Ecognosis (Volume 1) by Kehan Cheng

Ecognosis Redefining Coexistance Divya Patel SN: 20107648 Hui Tan SN: 20126629 Kehan Cheng SN: 20092331

The Bartlett School of Architecture, UCL RC15: Pervasive Urbanism

Ecognosis Redefining Coexistence

Synopsis ---

--RC15: Pervasive Urbanism Reprogramming the Urban Commons --Design Tutors Annarita Papeschi Alican Inal H&T Tutor Ilaria Di Carlo Skills Tutor Vincent Nowak

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Modern cities are built by and for human only, with mere consideration made for nonhuman. Wildlife habitats seperated and isolated by human development is a main threat to terrestrial biodiversity. Timothy Morton [2016] refers Ecognosis as a new logic of coexistence of human and nonhuman replacing the current relationships formed by agrilogistics. By building a self-organising urban farming system, this project attempts to rethink a new paradigm in the light of ‘communicative interconnections among all living being’ and innovatively redefine coexistence of human and nonhuman to provide a better urban environment by introducing big data analysis and machine learning into urban design methodology.

Table of Content --Chapter 01: Introduction 7 Chapter 02: Site Analysis 13 Chapter 03: Local Ecosystem 33 Chapter 04: Data Visualisation 63 Chapter 05: Concept Design 119

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Preface Ecognosis as a new logic of coexistence of human and nonhuman replacing the current relationships formed by agrilogistics. “The agrilogistics consists of numerous subroutines: eliminate contradiction and anomaly, establish boundaries between human and nonhuman, maximise existence over and above any quality of existing…… One goal of Dark Ecology is to make agrilogistics space speak and so to imagine how we can make programs that speak differently, that would form the substructure of a logic of future coexistence.” [Morton, 2016]

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Chapter 01 Introduction

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1.1 Introduction

1.2 The Site

Our city was created solely for and by humans. This human-centered environment creates an ecosystem that is heavily reliant on human activity. Anthropogenic disturbance has resulted in drastic global habitat loss and fragmentation, which are now the major threats to terrestrial biodiversity, with little regard for other life forms. Human-caused environmental issues have far-reaching consequences for other intelligences. Food waste and air pollution are identified as two major problems affecting both humans and nonhumans in this project. Urban farming is being used as one of the potential solutions to all of these problems, with the goal of connecting fragmented ecosystems and redefining the humannonhuman relationship in city.

1.2.1 Overall Camden Town is located in the centre of the Camden borough. Camden Town is one of London’s most popular tourist destinations. It’s a town known for its eccentricity, with misfits, writers, singers, tattoo artists, and burlesque dancers calling it home. Camden Markets, with its cosmopolitan image, draws hundreds of thousands of tourists each year who come for the street food, pubs, goods, and music.

Regent’s Canal

1.2.2 Site History 1791 - 19th century Sir Pratt began developing the area in1791, gradually constructing houses and estates on both sides of the road. Camden Town grew as a major centre after the Regent’s Canal was opened to traffic in 1820 and the railway was built to divide the town in two. Improvements in transportation which had expanded by the end of the nineteenth century which had expanded by the end of the nineteenth century provided a huge amount of jobs for the local population. Traders settled down in Camden and by the end of the 19th century it was quickly becoming over-crowded. Everyone would meet up in pubs at the end of the day, sharing beers and local gins.

Camden town and map in 1856

Regent’s Canal & Food Market

Camden Hight Street

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Camden Town map in 1804

Camden in 1904

19th - 20th century By1910, the town had attracted a slew of new theatres and cinemas, which helped to boost its image. Camden Town’s future as one of London’s main tourist destinations was assured in the 1970s when the Regent’s Canal’s wharves and warehouses were converted to craft markets.

1.2.3 Camden Markets

Camden Town saw the most significant transformation in its history during the 1960s, when it became a hotbed of cultural change. A gathering place for music, arts, politics, and the youth. Punk, the world’s most progressive fashion movement and subculture, was born here and is still a part of Camden’s soul.

Camden Lock Market The Regent’s Canal runs through Camden Lock Market, which was once home to warehouses and other canal-related businesses. Although the Lock’s selection of products has broadened in recent years, with stalls selling books, new and used clothes, and jewellery, the Lock’s primary focus remains as a Camden market for crafts. A large number of fast food stalls are available.

The Camden Markets are a collection of adjoining large retail markets in Camden Town, London, that are housed in the historic former Pickfords stables. It is London’s fourth most popular visitor attraction, with approximately 250,000 visitors each week.

Stables Market The Stables Market is the largest of Camden’s market rooms, with a number of food, apparel, and art stalls spilling out into the yard from a network of horse tunnels. The Stables Market included a horse hospital as well as a network of artisan saddlers and horse stables. Fest Camden, a club, art space, and burlesque venue that draws a savvy crowd of city dwellers looking for alternative entertainment, has taken over the horse hospital. Inverness Street Since the turn of the century, a small local foodstuffs market has operated on Inverness Street in Camden Town. When local stores opened, it began to lose stalls. All of the original stalls were demolished in 2013 and replaced with stalls close to those seen in the other markets.

Shops Stalls converted from Horse Stable

Concerts in 1970s Traders in 1920s

Camden in 1880s

Camden Lock Market

Inverness Street in 1910s

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1.3 Camden Wildlife The Borough’s habitats are diverse. The most common habitat is amenity grassland, which is found in Camden. Woodland is the second most common habitat, and it is home to a diverse variety of animals. Our woods, on the other hand, is mostly located in the borough’s northwestern corner and is not easily available to all Camden residents. In the Borough’s north, there are also habitats that are considered nationally important, such as acid grassland and heathland. The rivers serve as a vital natural corridor for wildlife movement, taking the countryside into the heart of our towns and cities. In the Borough, at least nine bat species have been identified, all of which are legally protected. This diverse wildlife includes common species found in parks, such as the red fox, which has adapted well to life in the human world, or along the Regent’s Canal, such as blackbirds and moorhens, as well as rare and endangered species. A number of insects, including impressive stag beetles and butterflies of conservation concern, have been reported in Camden. Hedgehogs, a breed that has declined by a third in urban areas, have a significant population in the Borough. For this species, gardens and parks, as well as the interactions between them, are important.

Morhens on Regent’s Canal

Hedgehog

Canadian Goose

Red Fox

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Beetles

Regent’s Canal

1.4 Local Issues 1.4.1 Food Wastage Food waste and food loss are also examples of food wastage. The majority of food is lost during the processing stage due to a variety of reasons including a lack of skills, natural disasters, inadequate facilities, and poor practises. When edible food is wasted by consumers, this is known as food waste. Every year, one-third of all food created for human consumption is wasted [FAO, 2015]. Food and beverage processing consumes a considerable amount of energy, resulting in 170Mt of CO2e emissions (21 percent of the UK’s total emissions) and the consumption of about 70 billion m3 of water, accounting for approximately 70% of the UK’s water footprint. Food waste has a negative effect on the economy, the climate, and society. The environmental effect is important, both in terms of the impact of processing food that is then wasted and the additional pollution from food disposed of in landfills. Food waste emits many hazardous gases as it degrades and, more specifically, becomes a readily available food supply for a variety of wild animals, disrupting ecosystem relationships. Food waste contributes significantly to agriculture’s effect on climate change, which accounts for onequarter of all man-made greenhouse gas emissions. As food waste rots and degrades, it emits harmful gases that trap heat in the atmosphere. More significantly, food waste is often accessible to wildlife, which has an effect on wildlife ecology and behaviour, as well as ecological processes and community dynamics. Food waste has direct and indirect impacts on the environment and behaviour of wildlife.

The accumulation of chemicals in the environment that are detrimental to the health of humans and other living organisms is referred to as air pollution. A variety of pollution-related illnesses, such as respiratory infections, heart disease, COPD, stroke, and lung cancer, are all linked to air pollution. It kills approximately 7 million people per year and is the world’s most serious environmental health threat.

1.4.2 Pollution Pollution is described as the introduction of pollutants into the natural environment that cause damage. Pollution is described as the introduction of pollutants into the natural environment that cause damage. Due to the nature of Camden Town, we consider air and sound pollution to be the most significant forms of pollution in our project. Camden is a transportation and tourist hotspot that attracts millions of visitors and commuters at a high cost of pollution.

An air pollutant is a substance in the atmosphere that can damage humans and the environment. Strong particles, liquid droplets, or gases may all be used as the material. Carbon dioxide (CO2), sulphur oxides (SOx), nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), particulate matter (PM), and ozone are some of the most common contaminants emitted into the environment by humans (O3). Noise pollution is the spread of noise that has a variety of effects on human or animal activity, the majority of which are harmful to some degree. High levels of noise have been linked to cardiovascular effects in humans, including an increased risk of coronary artery disease. Noise can increase the risk of death in animals by disrupting predator or prey detection and avoidance, interfering with reproduction and navigation, and causing permanent hearing loss. Studies have shown that noise emitted by humans has a negative impact on a large number of animals, including birds and invertebrates. Birds use sound to learn about their surroundings and interact with one another. Anthropogenic noise can increase the risk of death by disrupting the delicate balance of predator and prey detection and avoidance, as well as interfering with the use of sounds in communication, especially during reproduction. Male birds sing to attract females to mate and communicate, but because of the constant background noise, the tempo of their songs must change.

Red Fox

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Chapter 02 Site Analysis

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Stable Market

Food Market

Camden Market

Inverness Market

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2.1 Markets and Night Life Our study is on a scale of 500 by 500 meters. Camden Town has a unique place in the London ecosystem. Notorious for its 24-hour party scene, street markets, gigs and restaurants, it is a part of London's identity. With a high concentration of pubs, clubs and more important Camden markets, this location is also quite active during the night.

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2.2 Site Activities Camden Town contains many different kinds of activities on site. This map shows land use and building types of the site, with a concentration of diverse human activites along the main road and the Regent’s canal.

Social Media Analysis: Food & Drink Map

Food & Drink Map B

Site of Camden Town

Food & drink Beverage Canal Bread Greenspaces

Diary

Towpath

Fruit

Restaurants

Meals

Residentials

Snacks Clubs & Pubs Starchy Food Offices Vegetables Institutions Shops

100

150m

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51°32'26.6'' N, 0°08'43.4'' W

Canal

Greenspaces

Cafe

Institutions

Offices

Residentials

Pubs & Clubs

Restaurants

Shops

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2.3 Opening Times we collected each public building’s opening time except residentials, and then made a diagram showing human activity densityaccording to the percentage of opening buildings.

Social Media Analysis: Food & Drink Map

Food & Drink Map B

Site of Camden Town

Food & drink Beverage Bread Diary Fruit Meals Snacks 7:00 - 22:00 Starchy 10:00 - 19:00Food Vegetables 10:00 - 22:00 7:00 - 14:00

100

150m

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51°32'26.6'' N, 0°08'43.4'' W

Opening Times

22:00 - 2:00

19:00

Activity

22:00 22:00 - 2:00 2:00

19:0019:00 - 22:00 -

Human

22:00

14:00 - 19:00

Time

14:00 14:00 - 19:00 19:00

10:00 10:00 - 14:00 14:00

10:00 - 14:00

7:00 -

7:00 - 7:00 10:00 10:00

Base map

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2.4 Traffic Convenient transportation ensures the daily operation of Camden Market, but also brings environmental pollution on site.

Social Media Analysis: Food & Drink Map

Food & Drink Map B

Site of Camden Town

Food & drink Beverage Bread Diary Fruit Tube station Meals Bus stops Snacks

Railway

Starchy Food Roads

Vegetables Pedestrian

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51°32'26.6'' N, 0°08'43.4'' W

Bus stops and Tube station

Railway

Pedestrian

Roads and Parking lots

Green space and Canal

Site

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2.5 Social media & Foodstagramming Food photos are huge on social media because they're both easy-to-produce and relevant to everyone. #food, #foodporn #instafood and #yummy are amongst the 100 most popular Instagram hashtags attached to a cumulative 438,921,588 photos on the platform. That makes food the most photographed subject on the network - and that's without counting all other hashtags that refer to meal indirectly. Using mosquito, a grasshopper plug-in, we have crawled keywords of 8 food and drink categories from social media and visualized it.

Beverages Breads Dairy Fruits Meals Social Media Dataset

Snacks Starchy Food Vegetables

Geotags & Frequancy of each category

Heatmap of each category

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2.5.1 Classification of Keywords

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2.5.2 Subclassifiction of Keywords Data visualization exercises allow us to visually read and analyze social media data.

Beverages

Meals The Bartlett, UCL | MArch Urban Design | RC15: Pervasive Urbanism

Breads

Snacks

Dairy

Starchy food

Fruits

Vegetables Ecognosis | 25

2.6 Food & Drink Maps We’ve divided the food map into 8 categories based on the degree of food processing and found the geotags and density of each type of food.

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Beverages

Breads

Dairy

Fruits

Meals

Snacks

Starchy food

Vegetables

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2.7 Food & Drink Heatmaps Use QGis algorithm 'Join attributes by location' to get overlapped geotag counts and generate heatmap for each category.

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Beverages

Breads

Dairy

Fruits

Meals

Snacks

Starchy food

Vegetables

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2.8 Food Wastage and Composting 2.8.1 Food Wastage Introduction Food wastage includes food lost and food waste. Most of food lost mainly happens at the production stage due to many factors such as insufficient skills, natural calamities, lack of proper infrastructure and poor practices. One-third of all food produced in the world for human consumption is wasted each year [FAO, 2015]. It has a huge environmental effect. Food waste emits many hazardous gases as it degrades and, more specifically, becomes a readily available food supply for a variety of wild animals, disrupting ecosystem relationships.

2.8.2 Food Waste Hierarchy and Process The food waste hierarchy outlines steps for avoiding and controlling food waste in order to reduce environmental effects.

Landfill & birds

Food surplus, waste and related material arisings in the UK and their respective treatment and disposal routes

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For vermicomposting to work perfectly, four elements are needed to make composting efficient. Right amount of moisture and oxygen in compost pile is essential for activities of microorganisms and macroorganisms. Carbon-rich materials (Greens) are the energy food and High-nitrogen materials (Browns) provide the protein-rich components for microorganisms and macroorganisms require to grow and reproduce. In a compost bin, greens and browns should be treated as different layers and put above one the other on a soil base with earthworms.

Greens & Browns Common Materials

Ecology of Food Waste 2.8.3 Earthworms Earthworms consume a wide range of organic matter and are commonly found in soil. Earthworms live underground and can be killed by prolonged exposure to sunlight. Earthworms move underground by alternating between shortening and lengthening their bodies with waves of muscular contractions. They dig beneath the organic matter that has been accumulated on the surface in search of food or to plug their burrow. Then they split the big pieces down into smaller pieces, partially digest them, and mix them in with the earth. The digestive system of an earthworm extends the length of its body. The earthworm’s gut is a straight tube that runs from the worm’s mouth to the anus. Their movement also benefits the soil physically by providing a plethora of channels that are beneficial in preserving the soil structure and allowing aeration and drainage processes for plant roots to function effectively.

Composting Circle

Earthworm Anatomy 2.8.4 Vermicomposting Composting is an aerobic process that uses microorganisms and worms to decompose organic solid wastes into a humus-like content. This procedure aids in the conversion of soil nutrients into a form that plants can readily absorb. Vermicomposting is a method of decomposing food waste in which different species of earthworms play the role of decomposer, supporting the environment as a whole.

Vermicomposting Bin

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2.9 Food Waste Map As the Connectivity of public transport is very good in Camden the visitors tend to use public transport more. We have analysed the number of people using each of the public transport.

Social Media Analysis: Food & Drink Map

Food & Drink Map B

Site of Camden Town

Food & drink Beverage

100

150m

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51°32'26.6'' N, 0°08'43.4'' W

Bread Diary Fruit Meals Snacks Starchy Food Vegetables

Markets Waste Areas Waste Bins

Pictures of Waste Taken on 02 Febrary, 2021

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Chapter 03 Local Ecosystem

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3.1 Food Waste Impact Food waste is becoming more available to wildlife, which has an effect on wildlife ecology and behaviour, as well as ecological processes and community dynamics. Food waste has direct and indirect impacts on the environment and behaviour of wildlife. Due to its high accessibility, in addition to direct changes in wildlife’s dietary preferences, the distribution and quantity of food waste is likely to influence the carrying capacity, behaviour and habitat use of wildlife. Anthropocentric food, which is high in calories, is also to blame for their fast-food addiction and poor health. Pigeons in London are 20 percent heavier than they were two decades ago, according to a report. [London Pigeons, 2020]. Access to food waste by wildlife can alter wildlife ecology and behaviour, as well as other organisms and ecological processes, and intensify human-wildlife conflicts, as shown in conceptual model 1. The use of food waste by wildlife in Ecosystem State 1 has a direct impact on wildlife ecology and behaviour. These direct impacts are likely to have an indirect effect on other organisms and ecological processes over several centuries, resulting in the creation of Ecosystem State 2. [Newsome T. & Eeden L., 2017] The second model emphasises the importance of monitoring the impact of food waste removal on wildlife and ecosystem processes. When large amounts of food waste are deliberately and inadvertently given to wildlife around the world, the models are critical. Wildlife can starve to death, scatter and seek new homes, or change their diets to include other wild prey or livestock, with the latter potentially increasing human-wildlife conflict.

Conceptual model 1

Conceptual model 2

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3.2 Urban Wildlife Four animal species are chosen in our study, including red fox which is at top of the food chain, hedgehog whose population in city has declined dramatically, kestrel whose survival is largely dependent on local abundant vegetation activity, and finally butterfly, one of the most common pollinators. Their diets and activity pattern are concluded as following.

3.2.1 Red fox Red foxes are one of the best-adapted species to urban environments. While being classified as carnivores, they can consume almost everything. Foxes have evolved large stomachs and immune systems, so rotting food scraps are unlikely to damage them. Urban foxes mostly scavenge for food, but when they hunt, it’s usually for birds or small rodents like rats and mice, which helps to keep rodent populations in check.

Food availability, reproductive stage, habitat selection, intraspecific interactions, and predation risk are all factors that influence daily activity patterns in mammals. Dusk and dawn are the busiest times. While red foxes are nocturnal, they are also active during the day. The behaviour habits of red foxes living and breeding in Oxford’s urban areas were investigated in a report. Foxes in metropolitan areas have a versatile grouping system with an average group size of 3-4. Prey availability varies according to the season. As a result, in the summer, red foxes prefer to hunt for birds and consume fruits, while in the winter, they prefer to prey on small mammals.

3.2.2 Hedgehog The number of hedgehogs in the United Kingdom is declining. Hedgehogs are generalists who eat a wide variety of foods. Invertebrates and other insects make up the rest of their diet. They aid in pest control in the local area. Hedgehogs have similar active density pattern on a daily basis as red foxes. Hedgehogs usually hibernate from October/November through to March/April. They reproduce between April and September, but the period of greatest activity, ‘the rut’, occurs in May and June in Britain. Hedgehogs give birth in June and July. When they are three to four weeks old, young hedgehogs leave the nest to go on foraging trips with their mother. The young will wander off on their own after about ten days of foraging with their mother.

Red foxes

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Hedgehogs

Kestrel

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3.2.3 Kestrel Voles are by far the most important food for kestrels, but they also eat woodmice and shrews, as well as small birds, insects, and earthworms. They have easily adapted to man-made conditions and can thrive in the heart of cities. Birds are taken more often in cities due to the scarcity of small mammals.

Egg

Kestrels are most active at dusk and dawn. Hovering at a height of 10–20 metres over open land is their hunting technique. The rest of the day is spent in trees or perched on ledges. Caterpillar (Larva) Adult Butterfly

Chrysalis (Pupa) Kestrel

Buttterfly Life Cycle

3.2.4 Butterfly A butterfly’s diet and activity habits change over its life. A butterfly goes through a mechanism known as complete metamorphosis during its life cycle. The egg, larva, pupa, and adult stages of a butterfly’s life cycle are divided into four stages.

Milkweed can coexist with monarch butterfly perfectly. It serves as a food source as well as a host plant for monarch eggs laid on the underside of the leaves. After hatching, the larvae feed on the leaves, but the plant is not permanently damaged. The toxic chemicals in milkweed plant sap, on the other hand, make both caterpillars and adult butterflies unappealing to predators.

Caterpillars are sedentary beings that may spend their entire lives on a single plant or even a single leaf. Unlike caterpillars, butterflies have the ability to fly around and hunt for suitable food over a much larger area. For the most part, adult butterflies can only eat liquids. The monarch butterfly is choen in our project as it has undergone huge declines and fully warrants protection under the endangered species act.

Milkweed

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3.3 Local Ecosystem Spatial relations of local ecosystem is demenstrated through each location of each component in Camden local food web marked on the map below.

Social Media Analysis: Food & Drink Map

Food & Drink Map B

Site of Camden Town

Food & drink Beverage

100

150m

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51°32'26.6'' N, 0°08'43.4'' W

Bread Diary Fruit Meals Snacks Starchy Food Vegetables

Anthropocentric food easily accessed by wildlife has been a reliable food recource especially for predators, which has led to not only more conflicts with human but also their fast food addiction and unhealthy conditions, and even certian species extinction

Mainly determined by primary producers and consumers and resources

Top Predators Top Predators Foxes

Conditions of top predators and small predators are largely determined by primary producers and consumers and resources.

Small Predators Small Predators Hedgehogs

Kestrels

Primary Consumers

Small Predators Earthworms

Invertebrates

Mouses

Strictly Controlled Primary by human

Primary Producers Primary Producers and Resources and Resources

producers and resources in urban environment are strictly contrroled by human.

Fruits

Plants & Soil bacteria

Anthropocentric Food

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3.4 The Habitats 3.4.1 Biodiversity Biodiversity map shows known presence of species, sites and habitats. It uses a four-point rating system, the higher the score, the more categories appear in the area.

0 - None of species, sites and habitats are present in Social Media Analysis: Food & Drink the area;Map 1,2 - 1 or 2 of these categories are present in

Food & Drink Map B

the area; 3 - All of them are present in the area.

Site of Camden Town

Food & drink Beverage

100

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51°32'26.6'' N, 0°08'43.4'' W

Bread Diary Fruit Meals Snacks Starchy Food Vegetables

Biodiverssity

Greenspace & Trees

Buildings

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3.4.2 NDVI The NDVI of an area containing a dense vegetation canopy will tend to more positive values.

Social Media Analysis: Food & Drink Map

Food & Drink Map B

Site of Camden Town

Food & drink Beverage

100

150m

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51°32'26.6'' N, 0°08'43.4'' W

Bread Diary Fruit Meals Snacks Starchy Food Vegetables

NDVI

Greenspace & Trees

Buildings

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3.4.3 Tree Species

Social Media Analysis: Food & Drink Map

Food & Drink Map B

Trees Quantity

Ash

Elm

Oak

Maple Elm Birch Williow Ash Lime Oak Cherry

Maple

Plum Plum 3

Cherry Cherry 4

Oak Oak 17

Rowan Rowan 2

Elm 6 Elm

Williow Williow 5

Birch Birch 4

Lime

London Plane

Williow

Ash

Elm

Birch

Williow

Cherry

Maple Rowan

Oak

Hornbean Hornbean 4 Food & drink Beverage Persian Ironwood Persian Ironwood 22 4

Ash

Hornbean

Plum

Maple

Birch London Plane

London Plane Apple

Persian Ironwood Plum

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Persian Ironwood

Whitebeam

Apple Maple

51°32'26.6'' N, 0°08'43.4'' W

Site of Camden Town

Lime

Apple Apple 3

Bread

London PlanePlane 24 London

Diary

Ash 7 Ash

Maple Maple 26 Meals

Whitebeam 1 Whitebeam Snacks

Fruit

5 Starchy Food Lime Lime 5

Vegetables

No Data No Data

3.4.4 Sunlight Analysis

January

May

September

February

June

October

March

July

November

April

August

December

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June 21st the longest sunlight of the year

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December 21st the shortest sunlight of the year

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3.4.5 Average Sunlight Map

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3.5 Overlapping Activities By overlapping the activity density of human and other intelligences, we found that the peak time of interaction is the dusk.

Activity Density(%) 100

Red Foxes Hedgehogs

Human Kestrel 0

Pub

Time (h)

Pub Street Markets Resraurants

Entertaining

Exercising

Strolling

Relaxing

Socialising

Entertaining

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3.6 Animal Movement Patterns

Animals Movement Pattern Animals Animals Animals Movement Movement Movement Pattern Pattern Pattern Habitats Habitats Habitats Habitats Habitats

Breeding Breeding Breeding Breeding Breeding Shrub Shrub

ShrubShrub Woodland WoodlandWoodland Woodland

Red Foxes RedRed foxsfoxs Red foxs Red foxs Resting Resting Resting RestingResting Bramble patches Grassland GrasslandGrassland Grassland BrambleBramble patches patches Bramble patches

Breeding Breeding Breeding Breeding Breeding (Hibernating) (Hibernating) (Hibernating) (Hibernating) (Hibernating) Bramble patches BrambleBramble patches patches Bramble Log pilesLog patches piles Log piles Log piles

Hedgehogs Hedgehogs Hedgehogs Hedgehogs Hedgehogs Resting Resting Resting RestingResting Grassland GrasslandGrassland Grassland Leaf piles Leaf piles Leaf piles Leaf piles

Breeding Breeding Breeding Breeding Breeding Sticks Sticks

SticksSticks Cliff ledges Cliff ledges Cliff ledges Cliff ledges

Kestrels Kestrels Kestrels Kestrels Kestrels Resting RestingResting Resting Resting Building ledgesledges Grassland GrasslandGrassland Grassland Building Building ledges ledges Building

Breeding Breeding Breeding Breeding Breeding (Hibernating) (Hibernating) (Hibernating) (Hibernating) (Hibernating) Scrub Scrub

ScrubScrub Woodland WoodlandWoodland Woodland

Butterflies Butterflies Butterflies Butterflies Butterflies Resting Resting RestingResting Resting Grassland GrasslandGrassland Grassland Flowers Flowers Flowers Flowers

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Daily Activity Pattern DailyDaily Activity Activity Pattern Daily Pattern Activity Pattern Daily Activity Pattern

P Preference Prefere

Preference Preference

Resistance map Resistance Map

Roads & Roads & Open Open ground Ground Greenspaces Greenspaces

Canal Canal

Buildings < 20m Buildings 20m

Railway Railway

Buildings > 20m Buildings 20m

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3.7 Movement Simulation 3.7.1 Human movement Human movement simulation is using Camden Station & bus stops as starting points and restaurants & shops as attractors. Released particles represent number of people using the tube station and each bus stop. The particles are attracted to the attractors with a force according to rated stars of each on google map.

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Frame 40

Frame 96

Frame 144

Frame 192

Frame 240

Frame 288

Frame 336

Frame 384

Frame 400

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3.7.2 Red Fox Movement The start points of red fox movement simulation are accessible greenspaces as their potential habitats while waste areas and bins as end points.

The Bartlett, UCL | MArch Urban Design | RC15: Pervasive Urbanism

Frame 40

Frame 96

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Ecognosis | 57

3.7.3 Hedgehog Movement The start points of hedgehog movement simulation are accessible greenspaces as their potential habitats while fruit trees and greenspaces as end points.

The Bartlett, UCL | MArch Urban Design | RC15: Pervasive Urbanism

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Ecognosis | 59

3.7.4 Kestrels The start points of hedgehog movement simulation are high buildings as their nests while large open space as end point.

The Bartlett, UCL | MArch Urban Design | RC15: Pervasive Urbanism

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Ecognosis | 61

3.7.5 Overlapping All Intelligences Movement Simulation

The Bartlett, UCL | MArch Urban Design | RC15: Pervasive Urbanism

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Ecognosis | 63

Chapter 04 Data Visualization

Ecognosis | 65

4.1 Pollution 4.1.1 Overall Human activity causes pollution in city, we have considered different pollution for our analysis as which have significant impact on human and non-human both. After data Collection and visualization. Based on the scientific studies on concentration of different pollutants on that affects human, animals and plants, the site is divided into 2 or 3 zones, specifying which area is more harmful and needs interventions.

4.1.2 For Human Excessive noise is harmful to people’s health and interferes with their everyday activities at school, work, home, and during leisure time. It may cause sleep disturbances, cardiovascular and psychophysiological effects, decreased efficiency, irritation responses, and social behaviour changes. Similarly, for animals, hearing loss and rapid increase in heart rate are some of the ill-effects of noise pollution. High intensity sound induces fear, which can force species to abandon their habitat. Air pollution is considered as the major environmental risk factor in the incidence. Exposure to high levels of air pollution can cause a variety of adverse health outcomes. It increases the risk of respiratory infections, heart disease and lung cancer. Particles in the PM2.5 size range are able to travel deeply into the respiratory tract, reaching the lungs. Exposure to fine particles can cause short-term health effects such as eye, nose, throat and lung irritation, coughing, sneezing, runny nose and shortness of breath.

The Bartlett, UCL | MArch Urban Design | RC15: Pervasive Urbanism

Nitric oxide has oxidative effects in the lung, and can decrease neutrophil accumulation and surfactant function. Peroxynitrite and nitrogen dioxide generated from nitric oxide may also induce genotoxic alterations and/or tissue injury. For animals, when toxic chemicals and metals enter the environment, organisms may absorb them through their skin or ingest them in their food or water. Animals higher in the food chain accumulate these toxins in higher and higher concentrations, a process called Biomagnification. While in plants, Nitric oxide stimulates seed germination, de-etiolation, and inhibits hypocotyl elongation, three light-inducible responses. Breathing air with a high concentration of Carbon monoxide reduces the amount of oxygen that can be transported in the blood stream to critical organs like the heart and brain. At very high levels, which are possible indoors or in other enclosed environments, Carbon monoxide can cause dizziness, confusion, unconsciousness and death. Whereas, Carbon monoxide does not poison plants since it is rapidly oxidized to form carbon dioxide which is used for photosynthesis. Plants metabolize Carbon monoxide to form carbon dioxide or methane. CO has positive effects on seed germination, root development, and stomatal closure. Also, CO can enhance plant abiotic stress resistance commonly through the enhancement of antioxidant defence system. 4.1.3 For Non-human Every cell perceives, produces and possesses its own particular perceptive signs and impulses. Each small cellular-machine operator possesses only one perceptive sign. Cooperation among these operators leads to complex perception and production effects. In the end, every animal is inserted in their environment to the same level of perfection. [Uexkull, J., 2010] Therefore, each species has different sensory organs developed to various level. In order to understand and appreciate how other intelligences perceive and react to external stimulus. Eight different intelligences or categories of intelligence are studies in our project including red foxes, hedgehogs, kestrels, butterflies, earthworms, wildlife-preferred plants, vegetables & fruits and air-purifing plants. Each intelligence is affected by different elements in their environment to very different level.

Each of the 8 datasets we collected either have direct impacts on their body or indirect ones on their habitat and either have positive or negative effects. In the following, studies on the eight intelligences sensory organs and the impacts of the eight environmental datasets are shown.

Butterflies Butterflies have touch, hearing, sight, taste and smell senses. They sense touch through hairs (tactile setae) that extend through sockets in the exoskeleton. Adults have tactile setae on almost all of their body parts. Butterflies appear to have poor hearing respond to sudden noises. The butterflies get used to the noise and stop responding. Adults see through compound eyes made up of thousands of ommatidia but they are not very good at judging distance or perceiving patterns. Chemoreceptors are nerve cells that open onto the surface of the exoskeleton and react to the presence of different chemicals in the environment. [MonarchWatch, n.d.] Research shows that exposure to smoke (containing CO, PM10, PM2.5) increased the mortality of caterpillars, increased larval development time, and decreased pupal weight, while indirect haze exposure, via ingestion of haze-exposed food plants, also affected development time and pupal weight. [Tan, Y.Q., Dion, E. & Monteiro, A., 2018]

Butterflies are sensitive to Toxic chemicals. Particulate matter cause their flight behaviour declined. [Yanan Liu Martin J. Wooster Mark J. Grosvenor Ka S. Lim Robert A. Francis, 2020] All pollutions have negative impacts on butterflies, especially NO2 as it induces excess early growth of plants and lower the quality of the food available to larvae. [Butterfly Conservation, 2020]

In the environment, red foxes help to control the populations of their prey animals, such as rodents and rabbits. They also disperse seeds by eating fruit. Animals higher in the food chain accumulate these toxins in higher and higher concentrations, a process called Biomagnification. Hedgehogs Hedgehogs have rather poor vision. Their ecological niche of moving around in often tall vegetation at night makes vision largely redundant. Observations on hedgehog olfactory sensitivity have suggested that smell probably plays an important role in their reproduction and sociality their morphology. They have a long snout with a large moist tip it seems that much of the hedgehog’s sense of tactility (touch) is concentrated around the face and in the long guard hairs that fringe its spines. Hedgehogs’ relation with pollution is highly dependent on earthworms which are very efficient in transferring contaminants from soil to predators. Kestrels Eyesight is a kestrel’s most critical sense and the one it relies on the most for flight, evading predators, and finding food. Hearing is kestrels’ second most important sense, and their ears are funnel-shaped to focus sound. Kestrels do not use touch as extensively as humans, but it is still a vital sense, particularly for flight. Birds do have a sense of taste, but it is not well refined. [The Spruce, 2020]

Red Foxes Red foxes have touch, hearing, sight, taste and smell senses. Foxes have two highly mobile ears. Foxes have excellent hearing and sense of smell, and depends on these two senses in locating prey. So noise and chemical particles are more harmful to red foxes.

Earthworms Earthworms don’t have eyes but have organs help them sense the light which will kill them under a long term of exposure. Earthworms don’t have a sense of smell. Worms have sense organs in the front end of their body which help them find food. They don’t have hearing sense but they can feel vibrations in the soil. Study shows that excessive noise or vibration annoies earthworms. NO2 and CO after chemical reactions will damage earthworms by lowering PH value of the soil. PM10 and PM2.5 will damage their immune system.

Study shows long term NO2 exposure reduces plants growth, affect vegetation and cause acid rain. High levels increase the acidity of rain (lower the pH), and thus lower the pH of water and soil. This lowered pH can have a variety of harmful effects, possibly even death, on a range of biological systems. Excessive levels of nitrogen dioxide can cause death in plants, and damage the leaves of many agricultural crops. NO2 can be converted to nitrates, which can form a secondary pollutant of fine particles. Most of the effects of PM10 and PM2.5 on plants include the potential to block and damage the stomata such that photosynthesis and respiration are affected. Other effects are shading (which may lead to a reduction in photosynthetic capacity) wearing down on the leaf surfaces and cuticle [Iqbal and Shafig, 2001]. CO can be used as carbon source for plants growth. CO has positive effects on seed germination, root development, and stomatal closure. Also, CO can enhance plant abiotic stress resistance commonly through the enhancement of antioxidant defense system. Noise pollution is altering the landscape of plants and trees, which depend on noise-affected animals to pollinate them and spread their seeds. Noise indirectly affects plants by changing pollinators’ behaviour or other wildlife that are benefitial to plants. Wildlife-preferred plants Nitrogen pollution in the air is devastating for many sensitive wild plants which are crucial for wildlife. Wildflowers provide bees, butterflies and other pollinators with food sources throughout the seasons, and that is why a wide range of wildflower species are required. Fruits and vegetables rely on pollinating to produce a good crop. This job carried out by pollinators that depend on wildflowers. Pollinators also help fight against crop pests, which are insects that cause damage to crops and plants. food source for birds and small mammals.

Plants Plants have very different sensory organs compared to human and animals. They don’t have hearing, smell and taste senses. They are able to sense and physiologically respond light.

Ecognosis | 67

Multichannel Gas Sensor V2

Arduino Uno Rev3

Base shield

Dust Sensor

4.2 Arduino Environment Detecting Sensor Hub Arduino is an open-source electronics platform. In our project we acquired several sensors and assembled our own Arduino sensor hub, which consists of 4 different Arduino sensors and accompanying visualizations, to collect real-time environmental data on site. The device consists of Noise, CO, NO2, PM2.5, PM10, as well as a Global Positioning System (GPS) that records the Geographic location of the data collected. By visualizing the Sensor data with GPS, this association becomes a means to get the exact value for each of the entity in relation to the site.

The Bartlett, UCL | MArch Urban Design | RC15: Pervasive Urbanism

PM2.5 Sensor SD card shield

Sound Sensor

Weighted Data Weighted Data

Weighted Data

Urban Farming System Urban Farming Components System Human

Human

Wildlife Habitats

Urban Farming Plants System

Composting

Wildlife Habitats

Composting

Air-purifier

Components Human

Sensory Organs Sensory Organs

Sight

Sight Hearing

Hedgehogs

Vibration

Positive

Smell Taste

Indirect impact Direct and indirect impact

Gravity

Human Wildlife Habitats

Sensory Organs Sight

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

Taste

Touch

Vibration

Environmental Data

1.0

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

Government Guildline

-0.8 -1.0

Sensory Organs

PM10

1.0

Sound

Environmental Data

Sight

-0.8 -1.0

1.0

Taste

Touch

Light

Gravity

Vibration

Impacts Human

-0.8 -1.0

Biodiversity

Negtive 1.0

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

Sunlight

Sound

Touch

-0.8 -1.0

PM10 Human

Positive

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

-0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -1.0

DirectGuildline and indirect impact

Human

-0.4 -0.6

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

-0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -1.0

Red Foxs

1.0

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

-0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -1.0

Hedgehogs

-0.4 -0.6

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

1.0

Positive

NDVI

-0.8 -1.0

Kestrels

-0.4 -0.6

-0.8 -1.0

-0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -1.0

Butterflies

-0.4 -0.6

-0.8 -1.0

Hedgehogs

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

-0.4 -0.6

Kestrels

Sight Sensory Organs Earthworms

Butterflies

Light

Gravity

Direct and indirect impact

Indirect impact

Biodiversity

Direct and indirect impact

1.0

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

Government Guildline

-0.8 -1.0

Sunlight Sound

Smell Taste

Gravity

NO2

Impacts

PM10

-0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -1.0

Weighted Data

Biodiversity

PM10

NO2 1.0

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

Sunlight

Sound

Direct impact Indirect impact

PM10

-0.4

Government Guildline

-0.6 -0.8 -1.0

Biodiversity

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

-0.4 -0.6

-0.8 -1.0

Biodiversity

Positive CO

1.0

-0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -1.0

NO2

Sight Hearing

Hearing Smell

Smell

Taste

Touch

Light

Gravity

Human

Human Noise

-0.4 -0.6

Red Foxs

-0.8 -1.0

Red Foxs

-0.8 -1.0

1.0

-0.4 -0.6

-0.8 -1.0

Sensory Organs Sound

Environmental Data Sound

Environmental Data Weighted Data

PM10

Hedgehogs

-0.8 -1.0

Smell

Taste

Touch

Light

Gravity

PM10

1.0

PM10

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

NDVI

-0.4 -0.6

Sound

-0.8 -1.0

Biodiversity

Direct impact

Smell

Red Foxs

-0.4 -0.6

-0.8 -1.0

-0.4 -0.6

Red Foxs

-0.8 -1.0

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

-0.4 -0.6

-0.8 -1.0

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -1.0

PM10

-0.4

1.0

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

-0.4

-0.6

Hedgehogs

-0.8 -1.0

Government Human Guildline Kestrels

Composting

Touch

-0

-0.6

-0.8 -1.0

Hedgehogs Ea

Butterflies

-0 -1

-0.8 -1.0

Biodiversity

Earthworms

Wild

1.0

0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

0 0 0 0 0 -0

-0.4 -0.6

-0 -0

-0.8 -1.0

-0 -1

0.8

Taste

-0

-0.4

-0.6

-0.8 -1.0

0 0 0 0 0 -0

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

-0.4

-0.6

Red Foxs

1.0

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

Butterflies

1.0

Sunlight 0.6

Smell

Wild Com Biodi

NDVI

-0.4

NDVI

PM10 Kestrels

Hearing

Sound

Gravity

NoiseVibration

1.0

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

-0.4 -0.6

-0.8 -1.0

Components 1.0

1.0

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

NDVI0.4 0.2

-0.4 -0.6

NO2 Direct impact 1.0

Sensory Organs Sight

Impacts

Direct and indirect impact -0.8 -1.0

Government PM10 Guildline

-0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -1.0

Human

PM10

Sunlight

Taste

Touch

Light

Gravity

Vibration Environmental Data

Negtive

Negtive PM10 CO Positive

Direct and indirect impact

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

0.8 0.6

0.0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -1.0

-0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -1.0

Biodiversity

-0.8 -1.0

Hedgehogs

-0.8 -1.0

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6

1.0

Human

1.0

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6

Hedgehogs -0.8 -1.0

Kestrels

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

-0.4 -0.6

Red Foxs -0.8 -1.0

-0.4 -0.6

Kestr

-0.8 -1.0

Butterflies

-0.4

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

-0.8 -1.0

PM10

Sound

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

Indirect impact -0.4 -0.6

-0.8 -1.0

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -1.0

CO NDVI

1.0

Direct and indirect impact

-0.6

Noise

1.0

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

-0.8 -1.0

Sunlight

PM10

NO2

Direct impact

1.0

0.4 NDVI 0.2

Indirect impact

Government Direct and Guildline indirect impact

Negtive Positive

NO2 NO2

Direct impact

Red Foxs

NO2

Vibration

Impacts CO

Weighted Data

1.0

-0.8 -1.0

Smell

Sound

Smell

Impacts Positive

-0.4 -0.6

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6

Hearing

PM10 Direct impact

NDVI

-0.8 -1.0

1.0

Red Fox

HumanGovernment Red Foxs Guildline Sight

-0.4 -0.6

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

Sensory Organs

Sight

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

1.0

Wildlife Habitats

1.0

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

Smell

Indirect impact CO

-0.8 -1.0

1.0

-0.4 -0.6

-0.8 -1.0

PM10

-0.4 -0.6

-0.8 -1.0

Sunlight

Wildlife Habitats

1.0

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

Noise

-0.4 -0.6

Components

Indirect impact CO

0.0 -0.2

Biodiversity

Human

1.0

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

NO2

Human Positive

Biodiversity

Sound

NDVI

1.0

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

0.8 0.6

-0.8 -1.0

-0.6

Sunlight

-0.8 -1.0

Veg & Fruits

1.0

Hedgehog

-0.4 -0.6

Components

-0.4

Biodiversity

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

0.0 -0.2

NO2

Vibration

-0.8 -1.0

Hedgehogs Wildlife-preferred P

-0.8 -1.0

1.0

Human Wildlife Habitats

1.0

0.8 0.6

NDVI0.4 0.2

Red Foxs Direct and Noise Biodiversity indirect impact Hedgehogs Sensory Organs Sight

PM10 CO Urban Farming System Weighted Data

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

-0.4 -0.6

Earthworms

SunlightWildlife-preferred Plants

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

Farming Urban Farming SystemUrban Human System Negtive Impacts

1.0

-0.4 -0.6

Biodiversity

Butterflies

-0.8 -1.0

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

1.0

Indirect impact

1.0

NO2

NDVI

-0.8 -1.0

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

Weighted Data

-0.8 -1.0

-0.4 -0.6

Earthworms

Plants

1.0

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

-0.6

Environmental Data Environmental Data

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

1.0

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

1.0

-0.4

Human

NO2

Gravity

NDVI

Sight

Direct impact

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

Sensory Organs

1.0

Human

-0.8 -1.0

NO2

Sunlight

Light

Vibration

Positive

NO2

-0.4 -0.6

Biodiversity

1.0

Sound

Weighted Data

1.0

Wildlife Hab

Composting

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

System Noise HumanUrban Farming NO2 Negtive Impacts Weighted Data Wildlife Habitats Positive Components

Hearing Sunlight

-0.8 -1.0

Touch

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

Direct and Government indirect impact Guildline

Direct and PM10 indirect impact

Composting

Weighted Data Weighted Data

Indirect impact

Biodiversity

Kestrel

-0.4 -0.6

Weighted Data Environmental Data

Negtive

Direct CO impact

-0.8 -1.0

Human

1.0

Direct and Government indirect impact Kestrels GuildlineButterflies

Taste

1.0

Negtive

NO2

Biodiversity

Human

Smell

Government Positive Guildline

-0.8 -1.0

-0.8 -0.2 -1.0 -0.4 -0.6

-0.8 -1.0

Sound

Indirect impact

Hearing Sound

-0.6

Hearing

Impacts

-0.4 -0.6

-0.8 -1.0

-0.8 -0.2 -1.0 -0.4 -0.6

Gravity

Sight

Vibration

Impacts Weighted Data

-0.4 -0.6

Gravity

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

Kestrels NDVI PM10

-0.4

NO2 1.0

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

-0.4 -0.6

Environmental Data Vibration

Sight

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

1.0

Light

Sensory Organs

Gravity

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

Human Earthworms Red Foxs Hedg Wildlife-preferred Plants Government Earthworms Guildline Wildlife-preferred Plants Veg & F

-0.8 -1.0

Direct impact

-0.8 -1.0

Government GuildlineCO

-0.8 -1.0

PM10

1.0

NO2

-0.4 -0.6

Government Guildline

1.0 0.8 0.6 1.00.4 0.2 0.8 0.0 0.6 -0.2 0.4 -0.4 0.2 -0.6 0.0

Butterflies

Weighted Data

1.0

Hearing

1.0

0.8 0.6 1.00.4 0.2 0.8 0.0 0.6 -0.2 0.4 -0.4 0.2 -0.6 0.0

Light

1.0

0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

Components

1.0

Plan

Sunlight

NDVIPositive PM10

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

DirectPM10 and indirect impact PM10

PM10

Biodiversity

-0.8 -1.0

Biodiversity

Sensory Organs

Sunlight0.8

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

-0.4 -0.6

-0.8 -1.0

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

Urban Farming PM10 System System Human

Positive

Sunlight

-0.4 -0.6

Hedgehogs

Biodiversity

1.0

-0.8 -1.0

Sunlight

Kestrels

Air-Purifier

HumanComposting

-0.4 -0.6

Butterflies Sight Sensory Organs

Vibration

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

NDVI

-0.4 0.2 -0.6 0.0 -0.8 -0.2 -1.0 -0.4 -0.6

1.0

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

-0.6

Biodiversity

Vibration

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

0.8 0.6

0.0 -0.2

1.0

-0.4

-0.8 -1.0

Butterfly

Negtive Impacts Urban Farming System Wildlife Habitats

Noise

NDVI 0.4 0.2

Negtive

-0.4 -0.6

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

Kestrels

Weighted Data Wildlife Habitats Components 1.0

1.0

0.8 0.0 0.6 -0.2 0.4

-0.8 -1.0

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

NO2

1.0 0.8 0.6 1.00.4

-0.8 -0.2 -1.0 -0.4 -0.6

1.0

Biodiversity

-0.4 -0.6

-0.8 -1.0

Air-Purifier

Biodiversity

NDVI 0.2

Kestrels

-0.8 -1.0

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

1.0

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

-0.8 -0.2 -1.0 -0.4 -0.6

1.0

NDVI

1.0 0.8 0.6 1.00.4 0.2 0.8 0.0 0.6 -0.2 0.4 -0.4 0.2 -0.6 0.0

NO2

Direct and Indirect impact indirect impact

Sunlight

Human

NO2

Human

Indirect impact Direct impact Components

Weighted Data

Direct impact

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

Direct impactNO2

-0.4 -0.6

Composting

NDVI

Components Weighted Data NDVI

Environmental Data

Negtive Impacts Urban Farming Positive Weighted Data

Environmental Data

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

Hedgehogs

Veg & Fruits

Environmental Data Urban Farming System Wildlife Habitats

Weighted Data

Negtive Farming System

Impacts

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

Sound

Touch

Vibration

Sound

NDVI

Hedgehogs

-0.8 -1.0

Weighted Data Weighted Data Environmental Data

PM10

-0.8 -1.0

Touch

Sensory Organs Sight 1.0

-0.8 -1.0

Taste

-0.4 -0.6

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

-0.4 -0.6

Smell

Direct and indirect impact

1.0

-0.4 -0.6

Taste

Sensory Organs

Direct and indirect impact

Government Guildline Veg & Fruits

Human Red Foxs Direct and Wildlife-preferred Plants PM10 indirect impact

Hearing

-0.8 -1.0

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

-0.8 -1.0

Sunlight

Components Indirect impact Government Guildline CO

1.0

-0.4 -0.6

Smell

Components Direct impact

Positive

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

CO Wildlife Habitats

PM10

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

Indirect impact

Hearing

Urban Farming System

Negtive

1.0

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

-0.8 -0.2 -1.0 -0.4 -0.6

Red Foxs

Weighted Data Impacts Urban

-0.8 -1.0

1.0

Sunlight Plants

Plants

1.0

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

Direct impact

Sunlight

Indirect impact Hedgehogs Direct and indirect impact

Red Foxs

Vibration

Weighted Data NDVI

Human

Gravity

Vibration

Environmental Data

1.0 0.8 0.6 1.00.4 0.2 0.8 0.0 0.6 -0.2 0.4 -0.4 0.2 -0.6 0.0

Light

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6

EarthwormsBiodiversity

Positive

Weighted Data

Touch

Environmental Data

Noise 1.0

-0.8 -1.0

Hearing

NO2

Wildlife Habitats Negtive Impacts Noise

0.8 0.6 1.00.4 0.2 0.8 0.0 0.6 -0.2 0.4 -0.4 0.2 -0.6 0.0

-0.8 -0.2 -1.0 -0.4 -0.6

Sight

NO2

1.0

-0.8 -1.0

Sound

0.8 0.6 1.00.4 0.2 0.8 0.0 0.6 -0.2 0.4 -0.4 0.2 -0.6 0.0

-0.4 -0.6

Sight Sensory OrgansHuman

Government PM10 Guildline

PM10

Sunlight

PM10

NO2

Sensory Organs

Human

-0.4 -0.6

Biodiversity

Vibration

Urban Farming System

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

Sunlight Positive

Weighted Data

Touch

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

Vibration

Wildlife-preferred Plants

Light

-0.8 -1.0

Air-Purifier

-0.8 -1.0

Gravity

NO2

1.0

NDVI

1.0

-0.8 -1.0

Taste

Components

Earthworm

-0.8 -1.0

Touch

PM10

Biodiversity

-0.4 -0.6

Smell

-0.4 -0.6

Red Foxs

Smell

Human Biodiversity Weighted Data Negtive Impacts

1.0

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

1.0

Taste

NDVI

Sound

Composting NDVI

Smell

Components Direct impact

-0.4 -0.6

Veg & Fruits Air-Purifier

Light

Hearing

Indirect impact

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

Human

Touch

Components

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

1.0

-0.8 -1.0

Red Foxs

1.0

Direct impact

NDVI

-0.8 -1.0

Hearing

NO2

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

-0.8 -1.0

NDVI Urban Farming SystemComposting

Noise Habitats

Noise

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

1.0

-0.4 -0.6

-0.8 -1.0

Wildlife

NO2

Wildlife Habitats NO2

Weighted Positive Data

Weighted Data Negtive

Sunlight

-0.4 -0.6

-0.8 -1.0

1.0

-0.4 -0.6

-0.8 -1.0

Environmental Data

Urban Farming System Negtive

Impacts

Vibration

-0.4 -0.6

NO2

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

Direct and indirect impactGovernment Earthworms Wildlife-preferred Plants Guildline Wildlife-preferred Plants Veg & Fruits PM10 Sensory Organs Sight

Earthworms Biodiversity

-0.4 -0.6

-0.8 -1.0

1.0

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

Weighted Data

Vibration Environmental Data

Gravity Environmental Data

NDVI

-0.4 -0.6

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

-0.8 -1.0

Wildlife-preferred Plants

Indirect impact

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

Butterflies

Weighted Data Weighted Data

Taste

Light

Sunlight

-0.4 -0.6

1.0

-0.4 -0.6

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

Kestrels

-0.8 -1.0

Kestrels

1.0

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

Plants

Taste

Indirect Government impact

-0.8 -1.0

Smell

PM2.5

-0.8 -1.0

1.0

-0.4 -0.6

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

Hedgehogs

NO2

1.0

NDVI

Sunlight

1.0

Sight Hearing

-0.8 -1.0

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

1.0

-0.4 -0.6

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

Red Foxs

-0.8 -1.0

Direct impact

-0.4 -0.6

Sunlight

Sensory Organs

PM10

Indirect impact Biodiversity PM10 Government Direct and Guildline indirect impact HumanSight Sensory Organs PM10

-0.4 -0.6

1.0

-0.4 -0.6

Biodiversity

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

Human

Biodiversity

Hearing

Smell

Positive

NDVI

Hedgehogs

-0.4 -0.6

-0.8 -1.0

Smell

Direct impact

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

NDVI

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

Human

Negtive

NDVI

Hearing

Components

NDVI

NO2

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

-0.8 -1.0

Urban Farming SystemNegtive

Weighted Data

1.0

Impacts Farming Urban CompostingSystem PM10 Positive Composting Sunlight Plants Weighted Data Direct impact Components Sunlight

Wildlife Habitats

Red Foxs

-0.4 -0.6

Hearing

NO2

Noise

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6

Human

Vibration

Weighted Data Urban Farming System Impacts

Components

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

-0.8 -1.0

Sensory Organs

Sight

Sound

Impacts

Human Noise

-0.4 -0.6

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

Weighted Data Weighted Data Environmental Data

Sound

Gravity

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

-0.4 -0.6

Hed

Light

ComponentsNO2

-0.4 -0.6

Red Foxs

Weighted Data

Vibration

-0.8 -1.0

Air-Purifier

Smell

-0.4 -0.6

Human

Veg & Fruits

Taste

1.0

PM10

Sunlight

Earthworms

Hearing

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

-0.8 -1.0

Butterflies

Smell

Direct impact Positive PM10 CO Indirect impact Direct impact Components Direct and Indirect impact Government indirect impact Direct and Guildline indirect impact

Human

Veg&Fruits

Indirect impact Earthworms Wildlife-preferred Plants Direct and indirect impact Wildlife-preferred Plants Veg & Fruits Sight Sensory Organs

Butterflies

Hearing

Negtive Impacts Urban Farming System PM10Positive System CO Urban Farming Human NO2

-0.4 -0.6

Biodiversity

Kestrels

Negtive

1.0

Biodiversity

Hedgehogs

Kestrels

Vibration

NO2

Red Foxs

Hedgehogs

Gravity

Weighted Data

1.0

Red Foxs

Weighted Data Weighted Data Light

Impacts

Plants

Components

Light

Touch

NDVI

Human

Sight

Taste

Environmental Data

Farming System

Negtive Positive

Smell

NO2

Composting Impacts

Direct impact

Hearing

Weighted Data

Vibration

Composting Urban

Wildlife Habitats

Human

Environmental Data

Light

Components

Sensory Organs

Hedgehogs

Touch

Components

Direct and indirect impact

Red Foxs

Weighted Data

Indirect impact

Direct impact

PM10

Veg & Fruits Sensory

Wildlife-preferred Plants

Human

Air-Purifier

Taste

Direct impact

Wildlife Habitats

Sight Organs Air-Purifier Hearing

Positive

Negtive

Sunlight

Veg & Fruits

Smell

Urban Farming System Negtive Urban Farming System Human

Impacts

-0.4 -0.6

Earthworms

Wildlife-preferred Plants

Hearing

Vibration

Gravity

Butterflies

Earthworms

Gravity

Light

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

Kestrels

Butterflies

Light

Touch

NDVI

Kestrels

Touch

Taste

NO2

Red Foxs

Hedgehogs

Weighted Data Weighted Data

Smell

Impacts

Human

Red Foxs

Human

Plants Components

Government Guildline

-0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -1.0

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -1.0

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6

1.0

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

Ecognosis | 69 -0.8 -1.0

-0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -1.0

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -1.0

4.3 Data Collection The data collection consists of 5 different Arduino sensors and accompanying visualizations. We collected data through walking on site continuously for 8 days and combined all datasets together to generate an average value map for each pollutant.

Social Media Analysis: Food & Drink Map

Food & Drink Map B

Site of Camden Town

Food & drink Beverage Bread Diary Max

100

150m

The Bartlett, UCL | MArch Urban Design | RC15: Pervasive Urbanism

51°32'26.6'' N, 0°08'43.4'' W

Meals Snacks Starchy Food Vegetables

Min

Fruit

11:00 31.01.2021

11:00

11:00 01.02.2021

12:00

12:00 02.02.2021

15:00 03.02.2021

15:00

16:00

16:00 04.02.2021

16:00

16:00 05.02.2021

20:00 06.02.2021

20:00

21:00

21:00 07.02.2021

ALL

All ALL

11:00

15:00

20:00

11:00

15:00

20:00

11:00

16:00

21:00

11:00

16:00

21:00

12:00

16:00

Ecognosis | 71

4.4 Data Visualisation 4.4.1 Sound Visualisation This map shows the average value of noise concentration of the site from all daily datasets collected using Arduino sensors.

Social Media Analysis: Food & Drink Map

Food & Drink Map B

Site of Camden Town

Food & drink Beverage

100

150m

The Bartlett, UCL | MArch Urban Design | RC15: Pervasive Urbanism

51°32'26.6'' N, 0°08'43.4'' W

Bread Diary Fruit Meals Snacks Starchy Food Vegetables

Ecognosis | 73

4.4.2 Sound Impacts Human activities cause pollution in city. We have considered noise pollution, NO, CO, PM2.5 and PM10 pollution for our analysis as they have impact on human and non-human both.

Generated Grid Map for the Non-human

The Bartlett, UCL | MArch Urban Design | RC15: Pervasive Urbanism

Generated Contour Map for the Human

Ecognosis | 75

4.4.3 PM2.5 Visualisation This map shows the average value of PM2.5 concentration of the site from all daily datasets collected using Arduino sensors.

Social Media Analysis: Food & Drink Map

Food & Drink Map B

Site of Camden Town

Food & drink Beverage

100

150m

The Bartlett, UCL | MArch Urban Design | RC15: Pervasive Urbanism

51°32'26.6'' N, 0°08'43.4'' W

Bread Diary Fruit Meals Snacks Starchy Food Vegetables

Ecognosis | 77

4.4.4 PM2.5 Impacts Data collected using Arduino PM2.5 sensor

Generated Grid Map for the Non-human

The Bartlett, UCL | MArch Urban Design | RC15: Pervasive Urbanism

Generated Contour Map for the Human

Ecognosis | 79

4.4.5 PM10 Visualisation This map shows the average value of PM10 concentration of the site from all daily datasets collected using Arduino sensors.

Social Media Analysis: Food & Drink Map

Food & Drink Map B

Site of Camden Town

Food & drink Beverage

100

150m

The Bartlett, UCL | MArch Urban Design | RC15: Pervasive Urbanism

51°32'26.6'' N, 0°08'43.4'' W

Bread Diary Fruit Meals Snacks Starchy Food Vegetables

PM10

Road & Railway

Base Map

Ecognosis | 81

4.4.6 PM10 Visualisation Data collected using Arduino dust sensor

Generated Grid Map for the Non-human

The Bartlett, UCL | MArch Urban Design | RC15: Pervasive Urbanism

Generated Contour Map for the Human

Ecognosis | 83

4.4.7 CO Visualisation This map shows the average value of CO concentration of the site from all daily datasets collected using Arduino sensors.

Social Media Analysis: Food & Drink Map

Food & Drink Map B

Site of Camden Town

Food & drink Beverage

100

150m

The Bartlett, UCL | MArch Urban Design | RC15: Pervasive Urbanism

51°32'26.6'' N, 0°08'43.4'' W

Bread Diary Fruit Meals Snacks Starchy Food Vegetables

Road & Railway

Base Map

Ecognosis | 85

4.4.8 CO Impacts Data collected using Arduino multichannel gas sensor V2

Generated Grid Map for the Non-human

The Bartlett, UCL | MArch Urban Design | RC15: Pervasive Urbanism

Generated Contour Map for the Human

Ecognosis | 87

4.4.9 NO2 Visualisation This map shows the average value of NO2 concentration of the site from all daily datasets collected using Arduino sensors.

Social Media Analysis: Food & Drink Map

Food & Drink Map B

Site of Camden Town

Food & drink Beverage

100

150m

The Bartlett, UCL | MArch Urban Design | RC15: Pervasive Urbanism

51°32'26.6'' N, 0°08'43.4'' W

Bread Diary Fruit Meals Snacks Starchy Food Vegetables

Ecognosis | 89

4.4.10 NO2 Impacts Data collected using Arduino multichannel gas sensor V2

Generated Grid Map for the Non-human

The Bartlett, UCL | MArch Urban Design | RC15: Pervasive Urbanism

Generated Contour Map for the Human

Ecognosis | 91

4.5 Environmental Criteria for the Non-human For the non-human, as there is no scientific data indicating how much pollution is unhealthy for them, we reset a unified value based on a 4-points scoring system similar to the biodiversity map we introduced.

NDVI

Biodiversity

PM2.5

PM10

The Bartlett, UCL | MArch Urban Design | RC15: Pervasive Urbanism

Sunlight

Sound

NO2

Ecognosis | 93

4.6 Weighted Data for Intelligences Each intelligence perceive and respond to external stimulus differently. All eight datasets are weighted according to scientific research on each impact on each intelligence and their sensation.

Weighted Data

Urban Farming System

Human

Wildlife Habitats

Components

Human

Sensory Organs

Red Foxs

Hedgehogs

Kestrels

Sight Hearing Smell Taste Touch Light Gravity Vibration

Impacts

Negtive Positive Direct impact Indirect impact Direct and indirect impact

Environmental Data PM10

Weighted Data NO2 NDVI

1.0 0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0 -0.2

-0.4

-0.6

-0.8

-1.0

0.6

0.2 0.0 -0.2

-0.8 -1.0

Sunlight

PM10

PM2.5 Sound

The Bartlett, UCL | MArch Urban Design | RC15: Pervasive Urbanism

NO2

1.0 0.8

1.0 0.8 0.4

Biodiversity

Government Guildline

Composting

Butterﬂies

Noise

Plants

Earthworms

PM2.5

Wildlife-preferred Plants

NDVI

Veg & Fruits

Biodiversity

Air-Puriﬁer

Sunlight

1.0 0.8

0.6

0.6 0.4

0.4

0.2

0.0 -0.2

-0.4

-0.6

-0.8

-1.0

Ecognosis | 95

Weighted Data

4.6.1 Example - Red Fox This page takes red fox as an example illustrating the way to generate all eight weighted dataset for each intelligence.

Red Fox NDVI NDVI

Red Fox NO2 1.0 0.8

NDVI NDVI

Biodiversity Biodiversity

Sunlight Sunlight

CO CO

0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8

Biodiversity Biodiversity

PM10 PM10

-1.0

Sunlight Sunlight

PM2.5 PM2.5 Sound Sound

NDVI NDVI

0.8

Biodiversity Biodiversity

0.4

Sunlight Sunlight

Noise Noise

-0.6

PM2.5

-0.6

PM10

PM2.5

NO2

The Bartlett, UCL | MArch Urban Design | RC15: Pervasive Urbanism

-0.6 -0.6 -0.6

0.8

0.4

Noise Noise

PM2.5 PM2.5

PM10 PM10

CO CO

NO2 NO2

-0.6

Ecognosis | 97

4.6.1 Example - Red Fox By adding the values of all eight weighted datasets for each intelligence, a map called Habitat Map is generated.

The Bartlett, UCL | MArch Urban Design | RC15: Pervasive Urbanism

Ecognosis | 99

4.6.2 Environmental Criteria for intelligences NDVI

Red Fox

Human

Red Foxs

Wildlife Habitats

Hedgehogs

Composting

Kestrels

Butterflies

Wildlife Habitats Hedgehog PM10

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

Red Foxs

NDVI

Biodiversity

1.0

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

Earthworms

Air-Purifier

Wildlife-preferred Plants

Sunlight

1.0

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

Veg & Fruits

1.0

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

Air-Purifier

-0.4 -0.6

-0.8 -1.0

Composting NO2

Plants

Noise

NDVI

1.0

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

Kestrels

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

Butterflies

-0.4 -0.6

-0.8 -1.0

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

Butterfly NO2

1.0

Veg & Fruits

-0.4 -0.6

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

1.0

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

Butterflies

Kestrel

estrels

Wildlife-preferred Plants

Plants

1.0

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

Kestrels

Wildlife Habitats

Hedgehogs

Earthworms

Noise

1.0

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

Hedgehogs

Government Guildline

NO2

1.0

Sunlight

Plants

Composting

1.0

Biodiversity

1.0

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

1.0

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

Wildlife-preferred Plants

Composting

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

Sunlight

1.0

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

-0.4 -0.6

-0.8 -1.0

Biodiversity

1.0

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

Wildlife-preferred Plants

Air-Purifier

Sunlight

1.0

Veg & Fruits

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

1.0

Air-Purifier

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

-0.4 -0.6

-0.8 -1.0

The Bartlett, UCL | MArch Urban Design | RC15: Pervasive Urbanism

1.0

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

Veg & Fruits

Plants NDVI

Earthworms

1.0

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

Earthworms

Noise

Butterflies

Biodiversity

Sound

PM2.5

PM10

NO2

Ecognosis | 101

4.6.2 Environmental Criteria for intelligences NDVI

Composting Earthworm

utterflies

Earthworms

Composting

Plants

Wildlife-preferred Plants

Earthworms

Wildlife-preferred Plants

Biodiversity

NDVI

Veg & Fruits

Air-Purifier

Plants

Veg & Fruits

Air-Purifier

Biodiversity

Sunlight

1.0

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

-0.4 -0.6

-0.8 -1.0

Plants Veg&Fruits NDVI

e-preferred Plants

Biodiversity Veg & Fruits

1.0

Air-Purifier

1.0

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

Sunlight

1.0

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

-0.4

-0.6

-0.8 -1.0

Plants

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

1.0

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

-0.4

Air-purifier Biodiversity

Sunlight

1.0

Veg & Fruits

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

Air-Purifier

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

-0.4 -0.6

1.0

-0.8 -1.0

The Bartlett, UCL | MArch Urban Design | RC15: Pervasive Urbanism

Sunlight

Sound

PM2.5

PM10

NO2

Ecognosis | 103

4.7 Habitat Map 4.7.1 Red Foxes The map shows the best location for red foxes according to the value of 4-score criteria system.

The Bartlett, UCL | MArch Urban Design | RC15: Pervasive Urbanism

Ecognosis | 105

4.7.2 Hedgehogs The map shows the best location for hedgehogs according to the value of 4-score criteria system.

The Bartlett, UCL | MArch Urban Design | RC15: Pervasive Urbanism

Ecognosis | 107

4.7.3 Kestrels The map shows the best location for kestrels according to the value of 4-score criteria system.

The Bartlett, UCL | MArch Urban Design | RC15: Pervasive Urbanism

Ecognosis | 109

4.7.4 Butterflies The map shows the best location for butterflies according to the value of 4-score criteria system.

The Bartlett, UCL | MArch Urban Design | RC15: Pervasive Urbanism

Ecognosis | 111

4.7.5 Earthworms The map shows the best location for earthworms according to the value of 4-score criteria system.

The Bartlett, UCL | MArch Urban Design | RC15: Pervasive Urbanism

Ecognosis | 113

4.7.6 Wildlife-preferred Plants The map shows the best location for wildlife-preferred plants according to the value of 4-score criteria system.

The Bartlett, UCL | MArch Urban Design | RC15: Pervasive Urbanism

Ecognosis | 115

4.7.7 Veg & Fruits The map shows the best location for vegetables and fruits according to the value of 4-score criteria system.

The Bartlett, UCL | MArch Urban Design | RC15: Pervasive Urbanism

Ecognosis | 117

4.7.8 Air Purifiers The map shows the best location for air purifiers according to the value of 4-score criteria system.

The Bartlett, UCL | MArch Urban Design | RC15: Pervasive Urbanism

Ecognosis | 119

Chapter 05 Concept Design

Ecognosis | 121

The Bartlett, UCL | MArch Urban Design | RC15: Pervasive Urbanism

5.1 Urban Farming Urban Farming involves many different types of food-producing spaces, resources, and policies, and contributes to many benefits. Urban farming benefits health as it is an easy access to organic and fresh healthy food; benefits economy as there is local economic stimulation, job growth, job readiness and food affordability; benefits ecology by spreading awareness of food system ecology and Storm Water management. Use of Peat moss or coconut husk instead of soil reduce soil pollution. Saves 90% of water and also produces more food per sq.m. Also improves habitat and biodiversity of that area. Cities/Urban areas are using 2/3 of worlds energy & are responsible for 70% of global CO2 emissions. Urban farming can deal with difficult climate change by greening the cities and improving the warmer city climate by encouraging the reuse of organic waste that reduces the urban energy footprint. Urban farming diversifies urban food source and income opportunities for people and forms a source of innovation and learning about new strategies of land and water efficient food production. Biodiversity can be enhanced by planting more number of woody plants and diverse plant species, compared to green land. Mammal garden have declined due to urbanized garden size. Increase in vegetation and diversity of domestic garden can increase native population of mammals. Providing food and nest resources is important strategy for wildlife diversity. It maintains diversity of crops, methods, knowledge etc., for responding to change and dealing with uncertainty and also manage connectivity to market, habitats of pollinators, and natural enemies of pests.

Ecognosis | 123

5.2 Design Approach 5.2.1 Habitat Fragmentation

5.2.2 Least Cost Corridor

Habitat fragmentation can negatively impact wildlife in several ways. The destruction of habitat leaves species with less space to find everything they need to survive. Fragmented habitats are often lower quality. This is known as the ‘edge effect’. As a habitat is broken into smaller sections, the proportion of edge - where one habitat meets another - increases. Fragmentation limits wildlife mobility. Individuals struggle to move between habitat patches, which can lead to inbreeding and a loss of genetic diversity. This reduces the long-term health of a population, making it more vulnerable to disease and at greater risk of extinction.

Figure1 is a current map, with warmer shades showing higher current flow. Figure2 is a voltage map. If you think of water flowing from the upper core area to the lower, current is the water’s speed, and voltage is the water level. The roads act like dams. Looking at the voltage map, what parts of the map would be breaching a dam increase the flow the most?

In an increasingly urbanised world, wildlife corridors are vital for the survival of countless species. They bridge the gap between habitats which otherwise would be small and isolated and join them together. Linking core wildlife habitats helps to restore and preserve biodiversity, allowing movement between important habitats to maintain genetic diversity in wildlife populations. Without this, local extinctions can occur. Our natural neighbours’ complex daily requirements require them to travel safely from place to place, looking for nesting sites, food, water, a resting haven and shelter. Wildlife corridors are fundamental pieces in the biodiversity puzzle in a world full of fragmented landscapes. Plants as well as animals can colonize, migrate, and interbreed successfully with the help of wildlife corridors.

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Least cost corridor analyses can be used to compare between different corridor designs (like different corridor widths). It can also show pinch-points within corridors, these are areas that should be priorities for protection. Lastly, the results limit to areas that don’t require dispersers to move unreasonable distances. Current densities from a run using the full resistance map are shown in figure3. Resistant map is a connection between random walk theory and electrical circuit theory. It treats landscapes as conductive surfaces, and uses resistance, voltage, and current to predict important aspects of movement and connectivity. More pathways mean more options and more robust connections. Current flowing across the landscape can be used to identify areas important for connectivity, especially pinch-points. These are portions of the landscape where movement is funnelled through a narrow area, making a linkage vulnerable because the loss of a small amount of habitat can sever the linkage entirely.

A raster habitat map specifies conductance or resistance at each cell in a landscape. A raster focal node map specifies points or polygons (usually core habitat areas) between which connectivity is to be modelled. Then create a graph (network) by converting habitat cells to nodes and connecting them to their immediate neighbours. The program calculates pairwise resistances and creates maps of current flowing between focal nodes. We will create maps of current flowing across a simple landscape, and compare them with least cost corridor results. theory and electrical circuit theory. It treats landscapes as conductive surfaces, and uses resistance, voltage, and current to predict important aspects of movement and connectivity. More pathways mean more options and more robust connections. Current flowing across the landscape

Figure 1

Figure 2

can be used to identify areas important for connectivity, especially pinch-points. These are portions of the landscape where movement is funnelled through a narrow area, making a linkage vulnerable because the loss of a small amount of habitat can sever the linkage entirely. A raster habitat map specifies conductance or resistance at each cell in a landscape. A raster focal node map specifies points or polygons (usually core habitat areas) between which connectivity is to be modelled. Then create a graph (network) by converting habitat cells to nodes and connecting them to their immediate neighbours. The program calculates pairwise resistances and creates maps of current flowing between focal nodes. We will create maps of current flowing across a simple landscape, and compare them with least cost corridor results.

Figure 3

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5.3 Wildlife Corridors Habitat fragmentation due to human development is an ever-increasing threat to biodiversity. By connecting habitats separated by human activities and structures can moderate some of the worst effects of habitat fragmentation. we used least-cost path command to connect peak points of these intelligences’ map to generate wildlife corridors for them to move around.

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Step 01 Select peak points on the generated habitat map

Step 02 Create rectangular pyramid mesh

Step 03 Generate least-cost path using grasshopper plugin 'Shortest Walk'

Step 04 Connecting the peak points on the surface

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5.3.1 Red Foxes These paths are generated using least-cost path connecting peak points shown on habitat map.

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5.3.2 Hedgehogs These paths are generated using least-cost path connecting peak points shown on habitat map.

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5.3.3 Kestrels These paths are generated using least-cost path connecting peak points shown on habitat map.

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5.3.4 Butterflies These paths are generated using least-cost path connecting peak points shown on habitat map.

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5.4 Component Combination To solve the two major local issues on site, we propose a self-organising resilient urban farming system as a solution, consisting of three parts, composting, plants and wildlife habitats. Plants has

Weighted Data

three subparts, fruit and vegetable for local markets and communities, air purifying plants to improve air quality and wildlife-preferred plants for wildlife habitats to enhance biodiversity.

Urban Farming System

Farming System Red Fox

WildlifeHuman Habitats Urban

Human Urban

Components

Sensory Organs

Sight

Urban Farming System Composting Farming System Human Wildlife Habitats Hedgehog

Components

Human

Weighted Data

Red Foxs

Hedgehogs

Sensory Organs

Human

Kestrels

Butterflies

Red Foxs

Sight

Wildlife-preferred & Fruits Red FoxsPlants Butterflies Veg Hedgehogs Kestrels Kestrels Earthworms Air-Purifier Wildlife-preferred PlantsButterflies Veg & Fruits

Human

Sensory Organs

Hearing

Smell

Hearing

Taste

Smell

Touch

Taste

Light

Touch

Gravity

Light

Vibration

Impacts

Negtive

Positive

Direct impact

Indirect impact

Direct and indirect impact

+ WIldlife habitats + Increasing biodiversity + Self-organising ecosystem

Earthworms

Wildlife-preferred Plants Air-Purifier

Kestrels

Veg &

Butterflies

Vibration

Impacts

Negtive Positive Direct impact Indirect impact Direct and indirect impact

Environmental Data

Environmental Data PM10

Weighted Data

NO2 1.0

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

0.2 NDVI 0.0 -0.2

-0.4 -0.6

Government Guildline

-0.8 -1.0

Biodiversity

PM10

1.0

0.8 0.6 0.4

NO2

1.0

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

-0.4 -0.6

-0.8 -1.0

PM10

Noise

NO2

1.0

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6

Government Guildline

Weighted Data

-0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -1.0

-0.8 -1.0

Biodiversity

PM10

1.0

0.0 -0.2

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

-0.4 -0.6

0.8 0.6 0.4

NDVI 0.2

-0.8 -1.0

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

-0.4 -0.6

-0.8 -1.0

Biodiversity

PM10 NDVI

NO2

-0.8 -1.0

CO Biodiversity

Noise

Environmental Data

NO2 Sunlight

1.0

1.0 1.0

1.0

1.0 1.0

1.0

1.0 1.0

1.0

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

0.8 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 -0.2-0.2 -0.4-0.4 -0.6-0.6

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

0.8 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 -0.2-0.2 -0.4-0.4 -0.6-0.6

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

0.8 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 -0.2-0.2 -0.4-0.4 -0.6-0.6

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

-0.8-0.8 -1.0-1.0

-0.8 -1.0

-0.8-0.8 -1.0-1.0

-0.8 -1.0

-0.8-0.8 -1.0-1.0

-0.8 -1.0

Government

Weighted Guildline Data -0.8 -1.0

-0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -1.0

PM10

-0.4 -0.6

NO2 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

NDVI Sound

Sunlight

Sound

Sunlight

Sound

-0.4 -0.6

Government Guildline

-0.8 -1.0

Biodiversity

PM10

Sunlight

Agriculture Component + Sustainable agriculture + Increasing biodiversity + Nourishing function

Compost Component + Increasing biodiversity + Nourishing function + Air purification

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Noise

NDVI

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6

1.0

Sunlight

Hedgehogs

Gravity

Negtive

Direct impact

Red Foxs

Sight

Hearing

Negtive

NDVI

Human Hedgehogs Earthworms

Hearing

Impacts Wildlife Component

Pla Butterfly

Wildlife Habitats Composting Plants

Components

Sensory Organs

Sight

Kestrel

Human Plants Wildlife Habitats Composting

Sound

PM10

-0.4 -0.6

Biodiversity

Sunlight

1.0

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

-0.4 -0.6

-0.8 -1.0

NO2

NDVI

1.0

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

-0.4 -0.6

-0.8 -1.0

Biodiversity

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

Noise -0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -1.0

1.0

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

-0.4 -0.6

-0.8 -1.0

Weighted Data

Urban Farming System yWildlife Habitats Human Components

M10

Kestrels

Human

Human Earthworms

Butterflies

Sensory Organs

Hedgehogs

Sight

Red Foxs Wildlife-preferred Plants

Kestrels

Impacts

Smell

Taste

Touch

Light

Gravity

Vibration

Impacts

Direct impact Indirect impact

Direct and indirect impact

Environmental Data

PM10

Data

CO 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

1.0

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

-0.8 -1.0

-0.4 -0.6

-0.8 -1.0

PM10

-0.8 -1.0

1.0

Government Guildline

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

NDVI -0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -1.0

-0.8 -1.0

1.0

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

1.0

-0.4 -0.6

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

-0.8 -1.0

-0.4 -0.6

Biodiversity PM10

1.0

-0.4 -0.6

-0.8 -1.0

Sunlight

1.0

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

-0.4 -0.6

Sound

Sunlight

Government Guildline

-0.8 -1.0

Biodiversity

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

Sound

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

NDVI

Noise

PM10 NDVI

1.0

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6

1.0

Sunlight

NO2

1.0

-0.4 -0.6

Noise Weighted Data

NO2

1.0

Biodiversity

Veg & Fruits Butterflies

EarthwormsAir-Purifier

Wildlife-preferred Plants

Veg & Fruits

Air-Purifier

Environmental Data

NO2

Government Guildline

Wildlife-preferred Plants Kestrels Air-Purifier

Air-purifier

Negtive

Direct impact

0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

Earthworms Human Kestrels Hedgehogs Air-Purifier Red Foxs Butterflies Earthworms Wildlife-preferred Plants Veg & Fruits

Veg & Fruits

Plants

Positive

Indirect impact

1.0

Plants Veg&Fruits Composting

Composting Wildlife Habitats

Hearing

Negtive

NDVI 0.8

Plants

Sight

Smell

Positive

Noise

Human Composting

Hedgehogs

Butterflies

Sensory Organs

Hearing

NO2

Plants Wildlife Habitats

Components

Red Foxs

Weighted PM10

Wildlife-preferred Plants

Composting Human Urban Farming System Earthworm Wildlife Habitats

-0.4 -0.6

1.0

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

-0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -1.0

-0.4 -0.6

-0.8 -1.0

1.0

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

-0.4 -0.6

-0.8 -1.0

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -1.0

CO Biodiversity

NO2 Sunlight

1.0

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -1.0

1.0 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -1.0

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -1.0

NDVI

Noise

1.0 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -1.0

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -1.0

Biodiversity

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -1.0

Sunlight

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -1.0

NDVI

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -1.0

Biodiversity

Sunlight

1.0

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2

-0.4 -0.6

-0.8 -1.0

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5.4.1 Wildlife Component To generate spatial scope for each component, we took the peak points of each relevant intelligences habitat map and overlapped them to show their spatial relations of each component on site.

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Peak points

Contour map of Wildlife-preferred Plants

Wildlife-preferred Plants

Hedgehogs

Butterflies

Red Foxes

Kestrels

Peak points on the surface of Contour map

Site

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5.4.2 Agriculture Component To generate spatial scope for each component, we took the peak points of each relevant intelligences habitat map and overlapped them to show their spatial relations of each component on site.

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Peak points

Contour map of Veg & Fruits

Veg & Fruits

Hedgehogs

Butterflies

Peak points on the surface of Contour map

Site

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5.4.3 Compost Component To generate spatial scope for each component, we took the peak points of each relevant intelligences habitat map and overlapped them to show their spatial relations of each component on site.

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Peak points

Contour map of Air-Purifiers

Air-Purifiers

Earthworms

Peak points on the surface of Contour map

Site

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5.5 Spatial Generation We’ve tried to simulate the generation of the infrastructure. Peak points of wildlife component are taken as starting points of the infrastructure, allowing it to grow along the wildlife corridors and connect the

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entire site. The intersection area will be the locations for the design. The yellow frame was our first design attempt.

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5.5.1 Generation Simulation Using the spatial colonization algorithm we initially simulated the spatial generation from ground to roof within a minimum habitat patch.

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5.6 Initial Design Proposal 5.6.1 Wildlife Component Design A range of red fox acticities and spaces shown in the diagram are studied.

Jumping

200 cm

20 cm

Suitable Space for a fox

30cm

length = 80~100 cm

40cm

150 c

20cm

150c

Core area with a radius of 500 m

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100 cm

height = 150 cm

Prey

40 cm

100~300 cm

Wildflower or shrub

80 cm Walking

Hunting

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5.6.1 Wildlife Component Design This design is one of the structure that supports the whole infrastructure as well as providing different size of spaces for other intelligences.

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01 Top

01 Isometric

02 Top

02 Isometric

03 Top

03 Isometric

04 Top

04 Isometric

05 Top

05 Isometric

06 Top

06 Isometric

07 Top

07 Isometric

08 Top

08 Isometric

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5.6.2 Compost Component Design This is an initial design proposal for a compost component. A single unit is designed based on the principle of earthworm tower, a biodegradable composting method, which is basically a length of pipe buried halfway in the ground with holes drilled in the buried part for worms to get in and out.

Protype: a single unit

Soil constitution

Worm tower tube

Exterior porous material

Managing organic waste

Designing for zero waste

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In our design, the unit is filled with soil and we redesign the worm tower as a plug-in tube. By adding different organic food waste into the tube to adjust the PH value of soil, we can get healthy and fertile soil suitable for different plants. Not all food waste can be eaten by worms. Dairy products, oily meat, and acidic foods, such as lemons, have a negative effect on worms. So we wondered if we could turn the organic waste that is not suitable for worms into building materials, then we can establish a zero waste urban farming system.

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5.6.3 Perspective Views This is a perspective view to show a combined component. In our system, each component does not exist in isolation. Agriculture component is placed on the top of the roof, while composting component serves as a support structure. We want our design to be a self-sustaining system, which means the system keeps growing as food waste being produced on site.

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5.6.4 Bird View Agriculture component is placed on the top of the roof, while composting component serves as a support structure.

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5.7 Section Diagram As Bateson indicates when the phenomena of the universe are seen as linked together by cause-andeffect and energy transfer, the resulting picture is of complexly branching and interconnecting chains of causation. In our design, microbe communities and worms play important roles. They live in this system, process and feed on these oligomeric molecules and return them to the soil as plant growth hormones. By establishing an urban farming system, we want to rethink a new paradigm in the light of ‘communicative interconnections among all living beings’.

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FAO, 2015. Food wastage footprint & Climate Change. FAO. Hedgehog Street. n.d. Home - Hedgehog Street. [online] Available at: <https://www.hedgehogstreet. org/> [Accessed 25 April 2021]. Kirkland, P., n.d. Butterflies and moths suffering from damaging effects of nitrogen deposition. [online] Butterfly-conservation.org. Available at: <https:// butterfly-conservation.org/news-and-blog/butterfliesand-moths-suffering-from-damaging-effects-ofnitrogen-deposition> [Accessed 25 April 2021]. Landlife WIldflowers, nd. Why are Wildflowers Important? Available at: <https://www.wildflower. co.uk/wildflower-advice/why-are-wildflowersimportant#:~:text=Wildflowers%20provide%20 pollinators%20and%20insects,shelter%20and%20 places%20to%20breed.&text=Wildflowers%20are%20 beneficial%20during%20the,for%20birds%20and%20 small%20mammals> [Accessed 25 April 2021]. Liu, Y., Wooster, M., Grosvenor, M., Lim, K. and Francis, R., 2020. Strong impacts of smoke polluted air demonstrated on the flight behaviour of the painted lady butterfly ( Vanessa cardui L.). Ecological Entomology, 46(2), pp.195-208. Lovett, J., n.d. Monarch Watch : Biology : Sensory Systems : Touch. [online] Monarchwatch.org. Available at: <https://www.monarchwatch.org/biology/sense1. htm#:~:text=Adult%20butterflies%20sense%20 most%20smells,by%20the%20male%2C%20called%20 pheromones> [Accessed 25 April 2021].

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Mayntz, M., 2019. Birds Senses and How They Use Them. The Spruce. [online] Available at:<https://www. thespruce.com/birds-five-senses-386441> [Accessed 25 April 2021]. Mayntz, M., 2020. Bird Sunbathing - Why Do They Do It? How Sunning Helps Birds [online] Available at:<https://www.thespruce.com/birds-fivesenses-386441> [Accessed 25 April 2021]. Morton, T. (2016). Dark ecology: For a logic of future coexistence. Newsome, T. and van Eeden, L., 2017. The Effects of Food Waste on Wildlife and Humans. Sustainability, 9(7), p.1269. Riegert, J., Dufek, A., Fainová, D., Mikeš, V. and Fuchs, R., 2007. Increased hunting effort buffers against vole scarcity in an urban Kestrel Falco tinnunculus population. Bird Study, 54(3), pp.353-361. Simons, P., 2017. Plantwatch: Wildflowers lose out twice from nitrogen pollution. The Guardian. [online] Available at: <https://www.theguardian.com/ environment/2017/dec/17/plantwatch-wildflowerslose-out-twice-from-nitrogen-pollution> [Accessed 25 April 2021]. Tan, Y., Dion, E. and Monteiro, A., 2018. Haze smoke impacts survival and development of butterflies. Scientific Reports, 8(1). Taylor, L., 2020. London pigeons. [online] Londonpigeons.co.uk. Available at: <http://www. londonpigeons.co.uk/> [Accessed 25 April 2021]. The British Hedgehog Preservation Society. 2021. The British Hedgehog Preservation Society. [online] Available at: <https://www.britishhedgehogs.org.uk/> [Accessed 25 April 2021]. Village, A., 1982. The Home Range and Density of Kestrels in Relation to Vole Abundance. The Journal of Animal Ecology, 51(2), p.413.

Warren, P., Tripler, C., Bolger, D., Faeth, S., Huntly, N., Lepczyk, C., Meyer, J., Parker, T., Shochat, E. and Walker, J., 2006. Urban Food Webs: Predators, Prey, and the People Who Feed Them. Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America, 87(4), pp.387-393. Wildlife Online, 2021. European Hedgehog Senses & Vocalisation. [online] Wildlifeonline. me.uk. Available at: <https://www.wildlifeonline. me.uk/animals/article/european-hedgehogsenses#:~:text=Additionally%2C%20hedgehogs%20 have%20a%20well,into%20the%20accessory%20 olfactory%20bulbs> [Accessed 25 April 2021]. Wildlife Online, 2021. Red Fox Senses. [online] Wildlifeonline.me.uk. Available at: <https://www. wildlifeonline.me.uk/animals/article/red-fox-senses> [Accessed 25 April 2021]. WRAP, 2020. Food surplus and waste in the UK – key facts. Uexküll, J., 2010. A Foray into the Worlds of Animals and Humans: with a theory of meaning. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, pp.44-55, 139-208.

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