and recyclable. As one of

essentially reusing something for the

the world’s most recyclable materials,

same or different purpose.

steel can be reshaped into any form.

The

48

49

WOOD SPECIES Wood is one of the most common

generally more expensive in value.

building materials and is incorporated

The species of wood used in Nature’s

into almost any design in one way

Coffee Table include; ash: a hardwood

or another.

Sustainable wood, as

from North America known for its use

compared to any other wood on

in sports equipment and furniture, as it

the market, was obtained legally and gathered in ways that protect other

very sustainable and long-lasting wood

existing trees in the forest, as well as the waterways, wildlife and the environment

furniture, mahogany: a beautiful red

in which the wood was harvested. For

hued wood very commonly seen in

wood imported from other countries,

furniture that typically comes from Asia,

sustainability also means gathering the

Africa or South and Central America,

timber in a way that respects the rights

[22]

of indigenous people in the area.

typically seen in furniture and cabinets,

[22]

poplar: a soft hardwood that is

birch: a hardwood that is typically used Wood comes in forms of both hard

for plywood and veneer in addition

wood and soft wood.

to furniture, and ebony: an extremely

Hardwood

dense, blackish colored hardwood. [23]

50

51

52

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT With wood being a natural material

Coffee Table is Danish oil which is not

that is used so commonly, many don’t

known to be environmentally friendly.

realize the effects of wood treatments

In fact, no oil is truly environmentally

and their footprint on the environment.

friendly. This is because it is a non-

The idea of sustainable wood products

renewable resource. Because of this

has been on the rise in recent years, but

however, the oil industry is currently

what people are now pushing for as well is sustainable wood coatings. This

ways of using their product. [26]

is largely due to a concern over indoor air quality. [24] polyurethane, a shiny and clear surface Because of this, there has been an

topper that gives a protection to the

increased effort to regulate the use of

wood and a clean look. Polyurethane

volatile organic compounds in wood

however is very unhealthy for the

coatings. This has been tied to ozone

environment. The industry however is

smog-reduction and air pollution. [26]

looking at ways to reduce and recycle the carbon used either directly or indirectly. [26]

SITE - SANTA MONICA, CA

55

SANTA MONICA, CA Located on the western edge of Los Angeles along the Santa Monica Bay is the city of Santa Monica. Santa Monica is it’s own governing body and is bordered by the city of Los Angeles on its north, south and east sides. Since the 1980s, Santa Monica has drastically grown in popularity due to the revitalization of its downtown core, job growth and increased tourism. [17] In addition, the comfortable climate has made it one of the most visited places in the United States.

56

Particularly in the past decade, the city of Santa Monica has

reformation drastically. This is the Bergamot Transit Village.

changed its cityscape completely, pushing for a more pedestrian friendly environment. It has added miles of bike lanes, four-way

The Bergamot Transit Village is perfectly placed next to the

cross intersections and has been practicing design strategies that

Bergamot Station of Santa Monica’s newest public transit

minimize car use such as adding extra buffer room on sidewalks.

method: the resurrection of the 15.2 mile Exposition (Expo) Line.

After reopening in Santa Monica in 2016, the tracks are seeing

Santa Monica, although only 8.42 mi2, has a very diverse cityscape

[18]

The Bergamot

as it is broken up into 31 zoning groups including single-unit

Station is placed perfectly on the edge of the Bergamot district

residential, high density residential, parks and open space, general

across the street from what is now warehouses. Santa Monica is

commercial, civic center and residential mobile park home.

missing a golden opportunity not having prime residential units,

Among them however, one that stands out as an area needing

food, retail and entertainment on the blocks adjacent to the stop.

57

DEMOGRAPHICS PEOPLE

POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS

Population estimates, July 1, 2018..............................91,411

Veterans, 2013-2017...........................................................2,912

Population estimates, April 1, 2010............................ 89,742

Foreign born persons........................................................ 23.8%

Population, Census, April 1, 2010............................... 89,763 HOUSING AGE AND SEX

Owner-occupied housing unit rate.................................27.7%

Persons under 5 years....................................................4.7%

Median monthly owner costs - with a mortgage......... $3,616

Persons under 18 years................................................. 14.7%

Median monthly owner costs - without a mortgage... $903

Persons 65 years and over............................................ 17.1%

Median value of owner-occupied housing units......... $1.17 M

Female persons.............................................................. 50.9%

Median gross rent.............................................................. $1,669

ECONOMY

TRANSPORTATION

In civilian labor force, age 16 and up......................... 70.7%

Mean travel time to work (minutes), age 16 and up... 26.2

In civilian labor force, female, age 16 and up...........65.9% Total accommodation and food services sales ....... 947,660

INCOME AND POVERTY

Total healthcare and social assistance........................1,578,016

Median household income (in 2017 dollars)............... $86,084

Total manufacturers shipments, 2012........................ 675,387

Per capita income (in 2017 dollars).................................$67,138

Total retail sales per capita, 2012................................ $54,259

Persons in poverty............................................................. 10.7%

58

FAMILIES AND LIVING ARRANGEMENTS

RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN

Households......................................................................46,358

White alone..........................................................................76.6%

Persons per household..................................................1.96

Black or African American alone......................................4.3%

Living in same house 1 year ago.................................82.2%

American Indian and Alaska Native alone ....................0.4%

Language other than English spoken at home........29.2%

Asian alone...........................................................................10% 0.1%

EDUCATION

Two or More Races.............................................................5.2%

High school graduate or higher, age 25 and up..... 94.3%

Hispanic or Latino...............................................................16%

Bachelor’s degree or higher, age 25 and up............67%

White alone, not Hispanic or Latino................................65%

BUSINESS

GEOGRAPHY 23,153

Population per square mile, 2010................................... 10,663.8

12,451

Land area in square miles, 2010......................................8.42

7,864 4,669 17,137 1,407 20,400

59

Santa Monica has recently been going through a complete change in the city’s identity, as in the past ten years it has become a pedestrian oriented cityscape. Bike lanes, four-way crosswalks and public transit lines, including the Expo Line have all been added to the mix. This particular part of Santa warehouses and mixed use building types. Additionally, this area contains many large blocks, especially adjacent to this particular site. This is a good design aspect to focus on when transforming the warehouses to a new transitoriented development in Santa Monica.

Los Angeles, CA

Santa Monica, CA

Bergamot Transit Village

60

Business park

Metro train yard

Existing light rail station

TH

STE

26

.

ST S RT WA

C BLV D.

T.

OLYM PI

61

62

PR

O

JE

CT

SI

TE

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Bergamot Transit Village (BTV) Mixed Use Creative (MUC) Conservation Art Center (CAC) Conservation: Creative Sector (CCS) Transitional Zone

64

BERGAMOT DISTRICT Santa Monica’s Bergamot district is an

neighborhood. It shall be an area that

up and coming area of the city with

both conserves the industrial feel that

future plans to replace the outdated

the area once had while combining it

warehouses with new multi-purpose

with a jubilant creative community that

developments.

After Santa Monica’s

offers new living style with the removal

Land Use and Circulation Element was

of housing barriers, creating a tightly knit

established, it made clear that 96% of

community feel.

the city’s land should be conserved. The 4% of remaining land however contains the land of the Bergamot district.

[19]

With

The Bergamot district sits right on Olympic

Boulevard,

just

east

of

this in mind, Santa Monica’s planning department has a clear goal in mind to

is made up of four subdistrics containing

revamp the outdated industrial region

the Conservation Creative Sector (CCS),

of the city.

Conservation Art Center (CAC), Mixed Use Creative (MUC) and the Bergamot

According to the city of Santa Monica, its

Transit Village (BTV). [19] The BTV has the

future goals with the Bergamot district is

most prime real estate and contains the

to create the city’s most sustainable

site for the future proposal.

65

66

1/4 MILE RADIUS

6% RESIDENTIAL 18% FOOD 36% OFFICE 6% GALLERIES 13% VACANT 21% WAREHOUSE

67

TIER 1 (referring to construction with FAR of 1.75) Maximum allowable building height: 32 feet but can reach up to feet up to 18.5 feet

TIER 2 (referring to construction with FAR of 2.0) Maximum allowable building height: 60 feet

TIER 3 (referring to construction with FAR of 2.5) Maximum allowable building height: 75 feet but can reach up to: •

for the portion of the building between 75 and 81 feet in height, and •

feet *both conditions must be met for height of 86 feet*

68

BTV CODE ANALYSIS Because of both the large site and mixed use functions of the future Bergamot development, the structures

over 30 days • Storage (S) - places where items are stored and/or parking garages.

will have different occupancy types.

These shall consist of: • Assembly

The different occupancy types will call for different construction types. Groups

(A-1): Buildings intended for the

A, B, M and S will be completed with

viewing of performing arts or

type II construction because of their

motion pictures.

large occupancies. Group R will be

(A-2): Buildings intended for

completed with type III construction.

food and/or drink consumption (restaurants).

• Business (B) - places where services are provided.

• Mercantile (M) - places where goods are displayed and sold.

Left: allowable building heights based on overall Floor to Area Ratio (FAR)

• Residential (R-2) - places providing accommodations for overnight stay

The type III construction will have noncombustible exterior walls and the type II construction will contain noncombustible

materials

everywhere.

Additionally, sprinkler heads piercing through ceilings shall allow for 1 inch of free movement.

69

Egress:

The capacity, in inches, of means of

The minimum number of exits or access

egress stairways shall be calculated by

to exits per story varies depending on

multiplying the occupant load served

the occupancy load per story as follows:

by such stairways by a means of egress

• 1-500 persons: 2

capacity factor of 0.3 inch (7.6 mm) per

• 500-1,000 persons: 3

occupant. Where stairways serve more

• 1,000+ persons: 4

than one story, only the occupant load

The capacity, in inches, of means of

of each story considered individually

egress components other than stairways

shall be used in calculating the required

shall be calculated by multiplying

capacity of the stairways serving that

the occupant load served by such

story. For example, a building with a 500

component by a means of egress

maximum capacity will have a stair width

capacity factor of 0.2 inch (5.1 mm) per

of twelve feet and six inches.

occupant. For example, a building with a 500 maximum capacity will have a

The minimum width of an egress

minimum egress corridor of eight feet

stairway however shall not exceed 44

and four inches. code.

70

Accessibility:

minimum of 48 inches wide between

Each required accessible means of

handrails and shall either incorporate an

egress shall be continuous to a public way and shall consist of one or more of

level landing or shall be accessed from

the following components:

an area of refuge. Exit access stairways

• Accessible routes

that connect levels in the same story are

• Interior exit stairways

not permitted as part of an accessible

• Exit access stairways

means of egress.

• Exterior exit stairways serving levels other than the level of exit discharge

Travel Distance:

• Elevators

The maximum common path of egress

• Platform lifts

travel distance in a building with an

• Horizontal exits

active sprinkler system varies depending

• Ramps

on occupancy type, as follows:

• Areas of refuge

• Assembly (A) - 75 ft.

• Exterior areas for assisted rescue at

• Business (B) - 100 ft.

• Mercantile (M) - 75 ft.

exits at the level of exit discharge.

Accessible

stairways

must

be

a

• Residential (R-2) - 125 ft.

71

CLIMATE RESPONSIVE DESIGN Because Santa Monica is mostly

south side for optimal natural lighting.

sunny year-round, self shading will be

Being part of a “green” project this

a big part of the design. Orienting broad building surfaces away from

advantage by optimal glazing for

the hot western sun will help keep

steep angles of light. However the

the energy use to a minimum. The

naturally warm location will be a

majority of the glazing will need to

point to be taken into account when

be oriented on the west and south

designing for thermal gains from

sides since they are much more

people and lights. Thus, low-pitched

easily shaded. The south in particular

roofs with extensions for shading will

will have much glazing to passively

be a key aspect of the design.

heat the buildings during the colder months of the year, while containing

Additionally, because of the warm

shading to block out the steep angle

location, having proper ventilation

of sun during the warmer months.

throughout the building will be a key to keeping the building cool.

On a schematic level, the site runs

If placed properly, this can greatly

east/west making for an elongated

reduce air conditioning needs.

72

The winter solstice sees a length of 9 hours, 53 minutes and 14 seconds with a sunrise at 6:55 a.m. and a sunset at 4:48 p.m.. Solar noon occurs at 11:52 a.m. at an angle of 32.6o.

LATITUDE: 34.02 LONGITUDE: -188.46

SUMMER SOLSTICE 79° JUNE 21

SUMMER WIND NW

WINTER SOLSTICE 33° DECEMBER 21

W

N

OP

AL

The “Santa Ana” winds are notorious Summer and Autumn winds in Los Angeles known for being very warm and dry. They tend to come from the North direction due to a buildup of pressure in the Central Valley.

E

TI

M

Throughout the year, Santa Monica remains relatively cool, however it can overheat during August and September. Luckily the angle of the sun during those months is much higher, making self-shading devices a very realistic solution.

The summer solstice sees a length of 14 hours, 25 minutes and 21 seconds with a sunrise at 5:43 a.m. and a sunset at 8:08 p.m..

Solar noon occurs at 12:55 p.m. at an angle of 79.4o.

OR IEN TAT ION FOR SOL AR M ANAG EMENT

Precipitation is 13.23 in./year, mostly coming from the Winter months with a high of 3.25

S

WINTER WIND S-SE

hinting at any true runoff water direction. The potential rainwater catchment of the site is 2,529,380 gal. anually, including 981,801 gal. from rooftops.

73

TEMPERATURE RANGE

WIND VELOCITY RANGE

SKY COVERAGE RANGE

SUN SHADING CHART

74

Because of the large site, there are eight

smaller

buildings,

making

passive solar heating and cooling more realistic.

However, being

in a relatively warm area, these smaller buildings are well insulated, thus implying a design that isn’t predominantly glass on the West facing facades.

Santa Monica is a more comfortable climate, so shading to prevent overheating is a key part of the design, of which much shading comes from the building itself. Additionally, the development is open to breezes from the North during the summer and use passive solar gain for winter.

75

Levels set back to avoid overheating during summer but allow passive heating during winter

Natural ventilation shaft

Natural ventilatioan shaft

Double wall for cross-ventilation

Seasonal shading elements on southfacing facade

76

The

buildings’

design

contains

The southern most building (right

natural ventilation shaft to allow

building in section) is smaller and

for warmer air to rise and escape

cannot afford to lose square footage

through the roof. These ventilation

with a step-back tactic and therefore contains a self shading mechanism

for natural lighting opportunities,

on the south facade that allows winter sun to be let in for passive

needed during the daytime.

heating, but blocks summer sun to prevent more air conditioning needs.

The norther most building (left building in section) utilizes a step-

The northern facade of the southern

back tactic to help to help shade the

building contains a double wall

building during the warmer months

to allow breezes to come in from

of the year when the sun is higher in

the

the sky, yet allowing enough light to

months.

come in during the winter months

air conditioning needs, this creates

North

during

summer

In addition to mitigating

to help passively heat the building, especially before noon.

the

to use for pleasure.

77

BIO INSPIRED DESIGN - TERMITE Ventilation & Cooling

The main ventilation of termite

Believe it or not, termites do much

mounds comes from small holes that

more than simply destroy building

penetrate through the surface to the

structures. Termites are some of the

structure’s interior. Because of this,

best ventilation system designers

their mounds constantly circulate

of the animal kingdom.

Termite

fresh air to keep the interior relatively

mounds house millions of termites

cool. In terms of architecture, this

and can reach up to thirty feet in

type of cross ventilation can be used

height. Essentially, a termite mound

to help create a more comfortable

is a pile of dirt in which they reside,

interior of a building. Summers in

however termites are intelligent

Santa Monica can see temperatures

enough to orient them for passive

in the nineties calling for necessary

solar gain In addition, the mounds

cooling and ventilation.

taper off going from a wide base

the termite model into this scenario

to a narrow top so when the sun is

can play well for both the purpose of

directly overhead in the middle of

the architect’s design and the users

the day there is small amounts of

of the building by making for a more

direct sunlight entering the mound.

comfortable environment..

Bringing

78

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 1: Termite mound section showing air paths that lead to central core with ventilation through top hole.

Figure 2 Figure 3: Section/elevation showing typical anatomy of termite mound.

Figure 4: Typical termite mound exterior.

Figure 4

79

BIO INSPIRED DESIGN - NAMIB BEETLE Issue: Water Collection

in the world where the desert

Southern California as a whole has

meets the coast, giving a blanket

seen minimal amounts of rainfall

of fog that covers the desert several

in the past ten years.

Water has

times a week. During this time, the

been brought to the region via the

Namib Beetle uses its ability to take

California Aqueduct from Northern

moisture out of the air and use it for

California to enable the region’s water sustainability. Mornings near the coast in Southern California

In the midst of the fog, the Namib

however tend to be foggy during

Beetle will climb to the top of a sand

the colder half of the year. And with

dune and stand with on its head with

this abundance of fog comes water,

its back facing the incoming fog. Its

as long as we can get to it.

unique wing scales contain points and valleys, so as the beetle is hit

There exists a small black beetle in

by the fog, it turns this moisture into

the Namib Desert on the coast of

drops of water that collect on the

Namibia of Southwestern Africa.

tips and guided by the valleys to the

This region is one of the only places

creature’s mouth.

80

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 1: Figure 2: Figure 3: Figure 4:

Figure 3

Namib Beetle in its stance.

Namib Beetle capturing moisture in fog.

The process of a Namib Beetle capturing moisture from the air and converting it to water.

Architectural mesh used to capture moisture from fog for water collection.

Figure 4

81

BIO INSPIRED DESIGN - ROSE BUTTERFLY This type of sun encapsulating device Los Angeles is known for its warmth.

has been seen in photovoltaic solar

The heat can reach over 90 F, and O

without shade this is not a pleasant

typical mono and polycrystalline

place to be. But how can we use this

solar

heat to our advantage?

similar amounts of energy when

panels

in abundance.

but

can

produce

In addition, the

creature known for its ability to

in the sun at the warmest times of

absorb sunlight and use it directly

the day and opening up its wings

for energy. What makes the it so

and particular angles to catch the

unique is its wing’s one of a kind

greatest amount of sun possible. A

structure that consists of nano holes.

proper architectural response entails

The average size of the holes is 250

photovoltaics

nanometers, yet the differences in

angles for use at different times of

shape cause for a 200% increase

the day in addition these devices

that

can

change

acting as a self-shading mechanism hitting it at an indirect angle.

82

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 1 Figure 2: Solar panel serving shading purposes in addition to energy collection.

Figure 3

Figure 3

BERGAMOT GREEN

85

BERGAMOT GREEN Bergamot Green is a mixed-use

as part of this thesis. The western

transit-oriented

in

most portion of the site is Phase

the Bergamot district of Santa

One, followed by Phase Two and

Monica.

Phase Three directly to the East.

development

This project aims to

develop a style of TOD that can be implemented into a preexisting

The site itself covers 290,000SF

cityscape, contrasting that of a traditional TOD which involves sprawl: the urban enemy.

The

retail

and

an

entertainment

sector including a small theater. that it can be developed near any

The

public transit stop, even if the stop

placed on the western half of

is still in future plans.

the site to segregate it from the

commercial

programs

are

more private residences on the Because of the projects large

eastern half.

Employees in the

nature, it has been broken down into three different phases, of which

the residences to make for an

only one will be fully developed

environmentally friendly lifestyle.

Right: Olympic Plaza perspective from Olympic Blvd. and 26th St. intersection

86

87

SITE PLAN

88

0 ft.

50 ft.

100 ft.

200 ft.

89

90

91

PROGRAM The bulk of the total program will consist

The site will also contain retail space to

of residential, containing apartments of

draw in people that do not live on-site.

various sizes as follows

RETAIL: 50,000 ft.2

• 80 studios (500 ft.2 ea.)

• 100 one bedroom (770 ft.2 ea.)

In addition to retail, there will be food,

• 100 two bedroom (1100 ft. ea.)

restaurants and bars incorporated into

• 80 three bedroom (1500 ft. ea.)

the design to accommodate for the

2

2

TOTAL RESIDENTIAL: 347,000 ft.2

residents and workers in the area.

FOOD + RESTAURANT: 30,000 ft.2

The next largest of the programs will To help liven up the area, there will also lobby and circulation space, for on-

be a small movie theater and assembly

site work places. Because this is public

hall for small shows and concerts.

program, it will be placed on the western

ENTERTAINMENT: 30,000 ft.2

side of the site due to its relation with the The site will also have plenty of outdoor

light rail station.

space for leisure and relaxation.

CREATIVE OFFICE: 300,000 ft.

2

LOBBY + CIRCULATION: 20,000 ft.

2

PUBLIC OUTDOOR SPACE: 90,000 ft.2

92

Parking requires appropriate spaces as

stationary power plants.

follows:

also entails boilers, refrigeration and

Equipment

• Commercial - 2.0 spaces per 1000 ft.2 (430,000 ft.2)

MECH. EQUIPMENT: 15,000 ft.2

-430 spaces • Residential - 1.5 (1 reserved and 0.5 shared) spaces per unit (360 units)

Bike parking entails: • Residential - 1 long term and 0.1 short

-540 spaces

term spaces per residential unit (620)

• Carpool/Vanpool spaces - 4% of total spaces (970 total) -39 min. spaces TOTAL PARKING: 1,009 spaces (min.)

970 regular + 39 carpool/vanpool

-620 long term and 62 short term spaces •

2

and 1 short term space per 5000 ft.2 -334 long term and 60 short term spaces BIKE PARKING: 1,076 spaces (min.)

954 long term + 122 short term spaces

Mechanical equipment includes HVAC with exhaust systems, duct systems and

PHOTOVOLTAIC AREA: 50,000 ft.2

combustion air in addition to processing of solar energy capture including

WATER CATCHMENT: 80,000 ft.2

93

1

4

2

5

entertainment and residential. The vast majority of the commercial program is placed on the western side of the site, closer to the light rail and loudest intersection of Olympic Blvd. and 26th Street. The majority of with lobby, retail and entertainment mixed in. The residential portion of the project is more tucked away on

1

Retail

the eastern side of the site, closer to

2

Lobby

the quieter section of Olympic Blvd.

3

There is however retail adjacent to

4

Entertainment

5

Residential

the intersection of Olympic Blvd. and Stewart St.

3

94

PHASE ONE

PHASE TWO

PHASE THREE

Retail Lobby Mechanical & Storage Residential Residential Lobby Light Rail Station

95

OUTDOOR SPACES Olympic Plaza sits on the corner of

Bergamot Park is the only outdoor

Olympic Boulevard and 26th Street

space with grass and is intended

and is the main entry point of the

primarily for the residents to relax,

development coming from the light

walk their dogs and throw a frisbee.

rail station.

It is designed to have a much smaller,

It contains relaxation

spaces in addition to an outdoor

more intimate feel.

stage for small shows. Olympic Plaza aims to serve as the main gathering

Streetside Refuge is located on the

point and offer a lively atmosphere.

quietest part of Olympic Blvd. and aims to mirror that of Worker’s Union,

Worker’s Union is the second

but oriented toward the residents.

largest of the outdoor spaces and is a collaboration space for employees

Bergamot Point

to work. It is designed to contrast

one will come across when entering

the louder atmosphere of Olympic

the site from the east. It is designed

Plaza, as it is mostly sheltered from

to let the user know there is more

Olympic Blvd. while still offering

ahead without being too open and

enough sun for warmth in the winter.

disrupting residents’ privacy.

96

Olympic Plaza

30,000 SF

Worker’s Union

25,000 SF

Bergamot Park 20,000 SF

Streetside Refuge 15,000 SF

Bergamot Point 7,000 SF

97

0 ft.

25 ft.

50 ft.

100 ft.

98

PHASE ONE in the project as a whole.

It has

blocks on Bergamot Green when entering from the transit stop. This and Olympic Plaza.

The ground

conference rooms of various sizes and ample outdoor space, including

buildings contain mostly retail to

a roof deck shaded by PV cells. The

accommodate for the heavy foot

building is self-shaded by its natural form and contains a photovoltaic

site.

panel composed brise soleil on its southern facade, in addition to an outdoor area and water catchment capabilities, drawing inspiration from

PHASE ONE

PHASE TWO

PHASE THREE

spaces will be used to help fund the

the Namib Beetle. The two buildings

remaining project.

push for sustainable design in terms of materiality, performance, and resource conservation, having an

larger of the two, and the largest

Energy Use Intensity of 9.4 kBtu/year.

99

100

Conference Room

Level: Four

The eastern side of level four is the

101

Conference Room Kitchen

L3

L6

Kitchen Conference Room

Level: Three

Private Rooms

Level: Six

The top level contains two medium

on the eastern side

Kitchen Office Lobby Conference Room

L2

Kitchen Restrooms

Level: Two

Level: Five

divided into smaller studios

spaces in addition to a semi-public lobby

Storage / Mech.

Mechanical Office Lobby

L1

Private Rooms

Level: Ground

Ground level consists mostly of retail for a pedestrian friendly experience

L5

Conference Room

Conference Rooms

L4 Level: Four

The eastern side of level four is the

Public space

Conference Room Kitchen

Level: Three

102

103

104

SECTION MODEL This south-facing section cut is an initial schematic exploration of the relationship of the southwest most space Olympic Plaza. The goal in mind is to create a seamless transition from the building to the plaza. The development’s program calls for 30,000SF of entertainment, of which all can be seen in this section. Half is located in the building while the rest sits in Olympic Plaza geared more towards the public.

Behind

the entrance of the small theater located in the building is a large curtain wall that visually connects the entertainment from the building with that of Olympic Plaza.

105

SHADING ELEMENTS

Phase One, the south-facing facade contains a simple shading element that block the hot summer sun at a steeper angle, while allowing in the cooler winter sun for passive thermal gains. This can best be seen on the model directly to the right.

On the south-facing facade of the One, a “stepback” tactic is used in terms of stacking the levels to prevent the summer sun from entering, while allowing in the winter sun for passive heating. This can best be seen on the section cut to the far right.

106

107

SOLAR AND RAINWATER CATCHMENT Bergamot Green is a project that

a water catchment gutter that directs

emphasizes a green lifestyle, so why

rainwater

shouldn’t the building be green

tanks for future use.

itself?

stormwater

catchment

to

holding

Traditionally,

management

using

detention basins served a single purpose. However,

as the panels

building with a south-facing facade.

rotate in real time, the gutters become

Because of this, there exists a screen

tucked

of photovoltaic (PV) panels that

allowing this infrastructure to double

double as shading.

The panels

as a source of rainwater and solar

automatically rotate to follow the sun

harvesting without compromising

depending on the time of day and

either system’s capacity.

under

adjacent

SOLAR AND RAIN CATCHMENT

panels,

year.

Activities such as laundry, bathing, The roof heavily consists of similar photovoltaic panels that rotate to

greenspace are just some of the uses

maximize exposure. In addition to

that will take place with the harvested

the facade PV panels, these contain

rainwater.

Bergamot Green is a project that emphasizes a green lifestyle, so why shouldn’t the building be green itself?

there exists a screen of photovoltaic (PV) panels that double as shading. The panels automatically rotate to follow the sun depending on the time of day and year.

The roof heavily consists of similar photovoltaic panels that rotate to maximize exposure. In addition to the facade PV panels, these contain a water catchment gutter that directs rainwater catchment to holding tanks for future use.

108

OLAR AND RAIN CATCHMENT DETAIL

gamot Green is a project that emphasizes a green lifestyle, so why shouldn’t the lding be green itself?

PHOTOVOLTAIC PANEL

re exists a screen of photovoltaic (PV) panels that double as shading. The panels omatically rotate to follow the sun depending on the time of day and year.

PANEL ROTATION AXIS

e roof heavily consists of similar photovoltaic panels that rotate to maximize osure. In addition to the facade PV panels, these contain a water catchment ter that directs rainwater catchment to holding tanks for future use.

STRUCTURAL ARM WATER CATCHMENT GUTTER TWO-WAY GIRT SYSTEM

1

1

PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM

SHEATHING BUILDING PAPER METAL LATH STUCCO FINISH 2X12 STUD WALL CORRUGATED METAL DECKING 2

STEEL STRUCTURE 2

109 1” INSULATED GLAZING UNIT

GLUE LAMINATED BEAM

STEEL BEAM STRUCTURE

SECTION A - ROOF DETAIL

A

LEVEL ROOF 81’ - 0”

SUMMER SOLSTICE 79.4 O SUMMER SOLSTICE 79.4 June 21 at 12:55 p.m. o

LEVEL 6 67’ - 6”

WINTER SOLSTICE32.6 32.6 O WINTER SOLSTICE December 21 at 11:52 a.m. o

LEVEL 5 54’ - 0”

PHOTOVOLTAIC PANEL PHOTOVOLTAIC PANEL

PANEL ROTATION AXIS PANEL ROTATION AXIS

WATER CATCHMENT GUTTER WATER CATCHMENT GUTTER

B

STRUCTURAL ARM STRUCTURAL ARM

TWO-WAYSYSTEM GIRT SYSTEM TWO-WAY GIRT

LEVEL 4 40’ - 6”

LEVEL 3 27’ - 0”

SECTION B - FACADE DETAIL

110 1

PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM

SHEATHING BUILDING PAPER METAL LATH STUCCO FINISH 2X12 STUD WALL CORRUGATED METAL DECKING 2

STEEL STRUCTURE 2

16’ - 11”

7’ - 10”

WATER CATCHMENT GUTTER

GLUE LAMINATED BEAM

ROTATING PHOTOVOLTAIC PANEL

9’ - 1”

3” CORRUGATED METAL DECKING

2.5” x 7.25” Oldcastle® ALUMINUM MULLION

1” INSULATED GLAZING UNIT

STEEL BEAM STRUCTURE

SECTION A - ROOF DETAIL

A

111

112

REFLECTION Coming into thesis, I had no idea what to

large site, I was left to decide what scale I

expect. At the time, I wasn’t even quite

wanted to achieve my goals at. This was

sure what a thesis was. By the nature were achieved through different scales. to do with problem solving. So as the school year approached, I pondered

This taught me that most problems in

topics I was most passionate about.

the built world, of any scale, are solved

And the issue that topped the list was

through the same overall processes that

climate change.

involve much trial and error between many parties to achieve the best results.

This topic as an architectural thesis

Overall, I believe I learned more this year

however is very open ended, yet the

than any other year of school, in that I

freedom encouraged me to research

got closest to fully developing a holistic

much multiple topics. As soon as I

project. From the minute I stepped into

pinpointed an eco-friendly transit-

studio in September, to now, as I type

oriented development as my project,

these last words, I am proud of myself

my choices for a site were narrowed

and my peers for the countless hours

down drastically. After choosing such a

and dedication spent on our craft.

113

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