Pragya 110

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email office@nepalacademy.org.np

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;DkfbsLo g]kfn k|1f k|lti7fg efiff, ;flxTo, ;+:s[ltsf ;fy} jfª\do;Fu ;Da4 ljljw ljifo / If]qsf] ;+/If0f, k|jw{g / pGgogsf] If]qdf lqmofzLn ;+:yf xf] . k|lti7fgsf] Oltxf; / k|lti7f;Fu hf]l8P/ jiff}b+{ l] v cfˆgf] ljlzi6 kl/ro lnP/ cfO/x]sf] k|1f cg';Gwfgd"ns cw{jflif{s klqsfsf] …!!)Ú cª\s oxfFx? ;dIo k|:t't 5 . cfb/0fLo kf7sj[Gb, jfª\dosf x/]s ljwf / If]qnfO{ ;d]6/] cg';Gwfgsf] kl/lwdf /x]/ n]lvPsf, dxŒjk"0f{ ;Gbe{ hf]l8Psf n]v /rgfx?sf dfWodn] ;dfhnfO{ ku]N{ g', 1fg / lj1fgsf] gofF ;Gb]z k|jfx ug',{ k'/ftflŒjs, cg';Gw]o ljifonfO{ aflx/ NofO{ 1fg / cg'ejsf dfWodn] ctLt bz{g u/fP/ xfd|f] cf/De ofqf / k|:yfgsf] nIo b'j} tk{m kf7snfO{ ;';l" rt ug'{ k|1fsf] nIo xf] eGg] tYok|lt oxfFx? hfgsf/ g} x'gx' G' 5 . ax'hftLo, ax'eflifs Pj+ ax';:+ s[ltn] l;Fufl/Psf] xfd|f] b]zsf efiff, ;flxTo / ;+:s[ltsf cfofdx?df w]/} sfd ug{ afFsL 5 . cem egf}F g]kfn gj lgdf{0fsf] qmd ev{/ yfngL ePsf] 5 . klxrfgsf] kl/ro lbg] qmddf cfˆgf] efiff, ;flxTo, ;+:s[lt, bz{g cflb df}lns kIf;Fu hf]l8P/ cfpg] g]kfn / g]kfnLsf af/]df ;a}n] hfgsf/L kfpg cfjZos 5 . Tof] cj;/sf] yfngL eO;s]sf] 5 /, To;qmddf xfd|f k|1f h:tf cg';Gwfgd"ns klqsfx? klg ;l/s ePsf 5g\ .

To;f] t k|1f klqsfn] ax'klxrfg ;lxtsf] xfd|f] d'ns ' nfO{ lrgfpg] sfdnfO{ cfˆgf] nIo / p2]Zo agfpFb} cfO/x]sf] 5 . efiff, ;flxTo, ;+:s[lt, bz{g, ;fdflhs zf:q / cGo ljljw kIfnfO{ ;d]6/] ;dfg k|ltlglwTjsf] ;Gb]z k|jfx ug]{ sfd k|1fn] ub{} cfO/x]sf] 5 . k'/fgf] k/Dk/fsf] lg/Gt/tfsf ;fydf o; cª\sb]lv gofF cjwf/0ffsf ;fy s]xL gofF ljifonfO{ klg ljz]if dxŒjsf ;fy :yfg lbg] nIo /flvPsf] 5 . cfut ;Defjgfsf] pHofnf] xf] . pHofnf]lt/ cfslif{t x'g' dflg;sf] k|fs[lts :jefj xf] . pHofnf]nfO{ k5\ofpg] wd{n] g} dflg;sf] pGglt ;Dej ePsf] xf] . cfutsf] k[i7e"ld ljutsf cFWof/f / pHofnf kf6fx?n] klg lgwf{/0f ub{5g\ . xfd|f] ljut lttf], 6/f],{ g'lgnf] / u'lnof] ;a} lsl;dsf] 5 . To;}n] xfdL cfwf cg'xf/ pHofnf] / cfwf cFWof/f] kf/]/ oxfF;Dd cfPsf 5f}F . t/ ljut lj;{g] / cfut gk5\ofpg] b'a} e'n ca bf]xf]l/g' x'Gg eGg] nfUb5 . To;}n] k|1fsf] o; cª\sdf xfdLn] s]xL ljut / s]xL jt{dfgnfO{ dxŒj lbPsf 5f}F . l;h{gfsf] klg zf]wd"ns kIfnfO{ dfq :yfg lbg ldNg] :jefjsf] klqsf ePsfn] k|1fdf l;h{gfsf :jtGq cleJolQm dfly klg uxg / ldlxg b[li6 nufOPsf n]vx? dfq ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . o; cª\sdf zf]w /

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cg';Gwfgsf] If]qdf nfdf] ;dob]lv ;fwgf/t JolQmTjx?sf ;fy;fy} k|fl1s If]qdf gofF pT;fx Pj+ lhDd]jf/L af]wsf ;fy k|jz ] ug'{ ePsf gofF n]vsx?nfO{ klg ;dfj]z u/]sf 5f}F . oBlk Pp6} cª\sdf w]/} s'/f ;d]6g\ ;Dej 5}g tfklg ljljw ljifo If]qsf dxŒjk"0f{ ljifox? oxfF c6fpg] k|oTg u/]sf 5f}F . g]kfndf ljleGg efiff efifLsf] jt{dfg cj:yfsf af/]df cBfjlws ul/Psf] n]v, jf0fLsf] ;Gbe{df ;+:s[t Jofs/0fdf k|rngdf /x]sf] :kmf]6 bz{g ;DaGwL dxŒjk"0f{ ljrf/ dflysf] n]v / g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df s] s:tf] efiff gLlt cjnDag ug'{ plrt xf]nf eGg] ;Gbe{df n]lvPsf] eflifs cWoog ;DaGwsf n]vx? o; cª\sdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . To:t} xfd|f] ;f+:s[lts klxrfgnfO{ ;d]6/] n]lvPsf oIf /fh s'a/] ;DaGwL n]v, k'/ftflŒjs dxŒjsf] xfd|f k|frLg xftxltof/sf af/]sf n]lvPsf] vf]hd"ns n]v / lnDa' hfltsf] ljljw kIf ;d]6/] n]lvPsf] n]vn] xfd|f] ;+:s[ltsf] klxrfgdf yf]/} eP klg d2t ug]{ 5g\ . z}lIfs Oltxf;nfO{ hf]8/] g]kfnsf] klxnf] ;+:s[t kf7zfnfsf af/]df tYo ;lxt ljj/0f k|:t't ul/Psf] n]v / xfd|f] Oltxf;sf] uf}/jnfO{ k'gM :d/0f u/L uf]vf{ etL{nfO{ cem} ;Ddflgt / Jojl:yt ub{} o;sf] lg/Gt/tfnfO{ sfod /fVg ;s] cem /fd|f] x'GYof] eGg] cfzodf n]lvPsf n]vx? Oltxf;sf] cWo]tfsf yk ;fdu|L ag]sf 5g\ . To;}u/L gf/L–k'?if zlQm;DaGwsf] ;Gt'ng Pj+ ;dtf / ;dfgtf ljifos jx; rln/x]sf] ;Gbe{nfO{ dxŒj lbFb} k'/f0fdf gf/Lsf ljifodf s] s:tf s'/fx? ul/Psf 5g\ eGg] af/] klg oxf k|;ª\u hf]l8Psf] 5 . To;}u/L xfd|f bz{gzf:qsf ljleGg kIfx?, d'ns ' L P]g @)!( sf] cWoog u/L n]lvPsf n]vx?n] klg gofF tYosf] phfu/ ug]{ sfddf d2t k'Ug] 7fg]sf 5f}F . To;}u/L dgf]lj1fgsf] cfw'lgs l;4fGt cr]tgn] snf l;h{gfdf kfg]{ k|efjsf af/]df n]lvPsf] n]vn] klg snf ;fwsx?nfO{ v'/fs lbg] g} 5 . gofF ;do clg gofF ;Gbe{ ;Fu;Fu} p7]sf gofF ljifox?dWo] s]xL ljifofgw o; cª\sdf ;d]6g\ ;s]sf 5f},F w]/} ljifo o;k6s klg 5'6s ] f 5g\ . 5'6s ] f / ;dfj]z ug{} kg]{ ljifox?nfO{ cfufdL cª\sdf k|fyldstf lbOFb} hfg] 5 . o; jif{sf] dWolt/ cfOk'Ubf g]kfnL ;flxTosf ljlzi6 ;|i6f ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] ztjflif{sL ;DkGg ePsf] 5 . ;flxTo ;fws sf]O/fnfn] ;flxlTos s[ltx? leq} efiff, ;flxTo / ;+:s[ltsf] ljifodf k|s6 u/]sf wf/0ffx? / ;f+:s[lts ;dGjosf ljifodf k|jfx ug{ rfx]sf] ;Gb]zsf af/]df klg n]Vg afFsL 5 eg] eflifs PsLs/0fsf cu'jf efg'eQm cfrfo{sf] låztjflif{sLsf] ljifo klg ;Demgf eO/x]5 . ;flxTosf oL b'O{ ;|i6fx?k|lt zAb >4f k|s6 ub{5f}F . k|1fsf] k|fl1s dof{bfnfO{ a'em] / cfˆgf ;f/ule{t cg';GwfgfTds n]vx? pknAw u/fpg' x'g] n]vx? k|lt cfef/ k|s6 ub{5f}F . lj1 ljz]if1Ho"x?n] ;do ;fGble{s cg';GwfgfTds n]vsx? pknAw u/fP/ xfd|f] of] lg/Gt/ cleofgdf o;/L g} ;w}F ;fy lbO/xg' x'g5 ] eGg] ck]Iff klg ub{5f}F .

—k|wfg ;Dkfbs

k|1 f MM 4

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eflifs cWoog

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g]kfnL d}lynL ef]hk'/L yf¿

;ª\Vof !,!),%#,@%% @,&(,&,%*@ !,&!,@,%#^ !,##,!,%$^

k|ltzt $*=^! !@=#) &=%# %=*^

;ª\Vof !,!*,@^,(%# #),(@,%#) !%,*$,(%* !%,@(,*&%

k|ltzt $$=^# !!=^& %=(* %=&&

k|1 f MM 5

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k|1 f MM 7

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– – – – – – – – – – – – – – !,^*,#$) – @,@&,#^,(#$

– – – – – – – – – – – – – – )=&$ – !))

#,&!@ #@ !) *)* $&^ !@@ #,$%* &,$(( !*,*!! !,&$& %,%#) !,$@,&*& @$& #$& @&,!!# * !^ !& #,^!@ %(( @() !,!^( @*& @,&@,%@$ ^( ^&,%*! #$ #,)@( !,^^& *%! #,!)@ %&( $** !),&)$ %,(@* #(@ #* @!,!&# $&,&!* @,^$,($,%)$

)=)!$ )=)))!@ )=))))# )=))# )=))!&( )=)))$^ )=)!# )=)@* )=)& )=))^% )=)@ )=%# )=)))(# )=))!# )=! )=))))# )=))))^ )=))))^! )=)!# )=)))@@ )=))! )=))$$ )=))! !=)@ )=)))@^ )=@% )=)))!@ )=)!! )=))^@( )=))#@ )=)!!& )=))@! )=))!* )=)$ )=)@@ )=))!$& )=)))!$# )=)&( )=!* !))

;|ft] M s]tlj k|1 f MM 8

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k|:t't tflnsfsf tYox?nfO{ s]nfpg] xf] eg] o;n] Psflt/ g]kfnsf] eflifs j:t'l:yltsf] emns b]vfPsf] 5 eg] csf{lt/ cg]s cfzª\sf klg hGdfPsf] 5 . 8f]6n] L, /fO{, tfhk'l/of, c5fdL, c7kl/of, ugufO{, vfd, dnkfG8], w'nn ] L, c/aL, :k]lg;, /l;og, k|mG] r, nf]kf, 8f]NkfnL, h'DnL, b}nv ] L, ;f]gxf, 88]Nw'/fnL, afh'/n ] L, bfr'n { n ] L, dgfªL, u9jfnL h:tf efiff @)%* sf] /fli6«o hgu0fgfdf 5}gg\ eg] @)^* sf] /fli6«o hgu0fgfdf ;dfj]z ePsf b]lvG5g\ . o:tf efiff sxfFaf6 s;/L b]lvP eGg] pT;'stf x'G5 . oL dWo] slt t g]kfnLs} If]qLo eflifsf x'g\ eg] s]xL gfd dfq km]l/Psf x'g ;Sb5g\ / s]xL eg] ljb]zL efiff x'g\ . Toltdfq xf]Og, @)^* sf] hgu0fgfdf cGo eg]/ @!,!&# hg;ª\Vof / l6kf]6{ g} gePsf egL $&,&!* hg;ª\Vof ;d]t pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . ;ª\Vofsf lx;fan] ;jf{lws a9L g]kfnL !,!*,@^,(%# / ;a}eGbf sd c/aLsf jStf * lbOPsf] 5 . s';G' 8fsf] @* hg;ª\Vof b]lvG5 . jf:tjdf s';G' 8f g]kfndf dfq af]lng] nf]kf]Gd'v efiff xf] . ylkg cfPsf sltko efiffsf jStfsf] ;ª\Vof cTolws Go"g /x]sf] 5 . !)) eGbf sd jStf ePsf g]kfnsf efiffdf sfOs], s';G' 8f, sfut], s'sL, 8f]hf]ªv \ f, jgsl/of cflb /x]sf 5g\ . @)^* sf] /fli6«o hgu0fgfdf 5'§} efiff egL pNn]v ePsf sltko efiffx? o;cl3 g]kfnLsf If]qLo eflifsfsf ¿kdf cWoog ePsf] kfOG5 . o;nfO{ lgDgcg';f/ b]vfpg ;lsG5 M tflnsf g+= @ efiff g]kfnL 8f]6]nL j}t8]nL aemfª\uL h'DnL b}n]vL 88]Nw'/fnL afh'/]nL bfr'{n]nL v; c5fdL 8f]NkfnL hDdf

g]kfnL efiff hg;ª\Vof k|ltzt !,!*,@^,(%# &,*&,*@& @,&@,%@$ ^&,%*! *%! #,!)@ $** !),&)$ %,(@* !,&$& !,$@,&*& !,^^& !,#!,@@,!%( $(

s}lkmot

efiffljb\x?n] o;cl3 oL dWo] ;fdfGotof j}t8]nLnfO{ k/klR5df eflifsf ;d"xdf 8f]6n ] L/ 88]Nw'/fnLnfO{ demklR5df eflifsf ;d"xdf c5fdL, aemfª\uL / afh'/]nLnfO{ cf]/klR5df eflifsf ;d"xdf h'DnL / 8f]NkfnLnfO{ dfemfnL jf s]Gb|Lo eflifsf ;d"xdf b}nv ] LnfO{ k'an {] L eflifsf ;d"xsf] v;fgLdf /fvL cWoog u/L cfPsf 5g\ -kf]v/]n, @)#^M#^–^%, Gof}kfg], @)^&M@*^–@(#_. v; tflnsf g+= @ df plNnlvt ;a} -v; afx]s_ efiffsf] hggL xf] . Tof] km]l/ oxfF efiff eg]/ cfof] . ;fdfGotof ;dfhdf cfdf / 5f]/Lsf] gfd Pp6} x'bF g} . @)^* sf] hgu0fgfnfO{ nf6f] lx;fan] x]bf{ g]kfnLsf jStfsf] ;ª\Vof 36]sf] b]lvG5 eg] pSt tflnsfn] ;f] tYonfO{ pN6\ofpF5 . j:t'tM efiff– eflifsfx?sf] lgwf{/0fsf] sfo{ k|fl1s cg';Gwfg / eflifs ;j]I{ f0fsf cfwf/df x'g' cfjZos 5 . of] /fhgLltsf] ljifo xf]Og / x'g' x'Fb}g . g]kfnL efiffefifLsf] ;ª\Vof To;sf dft[efiffsf cfwf/df / cGo sltko efiffefifLsf] ;ª\Vof ltgsf] hft– wd{–;Dk|bfosf cfwf/df ;d]t cfFsng u/]sfn] o:tf] clglZrttf b]vfk/]sf] x'g ;Sb5 . cd's y/sf] x'g] lalQs} p;sf] dft[efiff g]kfnL jf c¿ h'g;'s} eP klg y/ cg'¿ksf] efiff n]Vg]–n]vfpg] k|lqmofn] ;xL eflifs tYo;Dd k'Ug ;lsFbg} . @)%* / @)^* ;fnsf] /fli6«o hgu0fgfsf tYox?nfO{ x]bf{ k|d'v efiffx?sf] tYofª\sLo kl/jt{g ePsf] kfOG5 . d'Vo efiffx?sf] k|ltzt 36]sf], s]xL efiffsf] k|ltzt a9]sf], s]xL efiffsf] k|ltzt l:y/ /x]sf] / s]xL efiff ylkPsf b]lvG5g\ . o;nfO{ tflnsf g+= # df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . tflnsf g+= # kl/jlt{t eflifs tYofª\s ljZn]if0f qm=;+= kl/jt{g ! k|ltzt 36]sf

efiffx¿ s}lkmot g]kfnL, d}lynL, ef]hk'/L, yf¿, tfdfª, g]jf/, du/, cjwL, lnDa", u'?ª, jfGtjf, /fhj+zL, z]kf{, p/fp, dfemL, ysfnL, 5GTofn, lh/]n, s';'G8f cflb .

-Gof}kfg], @)^(_ k|1 f MM 9

@

k|ltzt a9]sf

# $

l:y/ /x]sf ylkPsf

alHhsf, pb"{, r]kfª, bg'jf/, ;'g'jf/, rfdlnª, yfdL, s'n'ª, ofSvf, y'n'ª, ;fDkfª, e'h]n, s'dfn cflb . ;GyfnL, cª\lusf cflb .

8f]6]nL, /fO{, c5fdL, a}t8]nL, h'DnL, aemfªL, b}n]vL, 88]Nw'/fnL, afh'/fnL, bfr'{n]nL, v;, a]nxf/], nf]kf cflb .

o; tflnsfaf6 k|dv ' efiffx?sf] k|ltzt 36]sf] b]lvG5 . s]xL efiffsf] k|ltzt a9]sf] b]lvG5 . ;GyfnL nufotsf efiffsf] k|ltzt l:y/ -;flas_ b]lvG5 . s]xL :jb]zL / s]xL ljb]zL efiffx?sf] k|ljli6 ePsf] 5 . ;+:s[t efiff hlt ;d[4 eP klg o;nfO{ dft[efiffsf ¿kdf af]Ng] sf]xL 5}gg\ . sxLF 5}gg\ .

t/ @)^* df !,^^( -)=))^@_ dft[ efiffefifL b]vfOPsf] 5 . o:t} l:ylt cGo sltko efiffsf] klg 5 . jStf g} gePsf efiffnfO{ oxfF dft[efiffsf] ;"rLdf jStf;ª\Vofsf ;fy :yfg lbOPsf] 5 . #=g]kfnsf efiffsf] ljsf; If]qut ljt/0f g]kfndf af]lng] !@# efiffdWo] s]xL efiff ;Lldt If]qdf af]lnG5g\ eg] s]xL efiff lj:t[t If]qdf af]lnG5g\ . g]kfn kfFr ljsf; If]qdf afFl8Psf] 5 . ;a} efiff ;a}lt/ Psgf;n] af]lnFbg} g\ . tL ljsf; If]qdf k|dv ' efiffx?sf] ljt/0fsf] l:yltnfO{ tflnsf g+= $ df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

tflnsf g+= $ ljsf; If]q / efiff qmd

ljsf; If]q k"jf{~rn %*,!!,%%% dWodf~rn (^,%^,(*% klZrdf~rn $(,@^,&^% dWo klZrdf~rn #%,$^,^*@ ;'b"/ klZrdf~rn @%,%@,%!&

klxnf] efiff bf];|f] efiff t];|f] efiff g]kfnL d}lynL lnDa" @),)&,)@$ !%,^),)(& #,#@,#$^ g]kfnL d}lynL tfdfª #$,*!,*($ !$,^@,@(* !!,!),%@@ g]kfnL ef]hk'/L du/ @(,)#,(%% %,!&,%#! #,(),%#! g]kfnL yf¿ cjwL @^,^#,&%* $,%$,%!^ !,%&,#^# 8f]6]nL g]kfnL yf¿ &,&&,@$& &,&),#@@ $,#$,#)$

rf}yf] efiff yf¿ @,^!,%)( ef]hk'/L !),$%,@)! cjwL #,$!,!@@ pb"{ !,)#,%(@ j}t8]nL @,&!,*#*

kfFrf}F efiff tfdfª !,*$,(#& alHhsf &,&!,(*& u'?ª @,@^,*(( du/ *$,&&$ c5fdL !,$@,%!^ -s]tlj, @)^*_

tflnsf g+= $ af6 ljsf; If]qdf k|dv ' efiffx?sf] ljt/0fsf] l:yltsf] emns kfOG5 . d]rL, sf]zL / ;u/dfyf c~rnsf lxdfn, kxf8 / t/fO{sf !^ lhNnf kg]{ k"jf{~rn ljsf; If]qdf hDdf %*,!!,%%% jStf /x]sf 5g\ . o; If]qdf ;a}eGbf a9L jStf g]kfnL efiffsf 5g\ eg] To;kl5 qmdzM d}lynL, lnDa", yf¿ tyf tfdfª /x]sf 5g\ . gf/fo0fL, jfudtL / hgsk'/ c~rnsf lxdfn, kxf8 tyf t/fO{sf !( lhNnf kg]{ dWodf~rn If]qdf hDdf (^,%^,(*% jStfx?

5g\ . o; If]qsf] eflifs qmddf ;aeGbf a9L g]kfnL To;kl5 qmdzM d}lynL, tfdfª, ef]hk'/L / alHhsf efiff /x]sf 5g\ . alHhsf efiff @)%* ;fnsf] hgu0fgdf dfq b]lvPsf] xf] . u08sL, n'lDagL / wjnflul/ c~rnsf lxdfn, kxf8 / t/fO{sf !^ lhNnf kg]{ klZrdf~rn ljsf; If]qdf hDdf $,(@^,&^% jStfx? /x]sf 5g\ . oxfF klg ;aeGbf a9L jStf g]kfnLsf 5g\ eg] To;kl5sf] qmddf qmdzM ef]hk'/L, du/, cjwL / u'?ª efiff b]lvPsf 5g\ .

k|1 f MM 10

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/fKtL, e]/L / s0ff{nL c~rnsf lxdfn, kxf8 / t/fO{sf !% lhNnf kg]{ dWo klZrdf~rn ljsf; If]qdf #%,$^,^*@ jStfx? /x]sf 5g\ . oxfF klg ;aeGbf a9L jStf g]kfnLsf 5g\ . oxfF ;a}eGbf a9L g]kfnL / To;kl5sf qmddf yf¿, cjwL pb"{ / du/ efiff b]lvPsf 5g\ . ;'b"/ klZrdf~rn ljsf; If]qdf hDdf @%,%@,%!& jStfx? /x]sf 5g\ . oxfF eg] ;aeGbf a9L jStf 8f]6n ] Lsf -&,&&,@$&_ 5g\ . klxnf] k6s @)^* sf] hg u0fgfdf b]vfk/]sf] 8f]6n ] L efiffn] g]kfnL efiffnfO{ pl5g]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . o; If]qdf g]kfnL efiff bf];f| ] :yfgdf k/]sf] 5 .

To;kl5 qmdzM yf¿, j}t8]nL / c5fdL efiff /x]sf 5g\ . oxfFsf] eflifs b[Zo @)%* sf] eGbf lgs} leGg b]lvPsf] 5 . o; If]qsf 8f]6n ] L, c5fdL / j}t8]nL efiffx? gofF 5g\ . lognfO{ eflifs cWoogdf g]kfnL efiffsf eflifsf dflgG5 . $= g]kfnsf efiffsf] ef}uf]lns ljt/0f g]kfnsf efiffx? ljleGg ef}uf]lns If]qdf 5l/Psf 5g\ . g]kfn lxdfn, kxf8 / t/fO{df ljeSt 5 . /fli6«o hgu0fgf @)^* sf cg';f/ t/fO{df !,##,!*,&)% hgf -%)=@& k|ltzt_, kxf8df !,!#,($,))& hgf -$)=)! k|ltzt_ / lxdfnL If]qdf !&,*!,&(@ hgf -^=&# k|ltzt_ g]kfnLsf] a;f]af; /x]sf] 5 . o;n] efiffefifLsf] ef}uf]lns ljt/0fnfO{ klg b]vfpF5 . kfFr ljsf; If]qdf kg]{ lxdfn, kxf8 / t/fO{sf] eflifs cj:yfnfO{ lgDg cg';f/ k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 M $=! k"jf{~rnsf lxdfn, kxf8 / t/fO{df eflifs cj:yf tflnsf g+= % ef}luns If]q klxnf] bf];f| ] t];f| ] rf}yf] kfFrf}F ef}luns If]q klxnf] bf];|f] t];|f] rf}yf] kfFrf}F lxdfnL g]kfnL lnDa" z]kf{ tfdfª s'n'ª #,(@,)*( !,%(,(!% %^,)*) $$,)#) @(,)#$ @),@!$ kxf8L g]kfnL lnDa" jGtjf du/ tfdfª !^,)!,#$( &,%$,^%* !,&$,#!* !,)%,&$* !,)!,&*% @(,)#$ t/fO{ d}lynL g]kfnL yf¿ pb"{ /fhj+zL #*,!*,!!( !%,$!,*&( !),(@,$%! @,#^,$^@ !,&!,*@) !,@!,)#*

-s]tlj, @)^*_

k"jf{~rnsf] lxdfnL lhNnfdf tfKn]hª' , ;f]nv ' D' a', ;+vj' f;ef lhNnfx? kb{5g\ eg] To;} If]qsf] kxf8L lhNnfdf Onfd, kfFry/, t]xy| d' , wgs'6f, ef]hk'/, vf]6fª, cf]vn9'ªu\ f / pbok'/ kb{5g\ . o; If]qsf t/fO{sf lhNnfx?df emfkf, df]/ª, ;'g;/L, ;Kt/L / l;/fxf kb{5g\ . g]kfnL k"jf{~rnsf lxdfn / kxf8df ;a}eGbf a9L jStfn] af]Ng] efiff b]lvPsf] 5 eg] t/fO{df g]kfnL bf];f| ] efiffsf ¿kdf b]lvPsf] 5 . lxdfnL If]qdf qmdzM lnDa", z]kf{, tfdfª, s'nª' efiff bf];f| ,] t];f| ,] rf}yf] / kfFrf}F :yfgdf b]vfk/]sf 5g\ . o:t}, kxf8L If]qdf qmdzM lnDa", jfGtjf, du/, tfdfª efiff bf];f| ,] t];f| ,] rf}yf] / kfFrf}F :yfgdf b]vfk/]sf 5g\ . o;} u/L t/fO{df d}lynL klxnf] :yfgdf /x]sf] 5 eg] g]kfnL bf];f| ] :yfgdf /x]sf] 5 eg] yf¿, pb"{ / /fhj+zL qmdzM t];f| ,] rf}yf] / kfFrf}F :yfgdf b]vfk/]sf 5g\ . $=@ dWodf~rnsf lxdfn, kxf8 / t/fO{df eflifs cj:yf tflnsf g+= ^ ef}uf]lns If]q klxnf] bf];f| ] t];f| ] rf}yf] kfFrf}F ef}uf]lns If]q klxnf] bf];|f] t];|f] lxdfn g]kfnL tfdfª g]jf/ %,!&,^%% @,*&,)^$ !,%@,%#% @),(*^ kxf8 g]kfnL tfdfª g]jf/ $$,#!,*!# @$,*!,$)) *,#!,&*^ ^,$(,*^& t/fO{ d}lynL ef]hk'/L alHhsf $&,)&,%!& !#,*(,&@* !),!@,^&! &,(!,%(^

rf}yf] kfFrf}F yfdL z]kf{ !*,!$^ !^,$%& du/ d}lynL (),#^& ^@,#!% g]kfnL pb"{ &,!#,$#) @,&),$^&

-s]tlj, @)^*_ dWodf~rnsf lxdfnL lhNnfdf /;'jf, l;Gw'kfNrf]s / bf]nvf kb{5g\ . oxfF g]kfnL efiff klxnf] :yfgdf 5 . o:t} bf];f| ,] t];f| ,] rf}yf] / kfFrf}F efiffdf qmdzM tfdfª, g]jf/, yfdL / z]kf{ k/]sf 5g\ . To:t} kxf8L If]qdf /fd]5fk, l;Gw'nL, sfe|]knf~rf]s, eStk'/, nlntk'/, sf7df8f}F, g'jfsf]6, wflbª / dsjfgk'/ lhNnf kb{5g\ . oxfF klg g]kfnL klxnf] :yfgdf /x]sf] 5 . o:t} bf];f| ,] t];f| ,] rf}yf] / kfFrf}F efiffdf qmdzM tfdfª, g]jf/, du/ / d}lynL k/]sf 5g\ . o;}u/L t/fO{df d}lynL klxnf] :yfgdf b]vfk/]sf] 5 . bf];f| ,] t];f| ,] rf}yf] / kfFrf}F efiffdf qmdzM ef]hk'/L, alHhsf, g]kfnL / pb"{ b]lvPsf 5g\ . k|1 f MM 11

$=# klZrdf~rnsf lxdfn, kxf8 / t/fO{df eflifs cj:yf tflnsf g+= & ef}uf]lns If]q klxnf] bf];f| ] t];f| ] rf}yf] kfFrf}F ef}uf]lns If]q klxnf] bf];|f] t];|f] rf}yf] kfFrf}F lxdfn g]kfnL u'?ª nf]kf ysfnL tdfª !(,(() ^,&(( ^,#@& @,(@$ !,^%* ^(! kxf8 g]kfnL du/ u'?ª g]jf/ tfdfª @*,!!,!#% @@,!),(@! @,%^,)@& !,((,^%& $$,*!* #!,*@$ t/fO{ g]kfnL ef]hk'/L cjwL yf¿ du/ @),(%,^$) ^,*^,@#% %,!),@** #,$),(@& !,*@,*(@ !,#$,)*!

-s]tlj, @)^*_ klZrdf~rnsf] lxdfnL e]sdf d':tfª / dgfª lhNnf dfq kb{5g\ . o; e]sdf qmdzM g]kfnL, u'?ª, nf]kf, ysfnL / tfdfª efiff qmdzM klxnf], bf];f| ,] t];f| ,] rf}yf] / kfFrf}F efiffsf ¿kdf /x]sf b]lvG5g\ . o;} If]qsf] kxf8L lhNnfdf uf]vf{, ndh'ª, tgx',F sf:sL, :ofª\hf, kj{t, DofUbL, afun'ª, u'NdL, kfNkf / c3f{vfFrL kb{5g\ . o; e]sdf qmdzM g]kfnL, du/, u'?ª, g]jf/ / tfdfª efiff qmdzM klxnf], bf];f| ,] t];f| ,] rf}yf] / kfFrf}F efiffsf ¿kdf /x]sf b]lvG5g\ . o;} u/L t/fO{df gjnk/f;L, ¿kGb]xL, slknj:t' lhNnf kb{5g\ . o; e]sdf qmdzM g]kfnL, ef]hk'/L, cjwL, yf¿ / du/ efiff qmdzM klxnf], bf];f| ,] t];f| ,] rf}yf] / kfFrf}F efiffsf ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\ . $=$ dWo klZrdf~rnsf lxdfn, kxf8 / t/fO{df eflifs cj:yf tflnsf g+= * ef}uf]lns If]q klxnf] bf];f| ] t];f| ] rf}yf] kfFrf}F ef}uf]lns If]q klxnf] bf];|f] t];|f] rf}yf] kfFrf}F lxdfn g]kfnL tfdfª z]kf{ u'?ª du/ #,**,&!# #^,&#$ !),*&^ @,*(& @,$&% @,$!$ kxf8 g]kfnL du/ vfd yf¿ u'?ª !^,*&,$() !%,*$,(&* ^(,$!@ !@,(^& ^,**( #,%%# t/fO{ g]kfnL yf¿ cjwL pb"{ du/ @),(%,^$) &,!$,)$^ $,$&,#(& !,%&,@!& !,)@,*)) !@,($*

-s]tlj, @)^*_ dWo klZrdf~rnsf lxdfnL e]sdf 8f]Nkf, h'Dnf, d'u,' x'Dnf / sfnLsf]6 lhNnfx? kb{5g\ . o; e]sdf qmdzM g]kfnL, tfdfª, z]kf{, u'?ª / k|1 f MM 12

du/ efiff klxnf], bf];f| ,] t];f| ,] rf}yf] / kfFrf}F efiffsf ¿kdf /x]sf b]lvG5g\ . dWo klZrdf~rnsf] kxf8L e]sdf g]kfnL, du/, vfd, yf¿ / u'?ª efiff qmdzM klxnf], bf];f| ,] t];f| ,] rf}yf] / kfFrf}F efiffsf ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\ . o; If]qsf] t/fO{df klg g]kfnL ;a}eGbf a9L jStfn] af]Ng] efiffsf ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 eg] To;kl5sf] qmddf yf¿, cjwL, pb"{ / du/ efiffsf] qmd /x]sf] 5 . $=% ;'b/" klZrdf~rnsf lxdfn, kxf8 / t/fO{df eflifs cj:yf tflnsf g+= ( ef}uf]lns If]q klxnf] bf];f| ] t];f| ] rf}yf] kfFrf}F ef}uf]lns If]q klxnf] bf];|f] t];|f] rf}yf] kfFrf}F lxdfn g]kfnL 8f]6]nL aemfªL z]kf{ nfKrf $,^#,#$% @,*$,#%) !,@*,**) $%,**# &&^ ^$! kxf8 8f]6]nL j}t8]nL g]kfnL c5fdL du/ *,^@,@!% #,@$,#$* @,$%,%!@ !,(&,$@$ $$,*!* $,&!$ t/fO{ yf¿ 8f]6]nL g]kfnL c5fdL j}t8]nL !@,@^,(%& $,##,^!) #,@$,)!( @,**,%$^ %*,&)) @^,@^#

-s]tlj, @)^*_ ;"b/" klZrdf~rndf @)%* ;fnsf] eflifs tYofª\seGbf @)^* sf] eflifs tYofª\sdf 7"nf] kl/jt{g b]lvPsf] 5 . o; If]qsf] lxdfnL If]qdf g]kfnL efiff g} klxnf] :yfgdf /x]sf] 5 . bf];f| ] / t];f| ] efiffdf 8f]6n ] L / aemfªL /x]sf 5g\ . o;sf lxdfns} rf}yf] / kfFrf}F efiffdf z]kf{ / nfKrf efiff k/]sf 5g\ . logsf jStf gu0o /x]sf 5g\ . o; If]qsf] kxf8L e]sdf 8f]6n ] L, j}t8]nL, g]kfnL, c5fdL / du/ efiff qmdzM klxnf], bf];f| ,] t];f| ,] rf}yf] / kfFrf}F efiffsf ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\ . ;"b/" klZrdf~rnsf] t/fO{df yf¿, 8f]6]nL, g]kfnL, c5fdL / j}t8]nL efiff qmdzM klxnf], bf];f| ,] t];f| ,] rf}yf] / kfFrf}F efiffsf ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\ . %= g]kfnsf efiffsf] kfl/jfl/s l:ylt eflifs ljz]iftf cflbsf cfwf/df ;+;f/sf efiffx?nfO{ ljleGg kl/jf/df /fv]/ cWoog ug]{ ul/G5 . ;+;f/df y'k}| efiff kl/jf/x? /x]sf 5g\ . g]kfndf af]lng] efiffx? klg ;fdfGotof tLdWo]

s'g} g s'g} efiff kl/jf/df kb{5g\ . g]kfnsf efiffx? olsg x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . To;}n] o;nfO{ oxfF Psn ef/f] k ] n L, lrlgofF ltAjtL, cfUg] n L kl/jf/df /flvPsf] 5 -Gof}kfg], @)^( M #@%_ .

-cfUg]l;ofnL÷cfl:6«s_ / b|lj8 efiffkl/jf/df g]kfnsf efiffnfO{ efiffkl/jf/df lgDg cg';f/ kb{5g\ . s';G' 8f s'g efiffkl/jf/df kb{5 eGg] af/] juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 M tflnsf g+= !) g]kfnsf efiffsf] kfl/jfl/s juL{s/0f qm=;+= efiffkl/jf/ efiffx¿ ! ef/f]k]nL g]kfnL, d}lynL, ef]hk'/L, yf¿, 8f]6]nL, cjwL, alHhsf, pb"{, /fhj+zL, lxGbL, dfemL, bg'jf/, aª\ufnL, /fh:yfgL, cª\lusf, b/}, s'dfn, af]6], kGhfaL, cª\u|]hL, ;+:s[t, l;GwL, sf]r], xl/ofGjL, duxL, sdf{nL, d';ndfg, tfhk'l/of, v;, c5fdL, j}t8]nL, h'DnL, aemfªL, b}n]vL, 88]Nw'/fnL, afh'/fnL, bfr'{n]nL, v; cflb . @ lrlgofF tfdfª, g]jf/L, du/, jfGtjf, u'?ª, lnDa", z]kf{, /fO{, rfdlnª, r]kfª, ltAatL ;'g'jf/, yfdL, s'n'ª, lwdfn, ofSvf, y'n'ª, ;fDkfª, e'h]n, vflnª, ysfnL, 5GTofn, ltAatL, b'dL, lh/]n, afDa'n], k'df, of]Ndf] -x\ofNof]_, gfl5l/ª, b'/f, d]r], kx/L, n]Krf -nfKr]_, alxª, sf]O{, /fhL, xfo' -jfo'_, Aof;L, ofDkm", 3n], vl/of, l5lnª, nf]xf]?ª, rfOlgh, d]jfxfª, sfOs], /fp6], a/d -a/fd'_, ltn'ª, h]/f], b'ª\dfnL, lnªlvd, ;fd, sfut], 8]hf]ª\vf -e'6fgL_, l5Gtfª, Nxf]dL, s'sL, c7kl/of, a]nxf/], jfn'ª, ;'/]n, dgfªL, nf]kf cflb . # cfUg]nL ;GyfnL -;tf/_ $ b|lj8 p/fp -emfFu8_ / ls;fg % Psn s';'G8f oxfF logsf] qmdzMrrf{ ul/Psf] 5 M %=! ef/f]kn ] L efiffkl/jf/df kg]{ g]kfnsf efiffx? g]kfnsf] 7"nf] hg;ª\Vofn] o;} kl/jf/sf efiffx? af]Nb5g\ . of] ;+;f/s} ;a}eGbf 7"nf] efiffkl/jf/ xf] . tflnsf qm=;+= ! @ # $

efiff g]kfnL d}lynL ef]hk'/L yf¿

% ^ &

8f]6]nL alHhsf pb"{

* ( !)

cjwL /fhj+zL lxGbL

g]kfnsf g]kfnL, d}lynL, ef]hk'/L, yf¿, 8f]6n] L, cjwL, alHhsf, pb",{ /fhj+zL, lxGbL, dfemL nufotsf efiffx? o;} kl/jf/df kb{5g\ . @)^* sf] /fli6«o hgu0fgfdf cg';f/ b;f}F :yfg;Dd kg]{ g]kfnsf ef/f]kn ] L efiffkl/jf/sf efiffsf] ljj/0f lgDg cg';f/ 5 M g+= !!

jStf ;ª\Vof k|ltzt k|d'v eflifs If]q !,!*,@^,(%# $$=^# g]kfnel/ #),(@,%#) !!=& ;'g;/L, ;Kt/L, l;/fxf, ;nf{xL, wg'iff / dxf]Q/L !%,*$,(%* ^=) af/f, k;f{, ;nf{xL, gjnk/f;L, ¿kGb]xL, !%,@(,*&% %=* ;'g;/L, df]/ª, lrtjg, gjnk/f;L, ¿kGb]xL, afFs], alb{of, bfª, ;'v]{t, s}nfnL, s~rgk'/ &,*&,*@& @=(& ;'b"/ klZrdsf clwsf+z 7fpF &,#(,$!# @=&( /f}tx6, ;nf{xL, dxf]Q/L ^,(!,%$^ @=^ ;'g;/L, afFs], /f}tx6, ;nf{xL, dxf]Q/L d';ndfg a:g] t/fO{ If]q %,)!,&%@ !=*( afFs], alb{of, slknj:t' !,@@,@!$ )=$^ emfkf / df]/ª &&,%^( )=@( la/uGhlt/sf t/fO{ If]q

k|1 f MM 13

%=@ lrlgofF ltAatL efiffkl/jf/df kg]{ g]kfnsf efiffx? ef/f]kn ] Lkl5 g]kfnsf] 7"nf] hg;ª\Vofn] o;} kl/jf/sf efiffx? af]Nb5g\ . efiffx? s'n ;ª\Vofsf b[li6n] eg] clwstd ;ª\Vof o;} kl/jf/sf efiffsf] b]lvG5 . g]kfnsf tfdfª, g]jf/, du/, lnDa", u'?ª,

/fO{, jfGtjf, z]kf{, rfdlnª, r]kfª, ofSvf, y'nª' , ;fDkfª, e'hn ] , b/}, vflnª, ysfnL, 5GTofn cflb efiffx? o;} kl/jf/df kb{5g\ . @)^* sf] hgu0fgf cg';f/ hg;ª\Vof -jStf_ sf b[li6n] b;f}F :yfg;Dd kg]{ g]kfnsf lrlgofF ltAatL efiffkl/jf/sf efiffsf] ljj/0f o; k|sf/ 5 M

tflnsf g+= !@

%=# cfUg]nL efiffkl/jf/df kg]{ g]kfnsf efiff g]kfnsf efiffsf] l:ylt x]bf{ jStf jf hg;ª\Vofsf b[li6n] t];f| ] :yfg cfUg]nLsf] b]lvG5 . cfUg]nLnfO{ cfl:6«s efiffkl/jf/ klg elgG5 . cfUg]nL efiffkl/jf/sf efiffx?nfO{ ef/t jif{sf] ;j{ k|frLg efiffsf ¿kdf lnOG5 . k|frLg ef/t jif{df sfo{x? cfpg' k"j{ b|lj8x? b|lj8x? cfpg' k"j{ dª\uf]nx? / dª\uf]nx? cfpg' k"j{ cfUg]nL kl/jf/sf efiff af]lnGy] eGg] tYox? /x]sf 5g\ . o; kl/jf/sf efiffefifLx? blIf0fL tyf pQ/L lxGbL rLgsf lgjf;L lyP eg] pgLx? cf;fdsf] af6f] x'bF } g]kfn cfPsf] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfndf o; kl/jf/sf] Psdfq ;Gyfn efiff af]lnG5 . o;nfO{ ;tf/ klg elgG5 . of] ;Gyfn ;d'bfosf] efiff xf] . ;Gyfnx? emfkf / df]/ªdf a;f]af; ub{5g\ . ef/tsf] cf;fd / laxf/df klg ;Gyfnsf] a;f]af; kfOG5 . g]kfndf @)^* k|1 f MM 14

sf] hgu0fgfdf ;GyfnLsf jStf $(,*%% -)=!* k|ltzt_ /x]sf] kfOG5 . %=$ b|lj8 jStfsf ;ª\Vofsf lx;fan] b|lj8 efiffkl/jf/ rf}yf] >]0fLdf kg{ cfPsf] 5 . b|lj8 Pp6f dfgj hflt klg xf] . ef/t jif{df o;sf] k|jz ] cfo{eGbf klxn] ePsf] kfOG5 . o; kl/jf/sf tldn, t]nu', dnofnd, sGg8 cflb efiff blIf0f ef/tdf Jofks ¿kdf af]lnG5g\ . g]kfndf o; kl/jf/sf] p/fj efiff af]lnG5 . klxn] o;nfO{ emfFu8 elgGYof] . @)%* ;fn;Ddsf hgu0fgdf o;nfO{ emfFu8 g} pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . emfFu8x? cfkm"x?nfO{ p/fp eGg ?rfpF5g\ . @)^* sf] hgu0fgdf p/fp efiffefifLsf] ;ª\Vof ##,^%! -)=!@ k|ltzt_ /x]sf] 5 . of] g]kfnsf ;'g;/L / df]/ªsf s]xL 7fpFdf p/fp ;d'bfoaf6 af]lnG5 . o;df ef]hk'/L

efiffsf] k|efj klg b]lvG5 . ls;fg efiff klg b|lj8 efiffkl/jf/sf] efiff xf] . o;sf jStf emfkf / k;f{df /x]sf 5g\ . @)%* sf] hgu0fgfdf ls;fgsf] ;ª\Vof $*( /x]sf]df @)^* sf] hgu0fgfdf !,!&* -)=))$$ k|ltzt_ k'us ] f] b]lvG5 . %=% Psn kl/jf/ -s';G' 8f_ g]kfndf af]lng] s';G' 8f efiffsf] ;Dos\ cWoog gePsfn] of] s'g kl/jf/df kb{5 eGg] olsg ePsf] 5}g . of] k|rlnt s'g} efiffkl/jf/l;t ldNb}g . To;}n] otf cfP/ o;nfO{ P‘ sn kl/jf/’ egL sfd rnfpg] ul/Psf] 5 . o;nfO{ s';G' 8f hfltn] af]Nb5g\ . tgx",F uf]/vf, Ko'7fg, bfª, ;Nofgsf 3gf hª\undf /dfpg] s';G' 8f Psbd} sd 5g\ . o;sf jStf emg} sd 5g\ . ;g\ !(*) sf] bzsdf dl/;s]sf] elgPsf] s';G' 8f efiff clxn] klg d[To'zøofdf 5 . s';G' 8fsf] hg;ª\Vofsf] ljj/0f -@)%*_ df !^$ n]lvPsf] eP klg / jStfsf] ;ª\Vof *& lbOPsf] eP klg jf:tljs ¿kdf lrlgPsf s';G' 8f efiffsf jStf rf/ hgf dfq 5g\ -aGw', @)^*M!&_ . @)^* sf] hgu0fgfdf s';G' 8fsf] hg;ª\Vof 36]/ @* df em/]sf] 5 eg] o;sf jStf e]6fpg emg} sl7g ePsf] 5 . s';G' 8fsf b'O{ eflifsf 5g\– tgx'–F uf]vf{ eflifsf / bfª–/f]Nkf eflifsf -aGw', @)^*M!^_. s';G' 8f efiffsf] cWoog ul/xfNg' kg]{ cj:yf 5 . ^=g]kfnsf k|dv ' efiffsf] ;fdflhs ;DaGw efiffsf] pTklQ, ljsf;, k|of]u / ;+/If0f ;dfhaf6} x'g] x'gfn] efiff ;fdflhs j:t' xf] . g]kfn ax'n ;dfh ePsf] d'ns ' ePsfn] oxfF Ps hflt, Ps wd{ / Ps efiffsf] dfGotf :yflkt x'g} ;Sb}g . g]kfn ax'n hflt, ax'n wd{, ax'n ;+:s[lt / ax'n efiff ePsf] Pp6f ;femf km"naf/L xf] . g]kfndf …Ps hflt M Ps efiff’sf] ;"q k"0f{tof nfu' ePsf] b]lvFbg} , lsgeg] hlt hftLo hg;ª\Vof 5 Tolt eflifs ;ª\Vof kfOFbg} -Gof}kfg], @)^( M #!#_ . @)^* sf] /fli6«o hgu0fgfsf tkl;nsf tYoaf6 ;d]t o; egfOsf] k'li6 x'G5 M

tflnsf g+= !# qm=;+= hftLo hftLo jStf km/s gfd ;ª\Vof ;ª\Vof ! yf¿ !&,#&,$&) !$,@(,*&% @,)&,%(% @ tfdfª !%,#(,*#) !#,%#,#!! !,*^,%!( # g]jf/ !#,@!,(## *,$^,%%& $,&%,#&^ $ du/ !!,^$,@%% &,**,%#) #,&%,&@% % /fO{ ^,@),))$ !,%(,!!$ $,^),*() o; tflnsf cg';f/ @)&,%(% yf¿, !*^,%!( tfdfª, $^%, #^& g]jf/, #&%,&@% du/ / $^),*() /fO{ hfltn] cfkm\gf] hftLo efiffsf] k|of]u u/]sf] b]lvFbg} . tflnsfdf gd'gfsf nflu d'Vo efiffx? dfq lnOPsf] 5 . c¿ efiffx?sf] l:ylt klg o:t} ePsf] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 . hftLo efiff 5f8]sfn] u|x0f jf cfTd;ft\ u/]sf] efiff vf;u/L g]kfnL g} xf] . leGg leGg hflt, wd{, ;Dk|bfo / ;+:s[lt ePsf g]kfnLsf aLrdf ;femf ;Dks{ efiffsf] cfjZostf kg'{ :jfefljs} xf] . g]kfndf To:tf] efiffsf] :yfg g]kfnL efiffn] lnPsf] 5 . @)^* ;fnsf] hgu0fgf cg';f/ g]kfnsf] s'n hg;ª\Vof @,^$,($,%)% dWo] !,@*,$(,)$! -$*=%) k|ltzt_ k'?if / !,#^,$%,$^# -%!=%) k|l| tzt_ dlxnf /x]sf 5g\ . k|ltj]bgsf cg';f/ !@^ hfthfltsf] s'n hg;ª\Vof !@# efiff af]Nb5g\ . efiffsf] ;DaGw hfthflt / wd{;Dk|bfol;t klg /xg] x'gfn] g]kfnsf] eflifs cj:yfnfO{ hfthflt / wd{;Dk|bfol;t bfFh/] x]g{ ;lsG5 . @)^* sf] hgu0fgfsf] ;f/df lbOPsf] o;;DaGwL ljj/0f o;k|sf/ 5 M -s_ k|dv ' b; dft[efiff tflnsf g+= !$ qm=;+= ! @ # $ % ^ & * ( !)

efiff g]kfnL d}lynL ef]hk'/L yf¿ tfdfª g]jf/ alHhsf du/ 8f]6]nL pb"{

;ª\Vof !,!*,@^,(%# #),(@,%#) !%,*$,(%* !%,@(,*&% !#,%#,#!! *,$^,%%& &,(#,$!* &,**,%#) &,*&,*@& ^,(!,%$^

k|ltzt $$=^# !!=& ^=) %=* %=! #=@ #=) #=) #=) @=^

k|1 f MM 15

-v_ k|dv ' b; hfthflt tflnsf g+= !% qm=;+= ! @ # $ % ^ & * ( !)

hfthflt If]qL a|fx\d0f -kxf8L_ du/ yf¿ tfdfª g]jf/ sfdL d';ndfg ofbj /fO{

;ª\Vof k|ltzt $#,(*,)%# !^=^ #@,@(,()# !@=@ !*,*&,&## &=! !&,#&,$&) ^=^ !%,#(,*#) %=* !#,@!,(## %=) !@,%*,%%$ $=* !!,^$,@%% $=$ !),%$,$%* $=) ^,@),))$ @=#

-u_ k|dv ' b; wd{ tflnsf g+= !^ qm=;+= ! @ # $ % ^ & * ( !)

wd{ lxGb" af}4 O:nfd ls/fFt lqml:rog k|s[lt ag h}g axfO{ l;v

;ª\Vof k|ltzt @,!%,%!,$(@ *!=# @#,(^,)(( (=) !!,^@,#&) $=$ *,)&,!^( #=! #,&%,^(( !=$ !,@!,(*@ )=% !#,))^ #,@!$ !,@*# ^)(

oL tYoaf6 hflt, wd{ / efiffsf aLrdf cGt;{DaGw x'g] b]lvG5 . ;fy}, g]kfnsf hfltx? cfkm\gf] hftLo efiff dfq af]Nb}gg\ eGg] klg k|:6 x'G5 . &= lgisif{ cg]s ljljwtf af]ss ] f] g]kfn ax'eflifs d'ns ' klg xf] . olt ;fgf] e"uf]n / olt yf]/} hg;ª\Vof ePsf] Ps} 7fpFdf olt w]/} efiffx? k|of]udf /xg' Pp6f 5'66\ } j}lzi6\o xf] . of] ljZjsf] cfsif{0fsf] sf/s xf] . efiffx? w]/} eP klg sltko efiffsf jStf 5}gg\ . s';G' 8fsf jStf kfpg g;lsg] cj:yf cfO;Sof] . s';G' 8f h:tf efiff ca nf]kf]Gd'v cj:yfdf /x]sf 5g\ . efiff ;Eotfsf] ;DklQ ePsfn] nf]kf]Gd'v efiffsf] ;+/If0f, k|rlnt efiffsf] k|1 f MM 16

;+jw{ g x'g' cfjZos 5 . g]kfnsf oL w]/} efiffx? dWo] g]kfnL, d}lynL, ef]hk'/L, yf¿, tfdfª, g]jf/, du/, cjwL, u'?ª, alHhsf, lnDa", z]kf{, /fO{ cflb efiffx? Jofks k|rngdf 5g\ . cGo clwsf+z efiffx? klg hLjGt 5g\ . /fli6«o hgu0fgf @)^* x]bf{ efiff ;DaGwL tYox?sf] b[Zo -l;gf/L_ ablnPsf] b]lvG5 . g]kfnL efiff g]kfnsf] k|dv ' efiff b]lvG5 eg] c¿ y'k}| efiffx? g]kfnsf eflifs ;Dkbf / klxrfg ag]/ /x]sf 5g\ . log} efiffx?sf andf g]kfn ax'eflifs d'ns ' sxnfPsf] xf] . ;g\ !((@ df g]kfnL efiff ef/tLo ;+ljwfgsf] cf7f}F cg';r " Ldf ;"rLs[t ePsf] 5 . o;af6 of] g]kfn / ef/tsf] j}wflgs efiff ePsf] 5 . e'6fg / Dofgdf/df klg g]kfnL efiffefifLsf] 7"nf] ;ª\Vof /x]sf] 5 . /f]huf/L nufotsf qmddf ljZjsf ljleGg :yfgdf k'us ] f g]kfnLx? k/:k/ g]kfnL efiff af]Nb5g\ . oL tYoaf6 g]kfnL efiff cGt/f{li6«o :t/df lj:tfl/t ePsf] k|:6 x'G5 . g]kfnL efiff g]kfnsf] k|dv ' efiffsf ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . o;sf jStf ;jf{lws 5g\ . g]kfn aflx/ klg g]kfnLx?n] k/:k/ af]Ng] efiff oxL xf] . g]kfn, ef/t, Dofgdf/, e'6fg tyf cGo d'ns ' x?df g]kfnL af]Ng] s'n g]kfnL sl/a $ s/f]8 /x]sf] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . To;}n] g]kfnL $ s/f]8 g]kfnLsf] ;Dks{ efiff kf] xf] . of] g]kfnL dfqsf] klxrfg ag]sf] 5 . ;fy} g]kfnL efiff ;a}eGbf a9L g]kfnLsf] dft[efiff, ;a} g]kfnLsf] ;Dks{ efiff, g]kfnL dft[efiff gx'g] ;a}eGbf a9Lsf] bf];f| ] efiff /x]sf] 5 . cfd g]kfnLsf] ;kgf b]Vg] efiff ;d]t g]kfnL g} xf] . hgu0fgfdf o;sf] ;ª\Vofdf yf]/} tndfly kb}d{ f o;sf] e"ldsfdf sdL cfPsf] dfGg ;lsFbg} . g]kfnsf c¿ efiffsf] cWoog– cg';Gwfg / ;+/If0f ug{ klg g]kfnL efiff g} dfWod aGg uPsf] 5 . g]kfnL efiffsf] lj/f]w ug]{ dfWod klg g]kfnL efiff g} ePsf] 5 . oxfFsf n'lDagL, kz'klt, lxdfn / k|sl[ t tyf ;fdflhs ljljwtfn] ljZjsf] Wofg g]kfntkm{ tflgPsf] 5 eg] ljZjsf] Wofg tfGg] Ps csf]{ sf/s oxfFsf oL efiffx? klg x'g\ . pko'St efiffgLlt cjnDag u/L g]kfnsf x/]s efiffsf] ;+/If0f / cWoog x'g' cfjZos 5 .

;Gbe{ ;"rL pkfWofo, ob'gGbg= @)&)= …g]kfnsf efiffx?sf] jt{dfg l:ylt’= k[YjLbk{0f= cª\s #= k[=!^–@@ . s]Gb|Lo tYofª\s ljefu, @)^(= g]kfnsf] /fli6«o hgu0fgf @)^*= sf7df8f}F M s]Gb|Lo tYofª\s ljefu . lu/L, hLj]Gb|bj] = ;g\ @)!)= …g]kfnsf] efiff gLlt’= lqe'jg ljZjljBfno hg{n= ef]nd @&= k[= !*(–@)@ . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^#, @)^$=uGtJo, jif{ != cª\s != k[= !))–!*( .

Gof}kfg], 6ª\sk|;fb / cGo= @)^(= ;fdfGo efiff lj1fg= sf7df8f}F M ;gnfO6 klAns];g . kf]v/]n, afns[i0f= @)#^=/fi6«efiff= t[tLo ;+:s/0f= sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg . kf]v/]n, dfwjk|;fb= @)&!= …s';G' 8f hfltsf] nf]sfrf/’= g]kfnL nf]sjftf{ rf}yf] /fli6«o ;ª\uf]i7L= bfªdf k|:t't uf]i7Lkq, k[=#%!–#%^ . \ #)*= k[=$–!* . aGw', r"8fdl0f=@)^*= …jg/fhf / ltgsf efiff af/]’ ldld{/=] k"0ff{ªs

∗∗∗

k|1 f MM 17

eflifs cWoog

jfs\ ttŒŒjdf :kmf]6 bz{gsf] cjwf/0ff — 8f= lji0f'k;| fb bxfn != kl/is[t k"j{ syg o;f] x]bf{ ;+:s[t jfª\dosf ;a} ljwf dggLo 5g\ . ;a}sf] cfcfkm\g} ljlzi6 u'0f 5 . dfgj ;dfhsf] pksf/ ug{, k|f0fLx?sf] c1fg ¿kL cGwsf/ x6fpg ;+:s[t zAb zf:qn] dg do"/ sfd u/]sf] 5 . pTs[i6 dfgj ;dfhsf] lgdf{0fdf ;j{:j ag]sf] ;+:s[t jfª\do cfgGb ;l/tfsf] ;|ft] xf] / k|z:t k|jfx klg . cWofTd ljBf / a|XdljBfsf] vfgL ag]/ k|sfzdf cfPsf] ;+:s[t jfª\dosf] cWoog cg';Gwfg ubf{ ;Tosf] cg'ej km/flsnf] aG5 . ;+:s[t jfª\dodf cgflb sfnb]lv cgGt sfn;Dd /xL /xg] zAbfy{ jfª\dosf] dlxdf jl0f{t 5 . ;+:s[tsf k|sf08 j}ofs/0f dxlif{ kfl0flgeGbf k"j{ klg w]/} k|efjzfnL j}ofs/0f eO{ ;s]sf lyP, lsGt' kfl0flg Jofs/0fsf] ;jf{ ª \ u k" 0 f{ / k|efjzfnLtfsf] sf/0f ;"os { f cl3 gIfqx? n's] em}F ltgsf] k|efljnLg eof] . Jofs/0f hut\df kfl0fgLo k|sfz JofKt eof] . olt dfq xf]Og o; ef:s/ k|sfzsf cl3 / kl5 s'g} k|ltef pb\efl;t x'g ;s]g . sfTofog, dxfd'lg kt~hln / et[x{ l/ ;dfg :kmf]6 bfz{lgsx? klg kfl0fgLo k/Dk/fd} ;+nUg eP . cy{l;4 zAbsf] -:kmf]6sf]_ gofF bfz{lgs hLjGt wf/f k|jflxt ug{ ;dy{ ePsf sf/0f of] u'?s'nsf] k/Dk/f cfh;Dd cltzo k|Voft 5 . @= jfs\ tŒjsf] Jojxf/ efiff, jrg, jfs\, zAb, jf0fL, ;dfg cy{ cleJoSt ug{ pRrf/0f x'G5g\ . ;+:s[t jfs\ tŒjsf ljifodf cfrfo{ et[x{ l/ eG5g\ M cgflb lgwg+ a|Xd zAbtŒj+ obIf/d\ ljjt{t˜] y{ efj]g k|lqmof hutf] otM -jfSokbLo a|Xdsf08, !_ k|1 f MM 18

zAb tŒj cgflb cgGt ljsf/ /lxt cljgfzL a|Xd xf] . h;af6 cy{sf] ¿kdf hut\sf] k|lqmof ljjlt{t x'G5 . Ps k|tLodfg e|fl+ t hgs ¿k b]vf k/] tfklg oyfy{df Tof] zAbfy{sf] cfj/0f dfq xf] . jfs\ tŒj jf zAb tŒj g} a|Xd xf] -zAb tŒjd]j a|Xd]lt, k[= $ cDafsqL{_ jfs\ tŒj 1fg / Jojxf/ b'js } f] ;|ft] xf] . jfs\ tŒjsf] cl:tTj / l;4fGt cltzo lj:t[t 5 . jfs\ tŒjnfO{ ljZjaLh dflgPsf] 5 …zAb:o kl/0ffdf]˜od\Ú -sfl/sf !@) k[= !&$ a|Xdsf08, jfSokbLo_ zAbnfO{ k[lyjL / cfsfzsf] hgs eg]/ ;sfl/Psf] 5 . b]lvg] ¿k ;[li6 k[lyjL kof{j/0f kfgL hLj ;+;f/ u|x gIfq tf/f d08nx? gb]lvg] jfs\ tŒjaf6 ljsl;t ePsf x'g\ . zAb clvn ljZj a|Xdf08sf] k|f0f xf] . w/tL / cfsfzsf] /rgf zAbn] u¥of] . e"ld / cGtl/If zAbaf6 pTkGg eof] . nf]uf;, sndf, gfb, cgxb, zAb w'g, ;tf P cf;dfgL, zAba|Xd cflb ljleGg gfdsf dfWodn] jfs\ tŒjsf] Jojxf/ k|i6\ofpg zAb ;fwsx? k|oTgzLn b]lvG5g\ . of]uL/fh et[x{ l/ eG5g\— g ;f]˜l:t k|Toof] nf]s] oM zAbfg'udfb[t] . cg'ljb\wldj1fg+ ;j{+ zAb]g ef;t] ..!!$..

-jfSokbLo a|Xdsf08_ nf]sdf ;'lgg] / af]lng] ljifo zAbsf] cwLg 5 . o:tf] lgod zf:qdf dfq xf]Og nf]sdf klg k|l;4 5 . zAb k|of]usf] ljgf s'g} Jojxf/ ;DkGg x'g ;Sb}g . pTs[i6 kb ;f}Gbo{sf s'zn lzNkL dxfslj b08L eG5g\— ObdGwtdM s[T:g+ hfo]t e'jgqod\ . olb zAbfXjo+ Hof]lt/f;+;f/+ g bLKot] ..

-!=#$, sfJofbz{_

zAbsf] ;dem / k|of]usf] ljgf ;+;f/sf] sfo{ rNb}g . olb zAb gfds Hof]ltn] ;+;f/nfO{ k|sflzt ub}g{ Yof] eg] of] ;f/f ;+;f/ cljBfsf] cGwsf/n] 9fls/xGYof] . rTjfl/ ºf[ªu\ f qof]˜:o kfbfM å} zLif]{ ;Kt x:tf;f] c:o lqwf ab\wf] j[ifef] /f]/jLlt dxf] b]jf] dTof{+ cfljj]z -CUj]b $.%*.#_ zAb gfds d'lvofsf gfd, lqmof, pk;u{ / lgkft u/L rf/ j6f l;ª 5g\ . e"t, jt{dfg / eljio u/L ltg kfp 5g\ . ;'k\ / ltª\ u/L b'O{ j6f 6fpsf 5g\ . k|ydf, låtLof, t[tLof, rt'yL{, k~rdL, ifi7L, ;KtdL ljelStsf] ¿kdf ;ft j6f xft 5g\ . 5ftL, 3fF6L / 6fpsfdf u/L ltg 7fpFdf of] zAb afFlwPsf] 5 . To;}n] d/0fzLn dg'iox?df zAb sd{ ¿kdf kl/JofKt eof] / of] kl/JofKt zAb dxfb]j xf] . rf/ k|sf/n] ljBf pkof]udf cfpF5 . -!_ u'?b]lv k9\b,} -@_ :jfWofo u/]/, -#_ k|jrg lbP/, -$_ Jojxf/df ptf/]/ . ;a} jf0fLsf dfWodn] k|s6 x'G5 . s]xL eGg] OR5f zAbaf6 k|s6 x'G5 . jf0fLn] lglZrt ¿kdf ufO{ cflb kbfy{nfO{ x]5{ . jf0fLn] jStf ¿kdf :y"n zAbx?sf] pRrf/0f u5{ . jf0fLn] cfkm'df zlSt ¿kn] lglxt ;du| ljifox?sf] lj:tf/ u5{ . zAb tŒjdf gfgfljw ljZj kl/JofKt 5 . oxL Ps jfs\ tŒj ef]Stf / ef]Uo ¿kn] ljeSt eP/ pkof]udf cfpF5 . ;+;f/df o:tf] s'g} k|df / 1fg 5}g hf] zAb;Fu ;Da4 geO{ k|of]udf cfpg ;sf];\ . ;d:t 1fg zAbsf] ;fy tfbfTDo nfe u/]/ efl;t x'G5 . zAb ;f+;fl/s k|f0fLx?sf] ;+1f / r]tgf xf] . ;}iff ;+;fl/0ff+ ;+1f alx/GtZr ef;t] . tGdfqdKoltqmfGt+ r}tGo+ ;j{hfltif' ..

-!@^, jfSokbLo a|Xd sf08_ #= ;fy{s jf0fLsf] k|of]u kfl0flg ci6fWofoLsf] cWoog ubf{ ;"qx?nfO{ s07:y kf/]/ k|of]u ug]{ / cEof; u/]/ a'em\g] b'O{ j6f k| r ng k| o f] u df cfPsf 5g\ . klxnf]

;"qfGTofIf/L / bf];f| ] xflh/L hjfkm . ;"qfGTofIf/L ;"qsf] pRrf/0f ubf{ cGTo cIf/ h] k5{ ToxL cIf/af6 csf] { ;" q cf/De ug] { . kfl0flg ci6fWofoLsf #(&^ ;"qx?nfO{ cGTofIf/Ldf k|of]u ubf{ ltg xhf/ hlt ;"q c6fpF5g\ . cGTofIf/L a'em\g ;/n 5 . o;df cf/De / cGTo cIf/nfO{ Vofn u/]/ ;"q s07:y u/] k'U5 . xflh/L hjfkmsf] ;'eflift j}1flgs :kmf]6 ljlw clns uDeL/ 5 . of] ljlwdf ;"q s07:y u/]/ dfq k'Ub}g . ;"qdf cfPsf k|To]s kbsf] ;"Id hfgsf/L geO{ o;df k"0f{tf kfpg ;lsFbg} . bIftf xfl;n ug{ ;Dej x'bF g} . cWoog / cg';Gwfgsf] uxg dfu{ gk5\ofO{ of] ljlw kQf nufpg ;lsFbg} . of] ljlwdf Jofs/0f zf:qsf cltl/St j]b, j]bfª\u, bz{g, Oltxf;, :d[lt zf:qflbsf] 1fg k/d cfjZos k5{ . …cy{jbwft'/k|TooM k|fltklbsd\Ú -ci6fWofoL, !=@=$%_ ;"qn] wft' k|Too / k|ToofGt 5f]8/] cy{jfg\ zAbnfO{ k|fltkflbs ;+1f x'G5 . …;'q] tGqflbgf]eo+ ljjlIftldlt . cy{jlblt gk'+;s lgb]{zM . cwft'/k|TooM Olt k'lnª\ulgb]{z:t' æk/jlNnª\u åGåtTk'?ifof]MÆ OTo'Q/kb lnª\ujTjfb\ af]WoMÚ -l;4fGt sf}db' L k[= #( tŒjaf]lwgL_ oxL ;"qsf ;DaGwdf Ps /f]rs ;'eflift k|l;4 5 . ljåfg\ sLb[u\ jrf] a|t" ] < sf] /f]uL < sZr gfl:tsM < sLb[s\ rGb|+ g kZolGt < ;"q+ tTkfl0fg]jb{ . k|Zg M s= ljåfg\ s:tf] jf0fL af]N5 < v= sf] /f]uL x'G5 < u= sf] gfl:ts x'G5 < 3= s:tf] rGb|dfnfO{ dflg; b]Vb}gg\ < oL ;a}sf] pQ/ ;d]l6Psf] eujfg\ kfl0flgsf] ;"q eg . pQ/ M s= cy{jb\ -cy{jfg\_— ljåfg\ ;fy{s jrg af]N5 . ljåfg\sf] tfTko{ 1fgsf] af6f]df lxF8L /xg] ljBfJo;gL a'l4dfg ;fws a'em\g' k5{ . :ki6 clek|fo / cy{n] kl/k"0f{ jf0fLsf] k|of]u ljåfg\n] u5{ . cy{ lg0f{o gu/L k|of]u ul/g] lg/y{s jf0fL nfe bfos aGb}g . cy{ bz{g gu/L zAb k|of]u Oi6 x'bF g} . cy{ ;fws zAb 5}g eg] To:tf] zAb k|of]u u/]/ k'0o ldNb}g . cy{l;4 zAbn] k|1 f MM 19

dfq k'0okmn k|bfg u5{ . ;fy{s zAbn] efUojfg\ agfpF5 . b'i6 zAbM :j/tf] j0f{tf] jf ldYof k|oS' tf] g tdy{dfx . ; jfUjh|f] === Jofs/0fsf] b[li6n] cz'4 zAbnfO{ b'i6 zAb eG5g\ . :j/ cyjf j0f{ bf]ifn] kl/JofKt, cg'lrt k|sf/n] k|oS' t zAbn] cy{ lbFbg} . Tof] jfUjh| ag]/ k|of]u stf{nfO{ xflg k'¥ofpF5 . Jofs/0fåf/f k|ltkflbt j0f{ pRrf/0fsf] :yfg / k|oTg ldn]g eg] cfkm\gf ;Gtfg -:jhg_ eGbf s'Ss'/sf 5fp/f -Zjhg_ cy{ nfUg] 8/ x'G5 . To;}n] t c? ljifo k9]/ 3d08 b]vfO{ /x]sf] cfkm\g' 5f]/fnfO{ Ps ;Hhg Jofs/0ffrfo{ eGb} lyP— oBlk ax' gfwLif] tyflk k7 k'q Jofs/0fd\ . :jhgM Zjhgf] df e"t\ ;sn+ zsn+ ;s[t\ zs[t\ ..

Jofs/0fsf] lgod cg';f/ j0f{ pRrf/0f ug]{ 9ª\u ldn]g eg] cfkmGtnf{ s's'/hg, ;a}nfO{ cfwf / yf]/n } fO{ lji6f a'em\g] cgy{ cfOk5{ .

To;}n] afa' Û w]/} k9\of} t}klg Jofs/0f k9 x} . cfzo k|of]hg nIo / pb\bZ] o ldn]g eg] jf0fL jfUjh| ag]/ cfOnfUg ;S5 . To;}n] ljåfg\n] ;w}F cy{sf] ulx/fO hfFr/] dfq zAb k|of]u u5{ . cy{tŒjsf] lgZro gu/L, jf:tljs O/fbfsf] ;+st] :ki6 geO{ jf0fLsf] k|of]u ug{ x'bF g} . v= cwft' M anxLg JolSt /f]uL x'G5 . cfrfo{ z]if/fh zdf{ /]UdLn] d]3b"tsf] rGb|snf JofVof -k"j{ d]3sf] @% cf}F Znf]s:y lj>fd kbsf] j0f{g_ df /f]uLsf] cj:yf lrq0f u/]sf 5g\ . /f]uL lr/ k|jf;L k/f˜Gg ef]hL k/f˜˜j;yzfoL oHhLjlt tGd/0f+ oGd/0f+ ;f]˜:o lj>fdM >d0f+ >dM, >d Pj >fdM, ljut >fdf] ol:dlGglt lj>fdM sfnM .

-d]3b"t, k[= %&_ /f]uLsf] hLjg sfn xf], /f]uLsf] d[To' cf/fd xf] . /f]uL, k/b]zL, csf{sf] cGg vfg] / csf{s} 3/df a:g] dflg;n] d/]kl5 dfq zflGt kfpF5 . z/L/sf] clgjfo{ ;ft d'Vo tŒjdf wft' k5{ . To;}n] z/L/sf] ;+36s d"n cjoj, k|wfg k|1 f MM 20

ljGb' wft' xf] . zf/Ll/s k|sl[ tsf] gfz x'g] qmd a9]kl5, z/L/sf] ;+36s d"n cjojsf] x|f; x'g yfn]kl5, z/L/df kf}li6s /; pTkfbg x'g] qmd lalu|Pkl5 JolSt /f]uL x'G5 . z/L/sf] clgjfo{ pkfbfg d'Vo tŒjdf dlngtf cfPkl5, k/fqmd 36]kl5 lj:tf/} /f]un] RofKb} hfG5 . an, ;fdYo{ / pmhf{ sdhf]/ ePkl5 /f]u a9\5 . cfef, sflGt / zlSt 36\g yfn]kl5 Joflw jw{g x'G5 . /f]usf] cfotg of] z/L/ ta;Dd 7Ls 5 ha;Dd z/L/df wft' jf z'qmsf] lgdf{0f eO /xG5 . u= ck|Too M 3d08L / ljZjf; xLg JolSt gfl:ts x'G5 . k|Toosf] cy{ ;+ljwfg, lglZrt ljZjf;, e/f];f / >4f x'G5 . ck|Toosf] cy{ cljZjf;, cfz+sf, cgle1 x'g] u5{ . kfl0flgsf] ;"q …cl:t gfl:t lbi6+ dltMÚ $=$=^) df gfl:ts -7s\ k|Too u/]/ aGg] zAb_ k|of]u k|l;4 5 . gfl:tsn] lgif]wfTds ult jf a'l4sf] Jofkf/ u5{ .

O{Zj/sf] ;Qf dfly lgi7f g/fVg], j]bsf] k|fdfl0fstf :jLsf/ gug]{ JolStnfO{ gfl:ts elgPsf] 5 . k/dfTdf, k/nf]s / k'gh{Gdsf] l;4fGt cgfb/ ug]{ JolSt gfl:ts gfdn] ljVoft 5 . ljZj ljwftfsf] cl:tTj dfly zª\sf ug],{ gsf/fTds lrGtg, k|jl[ Q / Jojxf/ k|bz{g ub}{ af]Ng] / lxF8g\ ] dflg; gfl:ts x'G5 .

3= k|fltklbsd\ M k|ltkbfsf] rGb|dfnfO{ dflg; b]Vb}gg\ . z'SnkIfsf] klxnf] lbg rGb|df b]Vg ;lsFbg} . b]lvof] eg] ljz]if ¿kn] k"Ho x'G5 . gfd zAbsf] kl/kSj ¿k / ljelSt hf]l8g' eGbf cl3sf] ;+1f jfrs zAbnfO{ k|fltklbs elgP klg k|Zgf]Q/df kl5Nnf] cy{ ;dfj]z x'bF g} .

Jofs/0fåf/f ;+:s[t ul/Psf] Pp6f klg z'4 zAb 7Ls 9ª\un] k|of]u ul/of] eg] nf]s / k/nf]s b'jd } f To;n] rdTsf/ b]vfpF5 . zf:qn] t To:tf] zAbnfO{ sfdw]g' eg]sf] 5 . …PsM zAbM ;Dou\ 1ftM ;'k|o'StM :ju]{ nf]s] r sfdw'u\ ejltÚ sfdw]gs ' f cl3 ul/Psf] lrGtg tTsfn kmnbfoL x'G5 . ;fy{s zAbn] tTsfn k'0o k|jw{g u5{ . cy{oS' t zAbsf] dlxdf j0f{g u/]/ ;lsFbg} . k|of]u ub}{ uP kl5 af]w a9\b} hfG5 .

$= Jofs/0f zf:qsf] nIo / k|of]hg Jofs/0f zf:qsf] d"n nIo xf] zAb a|Xdsf] 1fg . o; nIosf] k"lt{df Jofs/0f zf:qsf k|jStf cfrfo{ Pj+ dxlif{x?n] j0f{, k|sl[ t, k|Too, kb jfSo u/L kfFr pkfox?sf] kl/sNkgf u/]sf 5g\ . dxlif{x?sf cg';f/ oL kfFr pkfoaf6 :kmf]6 ¿k cv08 kbsf] cleJo~hgf x'G5 . oL kfFr pkfox?sf] ;dLIff ug]{ s]xL ;dLIfs cfrfo{x? j]bfGtsf] k~rsf]z;Fu :kmf]6sf k|sf/x?sf] ;DaGw hf]85 \ g\ . j]bfGtsf] k|wfg nIo a|Xd ;Qfsf] 1fg u/fpg' xf] . To;sf] pkfodf cGgdo, k|f0fdo, dgf]do, lj1fgdo / cfgGbdo oL kfFr s'/fx?sf] kl/sNkgf ul/Psf] 5 . nIosf] 1fg u/fpgsf] lglDt cg]s slNkt pkfox?sf] ;xf/f lnOG5 . Pp6} pkfoaf6 nIosf] af]w ;Dej gx'g ;S5 . pkfo :jtGq x'G5g\ / Joj:yf;Fu ufFl;Psf x'bF g} g\ . gfbfTds :kmf]6 k|ltkfbs Jofs/0f zf:q df]Ifsf] åf/ xf] . Jofs/0f zf:q jf0fLsf] dnnfO{ w'g] cf}iflw xf] . dgM z'l4, jfs\ z'l4 cflb k|of]hgsf nflu of] clt pkof]uL 5 . ;a} ljBfx?df of] kljq / k|sflzt 7x5{ . kfgL dGq j]beGbf klg kljq Jofs/0f x'G5 . cfkM kljq+ k/d+ k[lyJofdkf+ kljq+ k/d~r dGqfM . t]iff+ r ;fdUo{hi' ff+ kljq+ dxif{of] Jofs/0f+ lg/fx'M .. sfo{ef/af6 d'lStsf] OR5f /fVg] ;Hhg, ;f+;fl/s sf]nfxnk"0f{ hLjgaf6 zflGtsf] cfsf+Iff a6'Ng] OR5's hg, eofjx k|k~rsf] aGwgaf6 5'6sf/f kfpg k|oTgzLn zAb ;fwssf nflu Jofs/0f zf:q ;/n /fhdfu{ em}F l;l4sf] dxfky xf] . Jofs/0f zf:qn] h;sf] e|d x6fO{ lbof] To;n] k|s[ltaf6 cfTdfsf] kfy{So af]w ug'{sf ;fy} k/dfTdf;Fu cfTdfsf] tb|"ktf :yflkt u5{ .

Jofs/0f zf:qsf] cWoog / lgd{n jf0fLsf] k|of]uaf6 dflg; Ps lbg hLjg d'St ag]/ :jtGq ljr/0f ug{ ;dy{ x'G5 . Jofs/0f zf:qsf] dlxdf lgDg kBaf6 cem k|:km'6g x'G5 M tb\åf/dkju{:o jfª\dnfgf+ lrlslT;td\ kljq+ ;j{ljBfgfdlwljB+ k|sfzt] -!$= jfSokbLo a|Xdsf08_ df]Ifsf] åf/, jf0fL bf]ifsf] cf}iflw ;a}

ljwfx?df kljq of] Jofs/0f zf:qn] ;a}nfO{ pHofnf] kf5{ . v/fa zAbx?sf] pRrf/0faf6 cfOkg]{ bf]ifnfO{ Jofs/0f zf:qsf] cWoogn] kl/xf/ u5{ . jfª\ d nfgf+ lrlslT;td\ . cfo' j ] { b Pj zf/L/f0ff+ bf]iff0ffd\ Jofs/0f1f] lx k|Tojfox]t'e"tfgke|+zfGg k|oª' S\ t] . …1fg+ lxt:o z/0fd\Ú OTo'Std\ . kljq+ ;j{ l jBfgfd\ . tlGgldQTjft\ ;+ : sf/:o zAbf]ku[xLtf] ljBf:jy{M . clwljB+ k|sfzt] . ;jf]l{ x zf:qs[t\ k|fo]0f :j:of+ ljBfof+ Jofs/0fdg';/lt .

-k[= #*_ ObdfB+ kb:yfg+ l;l4 ;f]kfg kj{0ffd\ Oo+ ;f df]Ifdf0ffgfdlhDxf /fhk4ltM -!^, jfSokbLo a|Xdsf08_ nf]s Jojxf/df clgGw agfpg] 1fgsf] af6f] klxNofpg] l;l4sf] l;F9L psfNg] df]If kw/df lxF8g\ k|l] /t g]{ of] /fhefu xf] . zAb a|Xd tGq zf:q cg'df]lbt 5 . a|Xdsf] b'O{ cj:yf jl0f{t 5 . klxnf] ;j{ljsNkftLt tŒjfTds k/a|Xd, hf] zfGt a|Xdsf] ¿kdf rlr{t 5 . bf];f| ] ;dflji6 ;j{zlSt¿k zAba|Xd, hf] zan a|Xdsf gfdn] kl/lrt 5 . j}ofs/0f zAb a|Xd, /;jfbL /; a|Xd, ;f}Gbo{jfbL ¿k a|Xd eGb5g\ . ljz]if0f leGg leGg x'g ;S5g\ . zAb a| X d g} ;Dk" 0 f{ zAbfy{ hut\ s f] x] t ' xf] . jfSokbLodf zAb a|Xdsf] uxlsnf] lrq lg¿k0f ul/Psf] 5 . Pp6} dfq zAb a| X d ;d:t k|f0fLx?df r}tGosf] ¿kdf ljBdfg 5 . clvn ljZj a|Xdf08 ;[li6 hut\ h;sf] kl/0ffd xf], Tof] jfs\ tŒj g} ;jf]T{ s[i6 5 . zAb a|Xd ob]s+ oRr}tGo+ r ;j{et" fgfd\ oTkl/df0fl:qe'jgdlvnldb+ holt ; jf0fL -cyj{jb] efio pkf]b3 \ ft_ sl7g / b'?x zAb :tf]ddf k|jz ] ug]{ Jofs/0f zf:q cg'kd s'l~hsf xf] . Jofs/0f clwut ePkl5 zAb hut\df cflwkTo :yflkt x'G5 . km]l/ o;nfO{ eufpg ;lsFbg} . k|of]u stf{ :jtGq x'G5 . p;n] h;/L rfXof] zAb hut\nfO{ v]nfpg ;S5 . Jofs/0f zf:qnfO{ j]bsf] d'v dflgG5 . k|1 f MM 21

kfl0fgLo lzIffsf] kBaf6 of] s'/f :ki6 x'G5 .

5GbM kfbf} t' j]b:o x:tf} sNkf]˜y k7\ot] Hof]ltiffdog+ rIf'lg{?St+ >f]qd'Rot] .$! lzIff 3|f0f+ t' j]b:o d'v+ Jofs/0f+ :d[td\ t:dfT;fª\udlwTo}j a|Xdnf]s] dxLot] .$@ -lzIff;ª\ux| k[= @@)_ Jofs/0f zf:qnfO{ zAbfg'zf;g zf:q klg elgG5 . h:t} M t:dfbs[ts+ zf:q+ :d[lt+ r ;lgaGwgfd\ cfl>Tof/Eot] lzi6}M zAbfgfdg'zf;gd\ -$#, jfSokbLo a|Xdsf08_ zAbfg'zf;gsf cg]sg k|of]hgx? 5g\ . dxfefiosf/ kt~hln eG5g\ M sflg k'gM zAbfg'zf;g:o k|of]hgflg < /Iff]xfudnWj;Gb]xfM k|of]hgd\ -Jofs/0f dxfefio k[= !&_ j]bsf] /Iff ug{, lnª\u / ljelSt ljkl/0ffdsf] ljlw hfGg, zAb hut\sf] d'Vo r'/f] a'em\g, zAb k|of]usf] ;/n pkfo l;Sg, ;Gb]x lgj[lQ ug{ Jofs/0f zf:qsf] cWoog ug'{ k5{ . c? k|of]hgx? klg 5g\ . s= t]˜;'/fM M lgGbfsf] kfq gaGg Jofs/0f zf:qsf] cWoog ug'{ k5{ . v= b'i6 zAbM M :j/ bf]ifsf] efuL gag"F eg]/ Jofs/0f k9\g' k5{ . u= obwLtd\ M k|of]hgxLg zAb k|of]uaf6 aRg Jofs/0f k9\g' k5{ .

3= o:t' k|oª' S\ t] M wd{ / cwd{ 5'6o\ fpg Jofs/0fsf] cWoog ug'{ k5{ . ª= cljbf+;M M x|:j, bL3{, Kn't Joj:yf hfGg Jofs/0fsf] cWoog ug'{ k5{ . r= ljelSt+ s'jl{ Gt M ljelSt Joj:yf hfGgsf] lglDt Jofs/0fsf] cWoog ug'{ k5{ .

5= of] jf Odfd\ M ClTjs\ sd{sf] of]Uo aGg Jofs/0fsf] cWoog ug'{ k5{ . h= zAb¿k dxfb]jsf] ;flGgWo kfpg Jofs/0fsf] cWoog ug'{ k5{ . em= ptŒjM M jf0fLn] j/0f u/f];\ eg]/ Jofs/0fsf] cWoog ug'{ k5{ . `= ;f/:jtLd\ M kfk zf] w gsf nflu k|1 f MM 22

k|folZrQsf] efuLbf/ gaGg Jofs/0fsf] cWoog ug'{ k5{ .

6= ;St'ldj M ckzAbsf] sl7g dfu{nfO{ jf0fL ljifos Jofs/0f zf:qn] dfq l5rf]Ng ;S5 .

7= bzEof+ k'q:o M gfd s/0f ubf{ Wofg lbg' kg]{ :yfg, k|oTg, ;+1f, ;lGw, ;df;, hfGgsf nflu Jofs/0fsf] cWoog ug'{ k5{ .

8= ;'bj] f] cl; M ;Tob]j aGg Jofs/0fsf] cWoog ug'{ k5{ . ;fw'Tj1fgljifof ;}iff Jofs/0f:d[ltM . cljR5]bg] lzi6fgfldb+ :d[ltlgaGwgd\ ..

-!$!, jfSokbLo a|Xdsf08_ ;fw'Tj 1fg ljifos of] Jofs/0f :d[lt lzi6x?sf] k|ltif]w /lxt pQd zAb :d/0fsf nflu k|0fog ul/Psf] xf] . t:dfb\ oM zAb ;+:sf/M ;f l;l4 k/dfTdgM . t:o k|jl[ Q tŒj1:tb\ a|Xdfd[tdZg't] ..

-!#!, P]=_ Jofs/0faf6 ul/Psf] zAb ;+:sf/ k/dfTdf l;l4sf] pkfo x'G5 . lqmof ljsf/ cflbsf] /x:o h;n] hfGb5 p;n] a|Xd ;fIffTsf/ u5{ . %= :kmf]6 tŒjsf] dlxdf …:km'6lt cy{M o:dft\ ; :kmf]6M, :kmf]6M jfrsM zAbMÚ o; of}lus lju|x cg';f/ cy{af]ws zAbsf] gfd :kmf]6 x'G5 . j}ofs/0fx?sf] dtdf :kmf]6 lgTo / Wjlg clgTo x'G5 . Gofo dt cjnDag ug]x{ ? WjlgnfO{ j0ff{Tds zAb / WjGofTds zAbdf 5'6\ofpF5g\ . :kmf]6 oL b'O{ Wjlgx?sf] sf/0f cleJoSt x'G5 . :kmf]6 zAb Ps eP tfklg o;sf Jo~hsx? cf7 x'G5g\ . Jo~hs eGgfn] :ki6 ug]{ ;+st] a'em\g' k5{ . cy{nfO{ pknlIft ug],{ k|s6 ug]{ jf Wjlgt ug]{ k|tLssf ¿kdf :kmf]6 Jojl:yt 9ª\un] rlr{t 5 . j0f{ kb cflb :kmf]6x?af6 cfsf+Iffsf] lgj[lQ x'bF g} . tfTko{ zAb pRrf/0fsf] nIo l;4 x'bF g} . o;sf] ;+kl" t{ jfSo :kmf]6af6 x'G5 . o;} sf/0f jfSo :kmf]6 g} j}ofs/0fsf] clGtd nIo xf] . j}ofs/0fsf] dtdf jfSodf zlSt x'G5 . jfSon] g} :ki6 cy{af]w u/fpF5 . j}ofs/0f e"if0f;f/df sf}08e§ eG5g\ M

jfSo :kmf]6˜] lt lgisif]{ lti7tLlt dtl:yltM . ;fw'zAb]˜Gtu{tflx af]wsf g t' tT:d[tfM ..

-^, :kmf]6lg0f{oM_ ;fw' zAb …uR5ltÚ, …afnMÚ leq b]lvg] …ltÚ, …cMÚ cflb cfb]z cfcfkm\gf cy{sf] :jo+ af]ws x' G 5 t/ cfkm\ g ' :yfgLsf] :df/s aGb} g . dxfefiosf/ dxfd'lg kt~hln cflb j}ofs/0fx?sf] dtnfO{ cWoog / ljZn]if0f u/]/ u|Gysf/x?n] :kmf]6nfO{ lgDg k|sf/n] juL{s/0f u/]sf 5g\ M -!_ j0f{:kmf]6 -@_ kb:kmf]6 -#_ jfSo :kmf]6 -$_ cv08 kb :kmf]6 -%_ cv08 jfSo :kmf]6 -^_ j0f{ hflt :kmf]6 -&_ kb hflt :kmf]6 -*_ jfSo hflt :kmf]6 . alx/ª\u / cGt/ª\usf] kl/rrf{ x'g] ePsf sf/0f j0f{ :kmf]6 cflb ;ft sfNklgs :kmf]6 x'g\ . kb / jfSosf] cGtu{t k|sl[ t / k|Toosf] ¿kdf /xg] j0f{ cy{sf] ;d]t af]ws x'G5 . o;} sf/0f cGtdf /xg] jfSo :kmf]6sf] 1fgdf k"jf]Q { m ;ft k|sf/sf :kmf]6x? ;xfos x'G5g\ . To;}n] sfNklgs k|;ª\u p7]sf] xf] . j0f{ zAbn] ;'aGt / ltªGt kbsf] k|sl[ t / k|ToonfO{ k[ys\ 9ª\un] a'em\g] ul/G5 . kb] g j0ff{ ljBGt] j0f]i{ jjojf g r .. jfSoft\ kbfgfdToGt+ k|ljj]sf] g sZrg .

-&# jfSokbLo a|Xdsf08_ kbdf j0f{ x'bF g} g\ / j0f{df cjoj . o;} /Lltn] jfSodf klg kb¿k cjoj /xGgg\ . /rgf / cv08tfsf] x]/fOn] jfSo / kbdf s'g} cGt/ b]lvFbg} . j0f{sf] efg Wjlgsf] dfWodaf6 x'G5 . …uR5ltÚ, …lkaltÚ OToflb ltªGt kbdf j0f{ b]lvFbg} .

To;}n] j0f{ ;d"x kb x'G5 eGg] efg oxfF kb}g{ . d~h'iffsf/ gfu]z e§ k|Zg u5{g–\ …gg' sf]˜o+ j[Tof>oM zAbM <Ú -:kmf]6lg¿k0f k[= *#_ j[lQx?sf] cf>o e"t zAb s] xf] < j0f{ j[lQsf] cf>o x'g ;Sb}g . zAbdf cg]s j0f{x? x'G5g\ . To; dWo] Pp6f j0f{n] dfq ;a}sf] k|ltlglwTj ug{ ;Sb}g . j0f{ ;d'bfo klg j[lQsf] cf>o x'g ;Sb}g . pRrf/0f ul/g] j0f{x? zf:jt / l:y/ geO{ gi6 x'g] :jefjsf sf/0f To:tf j0f{x?sf] ;d'bfo aGg ;j{yf c;Dej 5 . cleJolSt / pTklQ h] eg] klg b'j} cj:yfdf j0f{ lr/:yfoL x'bF g} . To;}n]

j[lQx?sf] cf>oe"t zAb :kmf]6fTds 5 eg]/ hfg . :kmf]6sf] kl/ro jfSo kbLosf/n] ljleGg sfl/sfdf lbPsf 5g\ . :kmf]6:o leGg sfn:o Wjlgsfnfg'kfltgM -&%_ WjgoM ;d'kf]xGt] :kmf]6fTdf t}g{ leBt] -&&_ :kmf]6 ¿k ljefu]g Wjg]ux{| 0fldiot] -*!_ Jo+Uo Jo~hsefj]g ty}j :kmf]6gfbof]M -(&_ ; :kmf]6M zAbhfM zAbfM -!)@_ :kmf]6fb]jf]khfoGt] -!)^_ :kmf]6 s] xf] < eGg] k|Zg p7\bf gfu]z e§ eG5g\ . rt'lj{wf lx jful:t k/f, kZoGtL, dWodf, j}v/L r . tq d"nwf/:yfkjg;+:sf/Le"tf d"nfwf/:yf zAba| X d¿kf, :kGbz" G of, ljGb' ? lk0fL k/f jfu'Rot] . gfleko{GtdfuR5tf t]g jfo'gf˜leJoStf dgf]uf]r/Le"tf kZoGtL jfu'Rot] . Ptåo+ jfUa|Xd of]lugf+ ;dfwf} lglj{sNks, ;ljsNks 1fg ljifo OTo' R ot] . ttf] x[ b oko{ G tdfuR5tf t] g jfo'gf˜leJoStf tQby{ jfrs zAb :kmf]6 ¿kfÚ=== -k/dn3' d~h'iff :kmf]6lg¿k0f k[= (!_ ^= :kmf]6 bz{gsf] lgisif{ jfu]jfy{+ kZolt jfu\ a|jLlt jfu]jfy{+ lglxt+ ;Gtgf]lt jfRo]j ljZj+ ax'¿k+ lga4+ tb]tb]s+ k|ljeHof] ke'ªSt] -jfSokbLo, a|Xdsf08–JofVof lzjz+s/ cj:yL, k[= #%$_ cy{l;4 zAb :kmf]6 xf] . :kmf]6af6 pTklQ, l:ylt / nosf] >]0fL lgwf{l/t x'G5 . cy{ k|bfos zAb, cy{tŒjsf] jf:tljs k|sl[ t jf sf/0fnfO{ :kmf]6 elgPsf] 5 . zAb ;'Gbf dgdf cfpg] :ki6 efj, zAb ;'Gbf dgdf pTkGg x'g] ljrf/ :kmf]6 xf] . t/ efj / ljrf/ cke|z + b'i6 zAbaf6 klg km}lnG5 . To;}n] Jofs/0fåf/f k|sl6t, k|blz{t lgZro u/]sf] ;fy{s zAb :kmf]6 eg]sf] xf] . ;a}n] cy{ k|bfos zAbsf] dlxdf hfg'g\ / k|of]u u?g\ k|1 f MM 23

eGg] Wo]on] :kmf]6 bz{gsf] dxŒjk"0f{ k|;ª\u p7fOPsf] xf] . o;sf] dlxdf j[x:kltn] OGb|nfO{ xhf/f}F xhf/ jif{ k9fpFbf klg k"0f{ ePg . ;d:t ;fj{nf}lss ;[li6 hut\sf] ;|ft] , ;Dk"0f{ ;+;f/sf]

d"n tŒj, ljZjfTdfsf] sf/0f eOsg klg of] :kmf]6 bz{gsf] ljifo Tolt rrf{df cfpg] ub}g{ . :j0f{, O{zf, cSsf, cDaf, cNnf, klxn] ;a} zAb x'g\ .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L cfK6], jfdg lzj/fd, ;+:s[t lxGbL sf]z, ;g\ !(*( lbNnL M df]tLnfn agf/;L bf; .

CUj]b ;+lxtf -dGqfg'qmd0of ;lxtd\_ ;g\ !((^ lbNnL M gfu k|sfzg . sflnbf;, d]3b"t -JofVof, cfrfo{ z]if/fh zdf{ /]UdL_, ;g\ !((), jf/f0f;L M rf}vDaf ljBf ejg . kt~hln, dxfefio, ;g\ !(**, jf/f0f;L M jf0fL ljnf; k|sfzg . kfl0flg ci6fWofoL, ;g\ !(*&, jf/f0f;L M rf}vDaf ;'/ef/tL k|sfzg . e§, gfu]z, k/dn3'd~h'iff -JofVof, cfrfo{ nf]sdl0f bfxfn_, ;g\ @)!!, jf/f0f;L M rf}vDaf ;'/ef/tL k|sfzg . j/b/fh, n3'l;4fGt sf}d'bL -JofVof, >L w/fgGb zf:qL_, ;g\ !(($, lbNnL M df]tLnfn agf/;L bf; . jfSokbLo a|Xdsf08 -JofVof, 8f= lzjz+s/ cj:yL_, ;g\ @))!, jf/f0f;L M rf}vDaf ljBf ejg . jfSokbLo a|Xdsf08 -JofVof, >L /3'gfy zdf{_ lj=;+= @)##, jf/0f;L M ;Dk"0ff{gb ;+:s[t ljZjljBfo . j}ofs/0f e"if0f;f/ -JofVof, 8f= rlGb|sfk|;fb låj]bL_, ;g\ !(((, lbNnL M rf}vDaf ;+:s[t k|lti7fg . lzIff ;ª\u|x -;Dkfbs, cfrfo{ >L /fdk|;fb lqkf7L_, lj=;++ @)$^, jf/f0f;L M ;Dk"0ff{gGb ;+:s[t ljZjljBfno . l;4fGt sf}d'bL -tŒjaf]lwgL_, ;g\ !(*%, lbNnL M rf}vDaf ;+:s[t k|lti7fg .

∗∗∗

k|1 f MM 24

eflifs cWoog

g]kfnsf nflu cfbz{ efiff gLlt — 8f= z}nhf kf]v/]n != kl/ro s'g} b]zdf af]nrfn jf k|of]udf cfpg] hlt efiff 5g\, tL ;a} efiffx?nfO{ /fHosf s'g s'g sfdsf nflu /f]Hg] cyjf /fHon] s'g efiff k|lt s:tf] Jojxf/ ug{] eGg] /fHon] lnPsf] gLltnfO{ g} To; b]zsf] efiff gLlt elgG5 . s'g} klg b]zsf] efiff gLltn] To; b]zsf efiffx?sf] ljsf;nfO{ 8f]¥ofPsf] x'G5 . g]kfnsf] hgu0fgf @)^* sf cg';f/ g]kfn !@# cf]6f dft[efiff ePsf] ax'eflifs d'ns ' xf] . o:tf ax'eflifs d'ns ' df ePsf cg]s efiffsf] ljsf; s'g ¿kdf ;/sf/n] u/L /x]sf] 5 To;nfO{ b]vfpg] 7fpF g} ToxfFsf] efiff gLlt xf] . g]kfndf cfbz{ efiff gLlt s:tf] x'g' kg{] xf]Ù clxn] ;Dd cfPsf efiff gLlt s:tf 5g\ / g]kfnsf] h:tf] ax'eflifs kl/l:yltdf ;+;f/sf s'g s'g /fHon] s:tf] efiff gLlt agfP/ s;/L /fHodf ePsf efiffx?sf] ;dGjofTds eflifs ljsf; u/]sf 5g\ < To;sf] n]vf hf]vf ug{] k|of; oxfF ul/Psf] 5 . @= efiff gLltsf] ;}4flGts :j¿k efiff gLlt eg]sf] s] xf] / ljåfgx?n] efiff gLltsf] JofVof s;/L u/]sf 5g\ eGg] s'/f hfg]df b]zsf] efiff gLltsf] JofVof ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 . ax'eflifs d'ns ' df af]nrfn / k|of]udf cfPsf ;a} efiffx?nfO{ hu]gf{, pTyfg / ljsf; s;/L ug{Ù] efiffsf] ljsf; ug{] jf efiffnfO{ df:g]Ù s'g s'g efiffnfO{ s'g} csf]{ efiffdf ¿kfGt/0f ug{] eGg] sfd /fHosf] efiff gLltn] u5{ . efiff gLlt ;DaGwL s]xL dxŒjk"0f{ wf/0ffx? o:tf 5g\ -kf]v/]n, @)^(_ ;f]leot ;ª\3df !(@) b]lv !(#) O{ sf]

bzsdf w]/} h;f] dft[efiffx?sf] ljsf; ug{] -efiff_ of]hgf sfo{fGjog ePsf a]nfdf …efiffsf ;Gbe{df /fi6«sf] gLltÚ eg]/ …efiff gLltÚ sf] cy{ nufOPsf] lyof] . l/uf]l/Pesf cg';f/ efiff gLlt eg]sf] s'g} vf; ;dfhdf ;r]t ¿kdf efiffx?nfO{ k|efljt kfg{] l;åfGt / k|lqmof xf] .

O;fo] j sf cg' ; f/ /fHodf efiff j}1flgsx?nfO{ lgo'Qm u/]/ ;r]t ¿kdf k|of]hg k"0f{ 9ª\un] s'g efiffnfO{ s:tf] agfpg] eGg] ;/sf/n] lnPsf] g} efiff gLlt xf] -Isayev, 1977_ . /]lHgs -Reznik, 2001_ sf cg';f/ b]zdf ePsf ;a} efiffx?n] lg/Gt/tf kfpg\ ls c¿ efiffx? s'g} Pp6} efiffdf ck;/0f xf]pg\ eGg] ;/sf/n] lnPsf] j}slNks gLlt g} b]zsf] efiff gLlt xf] . dlNnsfh{ ' g -Mallikarjun, 2004_ sf cg';f/ …lzIff, k|zf;g, Gofofno / cfd ;~rf/ h:tf If]qdf /fHodf ePsf efiffx? dWo] s'g efiffnfO{ s'g tx ;Dd k'¥ofpg] eGg] ;/sf/n] lnPsf] wf/0ff g} efiff gLlt xf]Ú . oL kl/efiffx?nfO{ s]nfpFbf efiff gLlt eg]sf] /fHodf ePsf efiffx? dWo] s'g efiffnfO{ s'g :yfg lbg] eGg] Joj:yf xf] . /fHodf efiff gLltsf] sfd ;/sf/L cfb]z cg';f/ x'g] u5{ . efiff gLlt nfu' ug{ ;/sf/n] efiff j}1flgsx? lgo'Qm u/]/ ltgLx?sf] l;kmfl/;df efiffx?nfO{ eO{ /x]sf] cj:yfaf6 kl/jt{g ug{] ;DaGwL Joj:yf u/]sf] x'G5 . /fHodf k|of]hg d"ns 9Ën] efiff gLltsf] sfd ul/G5 . cyf{t\ /fHosf] lxt, kmfObf / ;lhnfsf nflu efiff gLlt agfOPsf] x'G5 . efiff k|1 f MM 25

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gLltsf] sfo{df /fHosf] ;/sf/L kIfn] eflifs /0fgLlt klg ckgfPsf] x'G5 . efiff gLltsf] sfo{fGjogn] ;dfhdf k|ToIf k|efj kf/]sf] x'G5 / /fHosf] sfdsf nflu nIo cg';f/ s'g efiffsf] :yfg s'g jf s:tf] rflxG5, To;sf] cfwf/df ul/Psf] eflifs Joj:yf klg efiff gLlt g} xf] eGg] a'lemG5 . ;fy} kl/efiff x]bf{ efiff gLlt nfu' ub{f ;/sf/sf] lxt x'gk' 5{ / efiff gLlt nfu' ug{ ;/sf/n] 7f]; k|oTg klg ug{' k5{ eGg] a'lemG5 . gLltn] /fHodf s:tf] kl/0ffd NofpF5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ ;r]t ¿kdf efiff gLlt agfpg' k5{ . efiff gLlt k|of]hgd"ns x'g' k5{ / /fHon] jf ;/sf/n] lglZrt nIo /fv]/ dfq efiff gLlt agfpg' k5{ . efiff gLlt sfof{Gjog ug{ efiff j}1flgsx?sf] 6f]nLnfO{ g} ;fd]n u/fpg' k5{ . efiff gLlt sfof{Gjogsf nflu ;/sf/L x:tIf]k g} rflxG5 . oL s'/fx?sf cfwf/df ;/sf/n] /fHodf eO{ /x]sf dft[efiffx? dWo] efiff j}1flgsx?sf] cWoogsf cfwf/df ltgLx?sf] ;Nnfx / ;'emfp adf]lhd s'g efiffnfO{ lzIff, ;~rf/ cflb If]qdf s'g tx ;Dd k'¥ofpg]Ù s'g s'g efiffnfO{ ljsf; ug{Ù] s'g s'g efiff s'g ¿knfO{ dfgsLs/0f ug{] tyf s'g efiffnfO{ ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] nflu of]Uo agfpg] cflb h:tf gLlt agfPsf] x'G5, To;}nfO{ efiff gLlt elgG5 . #= efiff gLltsf ljz]iftf efiff gLltdf b]zdf s'g} g s'g} ¿kdf af]nrfndf /xL /x]sf t/ nf]k x'g] ;Defjgf ePsf efiffx?nfO{ nf]k x'g lbg] ls hu]gf{ ug{Ù] hu]gf{ ug{] eP k|of]u s'g s'g :yfgdf ug{ kfpg]Ù nf]k u/fpg rfx]df To:tf efiffnfO{ s'g rflxF efiffdf ck;/0f ug{Ù] s'g} efiffsf cg]s eflifsf dWo] s'g rflxF eflifsfnfO{ dfgs agfpg]Ù s'g s'g efiffnfO{ kfl/jfl/s af]nrfndf dfq ;Lldt /fVg]Ù s'g efiffnfO{ cfd ;~rf/sf] dfWod agfpg] jf sxfF ;Dd ;~rf/sf nflu s'g efiff s'g s'g efiff k|of]u ug{ kfpg]; s'g efiffdf sxfF ;Dd lzIff lbg]Ù 1fg lj1fgsf] cleJolQm ;fdy{o\ s'g k|1 f MM 26

efiffdf a9fpg]Ù k|fGtLo efiffsf ¿kdf s'g efiffnfO{ sxfF ;Dd dfGotf lbg]Ù If]qLo efiffsf ¿kdf s'g efiffnfO{ slt ;Dd dfGotf lbg]Ù ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiffsf] ¿kdf s'g s'g efiffnfO{ slt dfqfdf k|of]u ug{ dfGotf lbg]Ù /fi6« efiffsf ¿kdf s'g efiffnfO{ ljsf; ug{Ù] /cGt/{fli6«o efiffsf ¿kdf s'g s'g efiffnfO{ rnfpg] eGg] s'/f efiff gLltdf cfpg' k5{ kf]v/]n, @)^(_ . $= s]xL ax'eflifs d'ns ' df ag]sf cfbz{ efiff gLlt ;+;f/df efiff gLltsf nflu cWoogsf] ;'?cft !()% O{ lt/} ;f]leot ;ª\3df x'g yfn]sf] b] l vG5 (Reznik, 2001; Brandist, 2003; Koerner, 2009; Isayev, 1977_ . clxn]sf] g]kfnsf] ax'eflifs l:ylt ;f]leot ;ª\3sf] !(!& -!(@) O{ sf] bzs_ sf] h:t} b]lvG5 . kk'jf Go' lugLdf sl/a *%) cf]6f hlt efiffx? af]lnG5g\ -Litteral, 2001; Klaus, 2003_ . of] ;ª\Vof g]kfndf ePsf] efiffsf] em08} &–* u'0ff a9L ;ª\Vof xf] . ToxfF klg eflifs ;d:of ;'lNemPsf] cj:yfdf 5 / ;+;f/df cfbz{ efiff gLlt nfu' ePsf b]zdf kk'jf Go' lugLsf] gfd lnOg] u5{ . t;y{ kk'jf Go' lugLsf] efiff gLlt klg g]kfndf ;fGble{s x'G5 . ef/tsf] efiff gLlt klg pTs[i6 efiff gLlt dWo] Ps dflgG5 . ToxfF !(^! O{ df !^%@ cf]6f dft[efiff lyP -Mallikarjun, 2004_ . olt w]/} efiff af]lng] ax'eflifs ef/tsf] kl/j]z g]kfnsf] h:t} t/ w]/} hl6n ePsfn] klg ef/tsf] cfbz{ efiff gLlt klg g]kfnsf nflu lzIff lbg] lsl;dsf] b]lvG5 . efiff gLltsf If]qdf ;+;f/d} pNn]vgLo dflgg] ef/t g]kfnsf] ltglt/ l;dfgf hf]l8Psf] l5d]sL / g]kfnL efiffnfO{ ;d]t ToxfFsf] If]qLo efiffsf] ¿kdf ;+jw} flgs dfGotf lbP/ ef/te/ g]kfnLdf k9\g kfpg] Joj:yf ;d]t ul/Psfn] klg g]kfnsf] efiff gLltsf] ;dLIff ub{f ef/tsf] efiff gLltsf] cWoog / ljZn]if0f ug{' kg{] b]lvG5 . g]kfnn] efiff gLlt agfpFbf tL /fHox?df efiff gLlt s:tf] agfPsf 5g\ / s;/L /fHodf

ePsf g]kfnsf eGbf w]/} efiffsf] ljsf; u/]sf 5g\ To;nfO{ x]g'{ cfjZos b]lvG5 . $=! ;f]leot ;ª\3 ;+;f/e/df !()% O{= d} klxnf] efiff gLlt Tof] klg ax'eflifs gLlt agfpg] /fHo ;f]leot ;ª\3 xf] . ToxfF efiff gLltsf] sfd ug{' cufl8 g} eflifs ljsf;nfO{ dxŒjk"0f{ ¿kdf ;f]lrof] / ToxfF af]lng] ;a} efiffdf kf7\o ;fdu|L, ltgLx?sf] n]Vo ¿k, lnlk, j0f{ lgw{f/0f, Jofs/0f, zAb e08f/, zAb sf]z, k|fljlws zAbfjnL cflb ;a} sfd s[lqd ¿kn] ul/of] clg hgtfnfO{ pgLx?s} dft[efiffdf k9\g kfpg] Joj:yf ul/of] -Isayev, 1977_ . ;f]leot ;ª\3sf] klxnf] efiff gLltdf lgDg lnlvt s'/f lyP -Courtenay, 1906_ M -!_ /fHodf s'g} Pp6f efiffnfO{ dfq /fi6« efiffsf] Psnf}6L bh{f lbg' x'bF g} Ù -@_ s]G›Lo ;/sf/sf] sfdsfhsf] efiff ;a} eGbf w]/} hgtfn] af]Ng] efiff x'g' k5{Ù -#_ /fHosf s'g} klg dft[efiffx?nfO{ ;/sf/L sfdsfhdf k|of]u ug{ k|ltaGw nufpg' x'bF g} Ù -$_ x/] s gful/sn] s] G ›Lo ;/sf/L sfo{fnox?df cfˆg} dft[efiffdf af]Ng kfpg] clwsf/ :yflkt x'g' k5{Ù -%_ ;a} cNk;ª\Vos efiffsf dft[efifLn] cfˆg} dft[efiffdf lzIff lng kfpg' k5{ . olt sfd u/]df h'g;'s} ax'eflifs b]zdf gful/sx?sf lardf kf/:kl/s d}qL tyf ;Gt'lnt ;dGjo sfod x'G5 eGg ;lsG5 . ?;df !()^ / !(!# O{ df …Pp6f ax'eflifs u0f/fHodf af]lng] efiffx?sf] a/fa/ clwsf/ x'gk' 5{Ú eGg] s'tg{ s ] f] wf/0ff cfPsf] lyof] . n]lggn] !(!$ O{ df To;} efiff gLltnfO{ cfˆgf ;/sf/sf nflu a}wflgstf lbP . n]lggn] To; a]nf ?;L efiffnfO{ nflbPsf] dfg] s f lyP . ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf lr7Lx?df ?;L efiff dfq k|of]u ul/g' x'bF g} eGg] pgsf] wf/0ff lyof] -Koerner, 2009_. ?;df hf/ zfxLsf] lj/f]wdf cfPsf] n]lggsf] ;/sf/n] ax'eflifs /fHodf eflifs ljsf;sf If]qdf

sfd u/]sf] lyof] / Tof] sfd clxn]sf] g]kfnsf] nflu pNn]vgLo x'g] lsl;dsf] lyof] -Isayev, 1977; Reznik, 2001_ . ?;, ;f]leot ;ª\3 ag] kl5 n]lggnfO{ ;f]leot ;ª\3sf] efiff of]hgf nfu' ub{f ToxfF s'tg{ s ] f] u'?s'ndf k9\g] n]lggu|fb ljZj ljBfnosf r]nfx? t ToxfFsf k|fWofksx?n] efiff j}1flgssf ¿kdf sfd u/] / s'tg{ s ] f] efiff gLlt cg';f/ eflifs ljsf;sf] sfddf ;3fP . s'tg{ s ] } efiff gLltnfO{ n]lgg -Lenin,1913; 1914_ n] ;f]leot ;ª\3sf] eflifs gLltsf ¿kdf o;/L k|:t't u/] M s= ;f] l eot ;ª\ 3 df ax' ; ª\ V os jf cNk;ª\Vos -w]/} jf yf]/} ;ª\Vofdf af]lng]_ ;a} efiffx?sf] ;dfg clwsf/ x'gk' 5{, v= yf]/} jf w]/} hlt;'s} ;ª\Vofdf af]lng] eP klg h'g;'s} dft[efiff af]Ng] jQmfn] cfˆg} dft[efiffdf lzIff kfpg'k5{ / cfˆg} dft[efiff k|of]u u/]/ ;/sf/L ;'ljwf ef]Ug kfpg' k5{, / u= efiffsf cfwf/df /fHodf s;}dfly klg kIfkft x'g' x'bF g} .

To; a]nf ;f]leot ;ª\3df wd{ cg';f/sf] km/s lnlk klg lyof] . c/aL lnlk ToxfFsf] dWo Pl;ofsf O:nfdL wd{fjnDaLx?n] k|of]u uy{,] t/ ;f]leot ;ª\3df tL efiffx?sf] j0f{dfnfnfO{ cf3ft gk'¥ofO{ eflifs ljsf;sf] k|dv ' p2]Zo lnP/ c/aL lnlknfO{ dfq l;l/lns lnlkdf nUg] gLlt lnOof] . ;a} efiff ;d'bfosf dflg;n] /fHosf Goflos lgsfo tyf ;/sf/L sfdsfhdf cfˆgf] dft[efiff af]Ng kfpg\ eGg] dfGotf ;f]leot ;ª\3sf] efiff gLltn] lnof] .ToxfF c¿ ;a} efiffsf] ljsf; ug{' k5{ / ?;L efiff s]G›sf] ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiff agfpg' k5{ eGg] gLlt aGof] . t/ …d klg dxfg\ ?;L efiffsf] :jfb ;a}n] lng kfpg\ eGg] rfxG5' t/ d sf]/f{ xfg]/ ?;L efiff rvfpg jf nfb\g rfxGgÚ eGb} ?;L efiffsf] ljz]iftfnfO{ n]lggn] :jLsf/] (Lenin, 1913; Lenin, 1914) . ;f] l eot?;df eflifs ljsf;sf] sfd r/0fa4 ¿kdf ul/Psf] lyof] M s= klxnf] r/0fdf efiff j}1flgsx? nufP/ k|1 f MM 27

j0f{ lgw{f/0f ub{} n]Vo k/Dk/f ljsf; ug{] sfd ul/of] . lnlk ePsf efiffsf j0f{dfnfdf j0f{ j}1flgs ;'wf/ klxnf] r/0fd} ;f]leot ;ª\3 el/ ul/of] . v= bf];f| ] r/0fdf klxn] g} lnlka4 ePsf lxa|' / c/aL h:tf hl6n lnlkn] ub{f Tof] efiff c¿nfO{ l;sfpg ufx|f] ePsfn] Tof] lnlk g} 5f]8/] To;sf] ;§f /f]dg lnlk k|of]u ug{] lgb{z ] g lbOof] . u= t];f| ] r/0fdf lnlk gePsf efiffdf j0f{ / lnlk lgw{f/0f u/]/ j0f{dfnf ;d]t agfOof] . n]Vo k/Dk/f gePsf efiffsf] dfgs eflifsfsf] vf]hL ul/of] .

3= rf}yf] r/0fdf !(#) O{ sf] bzs :tflngsf] kfnf]_ df n]Vo k/Dk/f gePsf ;a} efiffnfO{ ?;L -l;l/lns_ lnlkdf ljsf; ul/of] . ª= kfFrf}F r/0fdf M !($) / !(%) O{ sf] bzsdf ;a} efiffsf] Pp6} lnlk agfP/ ?;L efiffsf k|fljlws zAbfjnLnfO{ ;a} efiffdf leœofOof]Ù ;a} efiffsf] j0f{ / lnlksf] ;'wf/ ul/of] / efiff ;DaGwL c¿ ;d:ofx?sf] klg cWoog eof] . ;f]leot ;ª\3df eflifs ljsf;sf] sfd ub{f lnlknfO{ dxŒjk"0f{ ¿kdf lnOof] . ljz]if u/]/ r/0fa4 ¿kdf ToxfFsf c¿ lnlknfO{ l;l/lns lnlkdf nu]/ eflifs ljsf; ug{] gLlt lnOof] .

Jojxf/df ?;L efiffnfO{ ljz]if ¿kn] lnOP tfklg …/fi6« efiffÚ eg]/ To;nfO{ elgPg . ToxfF eflifs ljsf;sf] sfd ;kmntf k"js { ;DkGg eof] / ;a} efiffnfO{ ?;L efiffsf] glhs Nofpg] sfd ToxfFsf] of]hgfa4 eflifs ljsf;n] u¥of] . dWo Pl;ofsf lgs} efiffx?sf] eflifs ljsf;sf] sfddf :yfgLo lnlknfO{ ;'?df Nofl6g lnlkn] lj:yflkt u/] klg kl5Nnf] r/0fdf ;a} efiffnfO{ l;l/lns lnlkd} n]Vg] agfOof] . /fi6« efiffsf] dfGotfdf ghflgFbf] u/]/ ?;L efiffnfO{ k|:t't ug{] sfd klg ToxfF eof] -Isayev, 1977_ . ?;L efiffsf] ;d[l4df c¿ ;a} efiffnfO{ k'¥ofpg] nIo ;f]leot ;ª\3n] lnof], t/ ;f]leot ;ª\3sf] /fi6« efiff eg]/ ToxfFsf] ;a} eGbf zlQmzfnL efiff ?;LnfO{ klg tf]lsPsf] lyPg . ToxfF eflifs ljsf;sf sfd eP / …cK7\of/fÚ k|1 f MM 28

lnlkx?nfO{ l;l/lns -?;L_ lnlkdf kl/0ft ul/of] -Isayev, 1977_. ;'?df ghflgFbf] 9Ën] n]lggn], lardf lgs} a'lemg] u/L :tflngn] / !(^) O{ sf] bzsdf 68\sf/} a'lemg] u/L tTsfnLg zf;sx?n] c¿ efiffnfO{ k|ltaGw ;d]t nufP/ ?;L efiffnfO{ ?;sf] /fi6« efiff ;/x dfGotf lbg] cj:yfdf k'¥ofP . ;f]leot ;ª\3df efiff gLlt cg';f/ eflifs ljsf;sf] k|efj hgu0fgfdf b]lvof] . !*(& O{ sf] hgu0fgfdf ?; -o'/f]k_ df ( jif{ dflysf @&% dfq ;fIf/ lyP . dWo Pl;ofdf k'?if !)% / dlxnf #% dfq ;fIf/ lyP t/ eflifs ljsf; ;lxtsf] efiff gLlt nfu' ub{f Tof] ;ª\Vof a9]/ dlxnf ;fIf/tf slt 7fpFdf t yf]/} ;dod} (&% ;Dd k'Uof] -Isayev, 1977_ . ;f]leot ;ª\3df ?;L efiff alnof] g} lyof] eGg] s'/f] !(() O{ sf] bzsdf ;f]leot ;ª\3 !% cf]6f u0f /fHodf 6'lqmFbf ;a} :jtGq u0f /fHosf] kf/:kl/s ;Dks{ efiff / cf}krfl/s efiff ?;L efiff g} x'g k'us ] f] 36gfn] k|dfl0ft u/]sf] 5 . /fHosf] ;Dks{ efiff s] x'g] eGg] gLlt ;+;f/df s'g} efiff gLltdf gkg{ ;S5 t/ k|fGtLo, If]qLo tyf /fli6«o ¿kdf s'g efiff ;a} eGbf w]/n } ] a'‰5g\, To;}nfO{ ;Dks{ efiffsf ¿kdf /f]hs ] f x'G5g\ . ?;L efiff ;f]leot ;ª\3df ;a} eGbf ljsl;t efiff ePsfn] / bf];f| ] efiffsf ¿kdf ;a} eGbf w]/} dfG5]n] af]nrfndf k|of]u ug{] u/]sfn] ?;L efiff g} hgtfn] ;Dks{ efiffsf ¿kdf /f]h] / To;sf] kl/0ffd :j¿k ;f]leot ;ª\3 6'lqmFbf w]/} h;f] ;f]leot ;ª\3sf hgtfx?n] bf];f| ] efiffsf ¿kdf ?;L af]nL /x]sf lyP -Reznik, 2001_ . ;+;f/df ePsf efiff gLltx?sf] cWoogsf cfwf/df s]xL ax'eflifs d'ns ' sf efiff gLltnfO{ cfbz{ eP klg ;f]leot ;ª\3df n]lggn] agfPsf] efiff gLlt / of]hgfsf] sfdnfO{ sDo'lg:6 kf6{Ls { f lstfa k9fpg o:tf] gLlt agfOPsf] eGg] wf/0ff klg kfOG5 -Gadelii, 1999_, t/ h;n] h] eg] klg ;f]leot ;ª\3df ePsf clwsf+z efiffx? k9\g n]Vgsf nflu ljsl;t eP . ;a}n] cfˆg} efiffdfq hfg]sf] eP klg ;/sf/L sfdsfh p;sf

nflu klg ;xh eof] . cfˆgf] dft[efiff dfq hfg]sf] dfG5]n] ckdflgt eP/ / 1fg lng] sfdaf6 jl~rt klg x'g' k/]g . $=@ kk'jf Go' lugL ;+;f/ e/df hDdf 5 ;ft xhf/ efiffx?

5g\ h;sf] emG8} 5 efusf] Ps efu efiff cg]s 6fk'x?df 5l/P/ ag]sf] ;fgf] kk'jf Go' lugLdf af]lnG5g\ . kk'jf Go' lugLdf ;a} efiffdf k9\g] Joj:yf x'g' k5{ eGg] dfGotf lnP/ eflifs ljsf;sf] sfd ;g !((# b]lv ;'? eof] . ToxfF *%) hlt efiff 5g\, h; dWo] $&) efiffdf k9\g ;lsg] Joj:yf u/L ;lsPsf] 5 . kk'jf Go' lugLdf !(%% O{ b]lv g} cª\uh ]| L efiff n]vk9sf] Psdfq dfWod lyof] . tf]s lklhg kk'jf Go' lugLsf] pQ/L e]usf] ;Dks{ efiffsf ¿kdf ljsl;t ePsf] lyof] eg] lx/L df]t' eGg] cs{f] lklhg kk'jf Go' lugLsf] blIf0fL e]usf] ;Dks{ efiffsf ¿kdf ljsl;t lyof] . clxn] ToxfFsf] ;/sf/n] ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiffsf ¿kdf log} b'O{ cf]6f lklhg / cª\uh ]| LnfO{ dfGotf lbPsf] 5 .

ToxfF !(() O{= sf] bzsdf tLg cf]6f efiffdf q}eflifs gLlt_ lzIff ljsf; sfo{ qmd nfu' ul/of], h;n] ub{f dft[efiffx? klg lzIffsf dfWod x'g k'u] . kk'jf Go' lugLn] eflifs ljsf; ub{f cyjf ax'eflifs lzIff nfu' ub{f lgDg lnlvt bz cf]6f /0fgLlt ckgfPsf] lyof] . s= Jofks 5nkmn M s]–s] ljifo k9fOFb} 5, k|rlnt kf7\o qmddf /flvPsf ljifox?sf] /fli6«o cfjZostf 5 ls 5}g, k|rlnt lzIff Joj:yfdf sdhf]/L s]–s] 5g\ / To;sf ljsNk s]–s:tf x'g ;S5g\ h:tf s'/fdf ;g\ !(*) O{= sf] dWo lt/ Jofks 5nkmn eof] . v= of] h gf M ToxfF rln/x] s f ld;g/L ljBfnox?sf] cg'ej klg ;dfj]z ub{} lzIff ljefun] x/]s If]q, lhNnf, ufpF / efiffdf s:tf] ;'wf/ rflxPsf] 5, To;sf] ¿k/]vf x]/L ;'wfg{] lgb{z ] g lbof] . lzIfssf] cfjZostf / To;sf] lx;fa lgsflnof] . hxfF cfly{s l:ylt sdhf]/ lyof], To;sf] of]hgf lzIff ljefun] agfof] /

To; sfdsf nflu ;d'bfo, efiff / lhNnfsf hfGg] a'‰g] JolQmx?nfO{ ;xefuL u/fof] . u= qmldstf M ;g\ !((# O{= df of] sfd ltg cf]6f k|fGtsf s]xL efuaf6 ;'? eof] / of] qmd ;a} k|fGt ;Dd k'Uof] . o;sf] k|efj s'g} lhNnfdf k'Uof], s'g} lhNnfdf k'Ug ;s]g . ;'wf/sf] sfo{qmd, lzIfsnfO{ tflnd / z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] pTkfbg h'g efiffdf hlt l56f] eof], Tof] efiffdf dft[efiff lzIffsf] sfo{qmd klg l56} ;'? eof] .

3= hftLo, :yfgLo cfjZostf / oyfy{tfsf] ;fGble{stf M z}lIfs ljsf;sf] sfd ;'? ePb]lv g} ToxfF hftLo lrgf/L, ;fF:s[lts ;+/If0f, z}Ifl0fs k|efjsfl/tf h:tf s'/fnfO{ dxŒj lbOPsf] lyof] . hftLo lrgf/L, ;+:s[lt, k/Dk/f tyf efiff u/L oL rf/} s'/fsf] hu]gf{, pTyfg / ljsf;nfO{ dxŒj lbOof] . ª= :yfgLo OR5f, ;fd'bflos ;xeflutf / :jfldTjÙ ToxfF tof/ ePsf] kf7\oqmd / ljBfno rnfpg] lhDdf :yfgLo hgtfsf] OR5fdf 5f]l8of] . h'g efiffdf sDtLdf #)) hgf jQmf 5g\, Tof] efiffdf z}lIfs ;'wf/sf] sfd nfu' ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf clxn] ;Dd ToxfF 5 . lzIfs / z}lIfs ;fdu|L ePsf v08df,;'?df s'g} efiffdf z}lIfs ;'wf/ sfo{qmd nfu' x'bF f x/]s ;d'bfo;Fu JolQmut ¿kdf ;Dks{ /flvG5 clg x/]s ;d'bfoaf6 ljBfnonfO{ ;xof]u, ;dy{g / :jfldTjsf nflu tTk/ agfOG5 . ;d'bfon] slt e/ ug{ ;S5 Tof] klg 5nkmnsf] ljifo x'G5 . s'g} ;d'bfon] z}lIfs ;'wf/sf] sfddf Jofks lj/f]w u/]df dft[efiff dfWodsf] eflifs lzIffsf] ;'wf/ sfo{qmd ToxfF nfu' x'bF g} . r= :yfgLo lzIfsÙ ToxfF k|fylds ljBfnosf nflu lzIfs s]G›Lo SofDk;x?df tflnd lbOGYof] / cGoq nluGYof] . cª\uh ]| L dfWod dfq b]ze/ Psgf;] ¿kdf lzIffsf] dfWod x'bF f t Tof] ;Dej lyof], t/ ax'eflifs lzIff of]hgfdf Tof] ljlw gckgfP/ ;d'bfon] g} lzIfs 5fGg] Joj:yf ul/of] . dft[efiffdf lzIff lbg jf k9fpg s] s] rflxG5, Tof] ljifodf tL lzIfsnfO{ l;sfOof] . To:tfdf :yfgLo a]/f]huf/n] :yfoL ¿kdf yf]/} k};fdf k|1 f MM 29

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k9fP . vr{ klg sd eof] . z}lIfs ;fdu|L ;lhn} aGof] . ;/sf/nfO{ klg ef/ k/]g / cleefjs klg z}lIfs sfddf k|ToIf ;xefuL eP .

5= dft[efiffdf sIffsf] ;ª\Vof ;Lldt agfpg] M ToxfF # cf]6f -!_ :yfgLo lzIfsnfO{ yf]/} k};f lbP/ k9fpg nufpg], -@_ dft[efiffdf lzIff s]hL, Ps / b'O{ sIffdf dfq lbOg] / -#_ t];f| ] sIffb]lv ;Dks{ efiff / cª\uh ]| Ldf ;f/]/ kf7\o ;fdu|LnfO{ ToxL cg';f/ ljsf; ug{] eGg] ;dfwfgsf pkfo lgsfn]/ dft[efiffnfO{ @ sIff ;Dd k9fP/ # sIffb]lv k7g kf7gsf] dfWod ;Dks{ efiffdf ;fl/of] . h= ;/n kf7\o ;fdu|L M ToxfF s]hL, sIff ! / sIff @ ;Dd k9fpg] zAb ;ª\Vof s]xL ;o ;ª\Vofdf ;Lldt u/]/ ;a} dft[efiffsf cfwf/e"t k':ts Pp6} agfOof] . ltgLx?df lrq lbOof]Ù lrq hgfpg] zAb cª\uh ]| Ldf dfq n]lvof] / dft[efiffsf zAb eg{ vfnL 7fpF 5f]l8of] / ;j{q Pp6} lstfa afFl8of] . vr{ 36fpg To:tf lstfadf uftf s8f agfOPg / lrq klg /ËLg agfOPg h;n] ub{f ;a} dft[efiffdf ;:tf]df ;lhn} kf7\o ;fdu|L tof/ ug{ ;lsof] . em= ;+:yfx?sf] ;xof]u lng] M ToxfFsf] h:tf] dft[efiffdf lzIff lbg] cfbz{ sfd ;+:yf / ;d'bfosf] ;xof]u, ;dy{g, e/ / ;xeflutf ljgf ;Dej gx'g] x'bF f ;d'bfo / ;+:yfx?sf] e]6] ;Ddsf] ;xof]u, ;dy{g / ;xeflutf lnOof] . ToxfFsf] ;/sf/L lzIff ljefun] ax'eflifs lzIffnfO{ cg's/0fLo ;kmntf lbg dft[efifL ;d'bfo afx]s vf; u/L wfld{s If]qdf sfd u/L /x]sf / wd{ lg/k]If Pglhcf]x?n] dft[efiffdf lzIff lbg] sfddf 7'nf] e/ u/] . `= bftfx?sf] e/ M kk'jf Go' lugLdf ax'eflifs lzIffsf nflu ;'?df bft[;:+ yfx?sf] vf]hL ul/of] . kl5 To;n] ;kmntf kfof] . kk'cf Go' lugLsf] eflifs ;'wf/ cleofgn] ub{f ;ft jif{s} sfo{fGjogsf cfwf/df lzIff ljefun] s]=hL=, sIff ! / sIff @ ;Dd cª\uh ]| L, b'O{ dWo] Ps lklhg / dft[efiffdf lzIff lbg k|1 f MM 30

;lsg] q}eflifs lzIff of]hgf agfof] . ctM @))) O{= sf] bzsdf ToxfF lqefifLo lzIff of]hgf nfu' eof] h;n] ubf{ s]6fs]6L / cleefjs cem pT;fxL x'g yfn]sf] kfOof] -Klaus, 2003_ . ;fgf] / ul/a eP klg kk'jf Go' lugLn] eflifs ljsf;sf] sfd cfbz{ ¿kdf u¥of] . efiff ljsf;sf] klxrfg g} To; efiffdf ePsf] lzIffsf] Joj:yf xf], h'g ;/sf/n] /fHosf] efiff gLltdf /fv]/ of]hgfj4 ¿kn] u5{ . kk'jf Go' lugLdf eflifs ljsf;sf If]qdf ePsf oL bz cf]6f sfdx? dWo] cf7 cf]6f sfdnfO{ g]kfnn] klg x]g'{ cTofjZos 5 eGg] nfU5 . $=# ef/t ef/t csf]{ ax'eflifs /fHo xf] . ToxfFsf] ;/sf/n] klg ToxfF k|of]u x'g] efiffx?sf] qmdzM ljsf; ub{} n}hfn] gLlt lnPsf] 5 . /fhgLlts, ;fdflhs tyf ;fF:s[lts ¿kn] g]kfnsf] ;a} eGbf glhssf] cfbz{ ax'eflifs gLlt ePsf] /fHo ef/t xf] . ToxfF cª\uh ]| LÞ , lxGbL / k|fb]lzs efiff u/]/ ltg j6f efiffnfO{ k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] jf ug{' kg{] q}eflifs gLlt 5 . :6];gdf p¢f]if0f klg ltg cf]+6} efiffdf ul/G5 . ;+;b\sf] sfd lxGbL / cª\u|]hLdf ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf 5 . ef/tdf /fHo;ef tyf nf]s;efsf ;efklt tyf cWoIfn] ljz]if kl/l:yltdf ;bgsf s'g} ;b:onfO{ cfˆgf] dft[efiffdf ;bgnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ cg'dlt lbg ;S5g\ . tL efiffx? ef/tLo ;+ljwfgsf] cf7f}F cg';"rLdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf x'G5g\ / To:tf efiffx?nfO{ ;+jw} flgs efiff dflgG5 . ;a} efiffsf] ljsf; / ;+/If0f ug{] gLlt ;/sf/n] lnPsf] 5 . j0f{dfnf, Jofs/0f / zAb sf]z agfpFb} ;a} efiffnfO{ n]Vo k/Dk/fdf qmdzM n}hfg] efiff gLlt ToxfFsf] 5 / ToxfF ax';ª\Vos tyf cNk;ª\Vos efiffnfO{ lglZrt tx;Dd pTyfg ug{] gLlt klg 5 Mallikarjun, 2004_ . ef/tdf cgg';"lrt efiffx? g]kfnsf efiffeGbf !) u'0ff hlt a9L 5g\ eGg] b]lvG5 / ToxfF $! cf] 6 f dft[ e fiffdf lzIff lbOG5 -Mallikarjun, 2004_ . g]kfnL klg cf7f}F cg';r " Ldf

uflePsfn] ToxfF g]kfnL efiffdf kLPr8L ;Ddsf] z}lIfs pkflw lng ;lsG5 / k|fGtLo efiffsf] dfGotf g]kfnLn] klg kfPsf] 5 . ef/tdf /fi6« efiff x'g] of]Uotf klg Jojl:yt 5M s= /fi6« efiff x'g' kg{] efiff k9\g dg k/fpg]sf nflu ;lhnf] efiff x'g' k5{Ù v= /fi6« efiff x'g] efiffdf ;du| ef/tsf] wfld{s, cfly{s / /fhgLlts cfk;L Jojxf/ x'g ;Sg'' k5{Ù u= ef/tsf w]/} h;f] hgtfn] af]Ng ;Sg]t efiff dfq /fi6« efiff x'g ;S5Ù 3= Ifl0fs jf cNk :yfoL sf/0f ;dfj]z u/]/ ljsf; gul/Psf] efiff dfq …/fi6« efiffÚ x'g' k5{ . oL dfGotfsf ;fy ef/tdf ;g\ !($(.(.!$ df lxGbL efiffnfO{ /fhefiff -/fi6« efiff_ sf] bhf{ lbOof] . To; kl5sf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #$# b]lv #%@ ;Dd /fhefiffsf] ;+aGwdf lg0f{o ul/Psf] 5 . wf/f #$# sf] pkwf/f ! df u0ftGq ef/tsf] /fhefiff b]jgfu/L lnlkdf n]lvg] lxGbL efiff x'g] :ki6 n]lvPsf] 5 / ToxfF !$ ;]K6]Da/nfO{ ef/tdf lxGbL lbj;sf ¿kdf dgfOG5 . ef/tdf ;+;bLo sfo{ ljlw cª\uh ]| Ldf klg ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf 5 . ef/tsf] efiff gLlt x]//] g]kfnn] /fi6« efiffsf] 6'Ëf] nufpg ;S5 / oxfF ePsf efiffx?nfO{ txut ¿kdf s;/L ljsf; ug{] To;sf] 1fg g]kfnn] lng ;S5 . %= g]kfndf clxn];Dd ag]sf efiff gLlt g]kfndf efiff gLlt s:tf] x'g' k5{ eGg] s'/fsf] klxnf] rrf{ lj=;+= !(&$ df eof] -cof{n * hf]zL, !(&$_ t/ g]kfnsf] klxnf] lnlvt ;+ljwfg eg] @))$ ;fndf aGof] / To; ;+ljwfgdf g]kfnL efiffnfO{ g]kfnsf] /fi6«efiff eg]/ lrgfOof] . g]kfndf @))& ;fnsf] qmflGtn] hgtf / zf;sdf efiff ;DaGwL r]tgf hufof] / To; a]nf efiff gLltsf ;Gbe{df v'Nnf ax; eP . Tof] ;dodf v'Nnf ¿kdf g]kfnsf] efiff gLltsf af/]df rr{f / kl/rr{f eP klg k|hftflGqs g]kfnsf]

;+ljwfg @)!% df …b]jgfu/L lnlkdf n]lvPsf] g]kfnL efiffnfO{ g]kfnsf] /fi6« efiffÚ eg]/ 3f]lift ul/of] .

To; kl5 k~rfotL ;+ljwfg @)!( cfof] h;df g]kfnL efiff /fi6« efiff aGg'sf ;fy} g]kfnL gful/stf lng g]kfnL efiff hfGg' kg{] afWotf ljb]zLsf xsdf /flvof] . g]kfnsf] bf];f| ] k|hftflGqs ;+ljwfg @)$& n] g]kfnsf efiffx?nfO{ b'O{ cf]6f :t/df ljefhg u¥of] . Tof] ;+ljwfgn] g]kfnsf efiffx? dWo] g]kfnL efiffnfO{ g]kfnsf] …/fi6« efiffÚ / g]kfnsf cGo dft[efiffnfO{ …/fli6«o efiffÚ eg]/ g]kfnsf] ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiff g]kfnL x'g] gLlt lnof] . clxn]sf] g]kfnsf] gLlt cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# df cfPsf] xf] . o;df g]kfnsf ;a} efiff …/fi6«efiffÚ x'g\ eGg] pNn]v ul/of] h;n] ub{f g]kfndf ;a} efiffn] ;dfg df}sf kfpg] eGg] cy{ lbOPsf] 5 . ;+ljwfg ag] kl5 s:tf] l:ylt sfod x'G5, Tof] x]g{ afFsL g} 5 . g]kfndf eflifs r]t eg] @))& ;fnsf] qmflGt kl5 g} cfPsf] b]lvG5 . @))( ;fnb]lv g} g]kfndf efiffsf] ax; hf]8 tf]8n] rNof] -b]jsf]6f, @)!^_ . g]kfnsf] efiff gLlt s:tf] x'g' k5{ eGg] ljifodf ef/tLo ljåfg\ /fx'n ;f+sT[ ofogn] cfˆgf] dt ;d]t g]kfn cfPsf a]nfdf lbPsf 5g\ -;f+s[Tofog, !(^& O{_ . g]kfnsf k|hftflGqs g]tfx?n] klg g]kfnsf] efiff gLlt s:tf] x'g' k5{ eGg] ljifodf dt /fv],t/ To;sf] lgrf]8 :j¿k cfPsf] @)!% ;fnsf] efiff gLltdf Tof] ax;sf] s'g} pknlAw b]lvPg . g]kfndf ag]sf clxn] ;Ddsf efiff gLltnfO{ s]nfpFbf g]kfnsf] ;a} eGbf pTs[i6 efiff gLlt @)$& sf] ;+ljwfgn] agfPsf] lyof] . To; ;+ljwfgdf w]/} h;f] g]kfnLsf] dft[efiff, c¿ dft[efiff x'g] w]/h } ;f]sf] ;Dks{ efiff jf bf];f| ] efiffsf ¿kdf k|of]u ePsf] g]kfnL efiff /fi6« efiff eof] . g]kfndf ePsf ;a} efiffx?nfO{ To;} ;+ljwfgn] klxnf] k6s ;Daf]wg u¥of], t/ of] efiff gLltdf klg eflifs ljsf;sf] s'/f] pNn]v ePg . g]kfnsf] efiff gLlt s:tf] agfpg' k5{ k|1 f MM 31

eGg] ljifodf eg], To; a]nf cWoog ePsf] lyof] / eflifs ljsf;sf s]xL nIf0f klg To; a]nf b]lvP . ;+;f/df ePsf] efiff gLltsf] r/0fa4 ¿kn] ljZn];if0f ub{f efiff gLltsf] cWoognfO{ k|efj kfg{] s]xL ljz]if tŒjx? b]lvG5g\ -Ricento, 2000_ . efiff gLlt agfpFbf ;/sfnfO{ k|efj kfg{] o:tf tLg tŒj x'G5g\ != /fhgLlts cfwf/, @= /0fgLlts cfwf/ / #= 1fgjfbL cfwf/ . log} tŒjsf cfwf/df g]kfnsf] clxn] ;Ddsf] efiff gLltnfO{ x]bf{ g]kfndf @)$& cl3sf efiff gLlt agfpFbf /0fgLlts cfwf/ g} w]/ ePsf] b]lvG5 eg] @)^# sf] efiff gLltdf /fhgLlts cfwf/ cufl8 cfof] . g]kfnsf] efiff gLlt @)$& df eg] 1fgjfbL cfwf/n] sfd u/]sf] b]vfpF5 . ^= g]kfndf efiff gLltsf If]qdf ePsf s]xL pNn]vgLo sfdx? g]kfndf klxnf] kN6 g]kfnL afx]s g]kfndf af]lng] c¿ efiffnfO{ efiff gLltdf ;Daf]wg @)$& ;fnsf] ;+ljwfgdf ul/of] . ToxfF g]kfnL efiffnfO{ …/fi6« efiffÚ / c¿ efiffnfO{ …/fli6«o efiffÚ eg]/ b]zdf b'O{ lsl;dsf] eflifs Joj:yf eof] . ljleGg efiffefifLsf] rfxgf d'tflas eg]/ b]zsf] k|hftflGqs ;/sf/n] ljleGg efiffx?sf] cfjZos ljsf; ug{] p2]Zo lnO{ ;/sf/nfO{ cfjZos ;'emfp lbgsf nflu ltnljqmd g]Dafªsf] cWoIftfdf !! ;b:oLo /fli6«o efiff gLlt ;'emfp cfof]usf] u7g u¥of] . ;+jt\ @)%) ;fn h]7 !$ df u7g ePsf] Tof] cfof]un] @)%) r}tdf cfˆgf] k|ltj]bg tof/ u¥of] -g]Dafª, @)%)_ .

Tof] k|ltj]bgdf o:tf ;'emfpx? k|:t't ul/Psf 5g\ M s= g]kfndf af]lng] efiffx?sf] klxrfg / lgw{f/0fsf lglDt eflifs ;j{I] f0f x'g' kg{,] v= /fli6«o efiffx?sf] ljsf;sf lglDt efiff of]hgf th{d ' f u/L ltgdf dfgssf] rog, n]vg k4lt -j0f{dfnf, lnlk, lxHh]_ sf] lgwf{/0f, zAb e08f/sf] ljsf;, zAbsf]z / Jofs/0fsf] lgd{f0fsf ;fy} k|of]u If]qsf] lj:tf/ -;~rf/, k|zf;g cflbdf_ k|1 f MM 32

sf nflu sfo{ ul/g' kg{,] u= nf]kjfg\ efiffx?sf] klxrfg u/L ltgsf] ;+/If0fsf nflu ljz]if sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g' kg{,] 3= /fli6«o efiffx?sf] cWoog, cg';Gwfg / ljsf;sf nflu of]hgf tyf sfo{qmd agfO{ ltgsf] sfo{fGjog / cg'udg ;DaGwL sfo{x? ;+:yfut ¿kdf ;~rfng ug{ /fli6«o efiff kl/ifb\ u7g ul/g' kg{,] ª= k|fylds txdf dft[efiff lzIff lbFbf n]Vo k/Dk/f ePsf, n]Vo k/Dk/f pGd'v / n]Vo k/Dk/f gePsf u/L /fli6«o efiffx?nfO{ tLg ;d"xdf /fvL k|fyldstfsf cfwf/df lzIff lbOg] sfo{qmdsf] yfngL ul/g' kg{,] r= ztk|ltzt dft[efifL ljBfnox? ePsf k|fylds lzIffx?df dft[efiffsf dfWoddf lzIff lbOg' kg{,] b'O{ lsl;dsf dft[efifL ljBfy{Lx? ePsf ljBfnox?df låeflifs lzIff -dft[efiff / /fi6« efiff b'jd } f_ ax'efifL ljBfnox?df /fi6« efiffsf] dfWoddf lzIff lbOg' kg{,] 5= hg;xeflutfdf vf]lnPsf / vf]lng] dft[efifL k|fylds ljBfnonfO{ ;/sf/n] :jLs[lt / cg'bfg lbg' kg{,] h= dft[efifL, låefifL / /fi6«efifL ltg} k|sf/sf k|fylds ljBfnodf ljifosf] ¿kdf cfˆgf] dft[efiff k9\g kfpg] Joj:yf x'g' kg{,] em= lgDg dfWolds txsf] jt{ d fg kf7\oqmdsf] 9fFrf cGtu{tsf] ;+:s[t ljifosf] ;§f j}slNks ljifosf ¿kdf dft[efiff k9fpg] Joj:yf x'g' kg{,] `= efiffx?sf] cWoog–cg';Gwfg tyf k7g kf7gsf nflu cfjZos hgzlQm pTkfbg ug{ ljZj ljBfno cGtu{t efiff lj1fg ljefu vf]lng' kg{,] 6= g]kfn k|1f–k|lti7fg cGtu{t 5'§} efiff lgsfosf] Joj:yf ug{fsf ;fy} /fli6«o efiffx?df vf]lnPsf k|fl1s ;+:yfx?nfO{ dfGotf / cfly{s ;xof]u lbg] Joj:yf x'g' kg{,] 7= dft[efiffdf lzIffsf nflu kf7\o ;fdu|L lgd{f0f, sfo{fGjog / cg'udgsf nflu lzIff

dGqfno, kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]G› cGtu{t 5'§} zfvfsf] :yfkgf x'g' kg{] / 8= /fli6« o hgu0fgfdf efiff ;DaGwL tYofª\snfO{ e/kb{f] agfpg] sfo{sf nflu efiff j}1flgsx?nfO{ ;d]t ljz]if1sf] ¿kdf ;+nUg u/fpg' kg{] . efiff j}1flgsx?, dft[efiffsf jQmfx? / efiff cfGbf]ngsf g]tfx?;Fu Jofks 5nkmn / cGt/lqmof u/]/ cfof]un] k|:t't u/]sf oL ;'emfpx? j}1flgs klg lyP, t/ klg tL ;'emfp cg';f/ k|ltkmnsf ¿kdf sd} sfd eP . efiffx?sf] cWoog–cg';Gwfg tyf k7g kf7gsf nflu cfjZos hgzlQm pTkfbg ug{ lqe'jg ljZj ljBfno cGtu{t efiff lj1fg ljefu vf]lnof] / efiffljbx? pTkfbg ug{] sfo{ x'g yfNof] . dft[ efiff lzIffsf sfo{qmd ;'? eP klg To;n] ;kmntf Tolt kfPsf] b]lvPg . /fli6«o hgu0fgfdf efiff ;DaGwL tYofª\snfO{ e/kbf]{ agfpg] sfo{sf nflu efiff j}1flgsx?nfO{ ;d]t ljz]if1sf] ¿kdf ;+nUg u/fpg' kg{] elgP tfklg To; kl5 ag]sf @)^* ;fnsf] hgu0fgfn] ;d]t efiffx?sf] e/kbf]{ tYofª\s lbg ;s]g . &= g]kfnsf] efiff gLlt o:tf] x'g' k5{M g]kfnsf clxn] ;Ddsf efiff gLltx? / ljZjsf pNn]vgLo efiff gLlt ag]sf ax'eflifs d'ns ' x? ;f]leot ;ª\3, ef/t / kk'jf Go' lugLsf efiff gLltsf] n]vf hf]vf ub{f tL /fHosf efiff gLlt g]kfnsf nflu pkof]uL 5g\ . tL /fHox?sf efiff gLltsf cfwf/df g]kfnsf] efiff gLlt tn n]lvP cg';f/ x'g' k5{ -kf]v/]n, @)&!_ M &=! efiff lzIff gLlt != g]kfnsf ;a} rfxg]n] cfˆgf dft[efiffdf sDtLdf k|fylds lzIffdf k9\g kfpg' k5{ . @= To;nfO{ cfjZos kg{] u/L ;/sf/n] ;f]leot ;ª\3df h:t} efiff j}1flgsx?sf] clg kk'jf Go' lugLdf h:t} To;} ;d'bfosf JolQmx?sf] ;xof]u lng' k5{ .dft[efiff l;sfpgsf nflu ;fgf sIffdf lrqn] k"0f{ lstfa agfP/

pgLx?sf] efiffdf To;nfO{ s] eG5g\ Tof] eg{ nufpFbf dft[efiff lzIffsf nflu sd vr{ nfU5 . To;df lrqdf gfd g]kfnLdf lbFbf g]kfnL hfg]sf] ljBfyL{ 5 eg] p;nfO{ dft[efiff l;sfpg ;lhnf] klg k5{ . #= j0f{dfnf agL ;s]sf efiffx?df ;d'bfosf JolQmn] rfx]sf v08df / k|fylds lzIffdf cTofjZos kg{] ljBfy{L{ ;ª\Vof k'us ] f v08df To; efiffdf lzIffsf] Joj:yf u/]df dft[efiff lzIff k|efjsf/L x'g ;S5 . $= k|fylds tx kl5 eg] g]kfndf q}eflifs lzIff gLlt nfu' ug{' k5{ . dft[efiff ljsf;sf nflu lzIff g} ;a} eGbf ;/n / k|efjsf/L dfWod xf] . &=@ eflifs ljsf; gLlt != eflifs ljsf;sf] sfdnfO{ dxŒjk"0f{ dfGb} efiff ljsf;sf nflu …dft[efiff lzIffÚ nfO{ g} ;a} eGbf k|efjsf/L dfWodsf ¿kdf ljsf; ug{' k5{ . @= j0f{dfnf gagfOPsf efiffdf n]Vo ¿k lbg ;/sf/n] g} Joj:yf ug{' k5{ . #= nf]kf]Gd'v efiffnfO{ p4f/ ug{ jf ;+/If0f ug{ ;/sf/n] t'?Gt} efiff j}1flgsx? v6fpg' k5{ . $= g]kfndf ePsf efiffx?nfO{ n]Vo ¿k eO{ ;s]sf, n]Vo ¿k gePsf / nf]kf]Gd'v efiff eg]/ # cf]6f efudf 5'6o\ fP/ eflifs ljsf;sf sfd ul/g' k5{ . &=# lnkLs/0f != dft[efiff lzIffdf ;a} eGbf ;d:of ePsf] lnlkn] klg xf] . lnlkg} l;s]/ cfˆgf] efiff k9\g ;'? ug{' kg{] x'bF f dft[efiff hfGg] tkm{ ljt[ i 0ff hfUg ;S5, To;} n ] g] k fndf lnkLs/0fsf] sfd Jojl:yt / j}1flgs x'g' cfjZos 5 . @= w]/} h;f] g]kfnLn] b]jgfu/L lnlk g} lrGg] x'bF f g]kfnsf efiffx? b]jgfu/L lnlksf cfwf/df ljsf; ul/Fbf dft[efifLx?nfO{ cfˆgf] efiff ;lhn} k9\g / lrGg ;lhnf] k5{ . ;f]leot k|1 f MM 33

;ª\3df klg eflifs ljsf;sf] sfd lnkLs/0fsf] sfd kl5 g} ;Dej ePsf] lyof] . g]kfndf lnkLs/0fsf] sfd ub{f klg efiff gLlt ;kmn ePsf b]zsf] sfdnfO{ cWoog u/]/ cufl8 a9\bf g]kfnsf efiffx?sf] ljsf; ;lhn} ug{ ;lsG5 . &=$ /fi6« efiff gLlt != g]kfnL efiff g]kfnsf ;a} eGbf w]/n } ] a'‰g] efiff ePsfn] g]kfnLnfO{ /fi6« efiff tf]lsg' k5{ . ef/tdf lxGbL efiff /fi6«efiff tf]lsP klg To;sf] lj/f]w gePsf] xf]Og . ToxfF /fi6«efiffsf] ljsNkdf cª\uh ]| L efiff /fv]/ Tof] lj/f]wsf] k|ltsf/ ug{ vf]lhPsf] 5 . ef/tsf] hg;ª\Vofsf] t'ngfdf hltn] lxGbL a'‰5g\ Tof] eGbf w]/} g]kfnsf] hg;ª\Vofsf] t'ngfdf g]kfnL a'‰g]sf] hg;ª\Vof 5, To;}n] g]kfnL efiff g]kfnsf] /fi6«efiff x'g ;Sg] Ps dfq efiff xf] eGg] b]lvG5 . &=% ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiff != ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf nflu n]Vo ¿k g]kfnLd} /flvg' ;lhnf] kg{] b]lvG5, t/ ;a} efifLn] rfx]sf v08df cbfnt h:tf hgtf;Fu ;/f]sf/ /fVg]n] ;/sf/L sfo{fnodf cfˆgf] efiff k|of]u ug{ kfpg' k5{ . To;sf nflu cbfnt jf To:tf ;/sf/L sfo{fnon] bf]efif]sf]

Joj:yf ug{' k5{ . &=^ efiff gLltsf nflu Wofg lbg' kg{] clxn]sf] cfjZstf != eflifs /fhgLltnfO{ xf]Og, eflifs ljsf;df hf]8 lbg' efiff gLltsf] klxnf] nIf\o x'g' k5{ . @= /fli6«o Pstfsf] ;jf]k{ l/ nIo k|dv ' ¿kdf lnP/ g]kfnsf efiff lgd{f0fdf ;r]ttf ckgfpg' k5{ . #= h;/L ;f]leot ;ª\3df /fHosf] cfly{s ljsf;;Fu efiff gLlt / of]hgf hf]l8Psf] lyof], To:t} g]kfndf klg g]kfnL efiff ;a}n] k9'g,\ ;a}sf] pGglt a/fa/ xf];,\ eflifs, If]qLo h:tf cfwf/df sf] x L kl5 gk?g\ / g] k fnsf gful/sx?sf] ljsf; ;dfg ¿kn] xf];\ eGg] dfGotf k|lt 7f]; sbd rfNg' kg{] l:ylt 5 . *= lgisif{ efiff gLlt ;DaGwL dfly JoSt ul/Psf ljrf/x? g]kfnsf nflu cfbz{ efiff gLlt s:tf] x'bF f xfd|f] h:tf] ax'hftLo / ax'eflifs d'ns ' sf] lglDt /fd|f] x'G5 eGg] tkm{sf] Pp6f dxŒjk"0f{ k|oTg xf] eGg] nfUb5 . s'g} klg /fi6«sf] ;jf{ªu\ L0f ljsf;df cxd\ e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ To; b]zsf] efiffsf ljifodf s:tf] gLlt ckgfpg] eGg] ljifodf ;dod} ;r]t x'g ;s] /fd|f] x'g] b]lvG5 .

;Gbe{ ;"rL cfof{n, hf]zL -!(&$_, uf]/vf -efiff, aDaO{, kl08t j}hgfy hf]zL, b]jsf]6f -@)!^_, g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts bk{0f, sf7df8f}F M s]zjrG› uf}td . g]Dafª -@)%)_, /fli6«o efiff gLlt ;'emfp cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg– @)%) tyf g]kfnsf] eflifs l:ylt, sf7df8f}F M /fli6«o efiff gLlt ;'emfp cfof]u . kf]v/]n -@)^(_, g]kfnL efiffsf] ;dfh efiffj}1flgs cWoog, lqe'jg ljZjljBfno, dfgljsL tyf ;fdflhs zf:q ;Ífo, sf7df8f}F . kf]v/]n -@)&!_, g]kfnsf] efiff gLlt s:tf] x'g' k5{ <, sf7df8f}F M Retrieved gf]e]Da/ @^–@&, @)!$ O{ kf]v/]n -k|sfzf]Gd'v_, g]kfnL efiffsf] ;fdflhs Oltxf;, kf]v/]n, rfln;], ltldlN;gf, ;'sd ' , kf]v/]n -Ed._, hubDaf g]kfnL ;flxTosf] a[xt\ Oltxf; -Vols. I) efiff, Jofs/0f / clen]v v08, nlntk'/ M g]kfn sdndl0f k|sfzg . zdf{ -@)!) j}zfv_, g]kfndf /fi6«efiffsf] k|Zg -O{_, aNne, (Ed._ g]kfn ;f+:s[lts kl/ifb klqsf -@_, !^–@) . ;f+s[Tofog -!(^& O{_, g]kfnd]+ d]/L hLjg ofqf, !*!–@ .

k|1 f MM 34

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Journal of sociolinguistics, 4(2), 196-213.

∗∗∗

k|1 f MM 35

;flxlTos cWoog

snf–;[hgfdf cr]tgsf] k|efj / e"ldsf — zf/bfk|;fb bfxfn != ljifo k|jz ] g]kfnL jfªdodf cr]tgsf] ljifodf Tolt rrf{ ePsf] kfOFbg} . j:t'tM cr]tg dgsf] Pp6f kIf xf] . dgf]ljZn]ifsx?n] JolQmsf] dgsf] cr]tg kIfsf] ljZn]if0f u/]/ p;leq bldt /x]sf ljrf/ / efjgfx?nfO{ aflx/ NofP/ ;d:ofsf] h8nfO{ kQf nufpg] k|oTg ub{5g\ . o:tf] ljZn]if0f cr]tgsf] g}bflgs kIf xf] . t/ oxfF k|:t't /rgfsf] pb\bZ] o snf–;[hgfdf snfsf/x? -oxfF snf / snfsf/ zAb j[xt ¿kdf k|of]u ePsf] 5_ cfk\mgf] snf– ;[hgfdf dgsf] cr]tg kIfaf6 s;/L lgb]l{ zt / ;~rflnt x'G5g\ eGg] ljifodf rrf{ ug'{ /x]sf] 5 . dgf]ljZn]if0fsf] Pp6f wf/ hf] xfd|f ;j} dfgl;s, ef}lts r]i6fx? cr]tg dgaf6 g} lgb]l{ zt / ;~rflnt x'g] ub{5g\ eGg] dfGotf /fVb} cfPsf] 5 . o; dfGotfsf cfwf/df snfsf/x?n] cfk\mgf] snf Jofkf/sf] h'g ;[hgf ub{5g\ tL j:t'tM ;j} cr]tg dgs} pkh x'g\ eGg] ljZjf; ul/G5 . o; ;Gbe{df kfZrfTo ;flxTosf s]xL d"wG{ o slj tyf ;flxTosf/x?n] cfk\mgf] snf–;[hgsf If0fdf x'g] cg'el" tnfO{ JoQm u/]sf 5g\ . ltgn] JoQm u/]sf cg'el" tx?nfO{ s]xL dgf]ljZn]ifsx? tyf dgf]ljZn]if0fdf ?lr /fVg] snf ;dLIfsx?n] ljZn]if0f u/]/ ltgsf s[ltx? cr]tg dgaf6 lgb]l{ zt eP/ ;[hgf ePsf x'g\ eGg] dfGotf /fv]sf 5g\ . ctM o; /rgfdf cr]tgsf] ;+/rgf, :j¿k / snf ;[hgfdf To;n] kfg]{ k|efjsf ;Gb{edf dgf]ljZn]ifsx? tyf n]vs ;dLIfsx?n] /fv]sf wf/0ffnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ ljifo j:t'nfO{ k|:t't ug]{ hdsf]{ ul/Psf] 5 . @= dgf]lj1fg / ;flxTo dgf]lj1fgsf] Oltxf; Tolt k'/fgf] 5}g . k|1 f MM 36

pGgfO;f}+ ztfAbL;Dd dgf]lj1fg bz{g zf:qsf] Pp6f cª\usf] ¿kdf /x]sf] lyof] . t/ la;f}F ztfAbLdf dgf]lj1fg bz{gsf] cwLgtfaf6 d'Qm eP/ Pp6f :jtGq ;fdflhs ljwfsf] ¿kdf k|ltli7t x'g uPsf] b]lvG5 . cfwfztfAbL hltsf] 5f]6f] Oltxf;df dgf]lj1fg olt nf]slk|o x'g k'Uof] ls ;dfhsf k|foM h;f] ;j} ljwfx? o;sf] k|efjjaf6 c5't /xg ;s]gg\ . oxL qmddf snf / ;flxTodf klg o;sf] ;3g k|efj kg{ uPsf] b]lvG5 . vf;u/]/ ;flxTosf] cfVofg ljwfdf dgf]lj1fgsf] k|efj pNn]Vo ¿kdf /xg uPsf] b]lbG5 . dg / z/L/ k/:k/ lg/k]If /x]klg ltgdf lg/Gt/ lqmof k|ltlqmof rln/xG5 eGg] dgf]lj1fgsf] df}lns dfGotf xf] . ctM z/L/af6 k[ys\ dg tyf dfgl;s Jofkf/x?sf] cWoog ;Dej dfq xf]Og, ;+ut klg 5 . #= dgf]ljZn]if0f dgf] l jZn] i f0fsf] pb\ e j ljz] i f u/] / dgf]lrlsT;fsf] k|;ª\udf ePsf] xf] . dgf]ljZn]if0f k4ltnfO{ ljsl;t ug]{ k|mfo8, o'u+ / P]8n/ ltg} hgf d"ntM lrlsT;s lyP . dfgl;s lrlsT;fsf] l;nl;nfdf cfpg] w]/} tYox?sf] ljZn]if0faf6 dgf]ljZn]if0f gfdsf] Pp6f gofF lj1fgsf] lgdf{0f ePsf] kfOG5 . ;flxTodf dgf]ljZn]if0fsf] klxnf] k|efj pkGof; ljwfdf / To;kl5 cfnf]rgfTds ;flxTodf k/]sf] b]lvG5 . $= k|mfo8sf] dgf]ljZn]if0f dgf]ljZn]if0fsf] pb\efjgfsf] >]o d"ntM l;Ud+8 k|mfo8 -!*%^–!(#( hGd df]/fleof,

cfli6«of_ nfO{ g} lbg] ul/G5 . pgn] cfk\mgf] hLjg Pp6f lrlsT;ssf] ¿kdf ;'? u/]sf lyP . pgsf dgf]ljZn]if0f ;DaGwL dfGotfx?nfO{ tn k|:t't ul/G5 . ;fy} pgsf] cr]tg ;DaGwL ljrf/nfO{ oyf:yfgdf rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 . s= ef}lts of afXo 36gfx?df h:t} k|To]s dfgl;s 36gfx?sf k5fl8 klg sfo{ sf/0f efj /xG5 . h:tf] afXo hut\df lagf sf/0f s'g} sfo x'bF g} To;/L g} s'g} dfgl;s Jofkf/ klg lagf sf/0f x'bF g} . of] b[9 lgotŒjjfb k|mfo8sf] l;4fGtsf] d"n cfwf/ xf] . o;af6 pgL s] l;4 ug{ rfxG5g\ eg] k|To]s dfgl;s Jofkf/ s'g} g s'g} sf/0faf6 k|l] /t x'G5 / To;sf] sf/0fnfO{ kQf nufpg ;lsG5 . v= cr]tg dgsf] sNkgf dgf]ljZn]if0fsf] csf]{ dxŒjk"0f{ cfwf/lznf xf] . k|mfo8n] dgsf ltg ¿k dfg]sf 5g\ M r]tg, k"j{ r]tg / cr]tg . pgn] dgsf oL ltg kIfx?df ;jeGbf dxŒjk"0f{ cr]tgnfO{ dfg]sf 5g\ . u= k|mfo8sf cg';f/ r]tgsf ;j} 36gfx?sf] pTklt of JofVof cr]tgdf cfl>t x'G5 . ctM xfd|f] r]tg ljrf/ of OR5fx? xfd|f] cr]tg tŒjx?sf] w]/yf]/ ljs[t of pbfQLs[t k|ltkmng xf] .

3= xfdLnfO{ cr]tgsf] lqmofsnfksf] 1fg x'bF g} / To;df xfd|f] lgoGq0f klg x'bF g} . ª= ha xfdLnfO{ cr]tgsf] 1fg klg x'bF g} , To;df xfd|f] lgoGq0f klg x'bF g} eg] To;k|lt xfdL pQ/bfoL klg x'g ;Sb}gf}+ . o; cy{df xfd|f cfk\ m gf ljrf/, OR5fx? / sfo{ x ?sf] pQ/bfloTj klg xfdLdf x'bF g} . xfd|f] l:ylt oGqsf] h:tf] 5 h;nfO{ csf{n] rfnfpF5, xfdL h] s'/f ;f]Rb5f}+, rfxG5f}+ of ub{5f}+ jf:tjdf To;sf k5fl8 d"ntM cr]tgsf] g} xft /xG5 . -zdf{ -cg'=_, !(^( M 3_ %= o'u+ sf] dgf]ljZn]if0f dgf]lj1fgdf dgf]ljZn]if0f k|0ffnLnfO{ ckgfP/ ljsl;t ug]d { f sfn{ u':tfj o'u+ klg x'g\ . pgsf] dgf]ljZn]if0fdf pNn]v ul/Psf cr]tg

;DaGwL wf/0ffx?nfO{ klg lgDg adf]lhd pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 . ;fy} pgsf] cr]tg ;DaGwL ljrf/nfO{ oyf:yfgdf rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 . s= k|mfo8 / o'+usf lar cr]tgsf] :j¿ksf ;DaGwdf dte]b /x]sf] b]lvG5 tyflk pgL klg k|mfo8n] h:t} r]tg eGbf cr]tgsf] If]qnfO{ clws Jofks / dxŒjk"0f{ dfGb5g\ . v= o'+un] JolQmut cg'ejdf slxNo} gcfpg] k|hftLo :d[lt -Racial memory) sf] sNkgf u/]sf 5g\ . pgsf ljrf/df k|To]s JolQmdf Ps lsl;dsf] cflbd cr]tg /xG5 / To:tf] cflbd cr]tg ljZjJofkL, lgj}o{ lQms, ;fd"lxs tyf k'/ftg x'g] ub{5 / ;fy} o;df dfgj dgsf ;j} ;+ej u'0fx? /fd|f] g/fd|f] pQd cwd, b}jL cf;'/L cflb ljBdfg x'G5g\ . u= dg'iosf] cr]tgdf s]jn bldt OR5fx? dfq g/x]/ dfgl;s hLjgsf kIfdf pk]lIft /x]sf ljrf/x? klg ;+lrt /xG5g\ . To:t} o;df sfddf gcfP/ lj:d[t ePsf j}olQms cg'ej / ljrf/ klg ;+lrt x'g] ub{5g\ .

3= o'u+ Lo dgf]lj1fgdf cr]tgsf b'O{ efu 5g\ . tL b'O{ x'g\ Pp6f j}olQms / csf]{ k|hftLo .zdf{ -cg'=_, !(^( M t_ ^= ;flxTo / ;flxTofnf]rgdf dgf]ljZn]if0fsf] k|efj dgf]ljZn]if0f k4ltsf] ljsf; ePkl5 o;sf] pkof]u s]jn lrlsT;fsf] If]qdf dfq gu/]/ snfs[ltx?sf] cWoog / ljj]rgdf klg ug]{ ul/Psf] kfOG5 . k|mfo8 :jo+n] k|l;4 O6fn]nL lrqsf/ lnof]gf8f]{ 8f leG;L / ?;L pkGof;sf/ bf]:tf]Eol:ssf ljifodf cWoog u/]sf 5g\ . pgn] Psflt/ pgLx?sf s[ltx?sf] cfwf/df ltgsf] dfgl;s hLjgsf] cWoog u/] eg] csf]l{ t/ s;/L ltgsf s[ltx? pgLx?sf] dfgl;s hLjgsf] k|ltkmn x'g\ eGg] s'/f k|dfl0ft ug]{ sf]l;; klg u/]sf 5g\ . k|mfo8sf] cg's/0f ub}{ cg]s n]vsx?n] ;flxTosf/x? tyf snfsf/x?sf] dgf]j1 } flgs hLjgLx? n]Vg] sfd u/]sf 5g\ . o:tf hLjgLx?af6 snfljifos ljlzi6 b[li6sf]0f ljsl;t eP/ snfsf/sf] dgf]j1} flgs, Oltxf;;Fu k|1 f MM 37

ltgsf s[ltx?sf] ;DaGw :yflkt x'g uPsf] b]lvG5 .

Toltj]nf klg dgf]ljZn]if0f ;DaGwL /fd|f] 1fg ePsf cg] s n] v sx?n] snfdf dgf]ljZn]if0fsf] k|ToIf dxŒjnfO{ a'em]sf lyP . oL dWo] d f cltoyfy{ j fbL n] v sx? lyP . dgf]ljZn]if0fsf] Jofjxfl/s / jf:tljs 1fg ePsf n]vsx?df cfGb|] a]t| f],+ u|f8] s ] , n]jLhg, n]gf]df{ h:tf n]vs lyP . logn] dgf]ljZn]if0fnfO{ /fd|f] u/L a'em] / o;df cfk\mgf cf:yf JoQm u/] . &= dgf]ljZn]if0fn] snf ;flxTo ;DaGwdf /fv]sf wf/0ffx? s= snfsf/ dg:tfkL x'G5g\ . v= snf of}g efjgfsf] lgsf;sf] ;fwg xf] . u= snf pbfQLs/0f cyjf Ifltk"lt{ xf] .

3= snf Ps lsl;dsf] /DosNkgf xf] . ª= ;kgf / sNkgfdf km/s 5}g . r= snfdf k|of]u x'g] laDa / k|tLsx?sf] cy{ nufpg dgf]ljZn]if0f pkof]uL l;4 x'G5 .

5= cflbd laDa / ;fd'lxs cr]tgaf6 ldysx?sf] lgdf{0f x'G5 . -zdf{ -cg'=_, !(^( M d_ *= snf ;flxTo ;[hgfdf cr]tgsf] k|efj k|mfo8sf ljrf/df xfdL dfgl;s ¿kn] slxNo} :jt+q x'bF g} f},+ olb To:tf] x'G' 5 eGg] 7fGb5f}+ eg] xfd|f] Tof] s]jn e|d dfq xf] . o; cy{df k|mfo8Lo ;+kb| fon] dfgl;s :jt+qtfnfO{ c:jLs[t u/]/ dfgl;s lgotŒjjfbdf ljZjf; ub{5 . dfgl;s lgotŒjjfbn] dg'i' osf ;d:t lqmofx? / Jojxf/x? cr]tgaf6 kl/rflnt / lgolGqt x'G' 5g\ eg]/ dfGb5 . oxL dfGotfsf cfwf/df snfsf/ Pj+ ;h{sx? klg cfk\mgf] ;[hgzLntfsf] If0fdf cr]tgaf6 k|efljt / lgb]l{ zt x'g' hfG5g\ eGg] ul/Psf] kfOG5 . pgLx?sf] n]vg Ps lsl;dsf] cb[Zo zlQmaf6 ;~rflnt x'G' 5, Tof] cb[Zo zlQm g} dgf]ljZn]ifsx?sf ljrf/df cr]tg xf] . dgf]ljZn]ifsx?sf ;flxlTos b]gx?df klxnf] cr]tgsf] cWoog tyf ljZn]if0f xf] . dgnfO{

ljZn]if0f ug{nfO{ cr]tgsf] k|dv ' e"l" dsf atfpFb} k|mfo8n] cr]tg dfgl;s lqmofx?sf] JofVof u/]/ dg'i' o Jojxf/ tyf r]tg dfgl;s lqmofx?nfO{ cr]tg dgn] s;/L k|efj kfb{5 eGg] ;DaGwdf ;d]t ljZn]if0f u/] . o; ljZn]if0faf6 pgL xfd|f Jojxf/df b]lvg] ulNtx? tyf sfo{x?nfO{ ;d]t cr]tg dfgl;s lqmofx?n] lgoldt / lgb]l{ zt ul//x]sf] x'G' 5 eGg] lgisif{df k'u' ] . pgsf] :jKg ;DaGwL cg'; ' Gwfgn] ;flxTo / snfdf uDeL/ / Jofks k|efj kf/]/ cr]tg ;DaGwL 1fgsf] kl/lwnfO{ ;d]t lj:tf/ u/]sf] kfOG5 . cr]tg ;DaGwL o:tf] 1fgsf] lj:tf/n] n]vsx? / snfsf/x?nfO{ ;h{gfTds k|of]usf nflu Pp6f gofF If]q k|fKt x'g' uPsf] b]lvG5 . ;+ejtM cr]tgsf] cWoogaf6} ;flxTodf cltoyfy{jfbsf] pb\ej x'g' uPsf] b]lvG5 . cltoyfy{jfbn] :jKg, tGb|fj:yf, / cr]tgnfO{ pkof]u u/]/ ;[hgfTds cleJolQm lbg'' kb{5 eGg] dfGotf /fVb5 . cr]tg dg dgf]ljZn]ifsx?sf] k|dv ' rf;f]sf] ¿kdf /x]sfn] ;j{ky| d o:tf] cr]tgsf] pTklt, ;+/rgf / e"l" dsf ;DaGwL lh1f;fx?nfO{ :ki6 ug{ cfjZos x'g' hfG5 . c+uh ]| Lsf] Unconscious zAb hd{g efiffsf] cgSj]i6 zAbsf] kof{osf] ¿kdf lnPsf] kfOG5 . hd{g efiffsf] cgSj]i6 zAbsf] cy{ c+u|]hLdf Unknown x''G5, cyf{t c1ft cyjf cr]tg . c+u|]hLsf] o; Unconscious zAbnfO{ xfdLn] cr]tg eGg] u/]sf 5f}+ . of] cr]tgsf] cy{ / tfTko{ d"n " tM dgf]ljZn]ifsx? vf;u/]/ k|mfo8 / o'u+' n] JoQm u/]sf ljrf/x?s} ;]/f]km]/f]df s]lGb|t 5 . cr]tgn] ;Dk"0" f{ dgsf] nueu ltg rf}yfO{ efunfO{ cf]u6]sf] x'G' 5 . o'u+' n] cr]tg dgnfO{ Pp6f ;d'b; | uF t'n ' gf u/]/ r]tg dg t s]jn Pp6f ;fgf] åLk hlt dfq x'G' 5 eg]sf 5g\ . k|mfo8n] cr]tgnfO{ Pp6f 7'nf] cfO;ju{sf] ¿kdf lnP/ To;sf] ;fgf] efu kfgLsf] ;tx eGbf dfly x'G' 5 / w]?} efu tn x'G' 5, ToxL tn /x]sf] kfgLsf] w]/} efun] cr]tg dgnfO{ k|ltlglwTj ub{5 eGg] dfg]sf 5g\ . k|mfo8 / o'u+' sf ljrf/df cr]tg dgaf6 ;Dk"0" f{ zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s, r]i6fTds, af]wfTds / ;+j]ufTds

k|1 f MM 38

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lqmofx?sf] ;~rfng x'G' 5 . cr]tg dg s]jn sf]/f sNkgf dfq geP/ pp6f cg''ejfTds dfgl;s zlQm xf] . o;sf] cl:tŒjnfO{ :jKg, dfgl;s /f]usf] nIf0f, b}lgs hLjgdf b]lvg] ulNtx? cflbn] :ki6 k|dfl0ft ul//x]sf] x'G' 5 . cu|jfn -;Dkf=_, !(^* M @&&_ cr]tg dgdf ;w}+ lj/f]wL OR5fx? cyjf ljrf/x?sf] ;ª\3if{ rln/xg] x'bF f o;sf] k|sl[ t ultzLn x'G' 5 . cr]tg dgdf s]xL g s]xL lqmof e} g} /xG5 . To;}n] of] lgZr]i6 klg /xFbg} . cr]tg dg ;'v ' sf] rfxgf l;4fGt -Pleasure– Principle_ af6 ;~rflnt x''G5 . jf:tljstf ;+u o;sf] s'g' } ;DaGw x'b+' g} . cr]tg dg ;fdflhs lgodx?af6 af+lwg rfxFbg} . o;sf] sfo{ s]jn d""nk|j[lQsf ;d:ofx?nfO{ ;dfwfg ug''{ xf] . cr]tg dgsf w]/h } ;f] OR5fx? jf:tljs ¿kn] k|s6 x'g' ;ls/x]sf xFb+' g} g\ . lsgeg] logdf ;+lrt OR5fx? alxis[t lsl;dsf x'G' 5g\ . oL OR5fx?nfO{ r]tg dgn] :jefljs ¿kdf k|s6 x'g' lbgdf afwf k'¥' ofO{ /x]sf x'G' 5 . -cu|jfn -;Dkf=_, !(^* M @&&_ k|mfo8n] cr]tg dgnfO{ bldt sfd–e08f/ dfg]sf 5g\ . o'u+' n] cr]tg dgnfO{ j}olQms cr]tg -Personal Unconscious_ / ;fd""lxs cr]tg -Collective Unconscious_ sf] ¿kdf ljefhg u/]sf 5g\ . k|mof8 / o'u+' n] cr]tgdgnfO{ ljz]if dxŒj lbP/ o; ;DaGwdf gjLg cGj]if0f klg u/]sf 5g\ . -cu|jfn -;Dkf=_, !(^* M @&*_ o; zAbsf] ;j{ky| d sNkgf xaf{6sf] dgf]lj1fgdf pNn]v /x]sf] dflgPsf] 5 . oBlk o;nfO{ j}1flgs / kl/is[t ¿k lbg] >]o eg] k|mfo8 / o'u+' nfO{ g} hfG5 . j:t't' M ;flxTo–snfsf If]qdf k|mfo8sf] eGbf o'u+' sf] b]g pNn]vgLo /x]sf] x'bF' f o'u+' sf] j}olQms cr]tg / ;fd"l" xs cr]tg ;DaGwdf s]xL rrf{ ug{ cfjZos b]lvG5 . o'u+' n] JolQmsf ;j} bldt OR5fx? ;ª\ux[ Lt /xg] dgsf] efunfO{ cr]tg dfg]sf 5g\ . s'g' } kl/l:ylt / ;fdflhs k|ltaGwx?sf sf/0fn] bldt ePsf xfd|f :jfefljs OR5fx? cr]tg dgdf uP/ ;+lrt x''G5g\ . ctLtsf cg'e ' l" tx? klg oxL efudf hDdf x'G' 5g\ .

cfjZostf k/]kl5 ctLtsf ;+lrt oL :d[ltx? r]tg dgdf k|jz ] ub{5g\ . o'u+' sf] cr]tg dg ;DaGwL wf/0ffdf k|mfo8sf] k""j{ r]tg -Pre– conscious_ / cr]tg -Unconscious_ dgsf kIfx? lglxt /x]sf] dflgPsf] 5 . o'u+' sf] cr]tgsf] ljefhgdf j}olQms cr]tg kl5 ;fd"l" xs cr]tgsf] wf/0ff /x]sf] 5 . ;fd"l" xs cr]tg dgsf] ;j}eGbf tnsf] efudf /xG5 . o;n] hfltotfsf u'0' fx?nfO{ k|ltlglwTj u/]sf] x'G' 5 . o'u+ n] ;fd"l" xs cr]tgnfO{ k"j" h { x?af6 k|fKt u'0f ljz]iftfx?sf] e08f/ dfg]sf 5g\ . oL hftLotfsf u'0' fx? efj– k|ltdfx?sf] ¿kdf x'G' 5g\ . lognfO{ cfBlaDa (Archetype) elgG5 . j:t't ' M ;fd'lxs cr]tg dgsf] d"n " ljifo j:t'' g} cfBlaDa xf] . efj– k|ltdfx?, ;fdfGo efj, OR5f j[lQsf k|tLs x'G' 5g\Ù logLx?sf] ;DaGw JolQmut efj–OR5f j[lQx?;+u x'bF' g} . o'u+' sf cg'; ' f/ JolQmTj ljsf;sf nflu ;fd"l" xs cr]tgsf efj k|ltfdx? cfjZos x'G' 5g\ . o;}u/L ;fd"l" xs cr]tgsf o:tf efj –k|ltfdfx? :jKg snf, wfld{s s[ltx? / kf}/fl0fs syfx?df klg cleJoQm x'G' 5g\ . -cu|jfn -;Dkf=_, !(^* M ^^_ ;aeGbf klxn] dgf]ljZn]if0fdf cr]tgsf] dxŒj / e" " l dsf dg:tfkL /f] u Lx?sf] /f] u kQfnufpg] sfo{df pkof]uL /x]sf] b]lvG5 . kl5 cfP/ ;flxTo / snfdf dgf]ljZn]if0fsf] k|efj k/]kl5 snf –;flxTo ;[hgfsf] If]qdf klg o;sf] pkof]unfO{ :jLsf/ ug]{ k|jl[ Qsf] ljsf; ePsf] kfOG5 . dgf]ljZn]ifsx?sf ljrf/df ;j} dg'i' o dfgl;s lgotŒjjfbsf] cwLgdf x'G' 5g\ / o;sf] p2]Zo cr]tgdf n's ' s ] f] x'G' 5 . o;n] ;fdfGo dg'i' o / snfsf/ b'j' s } f Jojxf/, lqmofsnfk / p2]ZonfO{ lgodg ub{5 . o; wf/0ffsf cg'; ' f/ snfsf/x? cfk\mgf] dgdf s''g zlQmn] sfd ul//x]sf] 5 eGg] s'/' f yfxf kfpg g;sg] x'bF' f pgLx? s'g' } klg s'/' fsf nflu pQ/bfoL dflgg ;Sb}gg\ . pgLx?df a'l' 4n] d of] sfo{ ul//x]sf] 5'' eGg] cfefif eP klg efjgfTds ¿kn] cfkm"" vf; lbzflt/ lsg uO/x]sf] 5'' / s'g' } vf; cfr/0f ug{ cfkm"" lsg afWo 5'' eGg] s'/' fsf] af]w e} /x]sf] k|1 f MM 39

x'bF' g} . o;/L snfsf/df b]lvg] o:tf] lsl;dsf] afWotf d"n " tM cr]tgsf] uxgtfdf n's ' s ] f] x'G' 5 . pgLx? o:tf] lsl;dsf] cr]tgsf] If]qdf k|jz ] ug{ ;Sb}gg\ . hj pgLx? ;[hgfdf jf cfk\mgf] b}lgs hLjgsf sfo{df nfu]sf x'G' 5g\ To;j]nf pgLx?sf] ljrf/ / ;+j]bgfnfO{ u''Kt cr]tg p2]Zon] g} lgwf{l/t ul//x]sf] x'G5 . o;} ts{sf cfwf/df dgf]ljZn]ifsx?n] snfsf/x?nfO{ cfk\mgf] /rgf jf ;[hgfsf nflu g}lts ¿kn] pQ/bfoL x'g' ;Sb}gg\ eg]/ dfg]sf 5g\ . snfsf/n] h] s'/' f n]vL /x]sf] x'G' 5 Tof] jf:tjdf cr]tgsf] Ozf/fdf n]vL /x]sf] x'G' 5 . o; clek|fo cg'; ' f/ pgLx?n] s'g' } :jtGq clej[lQ klg ckgfpg g;Sg] x'G' 5g\ .

-zdf{ -cg'=_, !(^( M !)*_ oxL dfGotfsf cfwf/df s]xL dgf]j1 } flgs n]vs tyf cg'; ' Gwfgstf{x?n] snf ;[hgfsf If]qdf pNn]Vo /x]sf slj, n]vs tyf pkGof;sf/x?sf] j}olQms Jojxf/ / lqmofsnfkx?nfO{ lgofn]/ pgLx?sf] ;[hgfdf cr]tgn] kf/]sf] k|efj / e"l" dsfnfO{ cfFsng ug]{ k|of; u/]sf 5g\ .

P= 8An'= /]Dh]n] …sljtf n]Vg] k|/] 0ff /Do– sNkgf cyjf cr]tgsf] If]qaf6 cfpg] ub{5 eg]/ dfg]sf 5g\ . pgsf] ljrf/df ha;Dd sljsf] hLjgsf] k|/] s zlQmx? dWo] s]xL cyjf sDtLdf Pp6f cr]tg x'bF' g} Toltj]nf;Dd s'g' } klg dxfg sljtf n]lvFbg} . cr]tg zlQmnfO{ lgsf; (Outlet) sf] cfjZostf x'G' 5 / s]xL JolQmdf To:tf] lgsf; sljtfsf] dfWodaf6 x'g' hfG5 . w]/h } ;f] sljtfx? j}olQms cr]tgaf6 hGdG5g\ t/ dxfsfJo rflxF ;fd"l" xs jf hftLo cr]tgaf6 hGdG5 . dxfsfJo ;[hgfsf nflu 3lgi7 hftLo Pstfsf] l:ylt cfjZos x''G5 . hftLo cr]tg s''g} Pp6f JolQmaf6 cleJoQm eP klg jf:tjdf Tof] hftLo ;+jb] gfsf] ¿kdf g} k|:km'l' 6t e}/x]sf] x'G' 5, To;df snfsf/sf] j}olQmstfsf] k|efj x''Fb}g . c+u|]hL ;flxTodf o:tf] hftLo dxfsfJosf] ¿kdf John Milton sf] Paradise Lost nfO{ pTs[i6 gd"g " fsf] ¿kdf lng] u/]sf] kfOG5 . -zdf{ -cg'=_, !(^( M !)(_ dgf]ljZn]ifsx?n] snf –;flxTo ;[hgfdf k|1 f MM 40

cr]tg / ;fd'lxs cr]tgsf] dxŒjk"0" f{ of]ubfg / k|efj x'G' 5 eGg] tYonfO{ k'l' i6 ug]{ e/dUbf] k|of; u/]sf 5g\ . o;} ;Gbe{df l;l/n a6{n] To:tf s]xL n]vs, slj tyf pkGof;sf/x?n] cfk\mgf] ;[hgfsf If0fdf cleJoQm u/]sf efjgfx?nfO{ p4[t u/]/ pgLx?sf] ;[hgfdf cr]tgsf] k|efj k/]sf] s'/' f b]vfpg vf]hs ] f 5g\ . pgn] k|:t't' u/]sf To:tf snfsf/x?df :6Le]G;g, hh{ Olno6, xfp;Dofg, An]s, u]6] / snl/h h:tf ;h{sx?

5g\ . :6Le]G;g eGb5g\ d]/f] jf:tljs sfo{ s'g' } ;xof]uLåf/f ul/G5, of] ;xof]uL d]/f] dl:tissf] ;fg'' hLj xf], h;n] d ;'t' s ] f] j]nfdf d]/f] cfwf sfd u/L ;s]sf] x'G' 5 / d p7L ;s]kl5 afFsL cfwf sfd u/L ;s]sf] x'G' 5 t/ d d'U' w eP/ ;f]Rt5'' ls of] ;j} sfd d}n] u/]sf] x'F' eg]/ .

To:t} hh{ Olno6n] cfk\mgf] k|l;4 s[lt …cfbd a]8Ú n]lv/x]sf] j]nf cfk\mgf] snd c? s;}n] kqm]/ rnfpg z'?' ul/ lbPsf] dx;'; ' u/]sL lyOg\ . csf{ k|l;4 slj xfp;Dofg eGb5g\ d sljtf n]vg ;lqmo eGbf clws lgis[o / cnf}lss Jofkf/ xf] eGg] dx;'; ' ub{5' . ck/fGx ef]hgsf] ;dodf Ps jf]tn ljo/ lkP/ d 3'D' g lg:sG5', ck/fGx d]/f] hLjgsf] ;j}eGbf sd af}l4s ;do klg xf], ha d lx+l8/x]sf] x'G' 5'' Toltj]nf d s'g' } ljifosf jf/]df vf; s]xL ;f]lr/x]sf] klg x'G' g t/ To;j]nf d]/f] dgdf cfsl:ds / csf/0f ;+ju] af6 s'g' } sljtfsf] Pp6f of b'O' 6{ f kª\lQmx? / s'g' } j]nf k"/" f 5Gb klg k|efljt eP/ cfpF5, h;df k'/f sljtfsf] w"l" dn cl:tŒj jt{dfgdf /xG5 . km]/L s]xL ;dosf nflu zflGt 5fpF5, To;sf] s]xL ;do kl5 Tof] >f]t km]l/ km'6' /] cfpF5 . d]/f] ljrf/df tL Jo+hgfx?sf] >f]t dl:tissf] s'g' } ctntfdf n'l' s/x]sf] x'G' 5 . To:t} An]sn] klg cfk\mgf] ;j{>i] 7 lrq ulx/f] lgb|fsf] cj:yfdf sf]/s ] f lyP elgG5 . -zdf{ -cg'=_, !(^( M !!)_ o:tf cg' ' e " l tx? cg] s f} + n] v s, slj tyf ;flxTosf/x?df ;[hgfsf] If0fsf a]nf cfpg ;Sg] x'g ;Sb5g\ . cj dfly pNn]lvt slj, n]vs tyf snfsf/x?sf cleJolQm / sygx?sf] ;Gbe{df ljrf/ ubf{ pgLx?sf] snf ;[hgfsf]

k|/] 0ffsf] >f]t d"n " tM s'g' } c1ft jf cb[Zo zlQm /xg] u/] s f] b] l vg cfPsf] 5 . o;/L x] b f{ :6Le]G;gsf] sfo{ u/L lbg] cb[Zo ;xof]uL, hh{ Olno6sf] snd klqmP/ rnfO{ lbg] zlQm, xfp;DodfnfO{ sljtf :km'/' 0f u/fO{ lbg] cfsl:ds ;+ju] x? oyfy{df s] tL cr]tg tŒj g} x'g' \ t Û j:t't' M dgf]ljZn]ifsx?n] log} c1ft jf cb[Zo zlQmx?af6 dfgjLo lqmofsnfkx? / Jojxf/ ;~rflnt / lgb]l{ zt x'g' ] ub{5 / snfsf/sf] snf–;[hgf klg oL tŒjx?sf] k|efjaf6 pGd'Q ' m x'g' ;Sb}g eGg] s'/' f :yflkt ug{ vf]h ] s ] f 5g\ / k|sf/fGt/n] pgLx?n] eGg] u/]sf] dfgl;s lgotŒjjfbsf] cjwf/0ff / l;4fGt klg oxL xf] . l/rf8{ dfr{n] klg cfg''eljs ;fIosf cfwf/df dfgl;s k|ltlqmofx?nfO{ pb\3fl6t ug{df cr]tgn] clgjfo{ kl/sNkgfsf] sfd ub{5 eGg] ljrf/ JoQm u/]sf 5g\ . pgsf ljrf/df … cr]tg Ú dgf]ljZn]ifsx?n] eg] h:tf] afws / ;j{zlQmdfg :j]R5frf/L eg] x'bF' g} . jf:tjdf k|To]s JolQmn] cfkm"n " ] g} cr]tgsf] ;[li6 ug{ ;Sb5 . JolQmn] cfkm""n] ;Dos\ / ;r]tg ¿kdf pkof]u ug{ gkfPsf] j:t'a' f6} cr]tgsf] lgdf{0f x'G' 5 . oyfy{df ;+jb] gfx?, laDax?, efjgfx? l:yltx?af6 cyf{t\ ;+If]kdf eGg] xf] eg] tL ;f/f j:t'x' ? h;nfO{ b]v]–;''g]sf] t x''G5 t/ ltgnfO{ k""0f{tM tyf ;Gtf]ifhgs ¿kn] r]tgn] pkof]u ug{ ;sL g/x]sf] l:yltaf6 g} j}olQms cr]tgsf] pTklt x'G' 5 . l/rf8{ dfr{n] cr]tgsf] l:yltnfO{ Pp6f lg/y{s kbfy{ ;+u t'n ' gf u/]sf 5g\ . h;/L xfdL tt\sfn pkof]udf cfpg g;Sg] j:t'x' ?nfO{ s'g' } 7fpFdf nu]/ y'k' fb{5f}+ / kl5 xfdLnfO{ cfjZos k/]df ltgnfO{ pkof]udf Nofpg ;S5f}+ . To;}u/L xfd|f] r]tg dgn] tt\sfn pkof]udf Nofpg g;s]sf xfd|f ;d:t ljrf/x? cr]tgdf uP/ j:b5g\ / cfjZostf / cg's ' n ' cg'; ' f/ ltgnfO{ r]tg dgn] pkof]udf Nofpg ;Sb5 . o;nfO{ cem ;+If]kdf eGg] xf] eg] JolQmsf] r]tgfn] k|of]u ug{ g;s]sf ;fdu|Lx?n] g} cr]tgsf] lgdf{0f ub{5 . k|mfo8n] klg cr]tgsf] :j¿knfO{ lgliqmo / bldt b'O' { ¿kdf ljefhg u/]sf 5g\ . lgliqmo cr]tgdf

r]tg x'g' ;Sg] Ifdtf x'G' 5 eg] bldt cr]tgdf ;fdfGotof r]tg aGg] Ifdtf x'bF' g} . lgliqmo r]tgnfO{ xfdL k'j{ r]tg klg eGg] ub{5f}F . snfsf/sf] ;DaGw o:t} lsl;dsf] k'j{ r]tg;Fu x'G' 5 . z'?' df cle?lr ePsf t/ tt\sfn pkof]u ug{ g;lsPsf ljrf/x? / laDax?nfO{ g} k'j{ r]tg elgG5 . s'g' } k|an cfj]uaf6 k|l] /t ePkl5 oL ;'/' lIft ljrf/ / laDax? cfkm"" /x]sf] cGwsf/ :yfgaf6 aflx/ lgl:sG5g\ / tL r]tgsf nflu pkof]uL aGg hfG5g\ . t/ To:df s'g' } /fufTds ;DaGwaf6 k/:k/ ;"l" qt ePsf ljrf/ laDax? dfq aflx/ cfpF5g\ . -zdf{ -cg'=_, !(^( M !!@– !!#_ o''+un] ;fd""lxs cr]tgsf cg''e"ltx?nfO{ snfsf/sf] ;[hgzLntfsf] k|/] 0ffsf >f]t dfg]sf 5g\ . snfnfO{ ¿k lbgsf nflu kf}/fl0fs laDa– ljwfgsf] cfjZostf x'G' 5 . snfsf/n] ;fd"l" xs cr]tgsf tL cg''e"ltx? k|fKt u/]/ To;nfO{ cfk\mgf] snfs[ltdf ¿kflot ub{5 . of] ;fd"l" xs cr]tg ultzLn xfjfsf] e'd/L h:tf] x'G' 5 . o;n] cleJoQm x'g' rfx]/ snfsf/nfO{ ¿k k|bfg ug{ afWo ub{5 . o'u+' sf ljrf/df snfsf/n] cflbd cg'e ' l" tx?sf] k|sl[ t / ;fy{stf a'e ' mg g;s] klg To;nfO{ snfTds 9+un] cleJoQm ug{ ;kmn x'G' 5g\ . o:tf cg'e ' l" tx? snfsf/sf] hLjgsf b[Zodfg cg'e ' l" tx? eGbf leGg x'g' ] x'bF' f kf}/fl0fs laDax?nfO{ u|x0f u/]/ ltgnfO{ ¿k lbg afWo x'g' ' kb{5 . o'u+' n] o; cj:yfnfO{ af/+af/ snfs/sf] ljjztf xf] eg]/ :jLsf/ u/]sf 5g\ . o; cy{df pgL snfsf/ ;fd"l" xs cr]tgsf] ;fwg of bf; xf] eGg afWo b]lvG5g\ . pgL eGb5g\ ;h{s zlQm k|an ePsf] a]nf cr]tgaf6 zfl;t eP/ To;}sf] ;fFrfdf 9Ng hfG5 / ;r]tg cx+ leq n''s]sf] k|jfxdf aUg hfG5 . o; cj:yfdf p;sf] l:ylt 36gfx?sf] c;xfo b|i6f ag]/ a:g' afx]s c? s]xL x'bF' g} . h'g' s[lt lgld{t x'G' 5 Tof] sljsf] xft nfUb5 To;n] dgf]j1} flgs ljsf;nfO{ lgwf{l/t ub{5 . u]6n ] ] kmfpi6sf] ;[li6 u/]sf] xf]Og j? kmfpi6n] g} u]6s ] f] ;[li6 u/]sf] xf] . o'u+' sf oL ljrf/x?af6 :ki6 x'G' 5 ls pgn] snfsf] pb\ud k|1 f MM 41

>f]t cr]tg dgnfO{ g} dfg]sf 5g\ . pgsf ljrf/df cr]tgdf cgGt ;dob]lv ;+lrt cg'e ' j Pj+ ;+:sf/ dg'i' osf cGtj{l[ Qx? / alxj{l[ Qx?sf] ;fdfGh:otf af6 sfJosnfsf] ¿kdf k|:km'l' 6t x'G' 5 . pgL dfgjsf] cr]tgdf o'u' f}+ b]lv ;+lrt sfnftLt ;+:sf/nfO{ g} snfsf] d""n >f]t dfGb5g\ . -zdf{ -cg'=_, !(^( M !@)–!@!_ cr] t gsf] :j¿k / hLjgdf To;sf] dxŒjnfO{ hh{ u|f8] s ] n] cltjfbL ¿kdf k|:t't' u/]sf 5g\ . pgsf ljrf/df JolQm ;j{yf cr]tgsf] bofdf g} cjnlDat /x]sf] x'G' 5 . dg'i' o cr]tgaf6 g} cg''k|]l/t x''G5 . cr]tgn] p;sf k|To]s lqmofsnfknfO{ lgoGq0f ub{5 . o; ;DaGwdf pgL cem olt;Dd eGg k'U' b5g\ ls d afRb5'' eGg'' eGbf klg d cr]tgåf/f afFRb5'' eGg'' j]z x'G' 5 . JolQm ljjz 5Ù pm Pp6f o:tf] >]i7t/ zlQmsf] v]nf}gf xf] h;nfO{ pm a'e ' m\g ;Sb}gÙ pm lg/+sz ' :jfdLsf] bf; xf] . o; cr]tgsf] lj/f]wdf v8f /x]sf], JolQmsf] cx+ klg cr]tgsf] v]nf}gf dfq xf] . cr]tg s} p2]Zo / cg'e ' l" tx? ;r]tg dgåf/f lglb{i6 eP/ cx+sf] ;+sNk / p2]Zosf] ¿kdf k|s6 x'G' 5 . o:tf] kl/l:yltdf JolQm bf; l;jfo c? s]xL /xg hfFbg} , oBlk pm cfkm"n " fO{ :jt+q ;+emG5 . pm s'g' } o:tf] cg'k' /|] 0faf6 zfl;t x'G' 5, hf] ;fdfGotof cr]tgsf] ulx/fOdf ;'l' t /x]sf] x'G' 5 / u'X' o cr]tg cg'k' /]| 0ffn] g} p;sf ljrf/x?, cg'e' l" tx? /lqmofsnfkx?nfO{ ;~rflnt ub{5 . -zdf{ -cg'=_, !(^( M &–*_ dgf]ljZn]ifsx?n] ;h{sx? / ltgsf] ;[hgfdf cr]tgsf] k|efj ckl/xfo{ ¿kdf kg{ hfG5 eGg] dfGotf /fv] klg ;flxTosf ;dfnf]rsx? o;sf] k|efjnfO{ lglj{jfb ¿kdf :jLsf/ ug{ tof/ 5}gg\ . dgf] l jZn] i f0fsf] kl/0ffdaf6 dfgl;s lgotŒjjfbnfO{ k|fof]lus ¿kdf l;4 ug{ ;lsFbg} eGg] s'/' f :jo+ k|mfo8n] klg :jLsf/ u/]sf 5g\ .

8]nlahn] xfdL cfk\mgf] cr]tgsf] lg:;xfo l;sf/ xf]Ogf}+ eg]sf 5g\ . l/rf8{ dfr{n] klg olb xfdL ;j} o:tf] dfgl;s lgotŒjjfbsf cwLgdf x'G' 5f}+ eg]/ dfGg] xf] eg] xfd|f ;j} d"N" o / lg0f{ox? dgf]ljZn]ifsx?nfO{ g} lhDdf nufOlbg'' kg]{ x'G' 5 k|1 f MM 42

eGg] cf;o JoQm u/]sf 5g\ . oL lgotŒjjfbLx?sf] lbzf, p2]Zo c1ft / c1]o 5g\ . jf:tljs s'/' f t s] xf] eg] dg'i' o cfk\mgf lqmofx?sf nflu :jo+ pQ/bfoL x' ' G 5 . olb dg' ' i on] cfk\ m gf] pQ/bfloTjnfO{ :jLsf/ ug'{' gkg]{ xf] eg] hLjg lg/y{s aGg hfG5 . dfgl;s lgotŒjjfb Pp6f dgf]ljZn]if0ffTds sNkgf xf] Ù o:tf] sNkgfn] dfgjLo a'l' 4 / p;sf cg'e ' l" tx?nfO{ :ki6 lgif]w ub{5 . dfgl;s lgotŒjjfbn] pQ/bfloTjsf] efjgfnfO{ c:jLsf/ u/]sf] 5 . o; cfwf/df snfsf/x? cfk\mgf] ;[hgfsf nflu pQ/bfoL x'bF' g} g\ eGg] dfGotf :jLsf/ ug{ g;lsg] ljrf/ cfnf]rsx?n] JoQm u/]sf 5g\ . pgLx?sf ljrf/df snfsf/ o; wtL{sf ;jf]R{ r k|ltlglw x'g' \ / o;sf/0f pgLx? ;jf]R{ r ¿kn] cfk\mgf] ;[hgf k|lt pQ/bfoL klg x'G' 5g\ . -zdf{ -cg'=_, !(^( M !)&–!)*_ slj tyf n] v sx?sf] snf ;[ h gfsf k|lqmofsf ;DaGwdf cfw'l' gs ;flxTosf k|l;4 slj Pj+ ;dfnf]rs 6L=P;= Olno6sf ljrf/x?nfO{ klg pNn]v ug'{' cfjZos b]lvG5 . Olno6n] /rgf k|lqmofsf If0fdf ;jeGbf dxŒjk"0" f{ >d kIfnfO{ dfg]sf 5g\ . pgsf ljrf/df ;DejtM /rgfsf] ;do n]vssf] clwsf+z cfnf]rgfTds >d x'g' ] ub{5 . tL >ddf /rgfnfO{ 5fGg], ldnfpg], agfpg] sfF6–5fF6 ug]{ ;+zf]wg ug]{ / hfFRg] cflb lqmofx? x' ' G 5g\ . ;[ h g–Jofkf/sf] qmddf /rlotfåf/f ul/Psf lqmofx? hlt ;[hgfTds x'G' 5g\ Tolt g} ;dLIffTds klg x'G' 5g\ . s'g' } klg pRr sf]6Lsf] sfJo–;[hgf cfnf]rgfTds >d lagf ;+ej x'bF' g} eGg] pgsf] dfGotf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . pgsf ljrf/df o:tf >dnfO{ h;n] dg k/fpFbg} To:tfn] dfq cr]tgsf] l;4fGt k|:t't' ug]{ ub{5g\ .

-ld>, @))* M !&(_ Olno6sf oL ljrf/x?n] ;[hgfdf cr]tgsf] k|efj / e"l" dsfnfO{ :jLsf/ u/]sf] b]lvFbg} . jf:tjdf snfsf/n] cfk\mgf] s[lt ;[hgf ug{ s7f]/ >d ug'{' kb{5 . o;af6 :ki6} x'G' 5 ls o:tf] >d cr]tg geP/ ;r]tg g} x'G' 5 . snfsf/ cr]tgsf cfb]zx?nfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ lgliqmo

JolQm xf]Og . p;sf] lqmofsf] k|sl[ tdf ;r]tgtf / ljdz{ b'j' s } f] cfjZostf x'G' 5 / h'g' lglZrt l;4fGt cg'; ' f/ ;DkGg x'G' 5 . j:t't' M ;[hg– Jokf/df cJojl:yt ¿kdf pkl:yt x'g' ] cfj]ux?, laDax?,;fxrfo{, :d[ltx?, ;+jb] gx? / zAbx?nfO{ slj n]vsx?n] ;r]tg ¿kn] g} ltgnfO{ cfk\mgf] ;[hgfdf pkof]u ub{5g\ . d"n " tM p;sf] of] ;r]tg >dsf k5fl8 cfk\mgf] /rgf ;dLrLg xf];\ eGg] rfxgf cGtlg{lxt /x]sf] x'G' 5 . s'g' } klg ;h{sx?sf nflu cfk\mgf] /rgfnfO{ ;dLrLg agfpg] ljrf/ ;a} eGbf dxŒjk"0" f{ x'G' 5, To; If0fdf p;sf nflu c? ;a} ljrf/ uf}0f x'g' hfG5 . ha ;h{s cfk\mgf] /rgfdf Psfu| x'g' hfG5 Toltj]nf p;n] afFsL ;j} sfd lal;{G5 . o; kl/k|I] odf x]bf{ u]6s ] f] :jlKgn cr]tgtf cyjf An]ssf] k|uf9 lgb|f ;DejtM Psfu|tfsf] r/d l:ylt x'g' ;S5 . jf:tljs cr]tgtf of lg+bf| xf]Og . -zdf{ -cg'=_, !(^( M !!!–!!@_ KjFfn] klg snf–;[hgfdf cr]tg lqmof xf]Og cg'z ' f;g, Wofg, ;+sNk / r]tgfsf] ck]Iff x'G' 5 eg]sf 5g\ . lnlj+u:6f]g nf]j; ] n] …lb Pgl;oG6 d]l/g/Ú sljtfsf] cWoog ljZn]if0f kl5 l6Kk0fL ub}{ eg]sf 5g\ ls o; sljtfdf wf/0ffx? / ;+:sf/x?sf] ax'n ' tf lj:dosf/L ¿kdf pNn]v eP klg of] sljtf cr]tg ¿kdf d"N" ojfg\ laDax?sf] ;+ud dfq xf] eGg ;lsGg . slj cjr]tg -Subliminal_ hut\sf] lgb|frf/L klg xf]Og . o; sljtfsf] lgdf{0f r]tg cyjf cr]tg b'j' } ;+:sf/af6 ePsf] xf]Og . ;du|df pgn] o; sljtfnfO{ sljsf] ?lr, k|/] s a'l' 4 / l;h{gzLn dl:tissf] >dsf] kl/0ffd xf] eg]/ dfg]sf 5g\ . -zdf{ -cg'=_, !(^( M !!%_ sljtf jf sfJo ;[hgfsf ;DaGwdf nf]j; ] / Olno6sf wf/0ffx? ;dfg ¿ksf b]lvG5g\ . snl/hsf] s'a' nf vfF sljtfnfO{ :jKg sljtf dflgPsf] 5, h;nfO{ pgn] :jKgdf /r]sf lyP . dgf]ljZn]ifsx?n] o; sljtfsf] lgdf{0fdf klg cr]tg s} k|efj /x]sf] dfg] klg snf ;dLIfsx? pgdf clkmd vfg] cfbt /x]sf] x'bF' f pgsf] pQm sljtf cr]tgsf] kl/0ffd xf]Og eg]/ c:jLsf/ u/]sf 5g\ . Tof] jf:tjdf ;fFrf] cy{df :jKg

sljtf xf]Og . o; cy{df snfTds k|lqmof cr]tg k|lqmof xf]Og . o'u+' n] ;fd'lxs cr]tgnfO{ snf ;[hgfsf] d' ' V o >f] t dfg] s f x' ' g \ . t/ k| l ;4 n] v s dfnf]gf]:sLn] ;fd"l" xs cr]tgsf] kl/sNkgfnfO{ r'g' f}tL lbP/ v+8g u/]sf 5g\ . pgsf ljrf/df ;fd"l" xs cr]tgsf ;+be { df dgf]ljZn]ifsx?n] h'g' ;fIo lbPsf 5g\ tL ljZj;gLo 5}gg\ . ;h{sn] h] s'/' f ub{5 To;sf nflu pm pQ/bfoL x'G' 5 / lglZrt ;[hgfTds p2]Zox?sf nflu pm cfk\mgf] ;fdu|Lsf] ;r]t ¿kn] pkof]u ub{5 . o; k|sf/ pm tyfslyt ;fd'lxs cr]tgsf] ljj; bf; x'g' ;Sb}g . To:t} o''+usf] u]6]sf] kmfp:6 ;DaGwL plQm k|lt klg ;dLIfsx?n] cfklQ hgfPsf 5g\ . pgLx?sf ljrf/df lgM;+bx] u]6n ] ] g} kmfp:6sf] ;[hgf u/]sf x'g' \ . o;df bf]>f] ljsNksf] ;+efjgf g} 5}g . cg'z ' f;g, cjwfg / OR5f lagf s'g' } snfs[lt of eg"F" ls s'g} /rgfTds sfo{ ;+ej x'bF' g} / tL ;f/f ljz]iftfx? sljsf r]tgfaf6} pTkGg x'G' 5g\ . -zdf{, -cg'=_ !(^( M !!(–!@)_ snf ;flxTo ;[hgfdf ;h{sx? cr]tg dgaf6 k|efljt / k|l] /t x'G' 5g\ eGg] dgf]ljZn]ifsx?sf] wf/0ffx?nfO{ cfnf]rsx?n] ljleGg sf]0faf6 vG8g u/]sf] b]lvG5 . dgf]ljZn]if0fsf k|fb'e {' fj ePkl5 dg'i' osf r]tg cr]tg dgsf kIfx?, dfgl;s k|lqmofx? / ltgsf Jojxf/x?nfO{ a'em\ g ;xh ePsf] xf] . dgf]ljZn]if0fsf cu|0fLx? :jo+ k|mfo8 / o'u+' n] s]xL n]vs ;flxTosf/x?sf] j}olQms k|ltefsf] cWoog klg u/]sf x'g' \ . s'g' } s[lt ;h{ssf] dfgl;s cj:yfsf] pkh jf k|ltkmn x'g' ;S5 ;Sb}g eGg] ;Gbe{df dgf]ljZn]ifsx?n] rf;f] lnP/ snf ;flxTodf dgf]ljZn]if0fsf] ;DaGw hf]8g\ ] k|oTg u/]sf x'g' \ . t/ pgLx?n] ;[hgfdf cr]tgsf] k|efj / e"l" dsfnfO{ cltjfbL ¿kdf k|:t't' ug]{ u/]sf] k|tLt x'G' 5 . o'u+' sf] u]6s ] f] kmfp:6 ;DaGwL plQmx? / u|f]8]ssf] cr]tg ;DaGwL JofVof cltzof]lQmk""0f{ b]lvG5g\ . ;h{sx? cfk\mgf] ;[hgfsf] If0fdf Psfu| / tNnLg cj:yf jf eg"F" Ps lsl;dsf] ;dflw:y h:tf] cj:yfdf x'G' 5g\ eGbf klg x'G' 5 . ;h{sx?df kfOg] cGtMk|1f, k|1 f MM 43

cfj]u, ;+jb] g, ljrf/ efj / csf]{ cy{df eGbf pgLx?sf ;du| ;+1fgfTds 1fg lglZrt ¿kn] dfgjLo x''G5g\ / o;}af6 pgsf s[ltdf Tof] Jofkstf cfpF5 . ;h{snfO{ a''l4 ;DkGg / ;+jb] gzLn k|f0fL dfGg ;lsG5 . ;fdfGo dg'i' o eGbf p;n] clws ;antfsf] cg'e ' j ug{ ;S5 / clws uDeL/tfn] x]g{ ;S5 . p;sf] b[li6 tLI0f x'G' 5, p;n] cfk\mgf j}olQms cg'e ' l" tx?nfO{ cfk\mgf] snfs[ltdf ;r]t ¿kn] k|of]u ug{ ;S5 . l6= P;\= Olno6 h:t} cfw'l' gs ;flxTosf k|l;4 cfnf]rs l/r8{;\ klg x'g' \ . /rgf–k|lqmof ;DaGwdf pgn] n]vs ] f 5g\ ls dgf]ljZn]ifsx?n] h] ;'s ' } eg] klg sljnfO{ dfgl;s k|lqmofsf] pmxfkf]xaf6 s'g' } kmfObf k'U' g ;Sb}g . sljtfsf] /rgfsf k5fl8 h'g' k|lqmof rNb5 To;df w]/} xb;Dd cr]tg /xG5 eGg] s'/' fdf s'g' } ;+bx] 5}g . ;[hg lqmofdf r]tg k|lqmofx?sf] ck]Iff cr]tg k|lqmofx? clws dxŒjk"0" f{ x'g' klg ;Snfg\ oBlk xfdL o:tf] ;f]Rb}gf}_+ . t/ lnof]gf8f]{ 8f leG;Lsf jf/]df k|mfo8n] jf u]6s ] f] jf/]df o'u+' n] h'g' n]vs ] f 5g\ To;sf] cfwf/df eGg] xf] eg] dgf]ljZn]ifsx? w]/} g} clgk'0f cfnf]rs x'bF' f /x]5g\ eg]/ dfGg'' kg]{ x'G' 5 . s'g' } snf ;[hgfdf cr]tg k|lqmofx?n] sfd} ub}{g eGg ;lsFb}g t/ oL k|lqmofx?sf] JoflKt ;+k0" f{ snf ;[hgfdf x'G' 5 eGg klg ;lsFbg} . ;fy} cfnf]rssf b[li6n] s'g' } snf ;[hgfsf k5fl8sf] k|/] s tŒj s] xf] eGg] k|Zg eGbf klg p;sf] ;DaGw k"0" f{ j:t'; ' uF x'G' 5 -zdf{, -cg'=_ !(^( M !@#_ . cGttM dgf]ljZn]ifsx?n] eg] h:tf] slj n]vsx? cr]tg dgs} k|efjaf6 k|l] /t eP/ cfk\mgf] ;[hgf ug{ afWo x'G' 5g\ eGg ;lsF b } g tyflk cr] t gn] k| : t' ' t u/] s f ;fdu|Lx?nfO{ ;r]t ¿kdf pgLx?n] To;nfO{ cfk\mgf] ;[hgfdf pkof]u ug{ ;Sb5g\ . ;[hg k|lqmofdf cr]tgsf] k|efj / e"l" dsf ;DaGwdf l/r8{;s \ f ljrf/x? a9L ;Gt'lnt b]lvG5g\ eGg ;lsG5 . (= lgisif{ dgf] j } 1 flgs Pj+ dgf] l jZn] i fsx?n] k|1 f MM 44

snfsf/x?n] snf ;[hgf ubf{ pgLx? dgsf] cr]tg kIfaf6 k|efljt x'G5g\ eGg] bfjf u/]sf 5g\ . j:t'tM snfsf/x?sf] :jefj ;+jb] gzLn lsl;dsf] x'g] x'bF f snf ;[hgfsf If0fdf pgLx? ;+j+ u] fTds cj:yfdf /xg ;Sb5g\ . ;fy} snf ;[hgfsf] If0fdf pgLx? efj–k|j0ftf, tGdotf / Psfu|tfsf] cj:yfaf6 u'lh|/x]sf x'G5g\ . o;/L snf ;[hgfsf If0fdf b]lvg] tGdotf / Psfu|tfsf] cj:yfaf6 g} s'g} snf s[ltsf] hGd x'G5 . jf:tjdf s'g} snfs[lt s'g} snfsf/sf] cr]tgdf bldt /x]sf ljrf/ jf efjgfx?sf] cleJolQm x'g ;S5 . t/ p;sf tL bldt ljrf/ jf efjgfx?nfO{ cleJolQm lbg] k|lqmofsf k5fl8 cr]tg dgsf] clgjfo{ pkl:ylt x'G5 eg]/ eGg ;lsFbg} . cyf{t\ cr]tg dgn] 8f]¥ofP/ dfq snfsf/n] cfk\mgf] snfsf] cleJolQm lbg ;S5 eGg] dfGotf s]xL cltzof]lQm h:tf] k|tLt x'G5 . snf ;[hgfdf cr]tg dgsf] ;jf]k{ l/tfnfO{ dfg]/ dgf]ljZn]ifs Pj+ dgf]j1 } flgsx? olt ;Dd eGg k'Ub5g\ ls snfsf/x?n] cfk\mgf s[ltsf] nflu klg s'g} lhDd]jf/L lng' kb}g{ . pgLx?sf] o:tf] lsl;dsf] ljrf/ Pj+ dfGotf klg pko'Qm b]lvFbg} . lsgeg] x/]s snfsf/n] cfk\mgf s[ltnfO{ pTs[i6 / ;'Gb/ jgfpg rflx/x]sf] x'G5 / p;n] cfk\mgf] s[lt ;[hgf ubf{ ;dfh ;fk]If d"No / dfGotfnfO{ ;d]t Vofn u/]sf] x'g' kb{5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf snfsf/n] cfk\mgf s[ltsf nflu s'g} lhDd]jf/L af]w ub}g{ eGg] ljrf/nfO{ klg ;xL dfGg ;lsFbg} . dgf]j1 } flgs Pj+ dgf]ljZn]ifsx?n] ;Lldt s]xL snfsf/x?sf ;[hg If0fsf cleJolQm / ltgsf snf s[ltnnfO{ 5gf]6 u/]/ To;s} cfwf/df l;4fGt k|ltkfbg ug{ vf]hs ] f] b]lvG5 . jf:tjdf snfsf/df d cfkm" s] n]lv/x]sf] 5' eGg] s'/fsf] af]w gx'g] xf] eg] p;n] pTs[i6 / ;'Gb/ s[lt ;[hgf ug{ ;Sb}g . To:tf] pTs[i6 / ;'Gb/ s[lt jgfpg] sfo{ cr]tgaf6 xf]Og ;r]tgaf6 x'g ;S5 . c+uh ]| L ;flxTosf k|v/ ;dfnf]rs Pj+ slj l6=P;= OlnP6n] klg snfsf/sf] ;[hg k|lqmofdf cr]tgsf] e"ldsfnfO{ :jLsf/ u/]sf 5}gg\ . pgn]

cfk\mgf] snf cleJolQmdf snfsf/ ;w}F t6:y / c;Da4 /xg' kb{5 eGg] dfGotf /fv]/ snfdf lgj}{olQmstfsf] l;4fGtnfO{ k|ltkfbg u/]sf] b]lvG5 . To;}n] pgsf] dfGotf 5 ls snfsf/n] cfk\mgf] ;r]tg 多kn] g} cfk\mgf s[ltnfO{ cg]sf}+ k6s sfF6 5fF6 u/]/ /fd|f] agfpg] k|oTg u/L /fv]sf x'G5g\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf cr]tgsf] s'g} k|efj / e"ldsf b]lvFbg} . OlnP6 h:t} c捉\uh ]| L ;flxTosf csf{ k|l;4 ;dfnf]rs cfO{=P= l/r8{n]

klg snf ;[hgfsf k|lqmof ;DaGwdf dgf]j1} flgs Pj+ dgf]ljZn]ifsx?sf] cr]tg ;DaGwL ljrf/nfO{ ;xh 多kdf :jLsf/ u/]sf 5}gg\ . tyflk pgn] snf ;[ h gfsf k| l qmofdf c? kIfsf ;fy} dgf]j1} flgs kIfsf] e"ldsfnfO{ :jLsf/ u/]sf 5g\ . cGttM s] eGg ;lsG5 eg] snf ;[hgfsf If0fdf snfsf/x? ;du| 多kdf cr]tg dgs} k|efjaf6 lgb]l{ zt eP/ dfq cfk\mgf] snf cleJolQm lbg ;Ifd x'G5g\ eGg ;lsFbg} .

;Gbe{ u|Gy zdf{, b]j]Gb|gfy -cg'=, !(^(_, dgf]ljZn]if0f cf}/ ;flxTofnf]rg -d"n n]vs s= cxdb lnlvt ;fOsf]PgfnfOl;; P08 lqml6l;Hd_, k6gf ! M ef/tL ejg . cu|jfn, 8f= kBdf -;Dkf=, !(^*_, dfgljsL kfl/eflifs sf]z, goL lbNnL M dgf]lj1fg v08, /fhsdn k|sfzg . ld>, ;Tob]j, @))*, kfZrfTo sfJo zf:q cw'gftg ;Gbe{, Onfxjfb ! M nf]sef/tL k|sfzg .

Lear, Jonathan, 2005, FREUD Routledge, London.

k|1 f MM 45

;f+:s[lts cWoog

g]kfndf k|:t/ sfn, tfd|–k|:t/ sfn / tfd| xltof/ sfnsf k'/ftfl ftflŒŒjs :ynx?

— tf/fgGb ld> kl/ro (Preamble) dfgj ;Eotfsf] Oltxf;nfO{ ltg efudf afF8g\ ;lsG5, h;nfO{ k|:t/ sfn (Stone Tool Age), k|fu}ltxfl;s sfn (Protohistoric Period) / P]ltxfl;s sfn eGg] ul/Psf] 5 . k|:t/ sfnnfO{ k'gM ltg efudf afFl8Psf] 5 / Tof] xf] k|frLg k|:t/ sfn (Paleolithic Period –Old Stone Age), dWo k|:t/ sfn (Mesolithic Period–Middle Stone Age) / gj kfiff0fsfn (Neolithic PeriodNew Stone Age) . s'g} klg b]zdf k|:t/ sfnn] ;aeGbf a9L dfgj ;Eotfsf] ;donfO{ cf]u6]sf] x'G5 . k|:t/ sfnsf] ltg r/0f dWo] k|frLgtd\ sfn (Old Stone Age-divided into Early, Middle and Late Paleolithic Age) nfO{ ltg r/0fdf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5. k|frLg k|:t/ sfndf k|:t/sf xltof/x? 7'N7'nf (Heavy Tools) b]lv cGtdf km'6s ] f 9'ªu\ f cyjf gbL / kxf8sf] eL/af6 NofOPsf 9'ªu\ f (Flake and Pebble Tools) af6 7'nf] xft] a~r/f] cflb (Hand Axes, Cleavers, Scrapers, Ovates, Chopping Tools, Burin and Blades)

agfOGYof] . k|frLgtd\ k|:t/ sfnsf] ;do cfheGbf !,%),))) jif{b]lv !),))) jif{ cufl8;Dd sfod ul/Psf] 5 . o; sfnsf xft xltof/x?n] qmdzM dfgj hfltsf] ljsf;sf] ltg j6f r/0f i) Homo-habilis (Handy-Man), ii) Homo-erectus (Upright-man) and iii) Homosapiens (Wise-Man) nfO{ k|ltlglwTj ub{5g\ .

Homo-sapiens sf] ljsf; cfh eGbf $),)))

xhf/ jif{eGbf klxn] ePsf] lyof] . ef/tdf k|:t/ sfnsf] vf]hL A. Cunnigham sf] lgo'lQm kl5 !*^! ;fnb]lv ePsf] lyof] . t/, o;sf] vf]hL !(#) / k|1 f MM 46

kl5 !(#( b]lv qmdzM A. Cammiade, M.C. Burkitt / Yale-Camlizidge ljZj ljBfnosf DeTerra and Patterson n] u/]sf lyP .ef/tLo pkdxfåLksf k|frLgtd\ dfG5]nfO{ /fdflky]s; (Ramapithecus) gfpF lbOPsf] 5 / of] !(#@ O{= df k+hfalt/ -pQ/–klZrd efusf lzjflns kj{t >]0fLdf_ kfOPsf] lyof] . k|frLg k|:t/ sfnsf If]qx?df /x]sf cfjf;sf] cfsf/, pgsf] vfB Jojxf/, xltof/ agfpg] If]q (Tool manufacturing Sites) / 9'ªu \ fsf] pknlAw, hgfj/ kfNg] / df;' tof/ ug]{ 7fpF, afx]s ltgsf lbgel/ sfd ug{ hfg] If]q -nueu !) ls=ld= ;Dd_ af/] klg cWoog ul/Psf] 5 . k[YjLdf ag:klt / hLjsf] pTklQ / ljsf;sf] b'O{ j6f dxŒjk"0f{ r/0fdf Pleistocene (Most recent Ice-Age-2 million years age to 10,000 B.P, Before Present Age) sfn lyof] / To; k5fl8 cfof] (Holocene-Age) kl5Nnf] sfn .

klxnf] r/0fdf k[YjL a/kmn] 5f]lkPsf] lyof] / oxfF ;Lldt dfqfdf dfq ag:klt / hLj lyP . hgfj/ 7'N7'nf lyP / ag:kltsf gfpFdf emf8Lx? dfq lyP . dflg;sf k'vf{ yf]/} dfqfdf dfq} vfgf l;sf/af6 k|fKt ub{y] . t/, Holocene (Recent Age) df tfk a9\tf eP/ akm{ klUnof] . hLj, jg:klt clws eP, gbL–vf]nf / hª\un a9L 3gf x'g yfNof] . o; sfnsf dflg; u'kmf, 5fk|f] / v'nf cfsfzd'lg a:by] . k|:t/ sfnsf] bf];|f]r/0f dWok|:t/ sfn (Mesoliths or Microliths) sfnsf cg]s If]qx? dWok|bz ] , pQ/ k|bz ] sf] rf]kfgLd08f], ldhL{k/' kxf8L If]qaf6, aª\ufnsf] jL/efgk'/ / dWo uª\uf3f6L tyf laxf/af6 kfOPsf 5g\ . gj kfiff0f o'usf :ynx? (Neolithic Sites) d]x/u9

-an'lr:tfg_ b]lv k"j{df cf;fdsf] bfcf]hfnL xfl8ª\u, sflZd/ pkTosfsf] a'hx{ f]d, u'kmqmnb]lv tldngf8';Dd kfOPsf] 5 .

Onfxfafb lhNnfsf] sf]nl8xjfaf6 rfdn / laxf/sf] lr/Gb -;f/g lhNnf_ af6 gj kfiff0fsfndf hf}, ux'F / rfdn kfOPsf] 5 . uª\uf 3f6Laf6 xf8sf xltof/x? clws dfqfdf kfOPsf 5g\ . wft' – k| : t/ (Chalcolithic Sites) o' u M !(%) O{= kl5sf] vf]hLsf] ;Gbe{df uª\uf3f6Ldf pQ/k|bz ] , laxf/, g]kfnsf] t/fO{ If]qdf, x/Kkf ;Eotfkl5 / P]ltxfl;s sfnsf] dfem -!()) O{= k"j–{ ^)) O{= k"j_{ leq kfOPsf 5g\ . wft' k|:t/ o'udf s'dfn]sf] rSsfåf/f lgld{t df6fsf ef8fx? / lrlqt ef8fx? (Wheel turned and Painted t.c. Pottery) klg kfOPsf 5g\ . ljxf/df o; ;Eotfd'lg kmnfd sfn (Iron Age) ;'? x'G5 . tfd| o'u (Ocherware) M tfd| o'usf j:t'x? k|Voft ef/tLo k'/ftŒjljb\ aL=aL nfnn] !(%) tfsf pQ/ k|bz ] sf] lay'/, la;f}nL, /fhk'/ k/;', u'gu]l/of, kfls:tfgsf] zfnf]hg, /fh:yfg, xl/ofgf, s0ff{6s, dWo–k|bz ] , aª\ufn / pl8;fsf cg]s 7fpFaf6 kfOPsf] af/] n]vs ] f lyP . cGo 7fpFaf6 k/;', ;]N6, xf/k"g, aL8\ ePsf tnjf/ / dfgj cfs[lt (Anthropomorphic Figure) x? afx]s dWok|bz ] sf] u'gu]l/ofaf6 tfdfsf j:t' afx]s !)@ cf]6f rfFbLsf rfb/ (Sheets) klg kfOPsf lyP . oL tfd|–rfFbLsf ;fdfgx? lk6]/ (Hammering), 9nf} 6 u/] / (Melting and Casting) / sf6]/ (Cutting) åf/f lgdf{0f ul/Psf lyP . o;} tfdfsf xltof/;Fu kfln; (Slip/Polish) gePsf (Ocher Ware) / nfdf] sfn;Dd kfgL leq /x]sf df6fsf ef8fx? klg kfOPsf 5g\ . tfd| wft' o'usf lgdf{tf sf] lyP eGg] af/] ljleGg dtx? kfOG5g\ . Heine-Gelden / Allchin n] lognfO{ klZrd Plzof ;F:s[lt / ef/tLo cfo{ hflt;Fu ;DalGwt / nueu !@)) O{= k"j{ sfnsf egL tf]ss ] f 5g\ . cu|jfn (D.P. Agrawal 1971) n] blIf0f–k"j{ Plzof, aL=aL= nfnn] cfo{ cufl8sf

hflt;Fu ;DalGwt, uf}/ (R.C. Gaur) n] o; ;+:s[ltnfO{ j}lbs cfo{;uF hf]8s ] f 5g\ . t/, aL=Pg= ld> / 8L=s]= rqmjtL{n] o; ;+:s[ltnfO{ kl5sf x/Kkf sfn;Fu hf]8g\ ] dt JoQm u/]sf 5g\ . o; ;Eotfsf] sfn lg0f{o @*)) O{= k"j,{ / pQ/– k|bz ] sf :ynx?nfO{ @)))–!%)) O{= k"j{ dflgPsf] 5 tyf O{6 /ª\usf d[0do kfq (OCP) Jojxf/ ug]{ dflg;;Fu o;nfO{ hf]l8Psf] 5 . g]kfnsf k|:t/ sfn, tfd| 9'ªu\ f o'u / tfd| sfnsf k' / ftflTjs :ynx? (The Prehistoric, Chalcolithic and Copper Tool Sites in Nepal) g]kfndf klxnf] k|:t/ o'u (Stone Tool Age) sf] vf]hLsf] ;'?jft >L cf/=aL= hf]zLn]

!(^) tfsf sf7df8f}+ pkTosfaf6 u/]sf lyP . h;df pgn] s'g} cjz]if km]nf kfg{ ;s]sf lyPgg\ . kl5 ;fFv'sf] ;fnL gbL1 / nlntk'/sf] gVv' vf]nfaf6 (Late Pleistocene) o'usf hgfj/sf fossilized xf8x? e]l6Psf lyP . hd{g dlxnf sf]/leg;n] To;sf] ljifodf cfkm\gf cg]s n]vx?df rrf{ u/]sL l5g\ . To; kl5 dx]Gb| /fhdfu{ lgdf{ 0 f ubf{ 3f] / fxLsf] blIf0f / g]kfnuGhsf] pQ/L If]q ndxL SofDkaf6 klxnf] k6s s]xL k|:t/ sfnsf xltof/ k|flKt af/] ;"rgf ef/tLo OlGhlgo/x?n] lbPsf lyP . Tof] ;dfrf/ b'O{ jif{ kl5 dfq ljefudf k'us ] f] lyof] / o; n]vssf] g]tT[ jdf Pp6f bnnfO{ ljefun] To; /fhdfu{ If]qdf ;j]I{ f0f ug{ v6fpFbf dx]Gb| /fhdfu{ ;8s lgdf{0fsf] sfd ;dfKt u/L To; SofDksf OlGhlgo/x? ToxfFaf6 ef/t kmls{;s]sf lyP . d]/f] 6f]nLn] ndxL, 3f]/fxL tyf bfª–t'n;Lk'/sf vf]nfx?af6 dWo tyf gj k|:t/o'usf xltof/ (Microliths and Neoliths) lgdf{0fdf k|of]u x'g] Chert / Soft Clay Stone sf sRrf kbfy{x? ;ª\sng u/L @)@@–@)@# ;fnlt/ ljefudf 1= ;fnLgbL j/k/ kfOg] ;fnL wfg af}4 ;flxTo, kfl0flg ci6WofoL, ;'>t' ;+lxtf, lqlk6s cflb k|frLg u|Gydf k|Voft / kf}li6s wfgdWo] Pp6f ;fnL gfpsf] wfgsf] rrf{ kfOG5 . ;fnLwfg klxn] ;fFv" If]qdf plAhg] df;L{ wfg g} x'g] ;Defjgf 5 .

k|1 f MM 47

a'emfPsf] lyof] . To;kl5 !(&)–!(*) O{= lt/ sf]/leg;n] k|rlnt g]kfnsf] sfg'g ljk/Lt bfª– b]pv'/Ldf gfuk'/sf ;ª\sflnof OG:6LRo"6sf k|fk] m];/x?sf] d2tn] bfª–b]pv'/L, aaO{ gbL3f6Ldf pTvgg\ / cGj]if0f ubf{ ^) j6f Late Paleolithic, Microlithic/ Neolithic -k|frLg k|:t/ sfn, dWo k|:t/ sfn / gj k|:t/_ sfnsf k|frLg :ynx? / j:t'x? af/] kQf nfu]sf] lyof] . To;} u/L g]kfndf k'/ftŒj ljefusf] cfb]z glnO{sg sf]/leg;n] l;Gw'nLsf] r'/] If]qsf] /ftf] vf]nf If]q -r'/_] af6} k|:t/ sfnsf] ltg j6} r/0fsf k|:t/ xltof/x?sf] pTvgg\ snsQfsf] zflGtlgs]tgsf ljZjljBfnosf k|fk] m];/x?åf/f u/fPsL lyOg\ . o;/L g]kfndf !@ jif{;Dd ;ª\sng u/]sf xft–xltof/x? ljefun] @)%) ;fnlt/ sf/jfxL u/L cfkm\gf] lgoGq0fdf lnO{ g]kfn /fli6«o ;ª\uf| xfno, 5fjgLdf ;'/lIft /fv]sf] 5 . To; kl5 k"j{ lzIffdGqL df]bgfy k|l>tn] k"js { f l;Gw'nLb]lv emfkf;Ddsf] If]qaf6 k'lns :yn (Prehistoric Sites and Burials) af/] ;"rgf k|sflzt u/]sf lyP . k'/ftŒj ljefun] k'/ftŒjljb\ sf]ifk|;fb cfrfo{ / s'df/nfn hf]zLnfO{ To;af/] ;"rgf ;ª\sngsf nflu k"jL{ g]kfnsf To; If]qdf k7fpFbf s]xL dxŒjk"0f{ ;"rgf k|fKt ePsf lyP . oL k'lns d"Nojfg\ k|:t/ dfnf (Banded Agate / Carnelian beads) dfnfsf bfgf kfOg] If]q jf:tjdf k| : t/ sfnsf ltgj6} sfnsf If] q (Late Pleistocene, Microlithic and Neolithic) k"j,{ dWo / gj k|:t/ sfnsf a;f]af; :yn, xftxltof/ / lrxfgx? (Dwellings, Tool Workshops and Burial Sites) x'g\ .cem}+ oL sf]zL gbL If]q / k"js { f e+Ugfjz]if af/] kof{Kt cGj]if0f pTvgg\ / ;"rgf ;ª\sng ePsf] 5}g . r'/] -lzjflns_ If]q afx]s dWo lxdfnL 3f6Lx? -;'vt{] , g]kfn d08nsf ;fy} ;ª\vj' f;efsf c?0f pkTosf_ df k|:t/sf s'g– s'g r/0fsf cjz]if kfOG5g\ To;af/] j}1flgs cWoog x'g clxn];Dd afFsL 5 . g]kfnsf ltg j6f ef}uf]lns If]q 5g\ M-s_ cUnf] lxdfnL If]q -v_ dWo kxf8L If]q / -u_ t/fO{sf] r'/] If]q . cUnf] lxdfnL If]qsf :ynx? M g]kfnsf pQ/L k|1 f MM 48

lxdfnL If]qdf d':tfª lhNnfsf] hf]d;f]d glhs rf]vf] kfgLdf Pp6f ;fgf] hnljB't u[xsf nflu kfOk cf]5o\ fpFbf d':tfªsf] tNnf] efudf Oltxf; k"js { fnsf u'kmfx? /x]sf] af/] ;"rgf k|fKt ePsf] lyof] . crfgs e]l6Psf] To; If]qsf] cWoogsf] nflu k'/ftŒj ljefusf k'/ftŒjljb\ b]j]Gb|gfy ltjf/Lsf] k|f/lDes k|ltj]bgaf6 tL kxf8L u'kmfx?

Oltxf; k"j{df lgld{t / tTsfnLg dxŒjk"0f{ k'/ftflŒjs :ynx? ePsf] lgZro eof] . s]xL jif{kl5 hd{g / g]kfnL k'/ftŒjljb\sf] 6f]nLn] To; e]sdf pTvgg\ ubf{ ltg tnf ;Ddsf u'kmfx? e]l6P, h;df # b]lv %–^ sf]7f;Dd kfOPsf lyP . h;dWo] cfuf] afNg] sf]7f -efG5f cyjf wfld{s k|of]hgsf nflu_ tndfly hfgsf nflu 9'ªu\ fdf sFl' bP/ lgdf{0f ul/Psf] cyjf sf7sf] e¥ofª\u Jojxf/ ul/Psf] e]l6Psf] lyof] . slxn]sfxLF sf]7f afF8g\ sf] nflu sfFrf] O{6sf] kvf{n nufOPsf] klg e]l6Psf] lyof] . pTvlgt\ ;fdfgx?df tfdf, tfdf / cGo wft'sf ldl>t dfgjfsf/ xltof/ (Anthropomorphic Figure), v/L 9'ªu \ faf6 lgld{t ;fgf–;fgf RofK6f dfnf (Steatite Micro-Beads) kvf{n vGg / ;f]emf] kfg{ l;i6 9'ªu\ fsf 5]gfx? (Schist Stone Chisels), lsdtL dfnfsf bfgfx? (Semiprecious Stone Beads), cflb k|fKt ePsf 5g\ . ksfpg], vfg / lkpgsf nflu, kfgL / cGg /fVg] df6fsf efF8fx? xftn] agfOPsf lyP . u'kmf aflx/ sf7sf afb{nL kfOPsf 5g\ . dWosfn -nueu !@–!&cf}+ ;tfAbL O{= leq_ sf lgld{t r}To klg s'g–} s'g} u'kmfleq kfOG5 . 5fnfsf n'uf / y}nLx? kfOPsf] 5 . d[tsx?sf nflu ljz]if sf7sf vf6sf] lgdf{0f u/L vf;–vf; u'kmfdf dfq /flvGYof] . hd{g / g]kfnL bnn] !((! b]lv !((# ;Dd d'lQmgfy pkTosfsf] lvª\u/, hf/sf]6 / u/ ahf]ªu\ df % cf+} b]lv !( cf}+ ztfAbL O{= ;Ddsf :ynx? gbL lsgf/df kfPsf 5g\ . ;f] 7fpFdf pTvgg\ ubf{ % cf}+ ztfAbL O{= sf] txdf g]kfn pkTosf leq lgld{t lnlR5jL sfnsf dfgfª\s d'bf| / lnlR5jL sfnsf df6fsf efF8fx? klg ToxfF kfOPsf 5g\ (H.G. Huttel, Ancient Nepal, Numbers 134-137) . o:t} u08sL lsgf/df klg a;f]af; ul/Psf

eUgfjz]ifx? kfOPsf 5g\ . oL eUgfjz]if tyf u'kmfx?sf] sfj{g !$ (C-14) sfn ( cf}–+ * cf}+ ztfAbL k"jb{ l] v !& cf}+ ztfAbL O{= ;+jt\ leq tf]lsPsf] 5 . o:tf u'kmfx? s'Nn'–:kmLlt, u9jfn, dfg;/f]j/, ;Dk"0f{ d':tfª -pQ/L / blIf0fL If]q_ / l;lSsd;Dd Oltxf; k"js { fn (Prehistoric Period) df kfOPsf 5g\ .2 oL u'kmf / u08sL lsgf/sf ;EotfnfO{ pQ/–k|b]z / laxf/df k|fKt k|fu Oltxf;sfnsf ;Eotf;Fu t'ngf ug{ ;lsG5 . g]kfnsf] o:tf] u'kmf ;Eotf af/] k"j{ / klZrdsf kj{t >]0fLx?df vf]hL / cWoogg} ul/Psf 5}gg\ . dWo kxf8L e"efusf Oltxf; k"j{sf :ynx?

(Prehistoric Sites)

dWo kj{t If]qsf ltg j6f If]qx? -;'vt{] pkTosf, g]kfn d08n / c?0f pkTosf_ df o:tf :ynx? x'g] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 . klZrd g]kfndf of] ;Eotf ;'vt{] –b'Nn' pkTosfleq kfOG5 . ;'vt{] pkTosfaf6 @)%!–%@ ;fndf xfQLsf] 6fpsf] kmf]l;n (Fossil) k'/ftŒj ljefun] k|fKt u/]sf] lyof] . o:t} ;f9]+ cflbsf kmf]l;nx? sf7df8f}Fsf] ;fFv" / gSv' vf]nf If]qaf6 kfOPsf lyP / ltgnfO{ dWo k|frLg k|:t/ sfn (Middle Paleolithic Period) sf] 7DofOPsf] 5 . afns[i0f yfkfn] o;sfnsf] sfa{g !$ sf] ;do lgwf{/0f #&))) b]lv !!))) B.P. -clxn]bl] v cufl8 sfnsf_ egL 7DofOPsf 5g\ .3 ;'vt{] sf] ;Lldt cWoogaf6 To; pkTosfsf] klZrd, blIf0f / k"jt{ km{ /x]sf afª\u] ;Ldn, u'lKtk'/ df5f kf]v/L, ;'Aaf s'gfsf ;fy} ;'v{] vf]nf, Oqfd vf]nf / vf]kL{ vf]nfsf lsgf/df 2=

3=

4=

/x]sf dfgj lrxfgx? (Burials) / gj kfiff0f sfnsf k|frLg cjz]if kfpg] ;Defjgf 5 . o:t} afFu]l;dn c:yfoL k|x/L rf}sLsf] #)) ld6/ klZrddf /x]sf] eUgfjz]ifaf6 xftn] lgdf{0f ul/Psf df6fsf efF8fx? (Handmade t.c. Potteries) kfOPsf 5g\ . h;dfly 8f]/Lsf] 5fk (Cord Marked Potsherds) / lsdtL k|:t/sf dfnfx? (Stone Beads) kfOPsf 5g\ . o; pkTosfsf] dlgsf ufpFsf df5f kf]v/L;Fu} s]xL ;fgf–;fgf cf]8f/x?

(Rock Shelters) / 7'nf] 9'ªu \ f (Rock-Boulders) dfly kz' lrqx? s'lbPsf (Deep Animal Engravings) e]l6Psf 5g\ . o:tf l;sf/sf b[Zo s'lF bPsf 9'ªu\ f lrq n2fvsf qª\uqf (Tangtra and Lukung) tyf nfxf}n l:kmlt 3f6Lsf tfxf]af6 klg kfOPsf 5g\ .4 afns[i0f yfkf/ -!(*%, k]= @#–@$_ cg';f/ o:tf leQ] / cf]8f/lrqx? s'dfpmF, sfZdL/ a'hx{ f]ddf klg k|fKt ePsf / ltgnfO{ k]lnof]lnles (Paleolithic) *))) O{= k"jb{ l] v dWosfn -*))–!#)) O{= ;+jt\_ ;Ddsf sfndf 7DofOPsf 5g\ . o; afx]s ;'vt{] pkTosfaf6 tfdf lems]sf vfgLx?sf ;fy} dfgj lgld{t u'kmfx? y'k}| kfOG5g\ .5 sf7df8f}+ pkTosfsf k|:t/ sfnsf :ynx?

(Prehistoric Sites of Nepal-Mandal or Kathmandu Valley)

ef/tLo ;xof]u lgof]usf] cfly{s ;xof]uaf6 ef/tsf] k'/ftŒj ;j]I{ f0f ljefusf cf/=aL= hf]zLn] sf7df8f}+ pkTosf -afUdtL gbL3f6L If]q_ leq !(^@ O{= df u/]sf] ;j]I{ f0fsf] l;nl;nfdf oxfFaf6

K.P. Nautiyal, The Archaeology of Kumaon, 1969, Varanasi; G. Tuchhi, Two Scientific Expeditions in Nepal, 1956, Roma; F. Haimendorf, Megalithic Elements in Nepal and their relations to Indian Megalithic Movements, International Conference in Asia Archaeology, 1961; B.K. Thaper, Recent Archaeological Discoveries in India, Unesco, Paris, 1985, PP-10, 23,38. The fossils of Bosnomadicus, Elephashysundricus and Equus were discovered from different sites in India within Middle Paleolithic period.

C.B. Mishra, Archeological Activities in India, 1993-94, Proceedings of the SAARC 6th Archaeological Congress, 1995, P. 31, Kathmandu

5= tf/fgGb ld>, ;'vt{] pkTosfsf k|:t/ sfnLg cjz]ifx?, k|frLg g]kfn, ;+Vof !%&, @)^!, k[= $)–$@ M T.N. Mishra, Country Report of the 6th SAARC Archeological Congress, 1995, Kathmandu;

k|1 f MM 49

s'g} k|:t/ sfnsf xltof/ kfOPsf lyPgg\ . / To; ;j]I{ f0fdf k'/ftŒj ljefusf clws[t hgsnfn zdf{ klg ;lDdlnt lyP . kl5 >L zdf{n] kfln; nfPsf gj kfiff0fsfnsf cg] s a~r/fx?

(Neolithic Celts) knf~rf]s, nlntk'/, gfnf– ag]kf If]qaf6 NofPsf hg ;fwf/0fx?af6 ;ª\sng u/L ljefudf /fVg'eof] . kl5 ef/tLo k'/ftŒj ;j]I{ f0f ljefusf gLn/tg aglh{sf] g]kfnsf] k'/ftŒj ljefusf] ;Nnfxsf/ kbdf lgo'lSt ePkl5 zdf{Ho"sf xltof/x? qmdzM ljefus} k|frLg g]kfn -;+Vof ^ / (, @)@% / @)@^ ;fndf_qmdzM k|sflzt x'bF } uof] . b'j} ljåfg\n] o;} l;nl;nfdf gjnk/f;Ldf klg k|:t/ sfnLg :ynx?sf] ;j]I{ f0f– cWoog u/]sf lyP . o;} sfndf lq=lj=lj= sf k|f=] /fdlgjf; kf08]n] klg klZrd g]kfn, n'lDagL, gjnk/f;L / bfª lhNnfx?af6 gj kfiff0f sfnsf cg]s xltof/x? ;ª\sng u/]sf lyP . o;kl5 hd{g dlxnf hL= sf]/leg;n] g]kfnsf] k|:t/ sfnLg ;Eotfsf] vf]hLsf] ;'?jft ef/tLo ljz]if1x?sf] ;xof]udf cj}wflgs pTvgg\ / xltof/x?sf] ;ª\sng ug{ cf/De u/]sL lyOg\ .6 vfgL ljefu, n}grf}/sf] sf7df8f}+ pkTosfsf] e"ule{s gS;fdf oxfFsf] lzjk'/L If]q / pQ/L If]qdf h]gl] ;; (Gneiss, Schist/ Granite) lzi6 / u|g] fO6, nlntk'/sf] blIf0fdf lnUgfO6 -kmnfd]

9'ªu\ f_ kfOG5g\ . oL ;a} 9'ªu\ fsf] k|of]u sf7df8f}+F df gj k|:t/ sfnsf xltof/ lgdf{0fdf ul/Psf] kfOG5 . o; afx]s Sjf6{hfO6 (Quartzite) klg xltof/ agfpg k|of]u ePsf] 5 . o;sf] k|flKt l;Gw'kfNrf]saf6 x'g] ubYof]{ .7 ?;L ljåfg\ >L ;]tGsf]n] a'9fgLns07sf] If]qaf6 dWosfnsf xltof/x? (Microliths) kfOPsf] 3f]if0ffnfO{ xfn k'li6 ug{ ;lsGg . o; pkTosfdf gj k|:tf/ sfnsf xltof/ dfq k|fKt ePsf 5g\ / oxfFsf] ls;fgn] cflxn];Dd v]t vGg] sf]bfnf] / 9'ªu\ f kmf]8g\ ] b'Oj{ 6f Kjfn ePsf] xfe]:{ 6/ (HarvesterV.K. Jain, 2006, Fig. 5, No. -5) klg gj kfiff0fsfnsf] cfs[ltsf] kl5 ul/Psf] gSsn xf] .8 sf7df8f}Fsf ljleGg 7fpFdf cf]8f/x? (Rock Shelters) / u'kmfx? (Rock Caves) klg kfOPsf 5g\ . o:tf 7fpFx? lgDg :ynx?df kfOPsf 5g\— eQmk'/sf] blIf0f k"jd { f /x]sf] gª\vn ] uf=lj=;= af6 8f]nf]dfO6sf] xft] aGr/f] (Celt) / b'O{ cf]6f u'kmfx? kfOof] . o:tf u'kmfx?, rf]ef/9, hfdfrf], ;'Gb/Lhn, u'Kt]Zj/, kgf}tL, km'nrf]sL, / n]nd ] f klg k|fKt ePsf 5g\ . t/ logsf] plrt cWoog / k|lzlIft k|fljlwsaf6 k/LIf0f ePsf] 5}g . k'?iff]Qd nf]rgn] o:tf cg]s cf]8f/ / u'kmfx? eQmk'/–nlntk'/sf] l;dfgfsf 8fF8fdf–e}/jgfy cf]8f/, 5ft] cf]8f/, sN5] cf]8f/, d';] 9'ª\uf

6= hL= sf]/leg;n] lq=lj=lj= sf] lhof]nhL ljefuaf6 g]kfndf ;e]{ ug{ k6s–k6s kq k|fKt u/L !@ jif{;Dd pTvgg\, ;j]I{ f0f / k|frLg j:t' ;ª\sng u/]kl5 k'/ftŒj ljefusf] afWofTds lnlvt cfb]z kl5 tL k|:t/ xltof/x? 5fjgL ;ª\u|fxnodf a'emfPsL lyOg\ . g]kfnsf] k|:t/ sfnaf/] pgsf] u|Gy !(($ kl5 k|sflzt ePsf] 5 .

7= vfgL tyf e"ue{ ljefu, Ps kl/ro, n}grf}/, sf7df8f},+ @)%@, k[= @), pkTosfsf] ef}ule{s gS;f tyf k[= $! . 8f]nf]dfO6 tgx'Faf6 k|flKtsf] pNn]v, @)%@, k[= $^ .

8= k|frLg g]kfn ;+Vof– ^, (, *^, **, ^!–^$ / &% .

9= afUdtL gbLn] r6\6fg sf6L blIf0f lt/ emg]{ hnljgfos dlGb/lg/sf] ltg txsf] u'kmf leq kf6gsf Pp6f ljåfg\ ah|frfo{ hf] ToxL rf] ljxf/ cyjf ;'of{zg ljxf/df a:by] / ltAatL–g]kfnL af}4 ljåfg\, ljBfyL{nfO{ k9fpg] ub{y] / pgsf]af/] u'kmf leq tf+lqs ;fwgf ug]{ af/] !)#) O{= df pgL;Fu k9\g] ltAatL ljBfyL{ ah|sLtL{ (Biography of Lord Vajra-Kriti, New Delhi 1974) sf] cfTdsyfdf 5 .

10=k'/iff]Qd nf]rg >]i7, cgGt lnª\uZ] j/, @)^$,k[=!!& / r6\6fg clen]v, @)^&, eQmk'/, k[= **, k|d ] vqL / k]zn bfxfn, g]kfnsf] snf / k'/ftŒj, @)$*, k[=%%, sf7df8f}+ . /fd lgjf; kf08]o / lbg]zrGb| /]UdL, g]kfn sf] k|fu}ltxfl;s Oltxf;, g]kfn / PlzofnL cg';Gwfg s]Gb|, sLlt{k'/, @)^@, k[=^# . G. Corvinus, The Prehistory of Nepal, Paper Presented at the 3rd world Archaeological Congress, 1994, New Delhi.

k|1 f MM 50

cf]8f/ / cg]s u'kmf /x]sf ;"rgf lbPsf 5g\ .10 c?0f pkTosfsf k|:t/ sfnLg xltof/x? lq=lj=lj= PlzofnL g]kfn cWoog ;+:yfgsf k|f= /d]z 9'ªu\ n ] n] zª\vj' f ;efsf] xl6of ufpFaf6 dWok:t/ o'u (Mesolithic Period) sf ltgcf]6f ;"Id kfiff0f xltof/x? NofPsf]af/] @)@&÷)#÷!^ df Pp6f lj1KtLåf/f hfgsf/L u/fPsf lyP / pgsf tL xltof/x?sf gfpF– (Scraper, Burin, Lunate, Topaz, Borer, Triangles and Trapezes) / s'g 9'ªu\ f– (Chalsidony, Basalt, Schist Stone, Gneiss and Shale) ;fy} oL kfiff0f xltof/x?;Fu

df6fsf efF8fx? e]l6Psf lyP cyjf lyPgg\ eGg] af/] s'g} ;"rgf lbPsf] kfOFbg} . ;fy} tL xltof/x?

Hofldlt cyjf cHofldlts–(Geometrical or Nongeometrical) ePsf af/] pgn] s'g} ;"rgf lbPsf 5}gg\ . To;}n] To; pkTosf leq Pp6f lj1 k|fljlwsn] cWoog ug{' cfjZos ePsf] 5 .11 lzjflns -r'/_] kj{t >]0fL sf k|:t/ sfnsf :ynx?

(The Prehistoric Sites along the Sivalic Hills)

u08sL klZrdsf k|:t/ sfnsf :ynx?– o; gj kfiff0f sfnsf k|:t/ xltof/x? qmdzM 3f]/fxL– t'N;Lk'/, kfNkf, gjk/f;L, lrtjg jt{dfg n]vsn] ltnf}/sf]6sf] / k+l8tk'/sf pTvggx? df kfOPsf, bfª cflb 7fpFaf6, hgsnfn zdf{, /fdlgjf; kf08], lbNnL/fh zdf{ cflbn] ;do–;do df ;ª\sng u/]sf lyP . t/ ;'lgof]lht ¿kdf bfª– b]pv'/Ldf k|:t/ sfnsf] ltgj6}– k|frLg, dWo / gj k|:t/ sfnsf cg]sf}F :ynx?, xft–xltof/ lgdf{0f :ynx? (Working Sites), sf ;fy} Pp6} a;f]af; 7fpFaf6 ltgcf]6} sfnsf cjz]if;Fu} P}ltxfl;s sfn ;Ddsf cjz]ifx?sf] vf]hLdf sf]/leg;, k"gf -ef/t_sf k'/ftŒjljb\x? / kl5

k'/ftŒj ljefu;Fu pTvgg–cGj]if0f af/] ;Demf}tf u/]/ au]g{ ljZjljBfno, gf]j,{] sL k|f] /f08L xfn}08 (Randy Haland) n] dxŒjk"0f{ vf]hLx? u/]sL lyOg\ . To;} ;Demf}tf cg';f/ ljefuaf6 clws[t s'df/nfn hf]zLnfO{ gf]j]{df k|lzIf0fsf nflu k7fOPsf] lyof] . u'b?g sf]/leg; (Gudren Corvinus) sf] afx|aif{sf] l/kf]6{ cg';f/ pgn] ^) cf]6f k|:t/ sfnLg :ynx? / k|f=] /f08Ln] ltg jif{df–-!((#–!((% O{= leq_ nueu $) cf]6f :ynx?sf] vf]hL bfª tyf b]pv'/Ldf dfxfef/t n]sb]lv lzjflns kj{t >]0fL / 3f6L leq ul/Psf] ljj/0f ltgn] ljefunfO{ ;'Dk]sf] l/kf]6d{ f 5 . kl5 sf]le{g;n] cfkm\gf] s]xL o"/f]k / cd]l/sfsf ljåfg\sf] bafan] ubf{ k|f=] /f08LnfO{ g]kfndf sfd ug{ af6 /f]Sg nufOg\ . h;sf] ;"rgf k|f=] /f08Ln] dnfO{ kqåf/f k7fO{ ;s]sL lyOg\ . k|f=] xfn}08sf] ;"rgf cg';f/ ToxfFsf t'xL vf]nf, aaO{ vf]nf, bfª, s6'cf/vf]nf, Ujf/ vf]nf, tyf aaO{ gbLsf lsgf/df kl5sf] KnfO:6f]l;g (Late Plaeistocene) b]vL xf]nf]l;g (Holocene) / !@))) b]lv *))) xhf/ ldn]lgod, cfh eGbf cufl8 (12000-8000 Millennium B.P) sfnsf x'g\ . x'gt of] sfn lg0f{o ;a} :ynsf] xf]Og / ltg j6} k|:t/ o'unfO{ hgfpFbg} of] sfa{g ;do lgwf{/0f d'Vo ¿kdf lulwlgof / dem36jf sf] pTvgg :ynaf6 dfq ePsf] xf] . To;}n] To; If]qsf] dfOs|fl] ny, lgof]lnysf ;fy} k|frLg Oltxf; sfnsf ;d]tsf] k'gM cWoog–pTvgg h?/L x'G5 .

To; l;nl;nfdf cGj]if0f / pTvgg af6 kfOPsf k"j{ tyf klZrd g]kfnsf xltof/x?

(Tool Types) qmdzM kfls:tfg / ef/t sf lzjflns If]qdf w]/} cufl8 b]lv kfOPsf k|a] n ' xltof/ (Pebble Tools) sf ;fy} km\ns ] xltof/x?

(Flake-Tools) g} ePsf] Joxf]/f d}n] cfkm\gf] 5}7f] ;fs{ k'/ftŒj ;Dd]ng -!((%, sf7df8f}F_ df

11= k|f= /d]z 9'ª\u]n, ;ª\v'jf;efdf 3'dGt] cflb dfgj sf P]ltxfl;s xltof/, sflGtk'/ b}lgs , @)%& cfiff9 !& ut] . k'/ftŒjljb\ rGb| k|;fb lqkf7L n] k|f= /d]z sf tL ;"Id kfiff0f (Microlithic Tools) xltof/x? sxLaf6 6LlkP/ NofPsf cyjf s;} åf/f k|bfg u/]sf] cfwf/df cg]s k|Zgx? p7fPsf 5g\ . tL xltof/x?sf] 7fpF sfn af/] ljZj;gLo ¿kdf vf]h tnfz ug{ h?/L 5 -g]kfnL k'/ftŒjsf kl5Nnf s]xL pklAwx?, @)^!, sf7df8f}_F .

k|1 f MM 51

g]kfnsf] l/kf]6d { f k|:t't ul/;s]sf] lyPF . k|f=] /f08Lsf cg';f/ ToxfF af6 dfp;6]l/og KjfOG6;\ (Mousterian Points) SnLe/ (Cleaver) :qm]k;{ (Scrapers) cflb cf}hf/x? kfOPsf lyP . k"js { f k|:t/ sfnsf :ynx? (Prehistory Sites of Eastern Nepal)

k"j{ g]kfnsf] d'Vo u/]/ b'Ocf]6f :ynx? j|mdzM pbok'/ lhnfsf] /ft'vf]nf / l;/xf lhNnf sf] uf]ljGbk'/ uf=lj=;= cGt/ut, ;/]{ vf]nf / v'66\ L vf]nfsf] dfemdf /x]sf] 8fF8f 6f]n -vK6]8fF8f_ df k|frLg k|:t/ sfn (Late Pleistocene) sf / gj kfif0f sfnsf k|frLg cjz]if kfOPsf 5g\ . /ft' vf]nfsf] pTvgg\ sf]/leg;n] n] snsQfsf ljZj ljBfnosf Pg=;L= 3f]ifsf] dbt lnO{ u/fPsL lyOg\ . oxfF ltgj6}– k|frLg, (Paleolithic) dWosfnLg (Microlithic) / gj kfiff0f sfnsf cfo'wx? kfOPsf lyP / vk6] 8fF8fsf] pTvgg\ k'/ftŒj ljefusf /fdaxfb'/ sFj' / / efis/ 1jfnLn] @)&)– @)&!df u/]sf 5g\ . o; :yndf ufpFsf] klZrd lbzfdf gj kfiff0f sfnsf cfo'wx? (Tools) ufpFn] af6 kfOPsf] lyof] . ufpFsf] k"j–{ blIf0f pTvgg\ ubf{ qmdz k"j{ k|:t/ sfn (Late Pleistocene) / dfly NBP sfnsf cjz]ifx? kfOPsf 5g\ . t/ To; :ynnfO{ dlgsf–dfnf vGg]x?n] vg]/ ;a} txdf b'a} sfnsf cfo'wx? ld;fO{ lbPsf 5g\ . gj kfiff0fsfnsf lrxfgx? (Neolithic Burials) o; sfnsf :ynx? af/] >L df]bgfy k|l>t, sf]ifk|;fb cfrfo{ / s'df/nfn hf]zLn] cGj]if0f u/]sf 5g\ . lrxfgx?sf] k|fljlws pTvgg\ clxn] ;Dd ePsf] 5}g . oL :ynx? qmdz g:6 x'bF } uO/x]sf 5g\ . o:tf k|frLg :ynx? pbok'/, ef]hk'/, ;f]n,' vf]6fª, wgs'6f cflb 7fFpaf6 kfOPsf lyP . oL lrxfgx? l5gfn] tfl5Psf 9'Ëfsf kl§sf Chisseled flatstone slaue_ af6 hdLgd'lg vg]/

lj5fOPsf 5g\ . lrxfg leq df6fsf kfsf ef8fx?, cw{sLdlt 9'Ëf -Carnellion and Banded agate_ cflb kfOg] x'gfn] k|foM w]/} :ynx? gi6 ul/Psf 5g .12 oL dfgj lrxfgx? Late Paleolith, Microlith cyjf Neolith s' g sfn;ª\u ;DalGwt 5g\ eGg] lglZrt 5}g t/ vk6] 8f8fdf lrxfgaf6 gj kfiff0f sfnsf ;fdu|Lx? k|fKt ePsf 5g\ . hutk'/ wgu9Laf6 k|fKt tfdfsf dfgjs[lt M @)$( ;fn j}zfv @ ut]sf lbg wgu9L hutk'/sf Pshgf k|x/L, k|x/L k|wfg sfof{no gS;fnsf] Pp6f kq af]sL hutk'/ ufFpdf O{6fe§f glhs df6f] vGbf e] l 6Psf] tfdfsf] dfgjs[ l t Anthropomorphic figure_ j:t' af]s/] NofPsf] / k'/ftŒj ljefun] ;f] ;dfu|L k|x/L k|wfg sfof{nonfO{ wGoafb lbP/, k'/ftŒj ljefusf] k'/ftflTjs j:t'x? /x]sf] e08f/u[xdf bflvnf ul/ /fv]sf] lyof] . ;f] j:t'nfO{ d}n] b]Vbf uª\uf 3f6Lsf tfd| xltof/sf] o'usf] ;D´gf cfof] / d}n] ljefuaf6 k'/ftŒjljb\ /fh]z dfy]dfnfO{ ;f] j:t' kfOg] 7fpF / ;ª\u} kfOPsf j:t'x? af/] ;"rgf ;ª\sng ug{ v6fpFbf ;f] k|fKt :yn ;a} vg]/ gi6 e};s]sf] ;"rgf kfP . t;y{ ;f] tfd| dfgjfs[lt j:t';ª\u s] s] lyof] af/] s'g} ;"rgf cyjf o; sfnsf] g]kfnsf] c¿ 7fFpaf6 o; tfd| sfn ;+:s[lt af/] To;kl5sf] s'g} 7fpFdf cWoog–cGj]if0f x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . g]kfnsf] wgu9L, t/fO{ If]q pQ/k|bz ] af6 tfd| xltof/x? kfOPsf :ynx?sf] glhs ePsfn] o; af/] To; If]qdf Pp6f ;j]I{ f0f—cWoogsf] nflu k'/ftŒj ljefun] ljrf/ ug]5 { , eGg] d]/f] ;'´fj 5 . lgisif{ cGtdf g]kfnsf] ltgj6} If]qsf k|:t/ sfn, wft' k|:t/ sfn / tfd|–O{6 /ª\usf vk6fsfn (Copper Tool–Ocherware period) sfnsf] g]kfnsf] ;Dk"0f{ If]qdf k/]sf] k|efj af/] ljrf/ ubf{ cg]s kIfnfO{ phfu/ ub{5 . ltgj6} sfnsf

12= sf]ifk|;fb cfrfo{, ef]hk'/sf k'lnssf] vf]hL,@)$(, k'/ftŒj ljefudf k|:t't ;+lIfKt k|ltj]bg . s'df/nfn hf]zL, k|frLg eUgfjz]ifsf] k'/ftflTjs cGj]if0f, k'/ftŒj ljefudf k|:t't k|ltj]bg / sflGtk'/ b}lgs @)%$ r}q @@ ut] k|sflzt n]v .

k|1 f MM 52

dflg;x?n] o; If]qdf k|:t/ xltof/ lgdf{0fsf af/]sf, lsdtL kTy/ dfnf / >[ªu\ f/sf ;fdfgx? cGo If]qaf6 Nofpg], o; If]qdf tfdf / ci6wft'sf ;fdfg lgdf{0f ug]{ k|ljlwnfO{ leœofpg], lrq snfsf] k|ljlwsf] ljsf; ug],{ gofF–gofF lsl;dsf] v]tL ug],{ cfo'w, ljp cflb cGo If]qaf6 Nofpg], cGo If]qsf] jf:t'snf, kz'lj1fg / h8La'6Laf6 cf}iflw t}of/ ug]{ -lrlsT;f lj1fg_ nfO{ leœofPsf lyP eGg] a]xf]/f sLdtL kTy/ dfnf, x/Kkf / ljxf/ tyf pQ/ k|bz ] sf Oltxf; k"js { f :ynx?df kfOg] vnL 9'Ëfaf6 lgld{t ;–;fgf dfnf -Micro

Leads _

d' : tfªb] l v t/fO{ s f :ynx? jfl0fHokyaf6 hf]l8Psf] lyof] eGg] ;Dd k|dfl0ft ePsf] 5 . o;n] ljleGg :yn df+´ Jofkf/ / oftfoftsf nflu af6f]sf] lgdf{0f, vk6f lgdf{0fsf] k|ljlwsf] cfoft af/] klg k|df0f k|:t't u/]sf] 5 . P]ltxfl;s sfnsf k|ljlw, lj1fg afx]s ljleGg wd{ -lxGb", h}g, af}4_ sf] k|Tof/f]k0f af/] klg hfgsf/L lbPsf] 5 . o;n] ljleGg :yndf wfld{s If]qsf] lgdf{0f af/] klg ;"rgf lbG5 . o;n] ljleGg dfgj hflt df+´sf] ld>0fnfO{ klg k|fT] ;flxt u/]sf] lyof] .

Book and Referrences tf/fgGb ld>, ;'vt{] If]qsf] /fhg}lts, wfld{s tyf ;f+:s[lts Oltxf;, 2004, Acient Nepal-157.

A.K. Verma, Neolithic Cultures of Eastern India, 1988, Delhi.

B. Allchin and R. Allchin, South Asian Prehistory, 2002, New Delhi.

B. K. Bhattacharya, An outline of Indian Prehistory, 1989, New Delhi.

B. K. Thaper, Recent Archaeological Discoveries in India, 1985, Unesco, Paris.

D.D. Simone, The Pottery of Gotihawa, in Ancient Nepal, No-165, 2007, PP.1-6.

D.P. Agrawal, The Archaeology of India, London, 1982, D.P. Agrawal, Chalcolithic Cultures and Techgnology in India, in the Down of Indian Civilization, Vol-I, Part-1, New Delhi.

G. Verardi, The Excavations at Gotihawa, 19…………

M.K. Dhavalikar, Indian Prehistory, 1997, New Delhi.

Purushottam Singh, Neolithic Cultures of Northern and Eastern India, 2002, in Indian.Archaeology in Retrospect, Vol-1, New Delhi.

R. N. Pandey, Contribution to the Nepales Studies, 1987, Vol-14, No-2, Kirtipur, CENAS, T.U. Robin Conimgham & Kosh Prasad Acharya, Interim Report, Sept. 2012.

S.B. Deo and K. Paddayya, Recent Advances in Indian Archaeology, 1985, Pune, V.D. Mishra, A Review of the Copper-Hoards and the OCP. Culture, in Indian Archaeology in Retrospect, Vol-1, 2002, New Delhi.

V.K. Jain,Prehistory and Protohistory of India, 2006, New Delhi.

∗∗∗

k|1 f MM 53

;f+:s[lts cWoog

lnDa' hfltsf ljljw kIfsf] cWoog — /fh]Gb|axfb'/ a:g]t != k[i7e"ld lnDa' k|frLg ls/fFt hfltsf Ps zfvf x'g\ . g]kfnsf] k"jd { f kNnf] ls/fFt b]lv l;lSsd ;Dd km}lnP/ /x]sf] /fO{ hflt leqsf] csf]{ ls/fFtL hflt lnDa' xf] . -kf08]o, @)&!_ . ls/fFtx?sf] pTklt / d"nynf] af/]df logLx? lF xdfnosf] blIf0f k"j{ If]qsf jf aflx/af6 cfPsf afl;Gbf x'g eGg]df Psdt kfOFbg} . Odfgl;+x r]Dhf]ªsf] !(^& sf] n]vfO cg';f/ ->]i7, @)%@_ æls/ftÆ zAb …lsl/cftÚ …ls/oftÚ zAbaf6 cke|z + eP/ cfPsf] xf] . h;sf] cy{ e'dWo;fu/Lo If]qsf] df]cfafO6 efiffdf lsNnf eGg] a'lemG5 . k|frLg u|Lsx?sf] oL ls/fFtL hflt;Fu kl/ro ePsf] , d"n ynf] klxn]af6 g} lxdfnosf] blIf0f k"j{ If]q ePsf] / åfk/ o'udf g]kfn cfP/ uf]kfn j+zLnfO{ x/fO{ /fHo ug{ yfn]sf] eGg] ljleGg cg';Gwfgstf{x?n] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . ;of}+ jif{ /fHo u/]sf], dNn /fhf;Fu+ k/flht eO{ pkTosfaf6 k"jL{ efudf uO{ /.Ho u/]sf] / kl5 k[YjL gf/fo0f zfxn] PsLs/0f u/L g]kfndf ufe]sf] tYo :yflkt e};s]sf] 5 .

lnDa'x?sf] jf;:yfgnfO{ lnDa'jfg elgG5 . g]kfnsf] klZrdL e"efudf lnDa'x?sf] a;f]af; 5}g . s]xL ;do cufl8 df]/ªb]lv pQ/, c?0f gbLb]lv k"j,{ ef]6b]lv blIf0f, l;lSsdb]lv klZrd c+=!!,^%% ju{ ls=dL= If]qdf km}lnPsf] kNnf] ls/fFt jf lnDa'jfgsf afl;Gbfsf ¿kdf kl/lrt ePklg xfn pgLx? cfˆgf] k/Dk/fut jf; :yfg eGbf aflx/ emfkf, df]/ª, ;'g;/Ldf 5l/P/ /x]sf 5g\ . -vqL, @)&)_ l;lSsd / klZrd j+ufndf klg logLx?sf] a;f]af; kfOG5 . sfhLdfg sªbªjf -!(()_ sf cg';f/ ;g\ !&&$ jt{dfg g]kfnsf] PsLs/0f cl3 lnDa'x? /fo jf /fO{sf ¿kdf lrlgGy] . ljleGg y/sf j+zfjnL x]bf{ logsf k"jh { x?n] cfkm"nfO{ /fo jf /fO{ n]Vg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . ;]g /fhfx?n] lnDa'x?sf k"j{Hfx?nfO{ …/foÚ egL ;Daf]wg ul/Psf lr7Lkq / ?Ssfx?n] klg logLx?nfO{ lnDa' ePsf] k'li6 ub{5 . k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] ljz]if ef}Uff]lns If]qsf /fO{x?sf Ps zfvfnfO{ lbPsf] ljz]if clwsf/ / ;'ljwfsf k|fjwfgx?n] klg lnDa' zAbn] Pp6f ljz]if hfltsf ¿kdf 5'§} klxrfg /fv]sf] 5 . -vqL, @)&)_ lnDa'x?nfO{ ;Ddfg;"rs kbjL cg';f/ æ;'AafÆ eGg] rng 5 . ;'Aaf tfn'sbf/ jf ldhf/nfO{ eGg] u/] tfklg lxhf]cfh ;a} lnDa'x? ;'AAff ;Daf]wg ul/g rfxG5g\ . -lai6, @)^$_ ls/fFt lnDa'x? blIf0f t/fO{af6 cfpg] sfzLj+z k"jk{ l§af6 cfpg] tfO{Zofg j+z / pQ/lt/af6 cfpg] nf;fj+z egL Odfgl;+x r]Dhf]ª-!($*_ n] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . t/ k"j{af6 cfPsf] ljj/0fnfO{ e/kbf]{ k|df0fsf] cefjdf zª\sf:kb dflgG5 . To:t} lnDa'x? ltgy/L ltAataf6 cfpg]

k|1 f MM 54

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rª, dw]zaf6 cfpg] sfzL / /}yfg]nfO{ km]bfk egL e]lG;6f6{-!()^_ n] pNn]v u/]sf] kfOG5 . k|rlnt u|Gy d'Gw'ddf eg] lnDa'x?sf] 7'nf] 8ˆkmf blIf0f klZrdaf6 km}nb} kxf8L k|bz ] lt/ k;]sf] / Ps xfFuf] pQ/tkm{ ltAat k'Ug] -l;go'os e'bg] _ k'uL k'gM kmsL{ bfh'nfO{ vf]Hb} lnDa'jfg cfPsf] pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 . lnDa'x?sf] cnu cnu u9L x'G5 . lnDa'x?n] ljx] tyf lz/ p7fpg] k"hf -dfª\ug] f_ ubf{ pNn]v ug]{ ub{5g\ . clxn] lnDa'x? cfkm"nfO{ k|frLg sfnsf -gfjf o]Txfª -cf7 /fhf_ dWosfnsf bz lnDa'sf ;Gtfg dfGb5g\ .

-vqL, @)&)_ . k"jh { sfnb]lv g} lnDa'x? cfˆgf] /Lltl:ylt, wd{, ;+:s[lt e"efu /fHonfO{ cToGt} Kof/f] dfGb5g\ . lnDa'x?sf k'/f]lxt yjf, zfDjf / km]bfª\df u/L ltg y/Lsf x'G5g\ . hGd]bl] v d[To';:+ sf/ tyf lbgbzf nfu]df ;d]t k"/f]lxt g} rflxG5 . @= lnDa' hfltsf] ljljw kIfsf] hfgsf/L @=! hg;ª\Vof M g]kfndf @)$* ;fnsf] hgu0fgfdf lnDa'x?sf] hg;ª\Vof @(&!*^ h;df dlxnf !%!(&$ / k'?if !$%@!@ /x]sf]df @)^* ;fnsf] hgu0fgfdf k'?if !&$&^) / dlxnf !*$^!( u/L hDdf #%(#&*-!=%*Ü_ /x]sf] 5 .

-kf08]o, @)&!_ @=@ efiff M /fO{ / lnDa'x?sf] efiffdf s]xL leGgtf 5 . lnDa'x?sf] cfˆg} lnlk 5 . o; efiffdf n]lvPsf u|Gyx? w]/} km]nf k/]sf 5}gg\ . logLx?sf] k|dv ' u|Gy d'Gw'd xf] . km]nf k/]sf s]xL u|Gyx?n] lnDa'jfg kxf8 afx]s c? 7fpFsf k'Vof}n { L b]vfpFbg} g\ . lkmlbdsf] ;/:jtL df=lj= df lnDa' efiffdf k9fO x'G5 / % sIff ;Dd lnDa' efiffnfO{ clgjfo{ ;d]t ul/Psf] 5 . -kf08]o, @)&!_ @=# 3/sf] jgfj6 M lnDa'sf 3/x? /fO{sf h:t} kxf8L kfvf jf/Ldf 5l/P/ /x]sf x'G5g\ . v/sf] 5fgf] / 9'ªu\ fsf] uf/f] dfly ;]tf] df6f]n] kf]tL em\ofnsf rf}sf];nfO{ sfnf] df6f]n] l;Fuf/]sf aflGsnf /fd|f 3/x? x'G5g\ . s'g} s'g} 3/df sf7sf] jfb{nL xfn]sf] / s;}n] l;nf6sf] 5fgf] klg

nufPsf x'G5g\ . logLx?sf] a;f]jf; bflh{lnª glhs} /x]sfn] ToxfFsf] 3/sf] k|efj ;d]t k/sf] 5. @=$ s[lif M wfg, ds}, ux',F sf]bf], cfn' tf]/L logLx?sf] d'Vo cGgjfnL xf] . cGg afx]s df;, bfn, l;dL, af]8L, s]/f, ;'Gtnf, cDaf klg pAhfpFbg} g\ . logLx? ldlxg]tL x'G5g\ . logLx? cf}; + L, k"l0f{df, rf8jf8 tyf e'OF rfnf] uPsf] lbg v]t hf]Tb}gg\ -lai6, @)^$_ . logLx? hfF8 /S;Ldf pTkflbt cGg vr{ ub{5g\ . x/]s rf8jf8df tyf k" h fcfhfdf /S;L clgjfo{ dflgG5 . logLx?sf] ;d'bfodf tf]ªj\ f lkpg] rng klg cTolws dfqfdf kfOG5 . ufpsf ;'Aafn] em}emu8f ldnfpg] tyf ;xL untsf] lg0f{o ug]{ ub{5g\ . @=% k]zf M kz'kfngdf logLx?n] ufO{, e}; F L e]8f, afv|f, s'v/' f, ;Fu' /' cflb kfNb5g\ . logLx?n] b'w,£o" / df;' pTkfbg ub{5g\ . logLx? ;f]emf, l;wf, ldng;f/, lg8/ axfb'/ x'g] ePsfn] ;}Go If]qdf pgLx?sf] pkl:ylt lgs} /x]sf] kfOG5 . logLx? cfˆgf] b]zdf dfq geP/ ef/t tyf a]nfotL ;]gfdf klg k|Voft 5g\ . lxhf]cfh ;}Go k]zf logLx?sf] dxŒjk"0f{ k]zf xf] . w]/} h;f]sf] cfly{s cj:yf bogLo /x]sf]n] logLx? cGg afnL leœofP/ sfdsf] vf]hLdf dw]z tyf ef/tlt/ hfG5g\ . logLx? C0f lng' lbg' kbf{ >Lk~rdLsf] lbgdf dfq lng]lbg] ub{5g\ . @=^ y/x? M t'dofSdf, ;]Nn], cfªb]Da],, cfªtfxfª, cfª\y'k'xfª, km'?Daf]Gsf]uf, lnªb]g, rf]ªjfª, rf]au] x' fª, hj]u,' hj]ux' fª, Psltgxfª, kmfªxfª km]Gb'jf, km]Da', kmDaf], kmfu', sfDjfª:Jffª ;fa', efªk'ª, kn'ª, k]ufxfª, y]luDafª, k'ªnfª, ;fdxfª, lxgfx]Nnf]s ?lkxfª, tdfb]g, t'DafxfDkm], ;ltxfªdf, /f]jfGyfd;'xfª, y]j], yf]j|f, yf]n'ª, l;ªy]j], y'Kkf]sf], Oªjfbf]Skf, km'?Daf], of]ªof, cf]ª5fªjf], dkfd, lnªlvd, dfb]g, s'?ªdfª, r]dhf]ª, g]Djfª, nfjtL, cflb . oL y/leq klg cg]s vns x'G5g\ . Pp6} vns leq ljx]jf/L rNb}g . -kf08]o, @)&!_ @=& dgf]/~hg M lnDa'x? dgf]/~hg ug]{ k|sl[ tsf x'G5g\ . logLx?sf] nf]slk|o gfr …Rofa|ª' Ú k|1 f MM 55

gfr xf] . of] gfr ljx]sf] nugdf 3/ k}r + f]df gflrG5 . of] 9f]n ahfO{ ;f] 9f]nsf] tfndf v'§f xNnfP/ gflrG5 . To:t} u/L æwfgÆ gfr klg lnDa'x?sf] k|dv ' gfr xf] . of] rf8kj{df gflrG5 / s]6fs]6L h'xf/L v]Ng] / gfRg] ub{5g\ . ljleGg d]nfkftdf hfg] / /ftL gfrufg u/L /dfOnf] ug]{ qmddf ljxfjf/L ;d]t ug]{ ub{5g\ . @=* lzIff M of] hfltdf pRr lzIff k|fKt u/L pRr:t/sf k|zf;lgs tyf /fhg}lts kbdf s]xL dflg;x? k'ut] fklg ;du|df of] hflt lzIffdf k5fl8 g} k/sf] b]lvG5 . xfn o'j' f k':tfx? lzIffsf] dxŒj a'em]/ cu|;/ b]lvG5g\ . lkmlbdsf] ;/:jtL df=lj= df lnDa' efiffdf k9fO x'G5 / % sIff ;Dd lnDa' efiffnfO{ clgjfo{ ;d]t ul/Psf] 5 . @=( wd{ / ;+:s[lt M lnDa'x?sf] ;j{dfGo u|Gy d'Gw'd xf] . of] wfld{s / tflGqs b'a} ¿kdf o; u|Gysf] pkof]u ul/G5 . lnDa'x?df lkt[kh " fsf] rng cTolws b]lvG5 . cf–cfˆgf] 3/df b]jtf dfªu]gf dfgL lkt[ k"hf ug}k{ 5{ . lnDa'x?sf] a'9L aHo}sf] ¿kdf x\od ' f lxdbfª\df, gbLsf] b]jtfsf] ¿kdf dfO{, kj{tsf] b]jtfsf] ¿kdf vfªj'ªjfnfO{ jif{sf] b'OkN6 sflt{s / r}qdf pwf}nL, pef}nL k"hf ub{5g\ . pwf}nL, pef}nL ubf{ vf]nfsf] lsgf/df / cl3kl5 b}lgs 3/}df vfg]s'/f r9fpg'k5{ . oL afx]s kfyLe/fnfO{ lxdfnosf b]jtfsf ¿kdf, sflnsf / 7'nL b]jLnfO{ klg k"hf ub{5g\ . æk|ef;fdfªÆ nfO{ kz'k+IfLsf] aln lbG5g\ . y]jf;fdfª cfb/k"js { k'lhg] b]jtf x'g\ . kftfn b]jtfsf] ¿kdf cf]Sjfdf;fdfªnfO{ k"hf ub{5g\ . oL b]jtfaf6 u[x/Iff ul/g] s'/fdf ljZjf; ub{5g\ . dfOtLn] r]nLsf / r]nLn] dfOtLsf gfddf sNof0fsf nflu ædª\ugfÆ b]jtfsf] k"hf ug]{ rng 5 . oL afx]s l;d], e"d,] gfu, ;+;f/L dfO{ cflb klg k'Hg] ub{5g\ . logLx? k|sl[ t k"hs b]lvG5g\ . -kf08]o, @)&!_ lnDa'x?sf] 3/sf] cfFugdf nueu * xft nfdf] afF;sf] lnª\uf] ufl8Psf] x'G5 . To;sf] jl/kl/ df6f] 3f]n/] 6f]s/Ldf d/]sf] dflg;sf] k|ltdf agfOPsf] x'G5 . To;nfO{ tf]ªlzd eGg] ul/G5 . k|1 f MM 56

jif{sf] Ps kN6 k"hf ul/G5 . lnDa'sf k'/f]lxt km]bªdfn] ltg lbg ;Dd yfn 76fpFb} To;sf] jl/kl/ gfrL lkt[ dgfpFb5g\ . gfRg] a]nfdf km]bfª\dfn] ;]tf] hfdf, ?b|fIfsf] dfnf, r/fsf] KjfFv 3';f/]/ agfPsf] ku/L / 3fF6Ldf 306x? em'08fOPsf x'G5g\ . lnDa'x?sf] k'/f]lxt ojf, zfDaf / km]bfª\df ltg y/L x'G5g\ . -lai6, @)^$_ #= lnDa' hfltsf d'Vo d'Vo ;fdflhs ;+:sf/x? lnDa' hfltsf lgDg lnlvt d'Vo d'Vo ;+:sf/x? /x]sf 5g\ M #=! ;fKkf]s rf]dg] -ue{ k"hf_ M of] k"hf lnDa' hfltdf ue{df /x]sf] aRrfsf] ;'/Iff tyf aRrfsf] :jf:Yo /fd|f] x'g] ljZjf;sf ;fy ul/g] k"hf xf] . of] k"hf ue{ /x]sf] ^ b]lv ( dlxgf leq ul/G5 . # lbg nufP/ k"hf ul/G5 . o;df b'Ol{ bg 3/ aflx/ / Ps lbg 3/leq k"hf ul/G5 . of] k"hfdf s'v/' f, c08f, xfF;, ;'uF /' , df5f / k/]jf rflxG5 . k"hf ljlwsf ljleGg r/0fx? 5g\ . g/fd|f b]pb]ptf, b'/ cfTdfaf6 /Iff tyf u'?sf] cf/fwfgf, k|sl[ t k"hf, k'/fgf jfrf jGwg km'sfpg] ljlw, o'df ;fd -k|dv ' b]jL_ / y]jf ;fd -s'n b]jtf_ sf] k"hf, ule{0fLsf] /Iff k"hf, dfª\ug] f k"hf -ule{0fLsf] ;':jf:Yo_ cflb . -sfOFnf,!((!_ 3/ aflx/ ul/g] k"hfx?df k|sl[ tsf] k"hf ub{5g\ . k|sl[ t l;t ;DalGwt b]jtfx?sf] ;d"xnfO{ æ s'O{ s'bfkÆ elgG5 . k|sl[ t k"hf pwf}nL pef}nLdf klg ul/G5 . kxf8, jiff{, lah'nL jgb]jtf, l;sf/L b]jtf cflbsf] k"hf ul/G5 . s]xL b]jtf -kTgfyf]jf / dfª;]ª5f_ afx]s ;a}nfO{ hfF8, /S;L / ef]u r9fpg' kb{5 . ;a}sf] k"hf ug]{ cnu cnu d'Gw'd tyf pk;gf ljlw /x]sf] 5 . logLx? bf]af6f] / vf]nfdf ;d]t k"hf ub{5g\ . -vqL,@)&)_ 3/df ul/g] d'Vo cg'i7fgdf r'df -tfu]/f lgªjfkm'df_ sf] cg'i7fg xf] . lnDa'x?n] lognfO{ k/dfTdf, 1fgsL ;|ft] , ;a}sf] ;+/lIfsf 7fGb5g\ . pgL 3/ 3/df k"hf -aHo"_ sf] pkdf :yflkt ub{5g\ . pgsf] k"hfljgf c? ;a} k"hf k"0f{ dflgFbg} -r]Dhf]ª, !(^! / ;|o] , !((#_ cGTodf dfª\ug] f -lz/ p7fpg]_ k"hf ;fy of] ljlw ;dfKt

x'G5 . #=@ ofªbfªkmf]ªdf -Gjf/fg_ M ofªbfªkmf]ªsf] zflAbs cy{ qmf]sf] e'0' 8\ofpg' xf] . 5f]/fsf] # lbgkl5 / 5f]/Lsf] $ lbgkl5 Gjf/fg ul/G5 . / ;f]xL lbg ;'Ts]/L rf]Vofpg] tyf gfds/0f ;d]t ul/G5 . k'/f]lxt km]bfª\dfn] aRrf rf]Vofpg], k"hfkf7 ug],{ o'df k"hf tyf lz/ p7fpg] k"hf ;d]tsf ljlw ;DkGg ub{5g\ . gfds/0f kl5 pHofnf] b]vfpg] ljlw ul/G5 . gofF sk8fdf aRrfnfO{ a]//] lbbL jf km'k," aHo}n] of] ljlw k"/f ul/G5 . cfkmGthgx?nfO{ vfglkg ;d]t ul/G5 . ;'Ts]/L #÷$ lbgdf rf]lvg] elgP klg @@ lbg;Dd ;'Ts]/Lsf] ef]hg rNb}g eGg] klg egfO /x]sf] b]lvG5 . -;'Aaf, !(*(_ Gjf/fgsf] /ftdf aRrfsf] efUo eujfgn] n]lvlbg] ;d]t ljZjf; ub{5g\ . #=#= j:q kl/jt{g -rfªjf n]Sdf_ M lnDa' ;d'bfodf s]6L s]6fx? lj:tf/} t?0f cj:yfdf k|jz ] ug{ yfn]kl5 -!!÷!@ jif{ nfu]kl5_ j:q kl/jt{g u/L pd]/ cg';f/sf] >[ªu\ f/k6f/ ug]{ ;+:sf/nfO{ rfªjf n]Sdf jf rfªjf km'ªjf n]lS;ªdf -j:q kl/jt{g_ ;+:sf/ elgG5 . of] ;+:sf/ ;DkGg ug{ lnDa'x?sf] cfˆg} ljlw /x]sf] kfOG5 . pd]/ cg'';f/ s]6f / s]6LnfO{ ;f]xL cg';f/sf] klx/g / lzIff bLIff tyf cfzLjf{b ;d]t lbg] ul/G5 . o; sfo{df km]bfªdfn] d'Gw'd ;'gfpFb} sfo{ ;DkGg ub{5g\ . o; ljlwdf s]6f] dflg; eP :gfg u/fO{ bf}/f ;'?jfn, k6'sL klx¥ofO{ v's/' L ;d]t le¥ofO{ jo:s e]ife"iffdf ;hfj6 u/L ljz]if cf;gdf /flvG5 . To;kl5 wg'if jf0f, 9fn, t/jf/ lbb}+ z'4 hnn] cleif]s u/L lnDa'x?sf] kljq u|Gy d'Gw'd ;'gfpb} ;kmntf / ljhosf] nflu cfzLjf{ b lbG5g\ . logLx? o;kl5 r]lna]6L;Fu 6f9} /xg] ub{5g\ . n'ufkmf6f ;+u} g/fVg], r]lna]6Lsf j:q tyf ;/;fdfg grnfpg], ljdf/L ePsf] cj:yfdf afx]s r]nLa]6L g5'g,] xltof/ agfpg l;Sg] h:tf b}lgs hLjgsf pkof]uL Jojxf/sf] klg lzIff lbOG5 . -ofSy'ªjf,!((@ v_ To:t} 5f]/LnfO{ t?gLn] nufpg] u'Go' rf]nL, u/uxgf nufpg lbO{ >[ª\uf/ k6f/ ul/G5 .

s]6Lx?nfO{ ljz]if :yfgdf /fv]/ sfFOof], dh]qf], tfgsf] y'nL lbFb} z'4 hnn] cleif]s u/]/ d'Gw'd ;'gfpb} hLjg pkof]uL lzIff tyf ;Lksf] 1fg lbOG5 . h:tf]— kl/jf/df s;/L a:g], dfOtL;Fu s:tf] Jojxf/ ug],{ 3/ Jojxf/df s;/L lgk"0f{ aGg], tfg a'Gg], wfuf] sfTg] . tTkZrft\ ;kmntf tyf ;d[l4sf] cfzLjf{b lbOG5 . o;af6 s]6Lx? gf/L rl/q u|x0f ug{ of]Uo aGb5g\ . -vqL, @)&)_ #=$= ljjfx -d]lTvd_ M lnDa' hfltdf @ k|sf/sf] ljjfx k|rlnt 5 . s_ dfuL ljjfx -v_ /fhL v';L ljjfx . dfuL ljjfxdf s]6Lsf] 3/df s'/f] l5gfPkl5 9f]ue]6sf] k|lqmof ul/G5 . h;nfO{ ;fOgf] lkm/fpgL elgG5 . To:tf] 9f]ue]6df s]6fn] s]6L kIfsf dfGohgnfO{ k};f /fv]/ 9f]Ub5g\ . ljx]sf] ltly tf]lsPkl5 a]xn ' f a]xn ' L lng ;fgf] 6f]nL;fy s]6Lsf] 3/df hfG5g\ . s]6Lsf] 3/df 5f]/LnfO{ ljbf ug]{ ;fdfGo ljlw dfq k"/f ul/G5 . s]6L k'¥ofpg ufpFsf s]6Lx?sf] Ps nf]sGtL 6f]nL x'G5 h;nfO{ æd]s];fdÆ elgG5 .;a} ljjfxsf] /Lt s]6fsf] 3/df k"/f ul/G5 . logLx?sf] ljx]sf] s'/f] l5Gbf s]6L kIfnfO{ k};f lbg'kg]{ rng xfn;Dd klg /x]sf] kfOG5 . Ps} y/sf lnDa'x?sf] ljjfx x'bF g} . dfjnL kl§ % k':tf ;Dd afg'{ k5{ . dfdfr]nf rNb}g . ljwjf efph" nfg] rng /x]sf] kfOG5 . a]xn ' fsf] 6f]nLn] a]xn ' L lnP/ 3/ hfFbf af6f]df aGb's t]:of{O :jfut ug],{ hfF8 /S;L vfg] rng 5 . ;'uF /' l;ª\u} gfª\nf]df /fv]/ a]xn ' Lsf] 6f]nL ;fd" k|:t't ul/G5 . d'Gw'd ;'gfO{ cljrlnt eO{ a:g] afrf aGwg u/fOG5 . -vqL, @)&)_ /fhLv';L ljjfxdf cfdfafa'sf] l:js[lt rflxFb}g . logLx? gfrufg ug{, h'xf/L v]Ng, d]nfkj{df 7§f d:s/L ug{ :jtGq x'G5g\ / Ps csf{nfO{ dg k/fO{ efuL ljjfx ;d]t ub{5g\ . lnDa'sf 5f]/Lx? w]/} :jtGq ¿kdf wfg gfr tyf d]nfhfqfdf /dfpF5g\ . ;DaGw ljR5]bsf] rng 5}g, hf/L ljjfxsf] rng /x]sf] kfOG5 . s]6f kIf;Fu s]6L kIfn] Psd'i6 gub tyf u/uxgf dfu ug]{ rngnfO{ æ;'gf}nL ¿kf}nLÆ eGb5g\ . ;f] u/uxgf tyf gub vr{ ug{ geO{ 5f]/Lsf] hLjg ;'vb\ /fVgsf nflu cfkm"n] lgjf{x ug'k{ g]{ k|1 f MM 57

bfloTjsf ¿kdf dfOtL kIfn] dfu]sf x'G5g\ .

-kf08]o, @)&!_ #=% clGtd ;+:sf/ -g]Tdf÷vfpdf_ M lnDa' hfltdf aGb's k8\sfP/ d[To'sf] ;"rgf lbOG5 / ;f]xL ;"rgf cg';f/ dnfdL h'6b\ 5g\ . nf; p7fpFbf klg aGb"s k8\sfOG5 . logLx? lrxfgdf d[tsnfO{ uf8\b5g\ . ;f]sf] nflu 7fpF7fpdf klt{ hUuf 5'6o\ fOPsf] x'G5 . km]bfªdfn] d'Gw'd kf7 u/L d[t 3f]if0ff ug]{ ub{5g\ . nf]Ug]dflg;sf] $ lbg / dlxnfsf] # lbg h'7f] afb{5g\ . -kf08]o, @)&!_ d[ t sn] b' M v lbg] cGwljZjf;n] ubf{ km]bfªdfn] sfhlqmof ubf{ /fd|f] ljlw k'¥ofO{ ub{5g\ . logLx?n] ?vdfly jf le/df yfg agfO{ d[tssf nflu ;w}e F l/ vfg]s/' f /flvlbg] ub{5g\ . jif{sf] PskN6 >f4 ug]{ rng /x]sf] 5 . lrxfgaf6 kms]{kl5 ;fFem æ;fDf;fdfÆ ul/G5 . logLx?n] cg's"n ;dodf ljhf]/L lbg jf dlxgf kf/]/

$= lgisif{ lnDa'x?sf] cfˆgf] lsl;dsf] lnlk, efiff tyf ;fdflhs ;+:sf/ /x]sf]df zª\sf 5}g tfklg lxGb" ;dfhsf] k|efj logLx?sf] ;+:sf/df b]Vg ;lsG5 . logLx?sf] ;+:sf/df af}4 k|efj /x]sf] klg rrf{ x'g] u/]sf] kfOG5 . logLx?sf k'/fgf ;fdflhs ;+:sf/x? cfw'lgsLs/0f ;+u;+u} kl/jlt{t ¿kdf /x]sf] kfOP tfklg k"0f{tof ;+:sf/ nf]k ePsf] kfOFbg} . logLx? ;f]emf, l;wf, ;/n, OdfGbf/ tyf axfb'/ lsl;dsf hflt x'g\ . xFl;nf /l;nf tyf km/fl;nf lnDa'x?sf] ;du|df cfly{s cj:yf bogLo /x]sf] 5 . lzIffdf klg logLx? k5fl8 g} /x]sf] kfOG5 . s[lif, kz'kfng tyf nfx'/\ ] k]zfdf logLx? /dfpFb5g\ . hfF8, /S;L, df5f, df;' dg k/fpg] of] hflt gfrufg, ef]het]/df klg c;fWo} /dfpg] ub{5g\ . hfF8 /S;L ;u'gsf] ¿kdf ;d]t k|of]u ug]{ rng /x]sf]

sfhlqmofsf] clGtd ljlw k"/f ub{5g\ . o;nfO{ vfpdf elgG5 . vfpdf ;+:sf/ ug'{ cl3 d[tssf] gfpFdf rf}tf/f], af6f], kf6L kf}jf agfpg] tyf j/ lkkn /f]Kg] rng ;d]t /x]sf] kfOG5 . -Subba 1995_ csfn dg]x{ ?sf nflu ;d]t @ k|sf/sf ljlw ul/G5g\ . eL/kfvfaf6 n8L dg],{ kfgLdf 8'Ag], klx/f]df k'l/g]sf nflu æ;f]3fÆ ;'Ts]/Ldf dg]s { f nflu æ;'ut' Æ ljlw k'/f ul/G5 . b'/fTdfn] b'Mv glbof];\ eg]/ of] ljlw Ps} /ftdf k"/\ f ul/G5 .

-sfFOnf, !(($_

kfOG5 . ue{ k"hf, ljjfx, d[To' ;+:sf/ / d[To' kl5 ul/g] ;+:sf/ klg cfˆg} lsl;dsf] /x]sf] 5 . lnDa'jfg÷lsk6 If]qdf a:g] lnDa'x? xfn oqtq 5l/Psf / ljb]zdf /x]sf 5g\ . logLx? ;}lgs k]zfdf ;'xfpFbf] hfltsf ¿kdf lrlgg] dfq geO{ k|Voft klg 5g\ . k|sl[ t k"hfdf dxŒj lbg] of] hfltsf] ;a}eGbf 7'nf] of]Uotf eg]sf] g} OdfGbf/L / axfb'/L g} xf] . ;du|df cfˆg} ;+:sf/df afFlwg / /dfpg vf]Hg] of] hfltsf] cfly{s cj:yf psf:g ;s] lgZro klg cfˆgf] ;+:s[ltsf] hu]g{ f u/L b]z ljsf;df xft]dfnf] ug]{ s'/fdf b'Odt 5}g . oL hflt hlt l/;fxf eg]/ lrlgG5g\ Toltg} ldng;f/

k|1 f MM 58

klg /x]sf kfOG5g\ . logLx?n] cfˆgf] kljq u|Gy d'Gw'd / k'/f]lxt km]bfªdfnfO{ cToGt} dxŒj lbG5g\ . cGTodf g]kfnsf] Ps lrlgPsf] hfltsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] of] hfltsf cfˆg} /dfOnf ;+:s[ltx?

/x]sf 5g\ . ljljw ;+:s[ltsf] wgL b]z eg]/ lrlgg] xfd|f] b]z g]kfndf of] hftLo ;+:s[ltn] klg cfˆg} ljlzi6 dxŒj af]ss ] f] ;Gbe{df o;sf] ;+/If0f / hu]gf{ ug'{ lgtfGt h?/L e};s]sf] 5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L sªbªjf, sfhLdfg -!(()_, …/fO{x? slxn] b]lv lnDa' eP <Ú 5x/f ;fKtflxs, jif{ !), cª\s !) -h'g &, !(()_, sf7df8f}+ M uf]kfn 5fª5f /fO{ . sfOFnf, a}/fuL -!((!_, ;fKkf]s rf]d]g d'Gw'd M lnDa' hfltdf sf]vk"hf, sf7df8f}+ M g]kfn /fhsLo k|1f k|lti7fg . sfOFnf, a}/fuL -!(($_, ;fd;f]wf d'Gw'd, sf7df8f}+ M lnDa' ;flxTo / ;+:s[lt pTyfg tyf k|sfzg ;dfh . vqL, k|]d -@)&)_, g]kfnsf hftLo ;+:sf/, sf7df8f}+ M g]kfn k|1f k|lti7fg sdnfbL . r]Dhf]ª, Odfgl;+x -!($*÷k'gMd'b|0f !(*@_, ls/fFt Oltxf;, bflh{lnª M clvn ef/tLo ls/fFt rf]dnf]ª ;ef P;f]l;P;g . r]Dhf]ª, Odfgl;+x -!(^!_, o'df ;fDdfª d'Gw'd, ls/fFt d'Gw'd, rDkf/0f, ljxf/ M /fh]Gb| /fd . kf08]o, dw';b' g -@)^)_, g]kfnsf hghfltx? -5}7f} ;+:s/0f, @)&!_, sf7df8f}F M k}/jL k|sfzg . lai6, 8f]/axfb'/ -@)#)÷cf7f}+ ;+:s/0f @)^$_, ;a} hftsf] k'mnaf/L, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg, k'Nrf]s . ofSy'ªaf, Clifs'df/ ;fª\kfªj] -!((@ v_, rfªjf–km'ªjf n]lS;ªdf, sfn]a'ª M ls/fFtL k|sfzg . >]ª, /0fwf]h -!((#_, s'aª ' ofSy'ªaf lyd\, ls/fFt ofSy'ªaf km'ªgfjf ;fDnf], w/fg M rGb|jL/ gfNaf] . >]i7, lzjs'df/ -@)%@_, lnDa'x?sf] P]ltxfl;s cWoog -bf];|f] ;+:s/0f_, ls/fFt k|sfzg tyf clen]v s]Gb|, nlntk'/ . ;'Aaf, cfzdfg -!(*(_, ofªbfª yf]ªdf, ls/fFt ;fDof] gf] o]R5fd lyd\, sf7df8f}+ M >LdtL nLnf ;'Aaf .

Subba , Chaitaniya, 1995 Death rites. The culture and religion of Limbus. Kathmandu: K.B. Subba.

Vansittart, eden, 1906 A. reprint 1991. kiranti Group division history and religion, gurkhas.

Calcutta : office of the superitendent, government printing India. ∗∗∗

k|1 f MM 59

;f+:s[lts cWoog

cf]em]ndf k/]sf oIf/fh M s'a]/ — k|f=8f= jL0ff kf}8o\ fn != k|f/lDes syg j}lbs cfo{x? wd{kw| fg hflt lyP . h;sf k|df0fx? y'k|} 5g\ . ;gftg wdf{jnDaLx?sf] ;a}eGbf k|frLg zf:q j]b xf] . ax'b]jjfbaf6 ;'¿ ePsf] j}lbs wd{df k|sl[ t k"hf / o1sf] dxŒjk"0f{ :Yffg lyof] . j}lbs ;dosf dxŒjk"0f{ b]jL b]jtf kf}/fl0fs sfndf dxQfxLg jf nf]k g} eP/ uPsf pbfx/0f klg w]/} 5g\ . b]jtfsf] :j¿k, k|efj tyf dxQfsf] kl/ro j]bsf] ljleGg Crfx?df kfOG5 . b]jtfsf zf/Ll/s cª\u k|Toª\usf] j0f{g k9\bf k|fs[lts b[ZonfO{ g} ¿kfTds k|ltlglwsf] ¿kdf JoSt u/]sf] k|:6 x'G5 . oL b]jtf¿nfO{ ljleGg dGqx?åf/f cfx\jfg ul/GYof] . ;"o{ b]jsf] k|sfznfO{ pgsf] xft, clUgsf] HjfnfnfO{ lha|f] / of]bw\ f k'¿ifsf] ¿kdf OGb|sf] j0f{g 5 . ;f]dklt OGb|nfO{ ;"o{ -/fk_ / j[tnfO{ lxpFsf] -lr;f]_ k|tLs dfg]/ ul/Psf] JofVof j]bdf 5g\ . j]bdf kof{j/0fsf] af/]df /lrt z'Stx? y'k}| 5g\ . j}lbs / kf}/fl0fs ;dosf] kof{j/0fdf cfPsf] km/snfO{ cf}NF ofpFb} cWoog ubf{ lxdfno / ToxfFsf k|dv ' b]jtf, lzj, kfj{tL, u0f]z, sflt{so] / lzjeSt oIf s'a/] sf] ToxfF pNn]v 5}g . lzjsf] j}lbs eofjx :j¿k ¿b|sf] ToxfF j0f{g 5 . clUgb]jnfO{ j]bdf dxŒjk"0f{ :yfgdf /fv]/ cfXjfg ul/Psf z'Stx? y'k}| 5g\ . t/ kf}/fl0fs sfndf pgL ci6 lbSkfn dWo] Ps blIf0f k"js { f] :jfdLsf] ¿kdf k'lhg yfn] . j]bdf ljleGg k|;ª\udf wgsf] OR5f, cfsfª\Iff, uf} wgsf] dxŒj / ;'/Iff af/]sf cleJolSt 5g\ . j]bdf wg, ;DklQsf] /Iff ug{ b]jtfx? / oIfx?nfO{ cfXjfg ;d]t ul/Psf] 5 . j]bsf] ToxL cjwf/f0fn] oIf s'a/] sf] hGd u/fPsf] xf] . a/fx k'/f0f / cGo k'/f0fx? cg';f/ a|Xdfsf] k|1 f MM 60

d'vaf6 ePsf] 9'ªu\ fsf] jiff{af6 s'a/] sf] pTklQ eof] / pgnfO{ b]j sf]ifsf] /Ifs agfOof] . j]bdf j]nf j]nfdf 1fg / wgsf] dfu{ cnu cnu b]vfpFb} lgw{g eP klg 1fgL JoflQm, a|Xdf08sf 1ftf a|fXd0fnfO{ ;Ddfg ug]{ ;+:s[ltsf] emNsf] kfOG5 . To;}n] ;DklQsf] dfq} nfn;fnfO{ dfgl;s / zf/Ll/s s'¿ktfsf] k|tLs dfg]/ ToxL cg'¿k JofVof ul/Psf] 5 . 7'nf] k]6, ltg j6f v'66\ f, Pp6f dfq} cfFvf, cf7 j6f bfFt ePsf s'a/] sf] j0f{g k'/f0fx?df 5 . of] wg ;DklQ dfq} s'Dnfpg] k|jl[ QnfO{ ul/Psf] 7'nf] Joª\Uo xf] . t/ ;dfhdf cfPsf] ljleGg kl/jt{g ;f]rfO / u/fOdf klg b]lvof] . la:tf/} la:tf/} g/fd|f] :j¿ksf s'a/] sf] :yfg clt /fd|L, emlsemsfp nIdLb]jLn] lnOg\ . ;dfhdf wgL JolStsf] ;Ddfg a9\b} uof] . ;DklQsf] ;|ft] sf] hfgsf/L, rf;f] glnP/} ;dfhdf wgf9\on] ;Ddfg kfpg yfn] . 1fg / cy{ b'jn } fO{ a/fa/ :t/df /fv]/ x]g{ yflnof] . k'/f0fx?df ;d'b| dGygsf] lj:t[t j0f{g 5 . b]jtf / bfgjx?n] ;+oS' t ¿kdf u/]sf ;d'b| dGygaf6 ax'dN" o j:t'x? -cd[t, sfdw]g' ufO{, ljif, rGb|df, sf}:t'e dl0f, kfl/hft, pRrf}>jf 3f]8f, P]/fjt xfTtL, sNkj[If, cK;/fx?, jf¿0fL b]jL / nIdL_ k|s6 eP . ;'Gb/ z/L/, ;f}Do / ;Eo Jojxf/sf] sf/0f nIdL ;a}sf] lk|o eOg\ . nIdLsf] d'xf/sf] t]h / u/ uxgfsf] rdsn] b]jtf / bfgj ;a} df]lxt eP . b]jtf, bfgj / dfgj ;a}n] nIdLnfO{ cfkm};uF /fVg] OR5f JoSt u/] . a|Xdfn] ;DklQsf] :jfdL, /Ifs agfpFbf To; JolStdf x'g' kg]{ Odfg / Ifdtf dfq} x]/] .

To;}n] s'a]/nfO{ 9's'6L ;'DkFbf pgsf] afXo cfs[ltnfO{ dxŒj lbOPg . t/ ;dfhdf la:tf/}

la:tf/} afXo ;f}Gbo{n] dxŒj kfpFb} uof] . ;d'b| dGygaf6 lgl:sPsL P]Zjo{sL b]jL nIdLnfO{ t ;j{u0' f ;DkGg ;'Gb/Lsf] ¿kdf k|:t't ul/of] . nIdLsf] s[kf b[li6 kfpg b]j, bfgj / dfgj ;w}F nfnlot g} b]lvG5g\ . ;dfhsf] ljgf;sf j|mddf oIf/fh s'a/] sf] cf/fwgf nf]k x'bF } uof], Tof] 7fpF wgwfGosL ;'Gb/L b]jL nIdLn] lnOg\ . o;/L s'a/] sf] dxQf cf]em]ndf kb}{ uof] . ax'bj] jfbaf6 ;'¿ ePsf] j}lbs wd{n] Ps b]jjfbsf] ;Gb]z af/Daf/ lbPsf] 5 . oxL j|mddf j}lbs ;flxTosf ;dfnf]rs DofS;d'n/n] eg] h:t} s'g} j]nf ;a} j:t'df O{Zj/sf] cl:tTj :jLsf/ ug]{ ;j]Z{ j/ jfb -k}gyLHd_ / Psflwb]j jfb -lxgf]lyHd÷s]gf]lyHd_ j}lbs sfndf Jofks lyof] . pklgifb\df rrf{ ul/Psf] Ps]Zj/ jfbsf] k"jf{wf/ ;j]Z{ j/ jfb xf] . Ps ;dodf Pp6f b]jtfsf] cl:tTj / csf]{ ;dodf cs}{ b]jtfsf] cl:tTj dfg]/ k"hf ug]{ cjwf/0ffnfO{ Psflwb]j jfb -lxgf]lyHd÷s]gf]lyHd_ elgG5 . ax'bj] jfbaf6 Ps b]j jfblt/ hfg] ljrf/ / j|mddf Psflwb]j jfb wf/0ff ljsl;t eof] . To;}n] j}lbs ;flxTosf c'g;Gwfg stf{n] eg] h:t} ax'bj] jfbaf6 Psb]j jfblt/ hfg] k|yd v'6l\ snf] Psflwb]j jfbsf] k|efj pklgifb\, k'/f0f / dxfsfJo sfndf klg b]lvG5 . h8 j:t'df ;d]t O{Zj/ tŒjsf] sNkgf ug]{ j}lbs ;dosf Clifsf nflu of] gf}nf] s'/f lyPg . :ju{, cGtl/If / k[YjL ltg a]Unfa]Un} nf]sdf lgjf; ug]{ t]lTt; sf]6L b]jtfx?sf] cl:tTj k'/f0f / dxfsfJo sfndf k'Ubf lj:tfl/t ePsf] kfOG5 . o;/L g} b]jjfbsf] kl/jt{g j|mddf s'a/] cf]em]ndf k/]/ nIdLb]jLsf] k|fb"ef{j / pTyfg ePsf] kfOG5 . j}lbs ;dob]lv cfh;Dd ;gftg wdf{jnDaLx?sf] b]j ljsf; j|mddf b]lvPsf] oxL k|;ª\unfO{ o; n]vdf lj:t[t 9ª\un] JofVof ul/Psf] 5 . kf}/fl0fs / k|ltdf lj1fgsf k':ts cWoog / :ynut e|d0f, cjnf]sg cWoognfO{ o; n]vdf k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 . b]jtfx?sf] ljsf; j|md dxŒj / k|efj a'‰g o; n]vn] db\bt ug]{ ljZjf; ul/Psf] 5 .

@= s'a/] wg, ;DklQ, o1 / pQ/ lbzfsf :jfdL x'g\ s'a/] . hGdFb} cf7 j6f bfFt / ltg j6f uf]8f ePsf] j0f{g zf:qx?df 5 .! wfld{s u|Gyx?df logsf afa', cfdfsf] gfd / kl/rodf ;fdfGo km/s kfOG5 . k'n:ysf 5f]/f lj>jf / O8lj8f -Onljnf_ sf 5f]/fsf] ¿kdf hlGdPsf s'a/] sf] pNn]v lzj k'/f0fdf 5 . lj>jfsf 5f]/f ePsfn] j}>j0f s'a]/ tyf O8lj8fsf] ue{af6 pTkGg ePsfn] P8lj8 eg]/ s'a/] nfO{ ;Daf]wg ul/G5 .@ s'a/] sf] :j¿kdf hGdg'eGbf klxn] u'0flglw / bdsf] dfgj h'gLdf klg pgL lzjeSt :j¿kdf k|l;b\w lyP .# o;/L s'a/] cfkm\gf] ljleGg hGddf lzjsf eSt lyP . a|Xdfsf ljleGg dfg; k'q dWo] s'a/] Ps x'g\ eGg] pNn]v j/fx k'/f0fdf 5 .$ s'a/] sL kTgL eb|fsf] pNn]v dxfef/tsf] cflbkj{df 5 .% zf:qdf s'a/] sf 5f]/f gjs'j/, /fhwfgL cnsf, au}r F f r}q/ysf] j0f{g kfOG5 . kb\d k'/f0fdf s'a/] n] u/]sf] nfdf] tk:ofsf] kmnn] ubf{ pgn] oIfx?sf] /fhkb k|fKt u/]sf] j0f{g 5. #= s'a/] pTklQ ;DaGwL kt dxfef/tsf] /fdf]kfVofg kj{ dxfef/tsf] jg kj{ cGtu{t /fdf]kfVofg kj{df s'a/] sf] pTklQ, pgnfO{ k|fKt P]Zjo{, /fj0f, s'Des0f{, ljeLif0f, v/, z'k0{ fvfsf] pTklQ, tk:of / j/ k|flKt / s'a/] n] /fj0fnfO{ lbPsf] >fksf] j0f{g 5 . a|Xdfsf dfg; k'q k'n:To / a'xf/L uf}sf] ;Gtfgsf] ¿kdf j}>j0fsf] hGd ePsf] lyof] . j}>j0f cfkm\gf] lktfsf] 3/df ga;]/ lktfdx sxfF a:g yfn] .( k'n:TonfO{ j}>j0f;Fu l/; p7\of] . pgn] cfkm\g} z/L/af6 bf];f| ] ¿k lj>jfnfO{ k|s6 u/] . lj>jf ;w}F j}>j0f -s'a/] _ ;Fu emu8f ug],{ lgx'F vf]Hg] ub{y] . t/ lktfdx a|Xdf eg] j}>j0f;Fu v';L lyP . pgn] dxfb]j;Fu d}qL ;DaGw /fv]/ gns'j/ gfdsf] 5f]/f], nª\sf /fHo, OR5fg';f/ p8\g] k'iks ljdfg / oIfsf :jfdL k|1 f MM 61

/fh/fhsf] kbjL k|bfg u/] .!) k'n:Ton] l/;fP/ cfkm\g} z/L/af6 k|s6 u/]sf lj>jfn] j}>j0f -s'a/] _ sf] 8fx, l/; ub{y] . s'a/] n] cfkm\gf lktf k'n:TonfO{ v';L kfg{ ltg hgf /fIf; sGofnfO{ kl/rfl/sfsf ¿kdf k7fP . k'ikf]Ts6f, /fsf, tyf dflngL gfdsf tL sGofx?n] Clif k'n:Tosf] v'a ;]jf u/] .!! sGofx?sf] OR5f cg';f/ ;a}nfO{ ;Gtfg k|bfg u/]— !_ k'ikf]Ts6fsf b'O{ hgf 5f]/fx? eP, /fj0f / s'Des0f{ -@_ dflngLsf] Ps hgf 5f]/f ljeLif0f eP -#_ /fsfn] v/ / z'k0{ fvf hGdfOg\ .!@ s'a/] sf] ;DklQ, jfxg, ljdfg b]v/] /fj0fnfO{ 8fxf x'GYof] . /fj0f tk:ofåf/f tL ;a} k|fKt ug]{ sf]l;;df nfUof] . /fj0fn] cfkm\gf] d:ts sf6]/ clUgdf cfx'lt lbP . o;/L a|XdfnfO{ v';L kf/]/ /fj0fn] uGwj{, b]jtf, c;'/, oIf, /fIf;, ;k{, lsGg/ / e"taf6 k/fho gx'g] j/bfg k|fKt u/] . j/bfg kfPkl5 3d08n] r"/ eP/ /fj0fn] cGofo, cTofrf/ ug{ yfNof] . nª\sfdf /fHo ug]{ s'a/] nfO{ /fj0fn] o'bw\ df x/fP/, b]z lgisfzg u/] . s'a/] sf] k'iks ljdfg klg vf];] . s'a/] n] klg l/;fP/ /fj0fnfO{ ;/fk lbP– æx] /fj0f Û t}n F ] bfOsf] klg OHht, ;Ddfg ul/g;\, tFnfO{ l56\6} o'bw\ df k/fho u/]/ of] k'iks ljdfg Ps jL/ k'?ifsf] x'g] 5 .!# /fj0f / s'a/] df j}dgZo x'bF f klg /fj0fn] cfkm\gf] kl/ro lbg] j]nfdf 7fpF 7fpFdf cfkm"nfO{ s'a/] sf] efO eg]/ uf}/j u/]sf 5g\ .!$ $= s'a/] sf] tk:of a|XdfnfO{ k|;Gg kfg{ s'a/] n] k~rflUgsf] ljdf Ps v'66\ fn] dfq} pleP/ nfdf] ;do;Dd tk:of u/] . a|Xdfn] klg k|;Gg eP/ s'a/] sf] OR5f cg';f/ nf]skfn kbjL k|bfg u/] . s'a/] nfO{ wg ;DklQsf :jfdL ljo'St u/]/ k'iks ljdfg klg pkxf/ :j¿k lbP . k|l;b\w jf:t'ljb\do bfgjåf/f lgld{t nª\sf /fHodf uP/ /fHo ug]{ ;Nnfx s'a/] sf afa' lj>jfn] lbP . s'a/] klg ;d'bn | ] 3]/s ] f] ;'Gb/ ;'j0f{doL nª\sf kfP/ k|;Gg eP .^ lzj k'/f0fdf eg] s'a/] n] lzj lnª\u :yfkgf u/]/ tk:ofåf/f lzjaf6 j/bfg kfPsf] pNn]v k|1 f MM 62

5 . s'a/] sf] ltj| tkaf6 k|;Gg ePsf dxfb]j pdf ;lxt k|s6 eP/ eg]– æx] j}>j0f Û ltd|f] tk:ofaf6 d k/d k|;Gg 5', j/ dfu ÛÆ& o:tf] dw'/ jrg ;'Gg] lalTts} nfdf] ;dob]lv aGb u/]sf cfFvf, s'a/] n] t'?Gt} vf]n] . aflx/sf] pHofnf] / lzjsf] ltj| t]hsf] k|sfzn] ubf{ s'a/] n] cfFvf t'?Gt} aGb u/] . lzjn] s'a/] nfO{ :kz{ u/]/ lbJo b[li6 k|bfg u/] . s'a/] n] cfFvf vf]n/] Ps6sn] 3'//] kfj{tLnfO{ x]bf{ b]a]| cfFvf b[li6ljxLg eof] . lzjn] cfkm\gf] 5f]/f] ;dfg Kof/f] eSt s'a/] nfO{ ljleGg j/ k|bfg u/] . lzjn] s'a/] nfO{ u'Xos, oIf, lsGg/ tyf k'0ohgsf clwklt x'g] j/ lbFb} cfkm" klg cnsfk'/Lsf] glhs} a:g] dg;fo JoSt u/]sf] pNn]v lzj k'/f0f, ?b| ;+lxtfdf 5 . kfj{tLn] klg s'a]/nfO{ Ifdf ub}{ ljleGg j/ lbOg\ . kfj{tLnfO{ 3'//] x]/s ] f]n] j}>j0fnfO{ s'a/] elgof] . kfj{tLsf] s[kfkfq / lzjsf 3lgi7 ;fyL s'a/] klg pQ/ lbzfsf] cflwkTo;Fu} lbJo cnsf k'/L, rq/y jg / Pp6f lbJo ;ef kfP/ k|;Gg ePsf lyP . %= s'a/] sf] ;ef dxfef/tsf] ;efkj{ cGtu{t nf]skfn ;efVofg kj{df s'a/] sf] eJo ;efsf] cfsif{s 9ª\un] j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 . PskN6 gf/b o'lwli7/sf] ;efdf uPsf lyP . j]b / pklgifb\sf 1ftf, Clif b]jtfx?åf/f k'lht, wd{sf] tŒjnfO{ hfGg], lzIff, sNk, Jofs/0f, lg¿St, 5Gb / Hof]ltif oL 5 j6} cª\usf kl08t lz/f]dl0f gf/bn] o'lwli7/nfO{ lzIff lbg] j|mddf OGb|, od/fh, j?0f, s'a/] / a|Xdfsf] ;efsf] j0f{g u/]sf 5g\ .!( lj>jfsf 5f]/f s'a/] n] d]xgt / nugn] Tof] ;ef k|fKt u/]sf lyP . ;o of]hg nDafO====== / ;Q/L of]hg rf}8fO ePsf] ;ef cfsfzdf p8]sf] h:t} b]lvGYof] . ;'Gb/ l;+xf;gdf hudufpFbf] s'08n / 6lNsg] ljlrq j:q nufPsf s'a/] a;]sf lyP . s'a/] sf] ;efdf j]nf j]nfdf b]jtf, uGwj{, cK;/fx? cfP/ no xfn]/ uLt ufpFy] . y'k|} cK;/fx? -ld>s]zL, /Def, lrq;]gf, z'lrl:dtf, rf¿g]qf, 3[tfrL, d]gsf, k'l~hs:ynf, lj>jftL,

;xhGof, k|Dnf]rf, pj{zL, O/f, juf{, ;f}/e]oL, ;dLrL, a'ba\ b' f / ntf_ s'a/] sf] ;efdf pkl:yt x'bF f cfkm"nfO{ efUodfgL 7fGby] .@) wg ;DklQsL clwi7fqL nIdL, gns'j/ klg s'a/] sf] ;efdf pkl:yt x'Gy] . a|Xdlif{, b]jlif{, Clifu0f;Fu,} pdfklt klg s'a/] sf] eJo ;efdf cfdlGqt x'bF f /dfOnf] dfGby] . wgsf clwklt s'a/] sf] ;efdf ax'dN" o j:t'x?sf] sdL lyPg . ^= k'iks ljdfg /fdfo0f / dxfef/tdf k'iks ljdfgsf] ljz]iftf / lgdf{0f af/] /f]rs hfgsf/Lx? 5g\ . ljZjsdf{sL 5f]/L ;+1fsf] ljjfx, ;"ob{ j] ;Fu ePsf] lyof] . ltghgf ;Gtfg -dg', od / odL_ x'sk{] l5 ;+1fnfO{ ;"os { f] /fkn] kf]ns ] f] cg'el" t x'g yfNof] . cfkm\gf] ;d:of ;+1fn] afa' ljZjsdf{nfO{ atfOg\ . l;kfn' jf:t'sf/ ljZjsdf{n] ;"on { fO{ 3f]6/] t]h !% sd u/fP . ;"o{sf] z/L/ 3f]6\bf lgl:sPsf] rlDsnf] w'nf]af6 ljZjsdf{n] jh|, zlQm, lqz'n, rqm / k'iks ljdfg ;d]t lgdf{0f u/]sf] j0f{g lji0f' k'/f0f, xl/j+z / eljio k'/f0fdf 5 .!^ /fdn] nª\sf ljho u/]kl5 cof]Wof kmj{mbF f k'iks ljdfg r9]/ cfPsf] j0f{g 5 . eg] cg';f/ ;a} sfo{ ug]{ k'iks ljdfgsf] ef}lts :j¿ksf] rrf{ /fdfo0fdf 5 . kfZrfTo ljåfg\ sfldn a'Ns]n] /fdsyf n]Vbf k'iks ljdfgsf] 7fpF 7fpFdf pNn]vnfO{ e'm6f] a9fO{, r9fO{ ul/Psf] j0f{g klg eg]sf 5g\ .!& t/ jfNdLls /fdfo0f k9\bf k'iks ljdfgsf] j0f{g, cl:tTj ;To nfUb5 . /fd / /fj0f o'bw\ ;dfKt ePkl5 ljeLif0fn] /fdnfO{ s]xL lbg nª\sfd} a:g cg'/f]w u/] . >L/fdnfO{ cnª\sf/ s'zn :qLx?n] ljlwjt\ cEoª\u, :gfg, cª\u/fu, j:qfe/0f, rGbg tyf lbJo dfnf wf/0f u/fpg Jou|tfk"js { klv{Psf] hfgsf/L ljeLif0fn] u/fP . t/ /fdn] s}so] L k'q e/t ljgf cfkm\gf] of] ;a} sfo{ lg/y{s x'g] ePsf]n] cfkm" ;s];Dd rfF8f] cof]Wof hfg vf]hs ] f] atfP . /fdsf] dg;fo a'em]/ ljeLif0fn] eg], æxh'/nfO{ d Ps} lbgdf em6k6 cof]Wof k'¥ofpF5' . s'a/] sf] ;"o; { l+ ge k'iks gfdsf] ljdfg lyof] . anjfg\ /fj0fn] s'a/] nfO{

lht]/ ljdfg cfkm\gf] agfof], ToxL sfdufdL lbJo ljdfg tkfO{s + f] ;]jfdf k|:t't 5 . o;df r9]/ tkfO{+ l;3| g} cof]Wof k'Ug' x'G5 .!* o;/L k'iks ljdfgsf] pNn]v /fdfo0f / dxfef/tdf af/Daf/ cfPsf] 5 . &= s'a/] sf] 5]kf/f] :jefj pQ/ /fdfo0fdf s'a/] n] 5]kf/f]sf] ¿k lnP/ cfkm\gf] k|f0f arfpg efu]sf] k|;ª\u 5 . PskN6 d¿qn] Pp6f ljzfn o1sf] cfof]hgf u/]sf lyP . o1sf] ;df/f]xdf OGb|, j¿0f, s'a/] / sfnnfO{ klg lgDtf] lyof] . nª\sfsf /fhf /fj0f 7'nf] ;]gf ;lxt ToxL af6f] cfPkl5 ;a} 8/fP . /fj0fsf] cGofo, cTofrf/af6 Clifb]lv b]j u0f;Dd ql;t lyP . To;}n] cfkm\gf] :j¿k abn]/ ;a} efu] . s'a/] klg 5]kf/f]sf] :j¿kdf efu] . kl5 s'a/] n] 5]kf/f]nfO{ rfx]sf] j]nf /ª km]g{ ;Sg] j/bfg lbP .

5]kf/f]sf] ufnf klg ;'gf}nf] x'g] eof] . o;/L /fj0fsf] cGofo, cTofrf/af6 s'a/] j]nf j]nfdf 8/fpFy] .@! *= s'a/] s]f k|ltdf nIf0f d"lt{ ljwfgdf lbSkfnsf] sNkgf k|frLg ;dob]lv g} lyof] . OGb|, clUg, od, g}Ct{ , j?0f, kjg, s'a/] / O{;fgnfO{ ci6 lbSkfnsf] ¿kdf cfXjfg ug] { rng lyof] . af} b \ w / h} g wdf{jnDaLx?sf] d"lt{ snfdf klg lbSkfnx?sf] k|:t'lt kfOG5 . ck/flht k[R5fx?s} cfwf/df ¿kd08gdf lbSkfnsf] cfo'w, jfxg, lbzf cflbsf] lj:t[t ljj/0f k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .@@ ljleGg u|Gydf lbSkfnx?sf] ;ª\Vof eg] km/s km/s 5 . xftdf ubf, lglw, aLhk"/s / sd08n' lnPsf ;f}Do :j¿ksf s'a/] xfTtL jf dflg;sf] sfFwdf r9]sf] b]vfOG5 . ¿kd08gdf lbSkfnx?sf] rf/ j6f xft ePsf] j0f{g cfpF5 . t/ b'O{ j6f dfq} xft ePsf] nf]skfnsf] k|ltdf lgdf{0f ug]{ ljwfg klg k|frLg xf] . j[xT;+lxtfdf OGb|, od / s'a/] sf] b'O{ j6f xft ePsf] j0f{g 5 .@# dT:o k'/f0fdf klg nf]skfnx?sf] cGo ljj/0f 5 .@$ k]6 nfu]sf] 7'nf] z/L/ ePsf s'a/] sf] sfgdf s'08n, unfdf xf/, kfv'/fdf afh'aGb / z/L/df k|1 f MM 63

j:q wf/0f u/]sf] b]vfpg' kb{5 . d's6' nufPsf s'a]/sf] ljdfgdf dflg;x? x'g' kb{5 .@% dg' :d[ltdf klg ci6 nf]skfns} pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . /fdfo0fdf OGb|, od, j¿0f / s'a/] rf/ nf]skfnsf] j0f{g cfPsf] 5 . af}b\w u|Gyx?df klg rt'/ dxf/fh w[t/fi6« -k"j_{ , lj¿ws -blIf0f_, lj¿kfIf -klZrd_, j}>j0f -pTt/_ nfO{ pQ/ lbzfdf :yfkgf ug]{ ljwfg 5 .@^ h}g ;flxTodf klg lbSkfnx?sf] gfd lxGb' kf}/fl0fs u|Gy cg';f/s} 5 .@& (= s'a/] / ci6 lbSkfn CUj]bdf uf} wg / cGo wgx?sf] dxŒj b;f{OPsf] 5 . k[YjLsf dflg;n] O{Zj/;Fu k|fy{gf ubf{ jiff{, cgfh, ;':jf:Yo;Fu} wg–;DklQsf] klg sfdgf u/]sf 5g\ . o;}n] wg, ;DklQ / P]Zjo{sf] /IfsnfO{ ;;Ddfg cfXjfg, k"hg, :t'lt ug]{ rng ToxL a]nf g} k|f/De eO{ ;s]sf] lyof] .

CUj]bdf Cb\lwsf e08f/ :j¿k /x]sf b]j;v -s'a/] _ sf] s[kf k|flKtsf] nflu k|fy{gf ul/Psf Crfx? k|fKt ePsf 5g\ .@* wg ePsf JolStsf] ¿k klg /fd|f] x'g] cjwf/0ff To; j]nf lyof] . t/ lj:tf/} ;f]rfOdf kl/jt{g cfpg yfNof] . 1fg, elSt / TofunfO{ a9L dxŒj lbg yflnof] . ;DklQsf] nfn;fnfO{ dfgl;s s' ¿ ktfs} kl/rfos dflgof] .@( To;}n,] s'a/] sf] d"lt{ jf lrq sf]bf{ ltg j6f v'66\ f, Ps cfFvf / cf7 j6f bfFt agfpg] k|rng klg 5 . lzj dlGb/df s'a/] sf d"lt{x? :yfkgf ul/Psf x'G5g\ . sf}l6Nosf] cy{zf:qdf ljleGg b]j b]jLsf] ;fy} j}>j0f -s'a/] _ sf] d"lt{ klg gu/sf] lar efudf k|lti7fkg ug'{ kg]{ ljwfgsf] pNn]v 5 . lnR5jL sfndf ag]sf s'a/] sf d"lt{ e]l6Psf 5|g} g\ t/ lnR5jL sfnsf d'bf| df eg] s'a/] sf] gfd / lrq s'lF bPsf] 5 . lnR5jL sfnsf] j}>j0f d'bf| s'a/] s} nflu lgsflnPsf] :df/s d'bf| xf] . dNn sfndf ag]sf s'a/] sf d"lt{x? eg] kf6gsf] ;j]Z{ j/, dª\un ahf/sf] ljZj]Zj/ dlGb/df cfh klg b]Vg ;lsG5 .#) ci6 lbSkfnsf] :yfg o;/L lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 .

s'a]/ -pQ/_ jfo' -pk=_

Ozfg -pk'=_

j?0f -klZrd_

OGb| -k"j_{

lgClt -bk=_

clUg -bk'=_ od -blIf0f_

!)= pk;+xf/ s'a/] sf] jfxgsf] ¿kdf 3f]8f, xfTtL, e]8f / dflg;nfO{ b]vfOG5 . k'66\ b]lvg] k]6, xftdf ubf / /Tgkfq lnPsf] :j¿kdf s'a/] nfO{ lrq / d"lt{df b]vfOG5 . lji0f' wdf]T{ t/ k'/f0fdf eg] rf/ j6f xft, kx]n F f] ;'g h:tf] cfFvf, dl0f dfl0fSosf] xf/ / sjrwf/L s'a/] sf] j0f{g 5 . lji0f' wdf]T{ t/ k'/f0fd} s'a/] sf] afofF sfvdf a;]sL, b'O{ e'hf ePsL Cb\lwb]jLn] s'a/] sf] lk7\od ' f xft /fv]sf] / glhs} zª\v, kb\d / lglwnfO{ klg b]vfOg] ljwfgsf] pNn]v 5 . j}lbs ;flxTodf oIf u0fsf] pNn]v kfOG5 . oIfx?sf k|dv ' , /fhfsf] ¿kdf s'a/] nfO{ :yflkt ul/Psf] lyof] . ef/tdf s'iff0ff sfndf lgld{t s'a/] / nIdLsf d"lt{sf kmns k|fKt ePsf 5g\ . Ps} ;fy s'lbPsf To:tf d"lt{df s'a/] / nIdLnfO{ Ps} ;fy k'Hg] k|rng /x]sf] a'lemG5 . ;d'b| dGygaf6 nIdLb]jL pTkTtL ePkl5 wg, ;DklQsf dflns s'a/] sf] k"hf / k|lti7f cf]em]ndf k/]sf] b]lvG5 . la:tf/} s'a/] sf] ;f6f] nIdLb]jLnfO{ wg, ;DklQ / P]Zjo{sf] nflu k"hf ug{ yflnof] . g]kfnsf g]jf/ ;d'bfodf dª\l;/ dlxgfdf kg]{ wfGo -od/L_ k"l0f{dfdf gofF rfdnsf] lk7f]af6 od/L agfP/ s'a]/nfO{ r9fpg] k|rng 5 . sf7df8f}F pkTosfdf lgld{t s'a/] sf k|ltdfx?df, Ps xftdf k};fsf] y}nL, glhs} /Tgx? cf]sNg nfu]sf] Gofp/L d';f / lrqdf 8/ nfUbf] cg'xf/sf zª\v lglw, kb\d lglw b]vfpg] rng 5 . ljzfn gu/ xfF8LufpFsf] oIf, ;To gf/fo0f dlGb/sf]

k|1 f MM 64

web source: www.khasskhass.com

oIf, /fli6«o ;ª\u|xfnosf] lz/ gePsf] oIf, s'De]Zj/ dlGb/sf] k]6L / s}nfz pSng] l;F9Lsf] bfofF, afofF :yflkt d"lt{nfO{ oIf/fh s'a/] g} dflgPsf] 5 . dxfef/tsf] jg kj{df o'lwli7/ / pgsf efOx?nfO{ lbPsf] pkb]z ;ª\slnt 5 . oIf o'bw\ kj{df s'a/] sf] P]Zjo{, k|lti7f, ;fg / 1fg ;a}sf] ;ª\ud 5 . ljZjsdf{n] lgdf{0f u/]sf ;'Gb/ Pj+ >]i7 ljdfg k'iksdf r9]/ s'a/] uGwdfbg kj{tdf cfpFbf pgsf] rf/}tkm{ oIf, /fIf;, uGwj{ / cK;/fx? klg lyP . zf:qdf j0f{g eP cg';f/ k|frLg sfndf ltg ;o dxfkb\d oIfx?;Fu s'a/]

s'zjtL uPsf lyP . af6f]df b]lvPsf cu:To Clifsf] 6fpsf]d} s'a/] sf ;fyL dl0fdfgn] y's] . cu:To Clifn] l/;fP/ s'a/] nfO{ >fk lbPsf lyP . s'a]/sf] o'lwli7/nfO{ ljleGg sfo{ l;b\lw ug{ cfjZos kg]{ u'0fx?sf] pNn]v klg u/]sf 5g\ . w}o,{ bIftf, b]z, sfn / k/fj|md oL kfFr u'0f nf}lss sfo{ l;b\lwsf] nflu cfjZos 5 eGb} s'a/] n] h;n] sd{sf] ljefu hfGb}g, ;donfO{ lrGb}g, sfdsf] j}lzi6\onfO{ a'‰b}g, To:tf vf]6f] a'bl\ w ePsf dflg; k[YjL / k/nf]s b'a} 7fpFdf gi6 x'G5g\ . lxGb' / af}bw\ b'a} wd{df oIfsf :jfdL s'a/] sf] ;Ddflgt :yfg 5 .

l6Kk0fL != @= #= $=

kf08]o -;Dkf=_, ;g\ !(&*, k[=[ !($ . /fw]Zofd v]dsf, sNof0f, lzjf]kf;gfªs, jif{ ^&, ;+= !, uf]/vk'/, hgj/L !((# O{=, k[=##& /fw]Zofd v]dsf, k"j{jt\ .

T.A. Gopinatha Rao, Elements of Hindu Iconography, Val II, part II, Delhi, Motilal Banarsidass, 1985, P. 535.

%= /fdgf/fo0f bQ zf:qL -kf08]o cg'=_, dxfef/t, k|yd v08, uf]/vk'/, uf]ljGb ejg sfof{no, @)%#, gjf}F ;+:s/0f, k[= %&! . æoy]Gb|f0fL xl/xo] :jfxf rf}j ljefj;f} uf]lx0fL r oyf ;f]d] odoGtL oyf gn] oyf j}>j0f] eb|f jl;i7] rfKo¿GwtL oyf gf/fo0f] nIdL:tyf Tj+ ejg et[i{ f'Æ -h;/L OGb|f0fL OGb|df, :jfxf clUgdf, /f]lx0fL rGb|fdfdf, bdoGtL gndf, eb|f s'a]/df, c¿GwtL jlzi7df, nIdL gf/fo0fdf elStefj / k|]d /fVb5g\, To;/L g} ltdL cfkm\gf] kltdf cg'/St x'g'_ ^= Vettma (Mani, Puranic Encyclopaedia, Delhi, Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, 1993, P. 435. &= /fw]Zofd -v]dsf, k"jj{ t\, kfb l6Kk0fL g+= @, k[= ##& ._ *= /fw]Zofd -v]dsf, k"j{jt\, k[= ##* ._ (= /fd gf/fo0f bQ zf:qL -kf08]o, dxfef/t, låtLo v08, uf]/vk'/, uf]ljGb ejg sfof{no, ;+= @)%#, k[= !&!^ . !)= /fd gf/fo0f bQ zf:qL, dxfef/t, k"j{jt\, !!= ,, ,, ,, ,, k[=!&!& !@= ,, ,, ,, ,, k[=!&!& !#= ,, ,, ,, ,, k[=!&!( !$= rj|mkfl0f, rfln;], g]kfnL ;+lIfKt /fdfo0f, sf7df8f}F, ;femf k|sfzg, @)%(, k[= %*_ . !%= Hjfnfk|;fb, rt'j]{bL, -cg'=_, eljio k'/f0f, xl/åf/, /0fwL/ k|sfzg, !((%, k[= !^)_ . !^= Hjfnfk|;fb, rt'jb{] L, -cg'=_, k"jj{ t\, k[= !^! .

-s_ Vettam mani, k"jj{ t\, k[= ^*) . !&= s/kfqL, /fdfo0f dLdf+;f, j[Gbfjg, /fwfs[i0f wfg'sf k|sfzg ;+:yfg, ;+= @)^@ -rt'y{ ;++=_, k[= %%)–%! . !*= s/kfqL, k"jj{ t\, k[= %%)–%! !(= bQ zf:qL, dxfef/t, k|yd v08, k"jj{ t\, kfb l6Kk0fL, g+= %, k[=^(#–($ . @)= bQ zf:qL, k"jj{ t\, k[= (^$–(% . @!= dgL, k[= $#^ . @@= >Ljf:tj -;+=_ ¿kd08g, ;+= @)@! .

k|1 f MM 65

@#= an/fd >Ljf:tj -;+=_ ¿kd08g, k"jj{ t\ . @$= sfnLr/0f -uf}8 / a:tL/fdhL, dT:o k'/f0fd\, af/f0f;L, rf}vDaf ljb\of ejg, @))!, k[=()^ . @%= sfnLr/0f uf}8, k"j{jt\, k[= $& . æs'a]/~r k|jIofld s'08nfEofdn+s[td\ . dxf]b/+ dxfsfo+ lgWoi6 s;dlGjtd\ .. u'Xos}jx{ l' eo'St+ wgJoo s/}:tyf . xf/ s]o'//lrt+ l;tfDa/ w/+ ;bf .. ubfw/~r st{Jo+ a/b+ d's'6flGjtd\ . g/o'St ljdfg:y+ Pj+ /LTof r sf/o]t\ ..

-dT:o k'/f0fd\_ @^= Jitendra Nath (Banerjea, Tha Development of Hindu Iconography, Delhi, Munshiram Manoharlal, 1956, P. 521.

@&= @*= @(= #)= #!=

hLt]Gb| gfy aghL{, k"jj{ t\, k[= %@@ . xl//fd hf]zL, lxGb' b]jL b]jtf, sf7df8f}F, ;"rgf ljefu, ;+= @)$), k[=&( . xl//fd hf]zL, k"j{jt\ . jL0ff kf}8\ofn, g]kfnL d"lt{snf / lrqsnf, sf7df8f}F, g]=O=;+= tyf k'/ftTj s]=lj= @)%&, k[= !&$ . dGgfnfn cledGo', cd/ sf]if, af/f0f;L, rf}vDaf ljb\of ejg, !(((, k[=!! .

-!_ s'a]/ -@_ cDas;v -#_ oIf/fh -$_ u'Xos]Zj/ -%_ dt'io wd{g -^_ wgGb -&_ /fh/fh -*_ wgflwk (_ lsGg/]z -!)_ j}>j0f -!!_ kf}n:To -!@_ g/jfxg -!#_ oIf -!$_ Pslkª -!%_ P]nljn -!^_ >Lb -!&_ k'0ohg]Zj/ .

;Gbe{ cledGo', dGgfnfn, -!(((_, cd/ sf]if, rf}vDaf, ljb\of ejg . s/kfqL -@)^#_, /fdfo0f dLdf+;f -k'gd'{b|0f_, j[Gbfjg M wfg'sf k|sfzg ;+:yfg . v]dsf, /fw]Zofd, -!((# O{=_, sNof0f lzjkf;gfª\s, uf]/vk'/, uf]ljGb ejg, sfof{no . uf}8, sfnLr/0f, -@))!_, dT:o k'/f0fd\, af/f0f;L, rf}vDaf ljb\of ejg . rfln;], rj|mkfl0f -@)%(_, g]kfnL ;+lIfKt /fdfo0f, sf7df8f}F, ;femf k|sfzg . rt'j]{bL, Hofnfk|;fb -cg'=_, -!((%_, eljio k'/f0f, xl/åf/, /0fwL/ k|zf;g . kf}8\ofn, jL0ff, -@)%&_, g]kfnL d"lt{snf / lrqsnf, sf7df8f}F, g]=O=;+= tyf k'=s]= ljefu . kf08]o, /fhanL -!(&*_, lxGb' wd{sf]z pQ/ k|b]z, lx=;+= lx= ;ldlt k|efu . kf08]o, /fdgf/fo0f bQ zf:qL -@)%#_, dxfef/t, uf]/vk'/, uf]ljGb ejg sfof{no . dgL, a]tfd, -!((#_, kf}/fl0fs Og;fOSnf]k]l8of, lbNnL, df]tLnfn agf/;L bf; . aghL{, hLt]Gb| gfy -!(%^_, b 8]enkd]G6 ckm lxGb' cfOsgf]u|fkmL, lbNnL, d'G;L /fd dgf]x/ nfn . >Ljf:tj, an/fd, -@)@!_, ¿kd08g, af/f0f;L, df]tLnfn agf/;L bf; . /fj, 6L=P= uf]kLgfy -!(*%_, Ond]G6\; ckm lxGb' cfOsgf]uf| kmL, ef]=II , lbNnL, df]tLnfn agf/;L bf; . hf]zL, xl//fd, -@)$)_, lxGb' b]jL b]jtf, sf7df8f}F, ;"rgf ljefu .

∗∗∗

k|1 f MM 66

bz{g zf:qLo cWoog

of1jNSo Clifsf] bfz{lgs JolStTj — 8f= cfdf]bjw{g sf}l08GGofog != of1jNSosf] s'n / b]z j}lbs dGqb|i6f tyf dGqf]kb]i6f Clifx?df of1jNSosf] ljlzi6 :yfg 5 . oL Clif 7'nf 1fgL tyf bfz{lgs lyP . k'/f0fdf lognfO{ a|XdfhLsf] cjtf/ klg elgPsf] 5 . ljZjfldq Clifsf j+zh of1jNSosf lktf rf/fo0f, b]j/ft, a|Xd/ft, o1jNs, jfh;lg OToflb cg]s gfdn] k|l;4 lyP . o1jNssf 5f]/f ePsfn] of1jNSo / jfh;lgsf 5f]/f ePsfn] jfh;g]o gfdn] oL Clif k|l;4 eP . logsL dftfsf] gfd ;' g Gbf lyof] . of1jNSosf] cWoog ef/tsf] ;f} / fi6« s f] rdTsf/k'/df cyjf j[4gu/df ePsf] lyof] eGg] pNn]v :sGb k'/f0fsf] gfu/ v08df kfOG51 . clxn] of] :yfg u'h/ftdf kb{5 / a8 gu/sf gfdn] k|l;4 5 . lsGt' ha of1jNSo ldlynfdf cfP/ /fhlif{ hgssf cfWoflTds u'? eP ta ldlynfd} a:g yfn] . To;}n] pgsf] sd{ynf] ldlynf g} xf] eGg]df s'g} ;Gb]x 5}g . of1jNSo:d[ltsf]— ldlynf:yM ; of]uLGb|M If0f+ WofTjf˜a|jLg\ d'gLg\ !.@_ eGg] Znf]saf6 klg of1jNSosf] jf;:yfg ldlynf g} /x]sf] s'/f :ki6 x'G5 . o;}sf cfwf/df xf]nf s;} s;}n] pgnfO{ ldlynfd} hGd]sf klg eg]sf 5g\ . ;fy} ldlynfsf] k|dv ' gu/L hgsk'/ xfn g]kfndf kg]{ x'bF f of1jNSo ClifnfO{ s;}s;}n] g] k fnL eg] s f] klg kfOG5 . h] eP klg of1jNSoaf6 pkb]z ul/Psf] z'Sn oh'jb{] sf] Pp6f zfvf dfWolGbgLo zfvfsf cWo]tf lxdjt\ v08

lgjf;L g]kfnL cfo{ a|fXd0fx?n] of1jNSonfO{ cfk\mgf zfvfu'? ePsfn] a8f] cfb/sf ;fy :d/0f ug'{kg]{ / pgsf] of]ubfgnfO{ cIf'00f /fVg'kg]{ b]lvG5 . @= j]bsf] dxTTj / lj:tf/ j}lbs ;gftg j0ff{>d lxGb" wd{sf cg'ofoL cfo{x?sf lglDt j]b k/d kljq, cToGt dxTTjk"0f{ / ;j{dfGo u|Gy xf] . wd{sf ljifodf t j]bsf] ljwfg g} ;j{yf dfGo / k/d k|df0f x'G5 . CUj]b, oh'jb{] , ;fdj]b / cyj{jb] u/L rf/ k|sf/df ljeSt j]bjfª\dosf] rrf{–kl/rrf{ / cg';Gwfg lxhf]cfh ef/t / g]kfndf dfq x}g clkt' ;+;f/el/ g} e}/x]sf] cj:yf 5 . j]b d'Vo ¿kdf dGq / a|fXd0f efudf ljeSt 5g\ . a|fXd0fleq klg k|foM a|fXd0f, cf/0os / pklgifb\ eGg] ljefu /x]sf] b]lvG5 . @=! oh'jb{] sf b'O{ k|sf/ oh'jb{] sf b'O{ k|sf/ 5g\— s[i0foh'jb{] / z'Sn oh'jb{] . o; ;DaGwdf Pp6f cfVofg ljleGg k'/f0fx?df / dxfef/tdf plNnlvt 52 . tbg';f/ Jof;sf lzio j}zDkfogn] cfk\mgf ef~hf of1jNSo ;lxt cg]s lziox?nfO{ oh'jb{] k9fPsf lyP .

Ps lbg s' g } sf/0fn] u' ? j} z DkfognfO{ a|XdxTofsf] bf]if nfUg uof] . To;sf] k|folZrQ ug{ pgn] cfk\mgf lziox?nfO{ c/fP . t/ of1jNSon] u'?sf lglDt cfk"m PSn}n] k|folZrQ

; r lkqf kl/ToStf] e|ddf0f:tt:ttM . rdTsf/k'/+ k|fKtM zfsNof] oq lti7lt ..— :sGbk'/f0f, gfu/v08 @&*.@@. ji0f'k'/f0f ##.%.!—@(, 2= a|Xdf08k'/f0f !.#%.!$—#), >Ldb\efujt !@.^.^!—&$, jfo'k'/f0f !.^!.%.—@^, lji0f' dxfef/t, zflGtkj{ #!*.!—@%, OToflb .

1=

k|1 f MM 67

u/L lbg] s'/f atfP . o;af6 j]bfWofoL cGo lziosf] ckdfg ePsf] dfgL] u'? j}zDkfogn] of1jNSol;t l/;fP/ cfk"mn] k9fPsf] oh'j]{b pgl;t lkmtf{ dfu] . ta of1jNSon] of]uanåf/f k9]sf oh'dG{ qx?nfO{ d"t{ ¿k lbP/ cf]snL lbP . u'?sf] cf1fg';f/ c¿ lzion] ltlQl/ -ltqf_ kIfLsf] ¿k wf/0f u/]/ tL cf]slnPsf dGqx?sf] ;ª\ux| 0f u/] . To; sf/0f pSt dGqx?sf] ;ª\ux| sf] gfd t}lQ/Lo–;+lxtf x'g uof] . cf]slnPsf plR5i6 dGqx?sf] ;ª\ux| x'gfn] To;nfO{ s[i0f oh'jb{] elgof] . #= of1jNSoåf/f z'Sn oh'jb{] sf] k|flKt of1jNSon] rflxF 7'nf tk:ofn] eujfg\ cflbTosf] cf/fwgf u/]/ pgaf6 kl/z'4 oh'jb{] k|fKt u/], h;nfO{ z'Sn oh'jb{] elgof]3 . To;kl5 of1jNSon] dfWolGbg, s0j OToflb kGw| lzionfO{ z'Sn oh'jb{] k9fP . ToxLFaf6 z'Sn oh'jb{] sf dfWolGbgLo, sf0j, hfafn, af} w ] o , zfk] o , tfkfogLo, skf]n, kf}08«jT;, cfjl6s, k/dfjl6s, kf/fz/, j}gw]o, ufnj, sfTofog / a}hjfk gfdsf kGw| zfvfx?4 k}mlnP eGg] cfVofg 5 . clxn] z'Sn oh'jb{] sf dfWolGbgLo / sf0j zfvf dfq d'Votof pknAw 5g\ . o; k|sf/ z'Sn oh'jb{] sf ;a} zfvf cflbTo ;Dk|bfoaf6 cfPsf x'g\ / Clif of1jNSosf dfWodaf6 xfdLnfO{ k|fKt ePsf x' g \ . To;} n ] of1jNSo g} z' S n oh' j ] { b sf dGq;+lxtfsf / a|fXd0fu|Gy ztky a|fXd0fsf klg pkb]i6f Clif x'g\ . dfWolGbgLo ;+lxtfsf] / sf0j ;+lxtfsf] $) cf}F cWofo O{zfjf:of]klgifb\ ePsfn] / dfWolGbgLo ztkya|fXd0fsf] !$ cf}F -sf0j ztkya| f Xd0fsf] !& cf} F _ sf08df a[xbf/0osf]klgifb\ ePsfn] sd{sf08 / 1fgsf08 b'js } f] k|;f/df of1jNSosf] dxTTjk"0f{ of]ubfg /x]sf] b]lvG5 . pSt u|Gyx?sf] ljleGg k|frLg JofVoftfx?n] ;+:s[t efiffdf u/]sf JofVof /

cfw'lgs JolStx?n] lxGbL tyf cª\uh ]| L efiffdf u/]sf cg'jfb clxn] pknAw 5g\ . jfh;g]o of1jNSoåf/f pkb]z ul/Psf j]bsf cWo]tf jfh;g]oL elgG5g\, ltgn] To;/L k9]sf z'Sn oh'jb{] sf dGq ;+lxtfnfO{ jfh;g]lo–;+lxtf klg elgG5 . kl08t slj/fh pdfgfy cfrfo{n] !(%&—@)!&_ cfk\mgf] ;+lxtf;f/jfª\doL eGg] zf:q sfJosf] ;To;jgsf08df -Znf]=#_ ;"os { f] cf/fwgf u/]/ pgaf6 z'Sn oh'jb{] sf dGqx? k|fKt ug]{ zfvfu'? Clif of1jNSosf] j0f{g o;/L ug'e { Psf] 5— ;Gtf]liftfb\ lbgd0f]¿knAwjfg\ oM z'Sn+ oh'M ;'kl/d[i6doftofdd\ . zfvfu'?+ td[lifof]lud'lgk|hi' 6+ >Lof1jNSodxdfsno] ljlzi6d\ ..5 s[ i 0foh' j ] { b df dGqefu / a| f Xd0fefu 5Øf;ld; eP/ /x]sf 5g\ eg] z'Sn oh'jb{] df rflxF dGq / a|fXd0f d'Vo ¿kdf cnu–cnu 5g\ . s[i0f oh'jb{] eGbf z'Sn oh'jb{] 5l/tf] klg 5 . oxL g} oL b'O{ j]bsf larsf] d'Vo e]b xf] . $= of1jNSosf] bfz{lgs JolStTj ztkya|fXd0fcGtu{t kg]{ a[xbf/0osf]klgifb\df Clif of1jNSosf] ljåQf / bfz{lgs JolStTj k|:k'ml6t ePsf] b]lvG5 . ToxfF of1jNSosf] gfd jf/+jf/ cg]s :yfgdf cfPsf] 5 . Ps k6s ljb]x/fh hgsn] w]/} blIf0ff lbOg] ax'blIf0f_ o1 u/]sf lyP . To; j]nf ToxfF s'? b]zsf / k~rfn b]zsf ljåfg\ a|fXd0fx? hDdf ePsf lyP . logLx?sf cufl8 /fhf hgsn] b'j} l;ªdf bz– bz kfb -bz–bz tf]nfhlt_ ;'g afFlwPsf !))) ufO{ NofP/ tkfO{ F x ?dWo] h;n] cfk" m nfO{ cg"rfgtd ->]i7td j]b1_ 7fGg'xG' 5, pxfFn] oL ufO{x? n}hfg'xf];\ egL 3f]if0ff u/] . t/ c¿ a|fXd0f s;}n] klg cfk"mnfO{ >]i7td j]b1 eg]/ bfjL ug{ ;s]gg\ . of1jNSon] rflxF hgssf]

3= cflbTofgLdflg z'Snflg oh"l+ if jfh;g]og] of1jNSo]gfVofoGt] . dfWolGbgLo ztkya|fXd0f !$.(.$.##, sf0j a[xbf/0osf]klgifb\ ^.%.#.

—dfWolGbgLo 4= b|i6Jo— sftLor/0fJo"x, oh'jb{] v08, k[=^%, zf}gsLor/0fJo"x;"q, oh'j]{bv08, k[=#@ .

5= b|i6Jo— x}djtL, jif{ !, cª\s !, @)#! .

k|1 f MM 68

3f]if0ff ;'gk] l5 cfk\mgf ;fd>jf gfdsf lzionfO{ tL ufO{x? 3/ n}hfg cfb]z lbP . o;af6 c¿ a|fXd0fx? q'm4 eP . To;kl5 hgssf ClTjs\ xf]tf cZjnn] of1jNSonfO{ æoxfF pkl:yt oltsf a|fXd0fx?dWo] tkfO{+ cfk"mnfO{ dfq pTs[i6 j]b1 s;/L ;lDemg'xG' 5 <Æ egL k|Zg u/] . o;sf] pQ/df of1jNSon] æxfdL j]b1 a|fXd0fnfO{ gd:sf/ u5f},+{ clxn] xfdLnfO{ ufO{sf] OR5f dfq 5Æ eg]6 . clg k|Zgf]Q/ k|f/De eof] . of1jNSonfO{ cZjn, h/Tsf? uf]qLo cft{efu, nXosf gflt e'Ho' nfXofolg, rqmsf 5f]/f pif:t rfqmfo0f, s'ifLtssf 5f]/f sxf]n-8_ sf}ifLts]o, jrSg'sL 5f]/L ufuL{ jfrSgjL, c?0fsf 5f]/f p2fns cf?l0f OToflb ljåfg\x?n] bfz{lgs k|Zgx? u/]7 . k|Zgf]Q/sf qmddf ljifo ;"Idt/ / uxgt/ x'bF } uof] . ufuL{ n ] cd' s j:t' s] d f cf] t k| f ] t -k}mlnPsf]÷cg':o"t_ 5 < eGg] k|Zgx? ub}{ hfFbf ;a}sf] sf/0fe"t a|Xdnf]s s]df cf]tk|ft] 5 < eGg] klg k|Zg ul/g\ . of] ;'g/] of1jNSon] æh'g k/b]jtfsf ljifodf k|Zg ug}{ ldNb}g To;sf ljifodf

k|Zg u/]/ ltdLn] ;Ldf gf£of}, ltd|f] lz/ v:nf, ca k|Zg gu/Æ8 eg] . a|Xdsf] klg sf/0f atfpg t s'g} klg bfz{lgs jf tfls{sn] g;Sg] x'bF f of1jNSosf] pSt lgif]w plrt g} b]lvG5 . To;kl5 csf{ k|Zgstf{ p2fnssf] lh1f;f of1jNSon] zfGt u/] . To;kl5 k'gM ufuL{n] of1jNSol;t b'O{ k|Zg ;f]lwg\ / To;sf] pQ/af6 pgL ;Gt'i6 eOg\ eGg] k|;ª\u klg ToxfF plNnlvt 5 . cGTodf ufuL{n] ToxfF pkl:yt ljåfg\ a|fXd0fx?nfO{ ætkfO{xF ?dWo] s;}n] klg j]b1fgdf of1jNSonfO{ lhTg ;Sg'xG' gÆ eGg] lgisif{ ;'gfOg\9 . o; s'/fdf lrQ ga'emfP/ of1jNSonfO{ k|Zg ub}{ hfg] zsnsf 5f]/f ljbUw zfsNosf] rflxF cGTodf k/fho / ljgfz klg eof]10 . To;kl5 pkl:yt ljåfg\ a|fXd0fx?nfO{ of1jNSon] ;f]w— ] ædl;t cem} s;}n] s'g} k|Zg ;f]Wg rfxG5 < cyjf cfk"mnfO{ of1jNSon] s'g} k|Zg ;f]lwlbP x'GYof] egL 7fGb5 <Æ lsGt' of1jNSonfO{ pQ/ lbg s;}n] klg ;fx; u/]g11 . o;k|sf/ of1jNSo g} ;j{>i] 7 j]b1 / bfz{lgs 7xl/P .

6= hgsf] x j}b]xf] ax'blIf0f]g o1]g]h] tq x s'¿k~rfnfgf+ a|fx\d0ff cle;d]tf ae"j':t:o x hgs:o j}b]x:o ljlh1f;f ae"j sM l:jb]iff+ a|fx\d0ffgfdg"rfgtd Olt ; x ujf+ ;x;|dj?/f]w bzbz kfbf Ps}s:ofM z[ª\uof]/fa4f ae"j'M .. tfg\ xf]jfr a|fx\d0ff eujGtf] of] jf] a|x\ldi7M ; Ptf uf pbhtfldlt . t] x a|fx\d0ff g bw[if'/y x of1jNSoM :jd]j a|xd \ rfl/0fd'jfr}tfM ;f]Dof]bh ;fd>jf# Olt tf xf]bfrsf/ t] x a|fx\d0ffZr'qm' w'M sy+ gf] a|xl\ di7f] a|j' Lt]Toy x hgs:o j}bx] :o xf]tf˜Zjnf] ae"j ; x}g+ kk|R5 Tj+ g' vn' gf] of1jNSo a|xl\ di7f]˜;L# Olt ; xf]jfr gdf] jo+ a|xl\ di7fo s'df]{ uf]sfdf Pj jo+ :d Olt t+ x tt Pj k|i6'+ bw]| xf]tf˜ZjnM ..— sf0j a[xbf/0osf]klgifb\ #.!.!–@, dfWolGbgLo ztkya|fXd0f !$.^.!.!–$.

7= cy x hgs:o j}bx] :o xf]tf˜Zjnf] ae"j ; x}g+ kk|R5======of1jNSo]lt xf]jfr=====cy x}g+ hf/Tsf/j cft{efuM kk|R5= of1jNSo]lt xf]jfr=======cy x}g+ e'Ho'nf{XofolgM kk|R5= of1jNSo]lt xf]jfr======= cy x}g+ pif:tZrfqmfo0fM kk|R5= of1jNSo]lt xf]jfr======= cy x}g+ sxf]nM-8M_ sf}ifLts]oM kk|R5= of1jNSo]lt xf]jfr======= cy x}g+ ufuL{ jfrSgjL kk|R5= of1jNSo]lt xf]jfr=== cy x}gd'bb\ fns cf?l0fM kk|R5 of1jNSo]lt xf]jfr========.— sf=a[=p= #.!.@—#.&.@#, df=z=a|f= !$.^.!.$—!$.^.&.#!.

8= sl:dGg' vn' a|Xdnf]sf cf]tfZr k|f]tfZr]lt ; xf]jfr uflu{ df˜ltk|fIfLdf{ t] d"wf{ JokKtbgltk|ZGof+ j} b]jtfdltk[R5l; uflu{ df˜ltk|fIfLl/lt ttf] x ufuL{ jfrSgJo'k//fd ..— sf=a[=p= #.^.!, df=z=a|f= !$.^.%.!.

9= cy x jfrSgJo'jfr a|fXd0ff eujGtf] xGtfxldd+ åf} k|Zgf} k|Iofld tf} r]Gd] jIolt g hft' o'idfsldd+ slZrb\ a|Xdf]B+ h]tl] t k[R5 ufuL{lt ..======;f xf]jfr a|fXd0ff eujGt:tb]j ax' dGo]Wj+ ob:dfGgd:sf/]0f — sf=a[=p= #.*.!—!@, d'Ro]Wj+ g j} hft' o'idfsldd+ slZrb\ a|Xdf]B+ h]tl] t ttf] x jfrSgJo'k//fd ..— df=z=a|f= !$.^.*.!—!@.

10= cy x}g+ ljbUwM zfsNoM kk|R5= slt b]jf of1jNSo]lt======..=====t+ Tjf}klgifb+ k'?if+ k[R5fld t+ r]Gd] g ljjIol; d"wf{ t] ljkltiotLlt . t+ x g d]g] zfsNo:t:o x d"wf{ ljkkft=======..— sf=a[=p= #.(.!—@^, df=z=a|f= !$.^.(.!—@*.

11= cy xf]jfr a|fXd0ff eujGtf] of] jM sfdot] ; df k[R5t' ;j]{ jf df k[R5t of] jM sfdot] t+ jM k[R5fld ;jf{g\ jf jM k[R5fdLlt t] x a|fXd0ff g bw[if'M ..— sf=a[=p= #.(.@&, df=z=a|f= !$.^.(.@(.

k|1 f MM 69

%= of1jNSoåf/f hgsnfO{ cfTd1fgsf] pkb]z ztkya| f Xd0fsf] cyjf a[xbf/0osf]klgifb\sf] csf]{ Ps k|;ª\udf ;d|f6\ hgssxfF k' u ] s f of1jNSol;t hgs cfTd1fg;Da4 k|Zgx? u5{g\ / of1jNSoaf6 tL k|Zgsf] pQ/ k|fKt u/]/ cfTdfsf] :jk|sfzTj / c;ª\uTj a'emL pgL a|Xd1fgL x'G5g\ eGg] s'/f plNnlvt 512 .

To; pkb]zsf] lgisif{ o; k|sf/sf] 5— of] cfTdf h;/L :jKg / hful/t :yfgdf cfpg]–hfg] ub{5, To;} u/L o; nf]sdf / k/nf]sdf cfpg]–hfg] ub{5 . k/nf]sdf jf b]xfGt/df cyf{t\ d/0fsf ;dodf of] cfTdf h'g dfu{n] cfPsf] lyof] ToxL dfu{af6 o; b]xnfO{ 5f8]/ hfG5 . ha cfTdf b]x 5f8]/ hfg tof/ x'G5, Toltv]/ ;Dk"0f{ jfs\ cflb k|f0fx? cfTdfsf] glhs Pslqt x'G5g\ . clg cfTdf z/L/af6 lg:sFbf d'Vo k|f0f cfTdfsf] kl5 nfU5, c¿ jfs\ cflb k|f0fx? d'Vo k|f0fsf] kl5 nfU5g\ . o;/L cfTdf b]xfGt/sf nflu hfFbf 1fg, sd{ / jf;gf klg ;Fu} hfG5g\ . ltg} sd{ cflbsf cfwf/df cfTdfn] ljleGg k|sf/sf z/L/ u|x0f ub{5 . cfk\mgf] sd{ cg';f/ ljleGg nf]s k|fKt u/]sfx? sd{Ifo ePkl5 k'gM o; nf]sdf g} sd{ ug{sf nflu cfpF5g\ . t/ hf] sfdgf /lxt cfTdsfd a|XdfTd 1fgL 5, pm o; nf]saf6 nf]sfGt/df kmnef]u ug{ hfFbg} , To;}n] To;sf k|f0fx?

b]xaf6 lg:sFbg} g\, Tof] cfTdfn] a|Xd g} k|fKt ub{5 . a|Xd k|fKt ug'{ eg]sf] s'g} ck|fKt j:t' k|fKt ug'{ xf]Og . lsgeg] hLjfTdf jf:tjdf a|Xd¿k g} xf], cljBfåf/f g} pm hLj¿k b]lvPsf] xf], ha cljBfsf] gfz x'G5 ta p;sf] hLjTjefjsf] lgj[lQ x'G5 / a|Xd¿k aGb5 .— obf ;j]{ k|dR' oGt] sfdf o]˜:o x[lb l>tfM . cy dTof]˜{ d[tf] ejToq a|Xd ;dZg't] ..13 cyf{t\ ha x[bodf /x]sf ;Dk"0f{ jf;gfx?af6 dg'io d'St x'G5, ta pm cd[t x'G5 / p;n] a|Xd k|fKt ub{5 . pSt k|sf/sf] s'/f a'em] sf] JolSt afXo / cfEoGt/ OlGb|onfO{ ;+oldt u/]/, ;Dk"0f{ rfxgfaf6 d'St eP/, ;'vb'Mvflb ;xg ug{ ;Sg] eP/, Psfu|lrQ e} cfk"mdf g} cfTdfnfO{ b]Vb5, ;a}df cfk"mnfO{ b]Vb5, To:tf JolStnfO{ kfk k|fKt x'bF g} , p;n] kfknfO{ kf/ ub{5, p;nfO{ kfkn] tfk lbFbg} , lsGt' kfknfO{ g} p;n] e:d ub{5, pSt k|sf/sf] JolSt wdf{˜wd{/lxt, lgisfd / ;+zo/lxt e} a|fXd0f x'G5, cyf{t\ a|Xd¿kdf g} l:yt x'G5, a|Xdnf]s oxL xf], x] ;d|f6\ -hgs_, ltdL klg o;df k|fKt u/fOPsf 5f} . o;/L a|Xd efjdf k'¥ofOPsf hgs of1jNSonfO{ æljb]x b]z oxfFnfO{ ck{0f ub{5' / cfk"mnfO{ klg oxfFsf] ;]jfsf nflu 6S|ØfpF5Æ' eGb5g\14 . o;k|sf/ a[xbf/0osf]klgifb\df hgs /

12= hgs+ x j}bx] + of1jNSof] hufd ; d]g] g jlbio OToy x oHhgsZr j}bx] f] of1jNSoZrf˜lUgxf]q] ;d"bft] t:d} x of1jNSof] j/+ bbf} ; x sfdk|Zgd]j jj|] t+ xf˜:d} bbf} t+ x ;d|f8]j k"j+{ kk|R5 ..$.#.!.. ======= std cfTd]lt of]˜o+ lj1fgdoM k|f0f]if' x[BGtHof]{ltM k'?ifM ; ;dfgM ;Gg'ef} nf]sfjg';~r/lt WofotLj n]nfotLj ====..$.#.&..==== t:o jf Pt:o k'?if:o å] Pj :yfg] ejt Ob+ r k/nf]s:yfg+ r ;GWo+ t[tLo+ :jKg:yfg+ =======..$.#.(.. ==== t:o x}t:o x[bo:of˜u|+ k|Bf]tt] t]g k|Bf]tg] i} f cfTdf lgiqmfdlt rIf'i6f] jf d"Wgf]{ jf˜Go]Eof] jf z/L/b]z]Eo:td'TqmfdGt+ k|f0ff]˜g"Tqmfdlt k|f0fdg"TqmfdGt+ ;j]{ k|f0ff cg"TqmfdlGt ;lj1fgf] ejlt ;lj1fgd]jf˜Gjjqmfdlt . t+ ljBfsd{0fL ;dGjf/e]t] k"jk{ 1| f r ..$.$.@.. ==== Pjd]jf˜odfTd]b+ z/L/+ lgxTof˜ljBf+ udloTjf˜Gog\ gjt/+ sNof0ft/+ ¿k+ s'?t] lkq\o+ jf ufGwj{+ jf b}j+ jf k|fhfkTo+ jf a|fx\d+ jf˜Go]iff+ jf e"tfgfd\ ..$.$.$.. ==== oyfsf/L oyfrf/L tyf ejlt ;fw'sf/L ;fw'e{jlt kfksf/L kfkf] ejlt k'0oM k'0o]g sd{ 0 ff ejlt kfkM kfk] g . =====..$.$.%..=====t:dfn\ nf] s ft\ k' g /} T o:d} nf] s fo sd{ 0 f Olt g' sfdodfgf]˜yf˜sfdodfgf] of]˜sfdf] lgisfd cfKtsfd cfTdsfdf] g t:o k|f0ff pTqmfdlGt a|x\d}j ;g\ a|x\df˜Ko]lt ..$.$.^..========== sf=a[=p= $.#.!—$.$.@%, df=z=a|f= !$.&.!.!—!$.&.@.#!. df=z=a| f= !$.&.@.(, sf=a[=p= 13= p=$.$.& .

14= t:dfb]jl+ jR5fGtf] bfGt pk/tl:tltIf'M ;dflxtf] e"Tjf˜˜TdGo]jf˜˜Tdfg+ kZolt ;j{dfTdfg+ kZolt g}g+ kfKdf t/lt ;j{+ kfKdfg+ t/lt g}g+ kfKdf tklt ;j{+ kfKdfg+ tklt ljkfkf] lj/hf]˜ljlrlsT;f] a|fx\d0ff] ejTo]if a|x\dnf]sM ;d|f8]g+ k|flktf]˜;Llt xf]jfr of1jNSoM ;f]˜x+ eujt] ljb]xfg\ bbfld df+ rf˜lk ;x bf:ofo]lt .. sf=a[=p= $.$.@#, df=z=a|f= !$.&.@.@*—!$.&.@.#).

k|1 f MM 70

of1jNSosf] ;+jfbåf/f cfTd1fgsf] clwsf/L x'g cfTd1fg k|lt slt >4f / ;dk{0fefj rflxG5 eGg] s'/f;d]t emNsfO{ cfTd1fgsf] ljifo k|ltkflbt ul/Psf] 5 . ToxfF a|Xdsf] :j¿k, a|Xd1fgsf ;fwg, a|Xd1fg gubf{ x'g] xflg, a|Xd1fgsf] kmn OToflbsf ljifodf :ki6 / lj:t[t ¿kdf k|ltkfbg ul/Psf] 5 . ^= of1jNSo / d}qo] Lsf] cfTd1fgljifos ;+jfb ztkya|fXd0fs} cyjf a[xbf/0osf]klgifb\s} csf]{ Ps k|;ª\udf of1jNSon]] cfk\mgL kTgL d}qo] Ll;t u/]sf] dxTTjk"0f{ ;+jfb k|:t't ul/Psf] 515 . To;sf] ljj/0f o;k|sf/sf] 5— of1jNSosf b'O{ kTgL lyP d}qo] L / sfTofogL . tLdWo] d}qo] L a|XdjflbgL -j]b–j]bfª\uflb zf:q k9\gj] fnL_ lyOg\ eg] sfTofogL ;fwf/0f :qL:jefjsL lyOg\ . of1jNSon] cfk"ml;t /x]sf] ;DklQ b'O{ kTgLnfO{ afFl8lbP/ cfk"m k|jl| ht x'g] s'/f d}qo] LnfO{ ;'gfP . of] s'/f ;'g/] ljb'ifL d}qo] L ;f]Wbl5g\— æeujg\, wgwfGon] kl/k"0f{ ePsf] ;f/f k[YjL d}n] kfPF eg] To;af6 s] d cd/ x'g kfpFnf <Æ o;sf] pQ/df of1jNSon] ækfpFlbgf}, ;fwg;DkGg JolStsf] hLjg h:tf] x'G5, To:t} ltd|f] klg x'G5, wgwfGon] cd/tfsf] cfzf ug{ t ;lsFbg} Æ eg]kl5 d}qo] L k'gM eGbl5g\— æh'g j:t'n] d cd/ x'g ;lSbg, To;åf/f d}n] s] ug]{ < t;y{ h'g s'/fn] d cd/ x'g ;S5', ToxL s'/f dnfO{ atfpg'xf];Æ\ . d}qo] Lsf o; s'/faf6 of1jNSo cToGt k|;Gg eP / pgnfO{ cfTdfsf ljifodf atfP— ækltsf] k|of]hgsf lglDt klt lk|o x'g] x}g, cfk\mg}

k|of]hgsf lglDt klt lk|o x'g] xf], kTgLsf] k|of]hgsf lglDt kTgL Kof/L x'g] x}g, cfk\mg} k|of]hgsf lglDt kTgL Kof/L x'g] xf], k'qx?sf] k|of]hgsf lglDt k'q lk|o x'g] x}gg\, cfk\mg} k|of]hgsf lglDt k'q lk|o x'g] x'g,\ wg;DklQsf] k|of]hgsf lglDt wg;DklQ lk|o x'g] x}g, cfk\mg} k|of]hgsf lglDt wg;DklQ lk|o x'g] xf]Æ OToflb eGb} w]/} b[i6fGt lbP/ ;a}nfO{ clt g} lk|o nfUg] To; cfk"mnfO{ cfTdfnfO{_ lrGg'k5{ eg] . pgsf] dxTTjk"0f{ pkb]z jfSo of] xf]— æcfTdf jf c/] b|i6JoM >f]tJof] dGtJof] lglbWofl;tJof] d}qo] o\ fTdgf] jf c/] bz{gg] >j0f]g dTof lj1fg]gb] + ;j{+ ljlbtd\Æ16 x] d}ql] o, cfTdfnfO{ b]Vg'k5{ cyf{t\ cg'ej ug{k' 5{, ;'Gg'k5{, dgg ug'k{ 5{, Wofg ug'k{ 5{ . cfTdfnfO{ b]vk] l5, ;'gk] l5, dgg u/]kl5 / hfg]kl5 ;Dk"0f{ tTTj hflgG5_ . of1jNSon] ljleGg s'/fx? b]vfP/ tyf a'emfP/ d}qo] LnfO{ cfTd1fgsf] pkb]z lbP clg cfk"m k|jl| ht eP . o;k|sf/ of1jNSo k]ml/ klg cfk"m j]bljBfdf kf/ª\ut 1fgL bfz{lgssf ¿kdf nf]s;dIf b]lvP . &= of1jNSoåf/f pklbi6 :d[lt of1jNSos} s[ l tsf ¿kdf ljleGg n]vsx?af6 plNnlvt of1jNSo:d[ltrflxF pgsf] s[lt geP/ pgs} pkb]zsf cfwf/df pgs} lzio– k|lzio k/Dk/fsf s'g} lzioåf/f ;ª\ux[ Lt s[lt ePsf] s' / f of1jNSo:d[ l tsf JofVoftf lj1fg] Z j/sf] pNn] v af6 17 a' l emG5 . of1jNSo:d[ltsf] ljZj¿kåf/f /lrPsf] afnqmL8f

15= cy x of1jNSo:o å] efo]{ ae"jt'dq{} o] L r sfTofogL r tof]x{ d}qo] L a|XdjflbgL ae"j :qLk|1j} tlx{ sfTofoGoy x of1jNSof]˜Gob\ j[Qd'kfsl/iog\ .. d}qo] Llt xf]jfr of1jNSoM k|jl| hiog\ jf c/]˜xd:dft\ :yfgfbl:d xGt t]˜gof sfTofoGof˜Gt+ s/jf0fLlt .. ;f xf]jfr d}qo] L oGg' d Oo+ euf]M ;jf{ k[lyjL ljQ]g k"0ff{ :oft\ :of+ Gjx+ t]gf˜d[tf˜˜xf]# g]lt g]lt xf]jfr of1jNSof] oy}jf]ks/0fjtf+ hLljt+ ty}j t] hLljt+ :ofbd[tTj:o t' gf˜˜zf˜l:t ljQ]gl] t .. ;f xf]jfr d}qo] L o]gf˜x+ gf˜d[tf :of+ lsdx+ t]g s'of{+ ob]j eujfg\ j]b tb]j d] a|x" Llt .. ; xf]jfr of1jNSoM lk|of j} vn' gf] ejtL ;tL lk|odj[w4Gt tlx{ ejTo]tb\ JofVof:ofld t] JofrIff0f:o t' d] lglbWof;:j]lt .. ; xf]jfr g jf c/] kTo'M sfdfo kltM lk|of] ejTofTdg:t' sfdfo kltM lk|of] ejlt . g jf c/] hfofo} sfdfo hfof lk|of ejTofTdg:t' sfdfo hfof lk|of ejlt . g jf c/] k'qf0ff+ sfdfo k'qfM lk|of ejlGt sf=a[=p= $.%.!—!%, @.$.!—@.%.!(, df=z=a|f= ===.==== g jf c/] ljQ:o sfdfo ljQ+ lk|o+ ejlt =======..—sf=a[ !$.&.#.!—@%, !$.%.$.!—!$.%.%.!(.

16= df=z=a|f= !$.%.$.%, !$.&.#.^, sf=a[=p= @.$.%, $.%.^.

17= of1jNSolzioM slZrt\ k|Zgf]Q/¿k+ of1jNSod'lgk|0fLt+ wd{zf:q+ ;ª\lIfKo syofdf;— oyf dg'k' 0| fLt+ e[uM' . of1jNSo:d[ltsf] JofVof t:o rf˜odfBZnf]sM— . —of1jNSo:d[ JofVofsf k|f/Dedf .

k|1 f MM 71

gfdsf] csf]{ dxTTjk"0f{ JofVof klg pknAw 5 . c¿sf lglDt dg':d[lt ;a}eGbf dfGo :d[lt eP tfklg z'Sn oh'jb{] sf cWo]tfsf lglDt eg] cfk\mgf zfvfu'? of1jNSosf gfdsf] :d[lt g} ;a}eGbf dfGo x'g,] To;kl5 dfq dg':d[lt dfGo x'g] s'/f oxfF :d/0fLo 5 . ldlynfdf a;]/ pkb]z ul/Psf] eGg] pNn]v kfOPsfn] / ldlynfsf] k|dv ' gu/L hgsk'/ xfn g]kfndf kg]{ ePsfn] o; :d[ltnfO{ g]kfnsf u|Gysf/sf s[ltx?dWo] klxnf] s[lt dflgPsf] 518 . *= pk;+xf/ o;k|sf/ jfh;g]o of1jNSo j}lbs jfª\dodf

dGqf] k b] i 6f Clif, a| X d1fgL bfz{ l gs tyf :d[ltzf:qsf pkb]i6f JolStsf ¿kdf b]vf k5{g\ . cfw'lgs cg';Gwftfsf cg';f/ pgsf] ;do ljqmd ;+jt\ k|f/De x'ge ' Gbf @%)) b]lv #))) jif{ k"js { f] dflgG5 . lsGt' j}lbs jfª\do k|fu}ltxfl;s sfnsf] x'gfn] o;sf] sfnlgwf{/0f ug{ vf]Hg' Tolt ;fGble{s b]lvFbg} . h}ldgLo wd{dLdf+;fsf] l;4fGt cg';f/ t j]bdf plNnlvt JolStx? nf}lss Oltxf;sf JolSt x}gg\ / cfVoflosf klg JofVo]o ljifo ;'af]w agfpg] z}nLljz]if dfq x'g,\ ltgn] Oltxf;sf] k|ltkfbg ub}g{ g\ eGg] dflgG5 .

k|dv ' ;Gbe{uG| y z'Sn oh'j]{b;+lxtf, ;Dkfbs cd[tnfn zf:qL, lg0f{o;fu/ k|];, d'DaoL, ;g\ !(%) . ztkya|fXd0f, ;fo0fflbefio;lxt % efu_, sNof0f–d'DaoL, ;g\ !($) .

-sf0j_ a[xbf/0osf]klgifb\, zfª\s/efio;lxt, uLtfk|];, uf]/vk'/, kGw||f}F k'gd'{b|0f, @)^* . sftLor/0fJo"x, ;+:s[tJofVof;lxt, JofVoftf >Llszf]/ ld>, jf/f0f;L, ;g\ !(*% . zf}gsLor/0fJo"x;"q, dlxbf;s[tJofVof;lxt, jf/f0f;L, ;g\ !(#* . of1jNSo:d[lt, lj1fg]Zj//lrt–ldtfIf/fJofVofo'St, rf}vDaf ;+:s[t l;/Lh clkm;, jf/f0f;L, ;g\ !(^& . :sGbk'/f0f, k'gd'b{ s | gfu k|sfzs, lbNnL, ;g\ !(*^—!(() . >Ldb\efujtk'/f0f, >Lw/6Lsfo'St, df]tLnfn agf/;Lbf;, lbNnL, ;g\ !(*# . dxfef/t, gLns07s[tJofVof;lxt, lrqzfnf k|; ] , k'gf, ;g\ !(@(—!(## . ;+lxtf;f/jfª\doL, ;To;jgsf08, x}djtL, jif{ !, cª\s !, ;+:s[t cWoog ;+:yfg, lq=lj=, sf7df8f},F lj=;+= @)#! . sltkog}kfn;+:s[tu|Gysf/kl/ro, :jfb\Wofozfnfs'6'Da, sf7df08', lj=;+= @)$* . ∗∗∗

18= b|i6Jo— sltkog}kfn;+:s[tu|Gysf/kl/ro, k[= ! .

k|1 f MM 72

bz{g zf:qLo cWoog

j]bfGt;Ddt hulGdYofTjåf/f lglb{i6 k|of]hg — gf/fo0f g]kfn != bz{g kl/ro hLjgsf] ef]ufOn] pAhfPsf lh1f;fx?sf ;Defljt pQ/x? x'g\ bz{g . lbOPsf pQ/x?sf jfGsL / Ifdtfx?sf cfwf/df tL afFl8G5g\–j}lbs– cj}lbs, ;]Zj/, lg/LZj/, kf}/:To–kfZrfTo cflb e]bx?df . ;du|df tL xfd|f k"j{hx?sf b[li6 Ifdtfx? x'g,\ xfd|} lxhf]sf ts{ zlQmx? x'g,\ xfd|} k"jj{ tL{ r]tgf x'g\ . @= j]bfGt pko'Q { m e]bx? dWo] O{Zj/Lo -a|Xd_ ;Qf l:jsfg],{ j}lbs k+lQmsf] kf}/:To bz{g xf] j]bfGt . oBlk o;sf cGo s]xL /fdfg'h j]bfGt, lgDafs{ j]bfGt cflb ljlzi6 ;+1fx? klg 5g\ t/ cfB hub\u?' zÍ/frfo{åf/f k|ltkflbt zfÍ/ j]bfGt g} j]bfGtx?sf] lz/f]dl0f ePem}+ b]lvg] u/]sfn] To;sf] ;}4flGts kl/lwd} /x]/ oxfF ljj]rgf yflnPsf] 5 . #= j]bfGt l;4fGt k|ToIf, cg'dfg, pkdfg, cfud, cyf{klQ / cg'knlAw u/L 5 y/Lsf k|df0fx?af6 k|do] sf] lgisif{df k'Ug] j]bfGt cfud¿k >'ltk|df0fnfO{ ;jf{lws ;an k|df0f dfG5 . cfkm\gf] …j]bfGt ;f/Ú s[ltdf cfrfo{ ;bfgGb -of]uLGb|, !^ cf}+ zts_ n] pklgifb\nfO{ k|df0f dfGg] bz{gzf:q eg]s} j]bfGt xf]1 eg]/ n]V5g\ . km]l/, o;sf] …j]bfGtÚ eGg] gfdn] klg of] j]bdf cfl>t 5, j]blglb{i6 5 / j]bs} lgrf]8 xf] eGg] g} a'emfpF5 . != @= #= $=

j]bfGt oyfy{df cå}tsf] kIfkftL 5 . gfgfTjsf] kf/dfly{s ;Qf 5}g . b]lvg] ;Qf / ljljwtfsf] ;dfwfgsf nflu b'Oj{ 6f p;sf lgsf; 5g\— Jofjxfl/s / k|fltefl;s ;Qf . au/sf] tftf] afn'jfdf 6lNsPsf] kfgLn] ltvf{ d]6fpFbg} To;}n] To;sf] ;Qf k|fltefl;s dfq xf] . xfd|f] 3/sf] lkmN6/af6 ;fl/Psf] kfgLn] 3fF6L lehfpF5, ltvf{ d]l6G5 To;}n] To;sf] ;Qf Jofjxfl/s 5 . ;w}F /xg], gdg],{ gkm]l/g] j:t'sf] ;Qfdfq kf/dfly{s ;Qf xf] / To;}sf] gfd xf] a|Xd . cfsf/ u|x0f u/]sf hlt klg kfqx? 5g\, tL ;a}leq cfsfz afFl8Psf] k|tLt x'G5 t/ cfsfzsf] cv08tf st} 36\tg} , st} a9\bg} . a|Xd klg ;w}F pxL /xG5, pq} /xG5, hGdGg, db}g{ , km]l/Gg slQ . o;} cfzonfO{ k'li6 ub}{ j]bfGtsf] alnof] k|df0f -pklgifb\_– …a[xbf/0osf]klgifb\ rf}yf] cWofo, rt'y{ a|fXd0fsf] pGgfO{;f}F dGqdf– …oxfF gfgf eGg], cg]stf eGg] s'/f 5Fb} 5}g eg]/ dgn] ljrf/ ug}k{ 5{ . h;n] å}th:tf] b]V5, Tof] d[To'af6 d[To'd} k'U5 .2Ú eg]/ ;[li6df cg]stf b]Vg]nfO{ lgGbf u5{ . j]bfGt cå}t bz{g xf] . of] hLj / a|Dxdf Pstfsf k|df0f k|:t't u5{ . uLtfsf] …hLj d]/} c+z xf], ;gftg xf]3Ú eGg] egfO Pstfsf lglDt an xf] . 5fGbf]Uof]klgifb\n] eg]sf] …;a} df6fsf efF8fx?df df6f]dfq ;To ePh:t} ;+;f/sf] ljljwtfdf klg ToxL Psdfq ;To xf]4Ú eGg] :ki6f]lQmn] klg hLj / a|Xdsf] PstfnfO{ g} k'li6 ub{5 .

j]bfGtf] gfdf]klgifTk|df0f tb'ksf/Ll0f zf/L/s ;qfbLgL . -j]=;f=cg'aGwrg'i6oljj]s_ dg;}jfg'bi| 6Jo+ g]x gfgfl:t ls~rg . d[Tof] M ; d[To'dfKgf]lt o Ox gfg]j kZolt . -a[=p= $.$.!(_ dd}jf+zf] hLjnf]s] hLje"tM ;gftgM . -uLtf–!%–&_ oyf;f]Do}sg] d[lTk08]g ;j{d + G[ do+ lj1ft+ :ofåfrf/De0f+ ljsf/f] gfdw]o+ d[lQs]To]j ;Tod\ . 5f=p= !.!

k|1 f MM 73

t/ hlt;'s} alnof k|df0fx? h'6] klg >'lt, :d[lt, k'/f0fx? Psd'v eP klg of] xfdLn] k|ToIf b]lv/xsf] h}ljs ljljwtfn] el/Psf] ;+;f/l;t Psdfq elgPsf] …a|XdÚsf] ;DaGw s] xf] eGg] k|Zg t hfu} /xG5 . …;+;f/ eg]s} a|Xd xf]Ú eGbf a|Xdsf] kl/efiff lau|G5 / …a|Xd cs}{ xf] / ;+;f/ cs}{ xf]Ú eGbf cå}t l;4fGtn] ;xFbg} . xf], o;} df]8df cfP/ j]bfGtdf ldYofTjaf/] rrf{, k|of]u / ljj]rg yflnG5 . oxfF ljz]iftM To;} ldYofTjaf/] b]lvPsf k|dv ' ljrf/ / To;sf] k|of]hg ;dLIff ul/Fb}5 . $= ldYofTjsf] k|Zg / pknAw ljrf/x? …a|Xd ;To+ hulGdYof hLjf] a|Xd}j gfk/MÚ cyf{t–\ a|Xd ;To xf], hut\ ldYof cyf{t\ em'6f] xf] / hLj a|XdeGbf csf]{ xf]Og .Ú j]bfGtbz{gsf] lgisif{ k|:t't ug{ k|foM k|of]u x'g] of] jfSo o; bz{gsf] ;+lIfKt ;f/ xf] . oBlk o;sf] ;|ft] vf]Hg ;lsPg t/ ax'k|of]un] nf]sf]lQms} ¿k u|x0f ul/;s] s f] o; Znf] s fw{ d f ;Dk" 0 f{ j] b fGt ;d]l6Psf]df eg] zÍf /xFbg} . s]jn o;df elgPsf] hut\sf] ldYofTjsf ;DaGwdf rflxF clnslt ljj]rgf cfjZos ePsf] 5, h;sf] cefjdf xfd|f ;fd' cjl:yt o; hut\kl| t g} 3[0ff / cgf:yf hGdg] ;Defjgf 5 . k|foM To;f] x'g] u/]sf] klg 5 . ctM o; ;DaGwL k|fKt ljrf/x?nfO{ nf]s lxtdf cYof{P/ k|st[ bz{gk|ltsf] cf:yfnfO{ ;+/If0f ug'{ o; cfn]vsf] Wo]o /x]sf] 5 . k|:t't 5g\ ldYofTj ;DaGwL s]xL k|ltlglw ljrf/x? M != cfB hub\u?' zÍ/frfo{ -* cf}F zts_ j]bfGt bz{gsf] k|dv ' ;"qu|Gy …a|Xd;"qÚ sf] e"ldsf :j¿k k|df0fefiodf eG5g\— …;To / e'm6nfO{ ld;fP/ …of] dÚ / …d]/f] of]Ú eGg] nf]s Jojxf/ g};lu{s xf] .Ú5 %= ^= &= *= (= !)=

oxfF em'6f] eg]/ To;} ldYofTjtkm{ ;Í]t ul/Psf] xf] . pgL o:tf] x'gs ' f] sf/0fnfO{ cWof; eG5g\ / cWof;sf] kl/efiff o;/L lbG5g\– …;Demgfsf ¿kdf /x]sf] k"jb{ i[ 6 j:t' cGoq cyf{t\ gePsf 7fpFdf k|tLt x'g' cWof; xf] .Ú6 k|:t't k|;Ëd} …kl08tx? o:t} nIf0f ePsf] cWof;nfO{ g} cljBf klg eGb5g\Ú7 eg]/ cWof;sf] yk kl/ro lbG5g\ / k|;Ësf] cGtdf– …o; k|sf/sf] of] cflb / cGTo gePsf] ldYof k|tLlt¿k st[T{ j / ef]St[Tjsf] k|jt{s cWof; ;a} nf]ssf ;fd' g};lu{s ¿kdf k|ToIf 58 eg]/ o;} cWof;¿kL e|flGtsf sf/0f ldYof eP/ klg hut\sf] l:ylt /x]sfn] To;af6 d'lQm kfpg a|Xdsf] lh1f;f cfjZos 5 eGg] ts{ cl3 ;f5{g\ . @= csf{ cfrfo{ uf}8kfb, hf] zÍ/frfo{sf u'? uf]ljGb kfbfrfo{sf klg u'? dflgG5g\, n] cfkm\gf] k|l;4td s[lt –…uf}8kfbLo sfl/sf h;nfO{ df08"So sfl/sf klg elgG5_ df k|k~rsf] ;QfnfO{ g} lgif]w ub}{ eG5g\ M …k|k~r olb x'bF f] xf] t To;sf] lgjf/0f klg ;Dej lyof], jf:tjdf of] ;a} b]lvPsf] s'/f t dfof dfq xf], cå}t dfq kf/dfly{s xf], jf:tljs xf] .Ú9 pgsf] o; u|Gydf Pp6f cWofo 5 …j}tYo k|s/0f .Ú j}tYo zAbsf] cy{ g} tYoljxLg cyjf ldYof g} xf] . o; k|s/0fsf] klxnf] sfl/sfd} pgL eG5g\ M …:jKgfj:yfdf b]lvPsf ;Dk"0f{ kbfy{x? ldYof x'g\ egL ljåfg\x? eGb5g\ lsgls tL kbfy{x? z/L/leq ;+sl' rt gf8L k|bz ] df b]vf kb{5g\ .Ú10 pgL k'gM o;} k|s/0fsf] 5}6f}+ sfl/sfdf 9'Ss;Fu eG5g\ M …h'g j:t' ;'?df klg 5}g / cflv/Ldf klg

;Tofg[t] ldy'gLs[To cxldb+ dd]bldlt g};lu{sf]˜o+ nf]sJojxf/ M . -a|=;"=k|=ef= @_ :d[lt¿k M k/q k"jb{ i[ 6fjef; M . a|=;"=k|=ef= # td]td]j nIf0fdWof;+ kl08tf cljB]lt dGoGt] . k"jj{ t\–& Pjdodgflb/gGtf] g};lu{sf]˜Wof;f] ldYofk|Too¿k M st[T{ j ef]St[Tjk|jt{sM ;j{nf]sk|ToIf M . k"jj{ t\–!# k|k~rf] olb ljB]t lgjt]{t g ;+zoM . dfofdfqldb+ å}tdå}t+ k/dfy{tM !# .. df08"So sfl/sf !.!& j}tYo+ ;j{efjfgf+ :jKg cfx'dg{ Llif0fM . cGt:yfgfQ' efjfgf+ ;+jt[ Tj]g x]tg' f .. k"j{ @.!

k|1 f MM 74

/xFbg} , Tof] jt{dfgdf klg x'g g;Sg] ePsfn] oL c;To j:t'x? ;Toem}F b]lvPsf dfq x'g\ .Ú11 #= csf{ cfrfo{ – ;bfgGb -of] u LGb| _ …j]bfGt;f/Ú u|Gydf …cWof/f]kÚ zLif{s cGtu{t n]V5g\ M …;k{ gePsf] 8f]/Ldf ;k{sf] cf/f]kem}F j:t'df cj:t'sf] cf/f]k ug'{ cWof/f]k xf] . ;lRrbfgGb, cgGt, cåo, a|Xd j:t' xf] / c1fgflb ;Dk"0f{ h8;d"x cj:t' xf] .Ú12 oxfF elgPsf] cj:t'Tj To;} ldYofTjs} csf]{ egfO xf] . $= ldYofTjsf ;DaGwdf cem /fd| / L ulxl/Psf j]bfGt l;4fGtsf csf{ cfrfo{ x'g,\ cfrfo{ dw';b" g ;/:jtL -!^cf}+ zts_ . j]bfGt l;4fGtsf k|dv ' ltg j6f nIf0f u|GydWo] Ps …cå}t l;l4Ú dw';b" g ;/:jtLsf] cToGt k|fdfl0fs u|Gy xf] . o;df ldYofTjnfO{ a'emfpg kfFrj6f nIf0f lbOPsf] 5 . tLdWo] klxnf] xf]– != …;t\ / c;t\ eGbf ljnIf0f x'g' g} ldYofTjsf] klxrfg xf] .Ú13 em6\6 x]bf{ ldYofTjsf] of] nIf0f afem]h:tf] b]lvG5, lsgls ;To / c;TonfO{ ;;{tL{ ljk/LtfyL{ dflgG5 . ljk/LtfyL{x?df Pp6fsf] cefj x'bF f csf{sf] efj ;'lglZrt dflgG5 . t/ oxfF ;To eGgfn] s'g} klg sfndf cefj gx'g] j:t'nfO{ a'lemG5 / Tof] s]jn a|Xd dfq} x'g;S5 / c;To zAbn] Tof] slNkt j:t'nfO{ atfpF5, h;sf] ;Qf slxNo} x'bF g} ,lyPg . o; kl/efiff cg';f/ …v/fof]sf] l;ª, cfsfzk'ik, aGWofk'q cflb j:t'nfO{ c;To zAbn] a'emfpF5 . xfdLn] b]lv/x]sf] hut\df b'j} kl/efiff 3l6t x'bF g} g\, To;}n] hut\ ldYof xf] . cå}t l;l4sf/n] u/]sf] ldYofTjsf] bf];|f] nIf0f xf] M @= cfkmg\f] clws/0fdf h'g j:t' ltgj6} !!= !@= !#= !$= !%= !^= !&=

sfndf lglif4 x'G5, Tof] ldYof xf] .14 o; nIf0fsf] pbfx/0fdf dw';b" g ;/:jtLn] ;'kl| ;4 …z'lQm/htÚnfO{ k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ . h;/L ;LkLdf k|tLt ePsf] rfFbLnfO{ k|tLltsfneGbf k"j,{ clxn] / kl5 u/L ltgj6} sfndf – …lyPg, 5}g / x'g] 5}gÚ eGg ;lsG5 To;}u/L a|Xd¿k clwi7fgdf k|tLt ePsf] hut\sf] klg k[ys\ ;Qf lyPg, 5}g / x'g] 5}g eg]/ >'ltn]15 lgif]w u/]sfn] o;sf] ldYofTj l;4 x'g cfpF5 . o; qmdsf] t];f| ] nIf0f xf]– #= h'g j:t'sf] lgjf/0f 1fgaf6 x'G5 To;df ldYofTj /xG5 .16 o; nIf0fdf 1fg eGgfn] clwi7fg 1fgnfO{ a'‰g'kb{5 . h'g ;To j:t'df e|flGtjz s'g} cGo j:t'sf] cfef; x'G5, k|ltef; x'G5, To;nfO{ clwi7fg elgG5 . k"0f{ k|sfzsf] cefj / c1fgn] ubf{ 8f]/Ldf ;k{sf] e|flGt eP klg 8f]/L¿k clwi7fgsf] 1fg ePkl5 ;k{ed| sf] lgjf/0f x'G5 / …of] 8f]/L xf], ;k{ xf]OgÚ eGg] lgZro x'G5 . o;}u/L …cx+ a|Xdfl:dÚ OToflb >'ltx?åf/f clwi7fg¿k clåtLo a|Xd1fgsf] pbo ePkl5 sfo{ ;lxt c1fgsf] lgj[lQ x'G5 . ctM sfo{¿k k|k~rdf ldYofTj lglZrt eP/ k|k~r ldYof l;4 x'G5 . cå}tl;l4sf] o; qmdsf] rf}yf] nIf0f xf]– $= :jsLo cf>odf /x]sf] cToGtfefjsf] k|ltof]lutf g} ldYofTj xf] .17 o; rt'yn { If0fdf– …:j zAbn] Psflt/ z'lQm -;LkL_ df efg x'g] rfFbL / csf]l{ t/ cå}t a|Xddf c1fgtfjz b]lvg] Jofjxfl/s k|k~r b'jn } fO{ ;+st] ul/Psf] 5 . h;/L z'lQm:y /ht -rfFbL_ sf] cf>o z'lQm xf] / To;df /xg] /htsf] cToGt cefjsf] k|ltof]uL :jo+ /ht xf] . h'g j:t'sf] hxfF cefj x'G5 To; cefjsf k|lt pQm j:t'

cfbfjGt] r oGgf:tL jt{dfg]˜lk tGg lx . df=sf= @ c;k{et" fof+ /Hhf} ;kf{/f]kjb\ j:t'Goj:Tjf/f]kf]˜Wof/f]k M . ==== j]=;f= ;b;b\ ljnIf0fTj+ ldYofTjd\ . c=l;= k|ltkGgf]kfwf} q}sflnslgif]w k|ltof]luTjd\ ldYofTjd\ . -cå}tl;l4 låtLo ldYofTj_ dg;}jfg'bi| 6Jod\ g]x gfgfl:t ls~rg . a[=p= $.$.!( 1fg lgjTo{Tj+ ldYofTjd\ . -cå}tl;l4 t[=ld=_ :jf>olgi7fToGtfefjk|ltof]luTj+ ldYofTjd\ . -k"j{ r=d=_

k|1 f MM 75

k|ltof]uL x'G5 . h:tf]– snd 5}g eGof] eg] snd g} 5}g¿k cefjsf] k|ltof]uL dflgG5 . cefjsf] k|ltof]uL snd eGg' / sndsf] cefj eGg' Pp6} s'/f xf] . ;f]emf] efiffdf eGbf ;LkLdf rfFbL s'g} cj:yfdf klg 5}g eGg] o;sf] clek|fo xf] .

To;/L h'g j:t'nfO{ cToGt cefjsf] k|ltof]uL l;4 ul/G5, Tof] ldYof x'G5 . o;}u/L hut\ klg a|Xd¿k cf>odf cToGtfefjsf] k|ltof]uL x'g] ePsfn] o;sf] ldYofTj l;4 x'G5 . o; qmdsf] kfFrf}F / clGtd nIf0f xf]– %= …;t\bl] v k[ys x'g' g} ldYofTj xf] .Ú18 o; nIf0fdf k|o'Qm …;t\Ú sf] cy{– …hf] k|df0fåf/f l;4 5 / hf] bf]if/lxt oyfy{ 1fgsf] ;fwg -s/0f_ xf], ToxL ;t\ xf], Tof] g} k|df0f xf]Ú eg]/ u/]sf 5g\ . o; kl/efiff cg';f/ To:tf] lgbf]i{ f k|df0f eg]s} >'lt¿k k|df0f xf] / To; >'ltk|df0fn] ltgj6} sfndf h;sf] ;Qfsf] lj/f]w x'bF g} , To; a|XdnfO{ dfq ;t\ l;4 ub{5 . To;eGbf leGg ;Dk"0f{ ;+;f/df ;t\ 5}g, To;}n] Tof] ldYof xf] . o;/L pko'{Qm ;Dk"0f{ nIf0f, ljrf/ jf k|df0fx?n] hut\sf] ;QfnfO{ clgTo, clgj{rgLo, cljBfhGo of cWof;hlgt l;4 ub}{ s]jn a|Xdsf] dfq :yfoL -zfZjt_ ;Qf 5 eg]/ pb\3f]if ul//xFbf To;sf] k|of]hgaf/] :jtM lh1f;f x'G5 . of] ;a}n] b]lv/x]sf] hut\nfO{ ldYof elgPsf] 5, oyfy{df 5}g elgPsf] 5 …k|no pTklQ, aGwg / d'lQm, oL ;a} em'6f x'gÚ\ 19 elgFb5 } eg] cjZo klg oL egfOx?sf] k|of]hg 5, p2]Zo 5 . ctM To;}af/] oxfF lrGtg ul/Fb} 5 .

%= hulGdYofTjsf] k|of]hg j]bfGtbz{gdf Psflt/ ;[li6sf] k|lqmof atfOPsf] 5 eg] csf{tkm{ e"t–ef}lts ;[li6sf] o; ljljwtfnfO{ ldYof eg]/ lgif]w klg ul/Psf] 5 . o:tf] k|of]hgljgf cjZo ul/Psf] 5}g . hxfF pBd x'G5, ToxfF p2]Zo cjZo x'G5 . zf:qn] olt w]/} l;4fGt k|ltkfbgsf] pBd u/]sfn] To;sf] p2]Zo 5 eGg] s'/fdf ;Gb]x /xFbg} . cfrfo{ wd{/fhfWj/LGb| -!&cf}+ zts_ cfkm\gf] …j]bfGtkl/efiffÚ u|Gysf] k|of]hg kl/R5]bdf eG5g\ M s'g} j:t'nfO{ hflg;s]kl5 Tof] cfkm"nfO{ k|fKt eO/xf];\ eGg] OR5f x'g' g} 1fgsf] k|of]hg xf] . To;sf d'Vo / uf}0f u/L b'O{ k|sf/ 5g\ . tLdWo] ;'v / b'Mv b'js } f] cefj g} d'Vo k|of]hg xf] .20 lgisif{df slxNo} g;lsg] cfgGbl;t Psfsf/ x'g' g} d'lQm xf] . e]bb[li6n] cfGbf]lnt lrQnfO{ ce]bdf k|ltli7t ug'{ g} ;fwgf xf], ;fwssf] clenfiff xf] . >Ldb\efujt dxfk'/f0fn] klg o;}nfO{ k'li6 u5{ M …cGoyf efj 5f]8/] cfkm\g} ¿kdf Jojl:yt x'g' g} d'lQm xf] .Ú21 o;} cfgGbsf dfqfn] cGo k|f0fLx? hLljt /xG5g\ .22 lg/ltzo cfgGb -;'v_ a|Xd g} xf] . …cfgGb g} a|Xd xf] eg]/ hfg .23 / lj1fg cfgGb:j¿k a|Xd xf]Ú eGg] cfzosf oL >'lt k|df0fn] klg cljgfzL cfgGb k|f0fLdfqs} vf]h xf] eGg] k'li6 ub{5g\ . csf]{ Pp6f pklgifb\ dGqn] klg a|Xd¿k cfgGbnfO{ hfGg] JolQm st}af6 8/fpFbg} .24 eg]/ e]bb[li6n] eoeLt JolQm a|Xdb[li6n] lgeL{s aG5

!*= ;låljQmTj+ ldYofTjd\ . -c=l;=k=le=_ !(= g lj/f]wf] grf]TklQg{ a4f] g r ;fws M gd'dI' f'gj{ } d'Qm OTo]iff k/dfy{tf . df08"So sfl/sf, j}tYo k|s/0f–#@ @)= objut+ ;T:jj[lQto]iot] tTk|of]hgd\============== . j]=k= @!= d'lQmlxTjfGoyfefj+ :j¿k]0f Jojl:ylt . >Ldb\efujt @.!).^ @@= Pj:o}jfgGb:ofGoflg e"tflg dfqfe'khLjlGt . -a[=p= $.#.#@_ @#= …lg/ltzo+ ;'v+ r a|Xd}j . M cfgGbf] a|Xd]lt Johfgft\ .Ú -t}=p= #.^_ @$= cfgGb+ a|Xd0ff] ljåfg\ lae]lt s'tZrg . t}=p= a|XdfgGbjNnL–(–!

k|1 f MM 76

eGg] s'/fsf] ljZjf; lbnfpF5 . ctM pko'Q { m kof{nf]rgaf6 s] ;f/ lg:sG5 eg]–;fwssf] b[li6Ifdtf cg';f/ of] hut\ h'g– h'g ¿ksf] b]lvP klg of] ;w}F lj/f6\ a|Xddo dfq} /xG5 . To;}af6 ;[li6 x'G5 / pm To;}leq x'G525 eGg] s' / fn] cGo ;a} cfsf/–k| s f/sf leGgtfx?nfO{ vf/]h u5{ . o;n] j0f{, lnË, hflt, efiff, wd{ cflb e]bx?af6 dfly p7\g] pTk|/] 0ff lbG5 . cfh ;+;f/ åGåu|:t 5 eg] log} e]bb[li6x? g} To;sf sf/0fx? x'g\ . Pp6f d"n sf/0fsf] zfZjt ;Qfsf] cufl8 cGo ;a} Jofjxfl/s ;Qfjfg\ sf/0fx? ldYof x'g\ cyf{t\ e]bb[li6 e|fGtb[li6 xf] / ce]bb[li6 g} j]bfGt b[li6 xf] .

OlGb|osf ljifox?af6 kfOg] ;'v Ifl0fs ePsfn] cljgfzL tŒjl;t cfkm"nfO{ ufF;/] ;j{bf ;j{q ;db[li6sf] ljZj¿k bz{g u/fpg' g} j]bfGt bz{gsf] k/d k|of]hg xf] . o;n] hg–hgdf a|Xdb[li6, s0f–s0fdf aLhb[li6 / If0f–If0fdf lbJob[li6sf]

cg'i7fg l;sfpF5 . To;}n] cå}t b[li6sf] pbf/tf k9fpg] o; bz{gnfO{ cfrfo{ ljBf/0o -!$cf}+ zts_ n] ;j{bz{g ;+ux| df lgisif{:yfg cyf{t\ u|Gysf] cGtdf ;+ux| u/]sf 5g\ . ctM o;sf] nf]sf]kof]lutf ;jf]k{ l/ 5 . ^= cGtdf ;a} bz{gx? xfd|f k"jk{ i[ 7 x'g\ . oL dfgj dfqsf k'vf{, tk:jL ;fws Clifd'lgx?sf af}l4s JofofdhGo z' e | b [ l i6x? x' g \ . ctM oL ;fwgfk4ltx? lxhf]sf kf7zfnf / k|of]uzfnf b'j} x'g\ . cfkm\gf pQ/flwsf/Lx?nfO{ ;d'Ggt ;Eotfsf] dfu{ k|z:t ug'{ tQb\bz{gsf k|0f]tf cfrfo{x?sf] kljq Wo]o xf] . lxhf]sf tL bz{gx?k|lt ;Ddfg efj /fv]/ cWoog, dgg\, lrGtg ub}{ eljionfO{ lbzflgb]z { ug'{ jt{dfg r]tgfsf] k|wfg st{Jo xf] .

;Gbe{ u|Gy;"rL != dw';"bg ;/:jtL, cå}tl;l4 -!(&!_, jf/f0f;L M /Tgf klAns];G; . @= 5fGbf]Uof]klgifb\ . #= t}lQ/Lof]klgifb\ . $= a|Xd;"q zfÍ/efiod\ -!(*@_, jf/f0f;L M rf}vDaf ljBfejg . %= a[xbf/0osf]klgifb\ . ^= d'08sf]klgifb\ . &= df08"So sfl/sf -uf}8kfbs[t_ -@)%^_, 8f= /fdfgGb lul/ ;Dkflbt_ *= j]bfGt kl/efiff -wd{/fhfWj/LGb|s[t, @)!)_, jf/f0f;L M rf}vDaf ;+:s[t ;L/Lh clkm; . (= j]bfGt ;f/ -;bfgGb -of]uLGb|s[t_ -!(^*_, Onfxfjfb M ;'bz{g k|sfzg . !)= dxGt:jfdL -!((#_, zfÍ/j]bfGt -Oltxf; cf}/ lgaGw_ x/k|sfz, xl/åf/ !((# . !!= >Ldb\eujb\uLtf -!(**_, lbNnL M df]tLnfn jgf/;Lbf; . !@= >Ldb\efujt dxfk'/f0f -lj=;+= @)%$_, uf]/vk'/ M uLtfk|]; . ∗∗∗

@%= tT;[i6\jf tb]jfg'kf| ljzt\ . k"jj{ t\– ^–!

k|1 f MM 77

clen]v cWoog

kf}g] b'O{ ;o jif{ cl3sf] ;+:s[t kf7zfnf — k|f= lbg]z/fh kGt lnR5lj sfnsf clen]vx? h'g pRr txsf b]lvG5g\, ltgsf] cfwf/df To; a]nfsf] g]kfndf k7g kf7gsf] l:ylt /fd|f] lyof] eGg ;lsG5 . lnR5lj sfnkl5 g]kfnsf] /fhg}lts l:ylt vnalnP h:t} ljb\ofsf] If]qdf klg lnR5lj sfnsf] pRrtf /xg ;s]g . To;f] eP tfklg ljb\ofsf] If]qdf s]xL g s]xL sfd eO{ /xg] x'gfn] ljxf/x?df / 3/ 3/df u'?sf] dfWodåf/f k9fO x'GYof] . lj=;+= !(!) df k|wfgdGqL h+u axfb'/n] vf]n]sf] b/af/ :s'n c+u|]hL lzIffsf] nflu / lj=;+= !(#$ df >L # /0ff]bb\ Lk l;+xn] vf]ns ] f] /fgL kf]v/L kf7zfnf ;+:s[t lzIffsf] nflu ax' k|rfl/t ¿kdf /xL /Xof] . ;+:s[t lzIffkl§ lj=;+= !(@& sf] gf/fo0f lx6L kf7zfnf x'bF } cl3 a9]sf] cg';Gwfg lj=;+= !(@% sf] gofF kf7zfnf;Dd k'us ] f] lyof] . s]xL sfnotfsf] cg';Gwfgn] Tof] qmd lj=;+= !*(& ;Dd k'us ] f] 5 . >L % /fh]Gb| ljqmd zfxn] gf/fo0f kl08tnfO{ To; ljifodf n]vL lbPsf] kq o; k|sf/sf] 5— :jl:t >Llul//fhrqmr" 8 fdl0fg/gf/f– o0f] T oflbljljwlj?bfjnLlj/fhdfgdfgf] G gt– >LdGdxf/fhflw/fh>L>L>Ldxf/fh/fh]Gb|ljqmd– ;fxaxfb"/;D;]/h+ub]jfgf+ ;d/ljhoLgfd\—— cfu] >Lu'? k+l8t/fh >Lgf/fo0f k+l8tHo"nfO kf7;fnfsf cvTofl/ ul/aS:of}+= kf7;fnfdf /Xofsf k+l8t j}B h}l;x?nfO ljBfyL{ k9fpgnfO tfsLt ug'e { } k9fof gk9fofsf] / ljBfyL{x?n] kXof{ gkXof{sf] /f]h /f]hsf] ljrf/ ub}{ /xg'xf]nf— kf7;fnfdf ljBfyL{ k9fpGof k+l8tx?n] lbgsf !).!@ 3l8 laTofkl5 kf7;fnfdf u} k9g cfpGof ljBfyL{x?nfO{ k9fOlbg'= t]:df klg a'l4dflkms s;}nfO Ps} km]/f eGbfdf ;+emG5g\= k|1 f MM 78

s;}nfO %.& km]/f egL ;d\emfpg'k5{= t]:tfnfO{ a]; ul/ ;+emfO--- tGdg\ nufO{ k9fOlbg'= cfn6fn ul/ bLg sf6Gof pkfo dfq ul/g/xg'= %.& 3l8 lbg afls 5bf ljBfyL{x?nfO 3/df hfO kXo|fsf] kf7 3f]ls cfpbf] ug'{ e+Gof plb{ bL cfkm'n] p7g'— cl3Nnf lbg k9\ofsf] kf7 cfpbf] eof geofsf] ;f]wk'5 ul/ h;\n] tf cl3Nnf bLgsf] kf7 cfpbf] ul/ /fif]5 p;nfO bf]>f] kf7 lbg'= cl3Nnf lbgsf] tf cfpbf] eofsf] /x]g5 eGof km]l/ pb\wg| nufO cfpbf] u/fOlbg'= kl9uofsf kf7 3f]sGofsf] ofb /fift} ug'={ sf]lx ;Ab dfq} cfpbf] uGof{ x'G5g\= sf]lx cy{ dfq} l6kGof x'G5g\= P:tfnfO{ P:tfnfO ;Ab cy{ b'j} cfpbf] x'Gof thaLhl;t k9fpg'———————— j]b k9fpGofn] s+l8sf ;f/:j-/_ x|:j bL3{ Kn'tsf] thaLh aflw j]b k9fpg'———— Jofs0f{ k9Gofx?nfO zAb cy{ b'jd } f a'l4 a;Gof ul/ === Jofs0f{ k9fpg'———— Gofozf:q k9Gofx?nfO s]lx ;Ab 9]/} cyf{; + df a'l4 a;Gof thaLh aflw Gofozf:q k9fpg'———————————— j}Bzf:q k9Gofx?nfO klxn] gf8L1fgb]lif pkfo=== cf}ifwLsf k|sf/ b];b];sf af]lnn] h/La'l' 6 lrGx' u}x| / === a'l4 a;Gof thaLh aflw j}Bzf:q k9fpg'————————— Hof]ltifzf:q k9Gofx?nfO{ zAb cy{ ul0ft kmn l;4fGt u}x| zf:qdf a'l4 a;Gof thaLh aflw Hof]ltifzf:q k9fpg'——————— cn+sf/zf:q k9Gofx?nfO{ sfJo ;flxTo cn+sf/ === df a'l4 a;Gof / jrGdf c? >f]tfx?sf dgdf /fd|f] nfuGof thaLh aflw sfJo ;flxTo cn+sf/ k9fpg'——————————

o]lt n]lifofsf zf:qdf h;\h;\sf hf}g zf:q k9gfsf] OIff /x+5= p;\p;\nfO plxplx zf:q k9fO tof/ u/fpg'————————— kf7;fnfdf k9g cfpGof ljBfyL{x?df cN;L 7u 9f6 / sfd 5fl8 s'/f uGof{ u'?sf d'vd'v nfUGofnfO gLsfnLlbg' = d} G xfd} G xf bLgdf ljBfyL{x?nfO ---- 5]p n}uL ljrf/ u/fpb} /xg'— kf7;fnfdf rflxGof kl08t / ljBfyL{x?nfO tk;Lnadf]hLdsf] iffGuL nL ;jfnadf]hLd xfhL/ ?h' /lx ljBfyL{ k9fpGof sfd u/———— tkl;n sfJo ;flxTo cn+sf/ k9fpGof k|f]lxt ljBf/0os]zl/ kl08ts] iffGuL dw];sf] k|fl] xtLdf yk ?——————————— !%) j]b k9fpGof a'l4gfy e§/fOs] jif{ ! sf] iffguL k};f ¿k}of——————— !))

Jofs0f{ k9fpGof /dfgfy k+l8t ifs'/fns] iffguL rt'df{;fsf] k'/f0f\—————— !&% Gofo;f:q k9fpGof /fdfgfy Kofs'¥ofns] iffGuL rt'df{;fsf] k'/f0f—————— @)) j}B;f:q k9fpGof u+ufgfy j}Bs] j}Bf+uL iffGuL———————————— Hof]ltifzf:q k9fpGof c/ljGb h}l;s] iffg\uL ifbf{/L——————————— !%) 6xn'jf hgf $ s] k};f ¿k}of—— !)) ldlxgtL ljBfyL{x?nfO k|fl] xtn] bfgblIf0ff lbnfOlbg'=——————————— ;+qmflGt @ sf] bfg——————— t'nfbfgsf]————————— tfjf]sf t'nf———————— ! j:qsf] t'nf———————— !

Olt ;Djt\ !*(& ;fn ldlt efb|jlb ( /f]h &1 z'Dd\ dfkm{t k|;fbl;+x a:Goft\ dfkm{t tf/fgfy cHof{n\ 1=

lj=;+= !*(& efb| * ut] >L % /fh]Gb| ljqmd zfxn] >L u'? kl08t /fh gf/fo0f kl08tHo"nfO{ kf7zfnfsf] clVtof/L lbO{ of] kq n]lv lbPsf x'g\ . oL gf/fo0f kl08t d'lVtof/ kl08t /fh /+ugfy kf}8n ] sf sfG5f efO x'g\ . sfJo, ;flxTo, cn+sf/, k9fpg] k'/f]lxt ljBf/0o s]z/L kl08tnfO{ k'/f]lxt vfGsLdf dw]zaf6 cfpg]df yk ?= !%).–, j]b k9fpg] a'l4gfy e§/fO{nfO{ ?= !)).–, Jofs/0f k9fpg] /dfgfy vs'/n ] nfO{ rt'df{;sf] k'/f0fsf] ;fy} ?= !&%.–, Gofo k9fpg] /fdfgfy Kofs'/n ] nfO{ rt'df{;sf] k'/f0fsf] ;fy} ?= @)).–, cfo'jb{] k9fpg] u+ufgfy j}BnfO{ j}Bf+uL vfGsL, Hof]ltif k9fpg] c/ljGb h};LnfO{ vl/bf/L vfGuL ?= !%).– lbg" egL o; kqdf n]lvPsf] 5 . ;flxTo k9fpg] ljBf/0o s]z/L cHof{n x'g\ . Hof]ltif k9fpg] c/ljGb uh'/n ] x'g\ . 6xn'jf $ hgfnfO{ ?= !)).– lbg" eg]/ oxfF n]lvPsf] 5 . otfaf6 Pshgf 6xn'jfnfO{ ?= @%.– sf] b/n] lbg" eGg] cfzo b]lvG5 . dfly tf]lsPsf ;a} vfGuL jflif{s x'g\ . ldlxg]tL ljBfyL{x?nfO{ k'/f]lxtn] bfg blIf0ff lbnfO lbg", b'O6f ;+qmflGtsf] bfg lbnfO lbg" eg]/ o; kqdf n]lvPsf] 5 . b'O6f ;+qmflGt eGgfn] ;fpg] ;+qmflGt / df3] ;+qmflGtnfO{ a'emfPsf] b]lvG5 . ljBfyL{x?nfO{ tfdfsf] / j:qsf] t'nfbfg lbg" eg]/ klg o; kqdf n]lvPsf] 5 . ljBfyL{dWo] sf]xL Ps k6s ;DemfPkl5 a'em\g] x'G5g\, sf]xL %.& k6s ;DemfPkl5 dfq a'em\g] x'G5g\, To:tfnfO{ To;/L g} ;DemfO{ k9fpg' k5{, cfkm"n] klg cfn6fn u/L lbg latfpg] sfd gug",{ tg dg nufP/ /fd|/L k9fpg", ljBfyL{x?nfO{ kf7zfnfaf6 labf lbPkl5 dfq cfkm" p7\g" egL o; kqdf n]lvPsf] 5 . cl3Nnf] lbg k9fPsf] kf7 /fd|/L ;'gfpg] ljBfyL{x?nfO{ dfq csf]{ kf7 lbg", cl3Nnf] lbg lbPsf] kf7 /fd|/L ;'gfpg g;Sg] ljBfyL{nfO{ km]l/

lj=;+= !*(& efb|s[i0f -k"0ff{Gtdfgn]_ ut] jf/ ltly 38L knf efb| * z'qm gjdL $&. ! -kfqf]af6_ kqdf efb|jlb ( /f]h & egL n]lvP tfklg efb|s[i0f gjdLdf z'qmjf/ k5{, zlgjf/ kb}{g .

k|1 f MM 79

3f]Sg nufP/ cfpg] u/fpg", s07 ;'gfpg]df klg sf]xL zAb dfq} cfpg] x'G5g\, sf]xL cy{ dfq} cfpg] x'G5g\, zAb / cy{ b'j} cfpg] u/L s07 u/fpg" egL o; kqdf n]lvPsf] 5 . o;} u/L j]b k9fpg] sfObf, Jofs/0f k9fpg] sfObf, Gofo k9fpg] sfObf, cfo'jb{] k9fpg] sfObf, Hof]ltif k9fpg] sfObf, cn+sf/ k9fpg] sfObf o; kqdf lbOPsf] 5 .

o;/L kf7zfnfdf k9fOg] ljifo, cWofksx?, 6xn'jfx?, lzIf0f k4lt, cWofks / 6xn'jfx?sf] tna, ljBfyL{x?sf] j[lQ cflb s'/f v'nfOPsf] of] kq g]kfnsf] z}lIfs Oltxf;df dxŒjk"0f{ :yfg xfl;n ug{ ;dy{ ePsf] 5 . o;sf] ;fy} ;+:yfut ¿kdf g]kfndf kf7zfnfsf] :yfkgfsf] Oltxf; kf}g] @ ;o jif{ cl3 k'¥ofpg klg of] kq ;dy{ ePsf] 5 .

of] n]v tof/ kfbf{ pkof]u ul/Psf k':ts / lgaGw -;Gbe{ ;fdu|L_ cHof{n, b08kfl0f, lj=;+= @)^(, cHof{nx?sf] a[xt\ j+zfjnL, sf7df8f}F M b08kfl0f cHof{n :d[lt s]Gb| . kGt, lbg]z/fh, lj=;+= @)$!, gf/fo0flx6Lkf7zfnf;+a4dk|sflzt+ kqd\ -gf/fo0flx6L kf7zfnf;Fu ;Da4 ck|sflzt kq_, cfnf]s, lqe'jg ljZjljBfno ;+:s[t cWoog ;+:yfg jfNdLls ljBfkL7, k[= *#–*% . kGt, lbg]z/fh, lj=;+= @)^*, a8fu'?Ho" ljho/fh;Fu ;Da4 kqx?, sf7df8f}F M lvnzd{–/fhLjnf]rg hf]zL :df/s k|lti7fg . kGt, lbg]z/fh, lj=;+= !*(& df ;+:s[t kf7zfnf, z'qmjf/ $( c+ssf] ^ k[=, z'qmjf/ %) c+ssf] ^ k[=, lj=;+=+ @)#* r}q !& ut], lj=;+= @)^* r}q @$ ut], sf7df8f}F M g]kfn l/klAns ldl8of . kGt, go/fh, lj=;+= @)@*, >L # dxf/fh /0ff]bb\ Lkl;+x, k"l0f{df @% k"0ff{s + sf #(–^) k[=, sf7df8f}F M ;+zf]wg–d08n . kGt, go/fh, lj=;+= @)$#, olt ul/lbg' ePsf]df >L z/b\rGb| zdf{ e§/fO{hLnfO{ wGojfb 5, k"l0f{df &) k"0ff{s + sf @(–#) k[= . kf}8n ] , e"kxl/, lj=;+= @)%!, g]kfnsf] ljåt\k/Dk/f, sf7df8f}F M ;flxTo k|sfzg s]Gb| . kf}8n ] , /fdrGb| zdf{Ù kf}8n ] , ljb'/k|;fbÙ kf}8n ] , d'sG' b zdf{Ù kf}8n ] , x]d/fh zdf{Ù kf}8n ] , dx]Zj/ zdf{Ù kf}8n ] , nIdLsfGt zdf{Ù kf}8o\ fn, nf]sgfyÙ kf}8n ] , s[i0fk|;fbÙ kf}8n ] , t'n;Lk|;fbÙ kf}8n ] , lbnLk -;Dkfbs_, lj=;+= @)^), kf}8n ] j+zfjnL, lrtjg M cfq]o j+z cg';Gwfg k|lti7fg kf}8n ] j+z /fli6«o ;ldlt . e§/fO{, z/b\rGb| zdf{, lj=;+= @)$@, /f0ff zf;g– k"jf{4s { f s]xL z}lIfs tYo, k|1f %# k"0ff{s + sf $&– ^# k[=, sf7df8f}F M g]kfn /fhsLo k|1f–k|lti7fg . jh|frfo{, wgjh|, lj=;+= @)#), lnR5ljsfnsf clen]v, sf7df8f}F M lqe'jg ljZj ljBfno g]kfn / PlzofnL cWoog ;+:yfg . jh|frfo{, wgjh| / g]kfn, 1fgdl0f, lj=;+= @)!$, P]ltxfl;s kq ;+ux| -klxnf] efu_, sf7df8f}F M g]kfn ;f+:s[lts kl/ifb\ . ∗∗∗

k|1 f MM 80

kl/lzi6

k|1 f MM 81

P]ltxfl;s cWoog

k|fRo k/Dk/fdf gf/Lsf] cj:yf — lk|oj+ bfDaf sfkm\n] != ljifo k|jz ] ;[li6sf] k|f/Dedf k/d]Zj/n] cfk"mnfO{ b'O{ efudf afF8s ] f lyP! . b'O{ efu– dWo] cfwf efu g/ xf] / cfwf efu gf/L xf] . k/d]Zj/sf] blIf0f efu g/¿k / jfd efu gf/L ¿k eof] eGg] zf:qLo dfGotf 5 . wd{kf| 0f ;dfhdf j]b, k'/f0f, :d[lt, Oltxf; tyf k|frLg ;+:s[ltsf d"No / dfGotfsf cfwf/df tyf k|fs[lts lj1fgsf cfwf/df ;d]t k/d]Zj/sf] cfwf :j¿k :qLx?nfO{ cTolws ;Ddfg lbPsf] kfOG5@ . gf/Lljgfsf] 3/, 3/ geP/ hª\un xf] elgPsf] 5 . gf/L ;fy eP ¿vd'lg a;] klg Tof] 3/} xf]# elgPaf6 klg gf/Lsf] dxTTj cToGt} pRr /x]sf] :ki6 x'G5 . jt{dfg ;dodf gf/L ;dfgtf, gf/L xs tyf gf/L :jtGqtfsf s' / f ug] { x ?n] gf/Lx?sf] ;Ddflgt / ;'/lIft hLjgsf] dxTTj a'em\ g g;s]sf] k|tLt x'G5 . gf/L :jtGqtfsf gfddf xfd|f] ;dfhdf s}of}F gf/Lx? xfn c;'/lIft x'bF } uPsf pbfx/0fx? ;~rf/ dfWoddf 5\ofk\5o\ fKtL k|sflzt ePsf] b]Vg / ;'Gg k/]sf] 5 . n}ªl\ us ;dfgtfsf gfddf / gf/L :jtGqtfsf gfddf ePsf ljs[lt / pR5[ªv \ ntfn] gf/Lx? dfq x}g k'?ifx? klg lbgfg'lbg emg\emg\ ;d:ofu|:t aGb} uPsf

b]lvG5g\ . k|:t't n]vdf log} s'/fx?nfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ j}lbs k/Dk/fdf gf/Lx?sf ljljw kIfx? s]s:tf lyP eGg] ljj]rgf ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5. @= gf/L lzIffsf] cj:yf jt{dfg sfndf dlxnfnfO{ plrt lzIff / :jtGqtf lbg] ljifodf lxGb' wd{sf] Joj:yf bf]ifk"0f{ 5 eGg] cfnf]rgf u/]sf] oq tq ;'lgG5 . ;fdfGo lzIff u|x0f ug{ kfpg] s'/fdf Tolt ljjfb ePsf] gb]lvP klg j]b k9\g lgif]w ul/Psf] s'/fn] Jofks rrf{ kfpg] u/]sf] 5 . o; ;Gbe{df :qL hfltn] klg j]bfWoog ug]{ k|rng ePsf] / of] zf:q;Ddt s'/f] xf] eGg] :ki6 5 . sltko :qLx? t ljlzi6 ljb'ifL /x]sf / pgLx?n] cnf}lss lbJo b[li6åf/f j}lbs dGqx?sf] ;d]t ;fIffTsf/ u/]sf] pNn]v kfOG5 . o:tf dGq b]Vg] :qLx? dGqb|i6«L elgPsf 5g\ .

CUj]bsf sltko dGqx? Clifsfx?n] b]vs ] f] s'/fsf] pNn]v kfOG5 . clblt, ckfnf, OGb|f0fL, pj{zL, uf]wf, 3f]iff, h'x," odL, /f]dzf, nf]kfd'bf| , jfs\, ljZjjf/f, zrL, zZjtL, ;/df, ;"of{ OToflb ljb'ifL dGq b]Vg] dlxnf Clifsf ePsf] s'/f j]bj]bfª\uflb zf:qaf6 yfxf kfpg ;lsG5$ . j]b j]bfª\uflb k9\gdf /dfpg]

kfl6tf]˜o+ låhfM k"jd { s ] b]xM :joDe'jf . ktof]˜w]{g rf˜w]{g kTGof]˜e"jlGglt >'ltM . . — Jof;:d[lt . @ . !# .

2= oq gfo{:t' k"HoGt] /dGt] tq b]jtfM . oq}tf;\ t' g k"HoGt] ;jf;\ tqf˜kmnfM lqmofM . . — dg':d[lt # . %^ .

3= g u[x+ u[xldTofx'/\ u[lx0fL u[xd'Rot] . u[x+ t' u[lx0fLxLgd/0o;b[z+ dtd\ . . —dxfef/t, zflGtkj{ !$$ . ^ . j[Ifd"n]˜lk blotf o:o lti7lt tb\ u[xd\ . k|f;fbf]˜lk tof xLgM sfGtf/ Olt lglZrtd\ . . —dxfef/t, zflGtkj{ !$$ . !@ .

4= j]bfWoogfy{s pk;bgdf -pkgogdf_ låhflt:qLsf] clwsf/sf] ljj]rgf, lk|ojFj\ bfDaf sf}l08GGofogL, bLklzvf, :jtGq ljBfyL{ o'lgog, kb\dsGof ax'd'vL SofDk;, afuahf/, sf7df8f}+, k"0ff{ª\s #, @)%!, k[=%$—&# .

1=

k|1 f MM 82

dlxnfnfO{ a|xd\ jflbgL elgG5 eg] ;fdfGo vfgnfpg kfpFbf v';L x'g] :qL:jefj ePsf dlxnfnfO{ :qLk|1f eGg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . b[i6fGttM of1jNSosf b'O{ cf]6L kTgL lyP sfTofogL / d}qo] L, d}qo] L a|xd\ jflbgL -j]bj]bfª\uflb k9\gdf /dfpg]_ lyOg\, sfTofogL :qLk|1f -/fd|f] vfgnfpg kfpFbf v';L x'g] :jefjsL_ lyOg\ eGg] a[xbf/0osf]klgifb\sf] jfSo% ;Demg ;lsG5 . k|fRo k/Dk/fdf a|xd\ jflbgL :qLx? k|z:t /x]sf / ltgsf] z}Ifl0fs :t/ klg pRr /x]sf] s'/f 5n{ªu\ } a'em\ g ;lsG5 . of1jNSosL kTgL d}qo] L wg;DklQaf6 k|fKt x'g] ef}lts ef]uaf6 dfq ;Gt'i6 geP/ cfTd1fg k|fKt x'g] a|xd\ ljBfdf ;d]t lh1f;f /fVg] vfnsL x'gfn]^ klg :qLx? pRr :t/sf x'Gy] eGg] :ki6 x'G5 . a[xbf/0osf]klgifb\df jrSg' d'lgsL ljb'ifL 5f]/L ufuL{n] of1jNSo Clif;Fu cfTd1fg ;DaGwL k|Zgx? u/]sf] k|;ª\uaf6 klg k|frLg ;dfhdf dlxnf lzIffsf] cj:yf cToGt pRr :t/sf] /x]sf] s'/f k'li6 x'g] ub{5 . ;'nefn] dxfef/tsf] Ps k|;ª\udf cfk"m' k|wfg gfdsf /fhlif{sf s'ndf hlGdPsL / cfk"mnfO{ ;'xfpg] j/ gkfPsfn] a|xd\ ro{df a;L df]Ifwd{lt/ nfu]sf] s'/f atfPsL 5g\& . oxfF ;'nef cToGt b[9 rl/q ePsL pRrlzIffk|fKt dlxnf ePsf] k|tLt x'G5 . ljjfxsf cj;/df nfaf xf]Dbf b'nxL :jo+n] dGqf]Rrf/0f ug]{ ljwfg ePsf] / b'nxL cgk9 eP dGq z'4;Fu pRrf/0f ug{ g;Sg] x'bF f sGofx? lzIffaf6 jl~rt xFb' g} y] eGg] :ki6 x'G5 . sltko j}lbs o1x?df dGqf]Rrf/0f dfq xf]Og ljlw1fg

;d]t x'gk' g]{ / kltkTgL b'jn } ] ;Fu} o1df ;xefuL x'gk' g]{ ljwfg ePaf6 klg k|frLg lxGb' ;dfhdf :qLx? lzlIft / clwsf/ ;DkGg x'g] u/]sf] s'/f a'em\ g ;lsG5 . :qLx?nfO{ j]b k9\g] clwsf/ lyPg eGg' klg cfwf/xLg b]lvG5 . lj:tf/} sfnfGt/df aflnsfx?sf] pkgog ug]{ k|rng x/fpFb} uPkl5 ltgLx?n]] j]b k9\g] s'/f klg 5'6s ] f] b]lvG5 . o;/L gf/Lx?sf] j]bfWoogsf] k/Dk/f 5'6] klg ljjfxnfO{ g} j|taGw :yflgs ;+:sf/ dflgPsfn] ljjfx kZrft\ k'gM j]bfWoog ug{ ;lsg] jf k9\g kg]{ s'/f a'lemG5 . j]b j]bfª\u k9\g cToGt pT;'s dlxnfn] OR5f u/]df k9\g ;Sg] b]lvG5 . dlxnf lzIffsf ;Gbe{df ljz]iftM aflnsfx?nfO{ c¿ JolStx?n] k9fpFbf aflnsfx?k|lt lzIfs g} cfslif{t x'g ;Sg] jf aflnsf lzIfsk|lt cfslif{t x'g ;Sg] OToflb ;d:of pTkGg e} aflnsf ljBfyL{sf] ;'/Iffdf ;d]t afwf k'Ug] x'gfn] aflnsfx?nfO{ u'?s'ndf gk9fO{ 3/}df cfkmGtx?n] k9fpg] k|rng Toltv]/ /x]sf] a'lemG5* . pkgog u/]df klg a|x\drfl/0fL ePsL aflnsfn] u'?s"ndf a:g] a|Xdrf/Ln] h:tf] cfk\mg} 3/df leIff dfUg], rd{ / h6f wf/0f ug{ gkg]{ cflb Joj:yf /x]sf] / afnssf] eGbf s]xL leGg zf:qLo lgod kfng ug{k' g]{ Joj:yf /x]sf] a'lemG5 . ljljw zf:qx?df dlxnfx?n] k|jrg u/]sf k|;ª\uaf6 Toltv]/ pgLx? ;'lzlIft /x]sf] k'li6 x'G5 . sfzs[lT:gåf/f k|jrg ul/Psf] dLdf+;f sfzs[T:gL elgG5 / sfzs[T:gL dLdf+;f k9\g] :qL

cy x of1jNSo:o å] efo]{ ae"jt'/\ d}qo] L r sfTofogL r . tof]/\ x d}qo] L a|xd \ jflbgL ae"j :qLk|1j} tlx{ sfTofogL . — a[xbf/0osf]klgifb\ $ . % . ! .

6= ;f xf]jfr d}q]oL o]gf˜x+ gf˜d[tf :of+ lsdx+ t]g s'of{+ ob]j eujfg\ j]b tb]j d] a|"xLlt . — a[xbf/0osf]klgifb\ $ . % . $, k[=#@* .

7= k|wfgf] gfd /fhlif{Jo{St+ t] >f]qdfutM . s'n] t:o ;d'TkGgf+ ;'nef+ gfd ljl4 dfd\ . . ;f˜x+ tl:dg\ s'n] hftf et{o{;lt db\ljw] . ljgLtf df]Ifwd]{if' r/fDo]sf d'lgj|td\ . . gf˜l:d ;qk|ltR5Ggf g k/:jfkxfl/0fL . g wd{;ª\s/s/L :jwd]˜{ l:dg\ b[9j|tf . . — dxfef/t, zflGtkj{, #@) . !*!, !*# —!*$ .

8= j}lbs wd{zf:q / ;DklQdf dlxnfsf] clwsf/, cfdf]bjw{g sf}l08GGofog, ;femf k|sfzg, lj=;+=@)^#, k[=!!#—!!$ .

5=

k|1 f MM 83

sfzs[T:gf elglG5g\( eGg] pbfx/0f af/Daf/ lbOPsf] x'gfn] kt~hln sfndf pko'S{ t Jojxf/ cToGt k|rlnt ePsf] a'lemG5 . j]b k9]/ dLdf+;f zf:q kl9g] x'gfn] Toltj]nfsf dlxnfx? oL ;a} zf:q k9\y] eGg] a'em\ g ;lsG5 . kfl0fgLo Jofs/0fsf jflt{ssf/ sfTofogsf jflt{saf6 / efio n]Vg] kt~hlnsf efioaf6 klg j]b jf j]bfª\usf s]xL efu k9fpg] a|fx\d0fLnfO{ pkfWofoL jf pkfWofof!) elgPsf] a'lemG5 . To;} u/L cflkzlnsf] Jofs/0f k9\g] :qL cflkznf a|fx\d0fL elglG5g\!! eGg] pbfx/0fn] klg Toltv]/sf dlxnfx?n] k9\g] dfq xf]Og k9fpg] klg uy]{ eGg] a'lemG5 . bz/ysf ltg /fgLdWo] h]7L /fdsL cfdf sf}zNofn] /fdsf] /fHofleif]s x'g] j]nfdf dGqk"js { clUgdf xjg u/]sf]!@ s'/f jfNdLsLo /fdfo0fdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . /fdfo0fsf] lslisGwfsf08df jfnL ;'uL| j;Fu o'4 ug{ hfg] j]nfdf jfnLsL kTgL tf/fn] dGqx? k9\b} :jl:t jfrg u/]sf] j0f{g ul/Psf]!# 5 . oL k|;ª\uaf6 sf}zNof / tf/f dGq1ftf ePsf] k|dfl0ft x'G5 . To:t} ljljw k| ; ª\ u df ;Ltfn] ;GWof] k f;g u/] s f] j0f{ g kfOG5!$ . ;GWof]kf;g klg ljljwdGqf]Rrf/0fk"js { ug'{ kg]{ x'G5, ljgf cWoog j]bdGq pRrf/0f ug{ ;lsFbg} . ctM ;Ltfsf] cWoog klg b/f] lyof]

eGg] a'em\ g ;lsG5 . dxfef/tsf] jg kj{df kf08'sL kTgL s'GtLnfO{ a|fx\d0fåf/f cyj{j]bf]klgifb\sf dGqx? k9fO{ s07 u/fOPsf] j0f{g kfOG5!% . dxfef/ts} cflbkj{df s0jsf] cf>ddf x'ls{PsL zs'Gtnfn] j]bdGq eGb}!^ To;sf cfwf/df cfk\mgf s'/fx?sf] k'li6 ug{ vf]hs ] L eGg] k|;ª\u klg cfPsf] 5 . dxfef/tsf] lj/f6kj{df b|fk} bLnfO{ klg a|xd \ jflbgL elgPsf] kfOG5!& . kb\dk'/f0fsf] kftfn v08df Pp6f k|;ª\udf kltn] g} kTgLnfO{ lktfaf6 ;Dk"0f{ 1fg kfPsL a|xd \ jflbgL eGb} !* ;Ddfg u/]sf] j0f{g kfOG5 . dfs{08]o k'/f0fsf] dbfn;f]kfVofgdf dxf/fgL dbfn;fn] cfk\mgf 5f]/fx?nfO{ ;a} k|sf/sf] wd{lzIff lbPsf] s'/f jl0f{t 5 . o; k|;ª\unfO{ x]bf{ dbfn;fsf] ljåQf pRr txsf] /x]sf] k|tLt x'G5 . dxfef/tsf] pBf]u kj{df o'4af6 efu]/ cfPsf cfk\mgf 5f]/fnfO{ Iflqof0fL ljb'ifL ljb'nfn] Iflqo wd{sf] pkb]z u/]/ o'4sf lgldQ pT;fx e/]/ k7fPsf] j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 . o;af6 ljb'nf ;'lzlIftf Iflqo j0f{wd{sf] 1fg ePsL dlxnf x'g\ eGg] :ki6 a'em\ g ;lsG5 . oL ;a} pbfx/0fx?af6 k|fRo ;dfhdf gf/Lx? klg pRr lzIff ;DkGg / ;'b9[ cfTd ljZjf;o'St ;d]t x'Gy] eGg] s'/f 5n{ªu\ x'g cfpF5 .

9= sfzs[lT:ggf k|fS] tf dLdf+;f sfzs[T:gL, sfzs[T:gLdwLt] sfzs[T:gf a|fx\d0fL . — kfl0fgLoJofs/0fefio $ . ! . !$ .

10 j}lbs wd{zf:q / ;DklQdf dlxnfsf] clwsf/, cfdf]bjw{g sf}l08GGofog, ;femf k|sfzg, lj=;+=@)^#, k[=!!% .

11= cflkzndwLt] a|fx\d0fL cflkznf a|fx\d0fL . . — kfl0fgLo Jofs/0fefio, $ . ! . !$ k[= @)% .

12= ;f Iff}dj;gf x[i6f lgTo+ j|tk/fo0ff . clUg+ h'xf]lt :d tbf dGqjt\ s[tdª\unf . . — jfNdLsLo /fdfo0f, cof]Wofsf08, @) . !% .

13= ttM :j:Toog+ s[Tjf dGqjb\ ljho}lif0fL . —jflNdsLo /fdfo0f, lslisGwfsf08 . !^ . !@ .

14= cof]Wofsf08 *& . !(, ;'Gb/sf08 !$ . $( .

15= tt;\ tfdgjBfª\uL+ u|fxofdf; ; låhM . dGqu|fd+ tbf /fhg\gyj{lz/l; >'td\ . . — dxfef/t, jgkj{ #)% . @) .

16= j]b]ijlk jbGtLd+ dGqu|fd+ låhftoM . hftsd{l0f k'qf0ff+ tjf˜lk ljlbt+ tyf . . — dxfef/t, cflbkj{&$ . ^@ .

17= kltj|tf dxfefuf ;tt+ a|x\djflbgL . b|f}kbL r sy+ a|x\dg\ g 1ftf b'Mlvtf˜j;t\ . . — dxfef/t, lj/f6kj{ ! . # .

18= wd{dfu{;\ Tjof ;j{M lkt'M k|fKtM k'/f˜g3] . dd}tb\ ljlbt+ sfGt] ejtL a|x\djflbgL . . — kb\dk'/f0f, kftfnv08, *( . !#—!$ .

k|1 f MM 84

k|frLg ;dfhdf zf:qLo lzIff dfq xf]Og dlxnfx?nfO{ cfjZos Jofjxfl/s lzIffsf] klg Joj:yf k|rngdf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . Toltv]/sf :qLx?n] wfuf] sfTg], sk8f a'Gg] cflb ljljw ;Lkd"ns Jofjxfl/s cGo sfdx? klg hfGby] / ub{y] . cfjZostf cg';f/ :qLx?nfO{ rf};6\7L snfdWo]sf ljljwsnf klg l;sfOGYof] eGg] s'/f jfT:ofogsf] sfd ;"qaf6 cjut x'G5 . #=dlxnfsf] ;'/Iff cj:yf /fHodf x/]s If]qsf nflu ;'/Iff Joj:yf cToGt cfjZos tyf dxTTjk"0f{ x'g] ub{5 . To;df klg dlxnfx?sf] ;'/Iff ljz]if ;+jb] gzLn dflgG5 . lxhf]cfh oqtq dlxnfx? c;'/lIft x'bF } uPsf] rrf{ ;'lgG5 . dlxnfx? anfTsf/sf l;sf/ gag'g\ eg]/ lxGb' wd{df dlxnfsf ;'/Iffdf cj:yf cg';f/ ljz]if ;ts{tf ckgfOg' kg]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . afNosfndf lktfn] ;+/If0f ug'{ kg]{ of}jgfj:yfdf kltn] ;+/If0f ug'{ kg]{ / j[4fj:yfdf k'qn] ;+/If0f ug'{ kg]{] dfGotf /x]sf] b]lvG5!( . s;}n] klg s'df/LnfO{, ljjflxtfnfO{ jf ljwjfnfO{ anfTsf/ u/]df To;af6 p;df kg]{ zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s cf3ftsf] / u'ds ] f] ;tLTjsf] Ifltk"lt{ x'g g;Sg] xFb' f lxGb' k/Dk/fdf :qLsf] ;'/IffnfO{ cToGt s8f ul/Psf] k|tLt x'G5 . dlxnfnfO{ s8f ;'/Iffdf /fVg'Ù p;nfO{ :jtGqtfaf6 jl~rt ul/Psf] jf :jtGqtf glbOPsf] geO{ s'g} klg clk|o 36gf x'g gkfcf];\ egL klxn] g} ;ts{tf ckgfOPsf] xf] eGg] a'em\ g' kb{5 . olb s;}n] dlxnfnfO{ anfTsf/ u/]df lxGb' wd{zf:qn] anfTsf/LnfO{ d[To'b08 h:tf] cToGt s8f ;hfo lbg'kg]@) { Joj:yf klg u/]sf] 5 . xfn

slnnf aflnsf, lszf]/Lb]lv j[4 dlxnfx? ;d]t anfTsf/sf] l;sf/ ag]sf] 36gf ;'Ggdf cfpF5 . dlxnfaf6 k'?if anfTs[t ePsf] 36gf t k|foM ;'lgFbg} , o:tf] t z"Gok|foM g} 5 . ctM dlxnfx? a9L ;+jb] gzLn 5g\ eGg] la;{g' x'bF g} . d]6fpg g} g;lsg] k|fs[lts lje]b ePsf] s'/fnfO{ c:jLsf/ ug{ ldNb}g . d'ns ' L P]gn] klg dlxnfnfO{ anfTsf/ ug{ vf]Hg]nfO{ anfTsf/ gxFb' } cfk\mgf] arfpsf nflu / anfTsf/ e} ; s] k l5 Ps 306fleq k|ltzf]wsf nflu anfTsf/LnfO{ dfbf{ Hofg df/]sf] bf]if gnfUg] Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5@! . lxhf]cfh t /Iff ug'{ kg]{ lktf, bfh', efO OToflb cfkmGtn] g} klg anfTsf/ u/]sf va/ klg ;'Gg kl//fv]sf] 5 . log} s'/fnfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ logLx?;Fu klg PsfGtdf PSn} ga:g] lgb]{zg wd{zf:qn] lbPsf] 5@@ . anfTsf/ x'bF fsf] a9L b'ikl/0ffd k'?ifeGbf dlxnfn] g} ef]Ug' kg]{ x'G5 . PSn} lxF8b\ f dlxnfn] g} a9L c;'/Iff ef]Ug' kg]{ s'/f ;a}n] dx;'; ' u/]s} s'/f xf] . ctM dlxnfsf nflu ul/Psf] ljz]if Joj:yfnfO{ ;sf/fTds lje]bsf ¿kdf lng' kb{5 . cGoyf anfTsf/sf 36gf lbgfg'lbg a9\b} hfg]5g\ . dflg;x?df k'?ifnfO{ eg] lxGb' wd{zf:qn] v'nf 5f8]sf] 5 eGg] e|d kl//x]sf] h:tf] b]lvG5 . t/ k'?ifsf lgldQ klg wd{zf:qn] s8f lgod kfngf ug'{ kg]{ lgb]z { u/]sf] kfOG5 . a|xd\ ro{sf] kfngnfO{ cToGt dxTTj lbOPsf] 5 . k/kTgLk|lt cfdfsf] efjdfq /fVg klg lgb]z { u/]sf] 5 . Psflt/ ;a} k|sf/sf] kfk / csf{lt/ k/kTgL udg¿kL kfknfO{ /fVbf a/fa/ x'G5 egL atfOPsf] 5@# . uef{wfg ug]{ k'?ifsf] k|fs[lts Ifdtf / ue{nfO{ e/0fkf]if0f ug]{ :qLsf] k|fs[lts Ifdtf abNg g;lsg] n}ªl\ us

19= lktf /Iflt sf}df/] etf{ /Iflt of}jg] . /IflGt :ylj/] k'qf g :qL :jftGq\odx{lt . . —dxfef/t, cg'zf;gkj{ @^ . !$ .

20= of]˜sfdf+ b"ifo]t\ sGof+ ; ;Bf] jwdx{lt . ;sfdf+ b"ifoF;\ t'Nof] g jw+ k|fKg'ofg\ g/M . . — dg':d[lt * . #^$ .

21= d'n'sL P]g, efu $, dxn !$, hah{:tL s/0fLsf] * g+= .

22= dfqf :j;|f b'lxqf jf g ljljStf;gf] ej]t\ . anjflglb|ou|fdf] ljåf+;dlk sif{lt . . — dg':d[lt @ . @!% .

23= PstM ;j{df+;flg dT:odf+;+ ty}stM .

PstM ;j{kfkflg k/bf/f;\ ty}stM . . — :sGb k'/f0f, k|ef;v08 ! . @( . %@ .

k|1 f MM 85

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ljlzi6 lje]b xf], of] k|fs[lts c;dfgtf xf] . o;nfO{ ;a}n] dgg ug{'kb{5 . b08 ;hfoFsf b[li6n] dlxnfnfO{ eGbf k'?ifnfO{ s7f]/ ;hfoF ePsf] wd{zf:qsf] lgodsf af/]df k|foM rrf{ kl/rrf{ x'g] u/]sf] b]lvFbg} . :qLxTofnfO{ dxfkfk dflgPsf] / :qLxTof ug]; { uF t k|folZrQ u/] klg ;Fu} a:g gx'g] atfOPsf] 5@$ . :qLnfO{ d[To'b08 lbg] k|fjwfg klg lxGb' wd{zf:qdf 5}g . Clifd'lgx?sf] ;"Id lbJo b[li6n] clt;"Id s'/fdf ;d]t Wofg k'¥ofP/ atfOPsf ;j{sNof0fsf/L efjgfnfO{ a'em\ g g;s]/ ef} l tsjfbL efjdfq af] s ] d f wd{ z f:qsf] uDeL/tfnfO{ a'em\ g g;lsg] s'/f :ki6} 5 . dof{bfsf] ;Ldfkl/lwdf a:g] s'/fn] g} ;a}sf] sNof0f ug]{ x'bF f /fHosf] sfg'g dfg] h:t} dlxnf / k'?ifn] klg g}lts dof{bfnfO{ dfg]df ;a} ;'/lIft x'g ;lsG5 . o;sf nflu ;fg}b]lv wfld{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts, g}lts cflb ;+:sf/ lbg' klg cfjZos 5 . =dlxnf / k'?ifsf n}ªl\ us cj:yfnfO{ dgg u/]/ Clifd'lgn] b'jy} /Lsf nflu cg'zf;gsf] Joj:yf u/L of}g b'/frf/af6 hf]ufpg k|oTg u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o;n] k'?ifsf] eGbf a9L dlxnfsf] ;'/Iffdf Wofg lbPsf] k|tLt x'G5 . lgisfd :qL anfTsf/sf] l;sf/ ePdf ck/fwLnfO{ d[To'b08 lbg] / kLl8tnfO{ ljlwk"js { k|folZrQ u/fP/ z'4 u/fpg] ;d]t ljwfg@% x'gfn] dlxnfnfO{ cGofo gxf];\ egL k"0f{ ljrf/ k'/o\ fOPsf] b]lvG5 . ctM wd{zf:qsf] GofoJoj:yf / g}lts d"No / dfGotfdf dlxnfsf] ;'/Iff Joj:yf pTs[i6 /x]sf] s'/f k|rf/df Nofpg cfjZos 5 .

$= dlxnfsf] cfly{s cj:yf dlxnfsf] cfly{s clwsf/sf] ljifo eg]sf] lxhf]cfh rsf]{ cfjfhsf ¿kdf p7fOPsf] ljifo klg xf] . o; ljifodf lxGb' wd{n] dlxnfnfO{ cfly{s clwsf/ glbPsf] eGg] bf]iff/f]k0f klg w]/} g} x'g] u/]sf] 5 . To;}n] klg lxGb' ;gftg wd{zf:qdf dlxnfsf] s] s:tf] cfly{s :jfldTj jf clwsf/ 5 eGg] ljifo oxfF ;+If]kdf rrf{ ul/Fb} 5 . dlxnfsf ;DklQsf af/]df lxGb' =wfld{s u|Gyx?df kof{Kt pNn]v ul/Psf] e]l6G5 . ljjfxdf lktfsf tkm{af6 lbOg] bfOhf], Oi6ldqn] lbg] pkxf/, klt, ;f;", ;;'/f cflbn] k|;Gg eP/ lbg] pkxf/, bfh'efOn] lbPsf] wg / afa'cfdfn] lbPsf] wg cflbnfO{ dlxnfsf] wg -k]jf_ sf ¿kdf a'em\ g ;lsG5 . o; k|sf/sf 5y/L wgnfO{ :qLwg eg]/ dg':d[ltdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5@^ . dlxnfx?n] bfgdf as;df kfPsf] wg klg :qLwgleq g} kb{5 . dlxnfsf] :jfh{g,bfOhf], k]jf / ck'tfnLaf6 kfPsf] wg klg lxhf]cfhsf] sfg'g cg';f/ :qLwg g} dflgG5@& . :qL kltl;t 5'6l\ 6P/ a;]sf] cj:yfdf kltn] lgjf{xfy{ wg lbg' kg]{ Joj:yf zf:qdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5@* . plrt sf/0fjz bf];L| ÷t];L| kTgL ljjfx ug{ kg]{ ePdf klg cl3NnL kTgLnfO{ wg lbg' kg]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] kfOG5 . o;/L k|fKt wgnfO{ :qLwgsf] d'Vo ;|ft] dflgG5 . dlxnfn] kltsf] cg'dltljgf kltsf] ;DklQaf6 jf ;uf]nsf] ;DklQaf6 u/uxgf sdfpg gkfpg] Joj:yf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . t/ dlxnfn] nufO{ /fv]sf] uxgfdf eg] klt d/]kl5 klg cGo c+lzof/ s;}n] bfaL ug{ gkfOg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5@( . dxfef/tdf kltsf]

24= afn£gfFz\ r s[t£gfFz\ r ljz'4fglk wd{tM . z/0ff˜˜utxGtF[z\ r :qLxGt[Fz\ r g ;+j;]t\ . . — dg':d[lt !! . !() .

25= b'a{nf alngf u|:tf lgisfdf g Ro'tf ej]t\ . k|folZrQ]g z'4f ;f g :qL hf/]0f b'iolt . . — a|x\dj}jt{k'/f0f, k|s[ltv08 ^! . *! .

26= cWoUGoWofjfxlgs+ bQ+ r k|Lltsd{l0f . e|ft[dft[lkt[k|fKt+ if8\ljw+ :qLwg+ :d[td\ . . — dg':d[lt ( . !($ .

27= j}lbs wd{zf:q / ;DklQdf dlxnfsf] clwsf/ , cfdf]bjw{g sf}l08GGofog, ;femf k|sfzg, @)^#,k[=!%)— !%! .

28= lq;x;|k/f] bfoM l:qo} b]of] wg:o j} . eqf{ tRr wg+ bQ+ oyfx{+ ef]St'dx{lt . . —dxfef/t, cg'zf;gkj,{ $& . @# .

k|1 f MM 86

c+zaf6 vr{ u/L pkef]u ug{ kfpg] t/ :j]R5fn] vr{ u/]/ l;Wofpg gkfpg] elgPsf] 5#) . k}t[s ;DklQsf] clwsf/sf b[li6n] x]bf{ dlxnfx?n] lktfaf6 c+z gkfpg] / kltaf6 kfpg] s'/f :ki6 x'g cfpF5 . t/ 5f]/f gePsf v08df 5f]/Ln] jf 5f]/Lsf 5f]/fn] c+z kfpg] b]lvG5 eg] cfdfsf] ;DklQ÷k]jf rflxF 5f]/Ln] g} kfpg] s'/f dxfef/tdf pNn] v ul/Psf] 5#! . jt{ d fg /fHoJoj:yfsf sfg'gdf klg k|foM log} s'/fx?sf] cg'; ' /0f ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . %= dlxnfsf] kfl/jfl/s cj:yf :qL / k'?if k/d]Zj/sf z/L/sf cfwf cfwf efu x'g\ eGg] s'/f dfly g} pNn]v ul/;lsPsf] 5 . t;y{ klt dfq ck"0f{ / kTgL dfq klg ck"0f{ x'g\ eGg] dfGotf ag]sf] xf] . ha pgLx? cfk\mgf hf]8L;Fu} x'G5g\ ta dfq l;ª\uf x'G5g\ eGg] ztky a|fx\d0fsf]#@ egfO /x]sfn] :qL k'?ifdf lje]b gePsf] k'li6 x'G5 . klt / kTgLdf cGt/ gePsf]

s'/f dg':d[ltdf klg cfPsf] b]lvG5## . o;/L klt :j¿k;Fu Ps ePsL gf/L :j¿ksf] 3/df ;Ddfg x'gk' g]{ / gf/LnfO{ b'MvL agfpg gx'g] wf/0ff lxGb' k/Dk/fdf /xL cfPsf] 5 . h'g s'ndf gf/Lx? zf]sfs'n x'G5g\ To; s'nsf] l56} ljgfz x'G5 / h'g s'ndf gf/Lx? zf]sfs'n x'bF g} g\ To; s'nsf] ;wF} pGglt e}/xG5 elgPsfn] :qLhfltnfO{ kl/jf/df ;FwF} k|;Gg /fVg'kg]{ dfGotf /x]sf] kfOG5 . zf:qLo ljlwn] ul/Psf] ljjfxsf] slxNo} klg zf:qLo ¿kdf ljR5]b xFb' g} #$ . ctMkltkTgLsf] Pstf x'g kl/jf/df cToGt cfjZos dflgPsf] 5 . kltkTgL Pscsf{;Fu ldn]/ cltqmd0f gu/Lsg /xFbf dfq wd{, cy{, sfd oL ltg} k'?iffy{ l;4 x'g] s'/fdf hf]8 lbOPsf] kfOG5#% . kltkTgL k/:k/df ldn]/ a:bf Pscsf{;uF ;Gt'i6 /xFbf 3/df kfOn}lkR5] sNof0f x'G5 eGg] :sGb k'/f0fsf] Znf]s#^ klg oxfF :d/0fLo 5 . cfk\mgf 5f]/fsL cfdfnfO{ t kltn] dftf ;/x g} cfb/ ug'{ kg]{ s'/f dxfef/tdf#& atfOPsf] 5 . wd{, cy{, sfd

29= kTof} hLjlt oM l:qle/nª\sf/f] w[tf] ej]t\ . g t+ eh]/g\ bfofbf ehdfgfM ktlGt t] . . — dg':d[lt ( . @)) .

30= :qL0ff+ t' kltbfofBd'kef]ukmn+ :d[td\ . gf˜kxf/+ l:qoM s'o'{M kltljQft\ sy~rg . . — dxfef/t, cg'zf;gkj{ $& . @$ .

31= oy}jf˜˜Tdf tyf k'qM k'q]0f b'lxtf ;df . t:of˜˜Tdlg lti7GTof+ sydGof] wg+ x/]t\ . . dft':t' of}ts+ ot\ :oft\ s'df/L efu Pj ;M . bf}lxq Pj tb\l/Sydk'q:o lkt'/\ x/]t\ . . bbflt lx ; lk08fg\ j} lkt'/\ dftfdx:o r . k'qbf}lxqof]/]j ljz]iff] gf˜l:t wd{tM . . — dxfef/t, cg'zf;gkj{ $% . !)–!# .

32= obf j} ;x ldy'g]gf˜y ;jf]{˜y s[T:gM . — ztky a|fx\d0f * . ^ . ! . !@, * . & . @ . # .

33= Ptfjfg]j k'?iff] oh\ hfof˜˜Tdf k|h]lt x . ljk|fM k|fx';\ tyf r}tb\ of] etf{ ;f :d[tf˜ª\ugf . . — dg':d[lt ( . $% .

34= cdf]Iff] wd{ljjfxfgfd\ . — sf}6nLo cy{zf:q # . # .

35= of r efof{ r etf{ r k/:k/dg'jt| f} . tbf wdf{y{sfdfgf+ qof0ffdlk ;ª\utd\ . . — dfs{08]ok'/f0f !( . &)—&! . k/:k/fltqmd0f+ bDkTof]M kl/jh{o]t\ . lgisf/0f+ tyf /fd g sfo{dlwj]bgd\ . . — lji0f'wdf]{Q/k'/f0f @ . *& . $! .

36= oq t'iolt eqf{ :qL l:qof etf{ r t'iolt . tq j]Zdlg sNof0f+ ;DkB]t kb] kb] . . —:sGb k'/f0f, sfzLv08 $) . ^) .

37= cfTdf˜˜Tdg}j hlgtM k'q OTo'Rot] a'w}M . t:dfb\ efof{+ kltM kZo]g\ dft[jt\ k'qdft/d\ . . — dxfef/t, cflbkj{&$ . $* .

k|1 f MM 87

oL ltg k'?iffy{ l;4 ug{sf nflu kTgL kltsL ;xof]lugL ePsL x'gfn] kltn] kTgLsf] e/0f, kf]if0f / /If0f ug]{ lhDdf klg lng'k5{#* . kTgLljgf PSnf] k'?ifn] b]jtf, lkt[, e[To, cltly OToflbsf] ;d]t :jfut–;Tsf/ ug{ g;Sg]] x'gfn] kTgLsf] dxTTj lgs} g} x'G5#( eGg] a'lemG5 . ^=;fdflhs cj:yf k|fRo k/Dk/fdf c? ljleGg cj:yfdf h:t} ;fdflhs ¿kdf klg gf/LnfO{ ;Ddfg ldn]sf] b]lvG5 . clxn]eGbf Toltj]nf :qLx?sf] cj:yf a9L ;Ddflgt lyof] eGg] a'lemG5 . j]bdGq b|i6f gf/L Clifsf x'gs ' f ;fy} pRr ljb'ifL :qLx?sf] k| z :t pNn] v zf:qx?df kfOG5 . g} l i7s a|xd \ rfl/0fLsf ¿kdf cljjflxt /xg] klg kIf$) ePsf] b]lvG5 . a|xd \ rfl/0fLx?sf] klg ;dfhdf pRr cfb/ x'g] b]lvG5 . u[x:yf>dsf :qLsf] t klt ;/x g} ;fdflhs :yfg /x]sf] kfOG5 . kltkTgLdf ;dfgtf gePsf] 3/df t cnIdLsf] jf; x'g] / hLjg ljkmn x'g] s'/f k'/f0fx?df elgPsf]$! x'gfn] dlxnf / k'?ifsf] ;dfgtf x'g} k5{ eGg] s'/f :ki6;Fu a'em\ g' kb{5 .

&= lgisif{ k|fRo k/Dk/fdf dlxnfx? ;w}F g} ;a} kIfdf ;Ddflgt :yfgdf ePsf] s'/f ;a}n] a'e\mg cfjZos 5 . Toltv]/sf dlxnfx?sf] hLjgLaf6 k|/] 0ff lnO{ cfhsf dlxnfx? cfTd ;Ddfg / cfTd ljZjf;sf ;fy afFRg ;Sg] klg b]lvG5 . cgfjZos ¿kdf dlxnfk|lt b'Jo{jxf/ ug]{ s'g} k4lt / Jojxf/ klg k|frLg k/Dk/fdf st} gePsf] a'lemG5 . zs'Gtnf, bdoGtL, cg;"of, zj/L, ;Ltf, pl{dn { f, dGbf]b/L, ;fljqL, ufuL{, ufGwf/L, s'GtL, b|fk} bL OToflb dlxnfnfO{ k|/] 0ffk|b dlxnfsf ¿kdf cfh klg ;lDemg]$@ ul/G5 . logsf] hLjgL / b[i6fGtn] dlxnfsf] w}o{ wf/0f ug]{ Ifdtf zfnLgtf cflbnfO{ ;'b9[ ¿kdf b]vfPsf 5g\ . o;n] cWoogdf Jojxf/df cfif{ k/Dk/fdf dlxnfx? ;zSt / cfbz{ ePsf] s'/f xfd|} ;dfhdf cfh;Dd rn]sf ljleGg k/Dk/faf6 yfxf kfpg ;lsG5 . ctM ;dfhdf dlxnfsf] oyf]lrt cfb/, ;Ddfg, ;'/Iff, ;dfgtf / dof{lbt :yfg sfod /fVg'kg]{ s'/f ;a}n] ;r]ttf k"js { a'em\ g' cfjZos 5.

;Gbe{u|Gy sfd;"q, jfT:ofogd'lgåf/f k|0fLt, ozf]w//lrthodª\unfJofVof;lxt, lxGbLJofVofsf/ kf/;gfy låj]bL, rf}vDaf ;'/ef/tL k|sfzg, jf/f0f;L, ;g\!((( . sf}6nLo cy{zf:q, ;d\= ljåfg\ Pg\= P;\=j]ªs \ 6gfyfrfo{, d};/' ljZjljBfno, rt'y{ ;+:s/0f, ;g\ !(^) . bLklzvf, :jtGq ljBfyL{ o'lgog, kb\dsGof ax'd'vL SofDk;, afuahf/, sf7df8f}+, k"0ff{ª\s #, lj=;+= @)%! . kfb\ddxfk'/f0f, j]ªs \ 6]Zj/oGqfno, d'DaoL, ;g\!(^# . a|xd\ j}jt}k/' f0f, j]ªs \ 6]Zj/oGqfno, d'DaoL, ;g\!(^^ . dg':d[lt, s'Nn"se6\6s[t ;+:s[t JofVof / lxGbL cg'jfb;lxt rf}vDaf ljBfejg, jf/f0f;L, ;g\= @))& . dxfef/t, gLns07JofVofo'St, -^ efu_ lrqzfnfk|; ] , k'gf, ;g\!(@(–!(## . dxfef/t,bfdf]b/ ;ftjn]s/;Dkflbt, kf/8L, an;f8, u'h/ft, ;g\!(^*–!(&& .

38= et{Jof /lIftJof r efof{ lx kltgf ;bf . wdf{˜y{sfd;+l;4\o} efof{ et'M{ ;xflogL . . — dfs{08]ok'/f0f !( . ^(—&) .

39= b]jtf–lkt[–e[TofgfdltyLgf+ r k"hgd\ . g k'lDeM zSot] st'{d[t] efof{+ g[kfTdh . . — dfs{08]ok'/f0f !( . &#—&$ .

40= j}lbs wd{ d"n ¿kdf, lzj/fh cfrfo{ sf}l08Gofog, :jfb\Wofozfnf, sf7df8f}+, k[i7 ^*^ .

41= bDkTof]M ;dtf gfl:t oq oq lx dlGb/] . cnIdL;\ tq tq}j ljkmn+ hLljt+ tof]M . . — a|x\dj}jt{k'/f0f, s[i0fhGdv08, ^( . ^$ .

42= j]bk'/f0fsf s]xL /Tgx?, 8f= jL0ff kf}8\ofn, k[=@@) .

k|1 f MM 88

dfs{08]ok'/f0f, hLjfgGbljBf;fu/e6\6frfo{, snsftf, ;g\!(&( . d'ns ' L P]g -@)%(_ P3f/f}+ ;+zf]wg;lxt, @)^! ;fn cflZjg . jfNdLls/fdfo0f, uLtfk|];, uf]/vk'/, lj= ;+= @)!&—@)%# . a[xbf/0osf]klgifb\ -g]kfnL efiffg'jfb;lxt_, cg'= dfwjk|;fb b]jsf]6f, g]/fk|k,| sf7df8f}+ lj=;+= @)#! . lji0f'wdf{Q ] /k'/f0f, j]ªs \ 6]Zj/oGqfno, d'DaoL, ;g\ !(^( . j]bk'/f0fsf /Tgx?, 8f= jL0ff kf}8\ofn, ;femf k|sfzg, lj=;+= @)^@ . j}lbs wd{ d"n ¿kdf, lzj/fh cfrfo{ sf}l08Gofog,:jfb\Wofozfnf, sf7df8f}+, låtLo ;+:s/0f, lj=;+=@)^@ . j}lbs wd{zf:q / ;DklQdf dlxnfsf] clwsf/, cfdf]bjw{g sf}l08GGofog, ;femf k|sfzg, lj=;+= @)^# . :sGb k'/f0f, j]ª\s6]Zj/oGqfno, d'DaoL, ;g\ !(^%—^& . ∗∗∗

k|1 f MM 89

P]ltxfl;s cWoog

uf]vf{etL{ M Pp6f sf¿l0fs ldys — k|f=8f= ;'/G] b| s]=;L= != ;Gbe{ g]kfn / tTsfnLg la|l6;–ef/t lar ePsf] g]kfn–cª\uh ]| o'4 -O{=!*!$–!*!^_ sf] o; jif{ @)) jif{ k"/f eof] . @)) jif{ cl3 O{=!*!$ gf]eD] a/ ! sf lbg la|l6;–ef/t ;/sf/n] g]kfn lj?4 leif0f o'4 3f]if0ff u/]Yof] . ;fwg–;|f]t, ;ª\Vof, zlQm / xltof/ s'g} klg b[li6n] oL @ zlQmsf lar t'ngf x'g g;Sg] eP tfklg o; o'4df g]kfn kIfn] h] h:tf] ;}lgs ;f]r jf lxDdt b]vfof] To:tf] ljzfn ;f]r la|l6; ;]gfn] ;fob} o'4sf cGo df]rf{x?df b]Vof] . x'g klg ljZj zlQmsf ¿kdf /x]sf] To; ;fd|fHo;Fu !@ xhf/ dfqsf] t'ngfTds k/Dk/fut ;]gf / xftxltof/sf e/df #),))) ;ª\Vofdf t'ngfTds cfw'lgs xftxltof/n] ;';lHht ;]gf;Fu g]kfnL ;]gfn] o'4 ug'{ rfgr'g] s'/f lyPg . tyflk o; o'4df g]kfnLx?n] h;/L cfˆgf] dft[el" dsf] lbnf] Hofgn] k|lt/Iff ug]{ lxDdt lnP Tof] o'4 Oltxf;d} ce"tk"j{ lyof] . cbDo ;fx; / jlnbfgL efjgfn] n8\8f n8\b} klg o; o'4df g]kfnnfO{ ljho>L n] ;fy lbg ;s]g . ;Fu;Fu} d'ns ' n] cfˆgf] e"–efusf] s"n Ps ltxfO{ efu klg u'dfpg' k¥of] . ;a}eGbf dxŒjk"0f{ s'/f b]zn] c;dfg …;'uf}nL ;lGwÚ df x:tfIf/ ug{ klg ljjz x'g' k¥of] . To;kl5 g]kfnL ef/bf/x?sf] sfo{If]q klg ;dfKt eof] / pgLx? cfGtl/s ;Qf snx / cfk;L n8Gt–le8Gt d} d:t /xg yfn] . kl/0ffd xfd|f] ;fd' 5, d'ns ' n] slxNo} klg ljsf;, k|ult / ;d[l4sf] af6f] ;dfTg ;s]g t/ k|:t't cfn]v To;tk{m nlIft 5}g .

To;sf] ljk/Lt pQm o' 4 df v/f] plqPsf g]kfnLx?nfO{ cfˆgf] ;]gfdf ;fd]n u/L lgdf{0f k|1 f MM 90

ePsf] uf]vf{nL ;]gfsf] ldys dfly ljr/0f ug'{ g} o; n]vsf] d'Vo Wo]o /x]sf] 5 . cflv/ o; ;]gfsf] lgdf{0f s;/L eof] / s;/L cfˆg} ljkIfLsf] ;]gfdf g]kfnLx? ;fd]n eP clg cfk}mF lj?4 n8\g] b]zelQmk"0f{ ;]gf / hgtfaf6 s;/L la|l6;– ef/tn] cfˆg} /Iffy{ n8\g–] le8\g] ;]gf lgdf{0f u¥of] t < ;fob ;+;f/df o:tf] klg lj/n} kfOPnf hxfF ljhoL d'ns ' n] k/flht d"ns ' af6 ;]gf lnO{ cfˆg} ;]gf lgdf{0f ubf]{ xf] . To;}n] o;nfO{ Pp6f …ldysÚ dflgPsf] xf] . To:tf] ce"tk"j{ g]kfn– cª\uh ]| o'4 ePsf] @)) jif{ k'us ] f] ;Gbe{df o:tf] syfsf] k'g/fjnf]sg pko'Qm b]lvFbf klg k|:t't n]v lgdf{0f ug]{ x]t' lnOPsf] 5 . rfvnfUbf] s] 5 eg] hDdf $,^%) euf}8f g]kfnL ;]gfaf6 O{=!*!% df ;'? ePsf] of] uf]vf{etL{ pTsif{sf lbgdf @ nfv %) xhf/;Dd k'us ] f] eP tfklg xfn #,$)) s} jl/kl/ ;Lldt x'g cfPsf] 5 . xfn of] etL{ lng] ;+oQ' m clw/fHo :jod\ lj36g / zlQm /fi6«sf] x}l;otaf6 nuftf/ vl:sFbf] cj:yfdf b]lvFbf of] ;]jf g} ;dfKt x'g] t xf]Og < cem dxŒjk"0f{ k|Zg t of] ag]sf] 5 . lsgeg] h'g jvt g]kfnsf] hg;ª\Vof %% nfv dfq lyof] To; avt @ nfv etL{ clg o;a]nf ha o;sf] hg;ª\Vof emG8} # s/f]8 k'Ub} u/]sf] dfq xf]Og p;nfO{ Tolts} j]/f]huf/L ;d:ofn] klg lk/f]lnO{ /x]sf] 38Ldf eg] of] ;]jf cjzfglt/ hfg' lar slQsf] tfnd]n xf]nf < t/ s6' ;Tox?n] lgZro g} o; ;]jfsf] P]ltxfl;stf jf dxQfnfO{ sbflk sd ug]{ 5}gg\ lsgeg] Oltxf; eg]s} ljut / jt{dfg larsf] s8L xf] h;n] d'ns ' nfO{ ljutsf] lzIff dfq h'6fpFb}g ;Fu;Fu} eljionfO{ klg dfu{bz{g u5{ . To;}n] ca o; @)) jif{sf]

Oltxf;sf] k[i7e"ldaf6 g} uf]vf{etL{sf] ljut, jt{dfg / eljiodfly ljxª\ud cjnf]sg ug]{ tk{m nfuf}F . @= k[i7e"ld dWosfnsf] pbo;Fu} -O{= **)–!&^*_ kZrft\ g]kfnsf] PsLs[t :j¿ksf] ljv08g ;'? eof] . O{=!)(& lt/ dWo t/fO{df lt/x't–] 8f]o /fHosf] :yfkgf ul/of] . o; /fHosf ;+:yfks sgf{6 j+zLo gfGob]j lyP eg] /fhwfgL l;d|fg} u9 lyof] . To:t} k|sf/ ;'b/' klZrdsf] h'Dnf e]udf O{= !!%) lt/ gfu/fhn] v;Lof dNn /fHosf] :yfkgf u/] . kmn:j¿k …g]kfnÚ eg] k"jd{ f sf]zL, klZrddf u08sL, pQ/df lzjk'/L / blIf0fdf lr;fkfgL vf]nf;Dd dfq ;Lldt /xg k'Uof] . t/ Oltxf;sf] lgolt ljzfn g]kfnsf] ;Lldt ljv08g kZrft\ dfq /f]lsg]jfnf lyPg . kmn:j¿k oL ljzfn ltg /fHox? klg csf]{ ljv08gtk{m nfu] . o; qmddf O{= !#%% lt/ l;d|f}gu9sf] cl:tTj ;dfKt eof] eg] o;} ztfAbLsf] cGTolt/ -O{=!#(!_ ljzfn vz ;fd|fHosf] klg ljv08g k|f/De eof] . To:t} k|sf/ kGw|fF} ztfAbLsf] cGTolt/ -O{= !$*!_ af6 g]kfn pkTosfsf] klg ljv08g ;'? eof] . o;/L …g]kfnÚ Ps …ef}uf]lns cleJolQmÚ sf ¿kdf dfq ;Lldt x'g cfO{ k'Uof] . ef/tdf la|l6; ;fd|fHosf] hu a;]kl5 cª\u|]h clwsf/Lx?sf nflu To;sf] ;Dj4{g, ;'b9[ Ls/0f / ;+/If0fsf] k|Zg Pp6f hl6n r'gf}tLsf ¿kdf b]vfk¥of] . O{= !&$) kZrft\ ha la|l6; Oi6 OlG8of sDkgLn] v'Nndv'Nnf Pskl5 csf]{ cfqmd0fåf/f ef/tLo /fHox?nfO{ cfˆgf] ;fd|fHoleq ufEg yfNof], ta p;sf] ;]gf g]kfnL ;]gfsf] cfDg];fDg] pleg cfO{ k'Uof] . To; l:yltdf oL b'O{ zlQmx? lar ;}lgs le8Gt clgjfo{ b]lvof] lsgeg] Tof] a]nf Psftk{m la|l6; kmf}h cfˆgf] ;fd|fHosf] la:tf/tk{m nfu]sf] lyof] eg] csf]t{ k{m uf]vf{ /fHo klg /fHo lj:tf/sf] cleofgdf nfu]sf] lyof] .

#= uf]vf{ /fHo tyf cª\uh ]| ;Fusf] k|yd 6Ss/ / ;DaGwsf] l;nl;nf pko'Q { m ljvl08t /fHox?sf] ;"rLleq dWo klZrd g]kfndf uf]vf{ gfdsf] ;fgf] /fHo klg lyof], hxfF ef/tsf] lrQf}/ u9tk{maf6 cfPsf /fhk'tx?sf] Pp6f zfvf zf;g ub{Yof] . o; j+zdf k}bf ePsf /fhfx?df k[YjL gf/fo0f zfx Ps dxŒjfsfª\IfL /fhfsf ¿kdf b]vf k/] / cfk"m u2Lg;Lg x'gf;fy -clk|n #, !&$#_ /fHolj:tf/ of]hgfsf] yfngL u/] . tbg';f/ sf7df8f}F jl/kl/sf clwsf+z e"–efu tyf /fHox? lhTb} k[YjL gf/fo0f zfxsf] ;]gf pkTosfsf] leqL efu;Dd cfO{kU' of] . o; l:yltdf cfˆgf] /fHosf] cl:tTjsf] cGTo cjZo+efjL b]lvP kl5 sflGtk'/sf clGtd dNn /fhf ho k|sfzn] cfˆgf] cl:tTj /Iffsf lglDt l5d]sL ef/tdf k|efjzfnL aGb} u/]sf] Oi6 Ol08of sDkgL ;/sf/;Fu ;xof]u dfUg' afx]s csf]{ ljsNk b]vg] g\ . cª\uh ]| clwsf/Lx?sf lglDt klg of] k|:tfj :jLsfo{ lyof] lsgeg] o;af6 pgLx?nfO{ sf7df8f}F pkTosfleq k|jz ] ug]{ cj;/ ldNg] lyof] . cGttM la|l6; ;}lgs clwsf/L lanLod lsgnssf] g]tT[ jdf @$)) ;ª\Vof ePsf] Ps la|l6; kmf}h sf7df8f}tF km{ k|:yfg u¥of] . b'ef{Uojz sf7df8f}F gk'Ub} l;Gw'nL u9L glhs}sf] kf}jf u9L eGg] 7fpFdf cª\u|]h ;]gfn] uf}vf{nL kmf}hsf] cfqmd0fsf] ;fdgf ug'{ k¥of] . cgs06f/ hª\undf crfgs ul/Psf] cfqmd0fsf] ;fdgf ug{ g;sL cª\uh ]| L kmf}h oqtq nfUg' k¥of] . slDtdf !^)) cª\uh ]| L kmf}hsf] o; o'4df Hofg u'Dof] (Stiller 1956:129) . o;/L k|yd k6s cª\uh ]| clwsf/L ju{n] …uf]vf{nLÚ ;]gfsf] /0fsf}zn af/] k|ToIf cg'ej u¥of] . To;kl5sf jif{x?df Psflt/ uf]vf{nLx? cfˆgf] ljho cleofgdf sfo{/t /x] eg] cª\uh ]| x? klg ef/tdf cfˆgf] ;fd|fHosf] lj:t[tLs/0fdf Jo:t /x] . o; lar O{= !(&!–(@ df g]kfnsf] ltAat–rLg;Fu ePsf] o'4sf sf/0f csf]{ k6s g]kfnL ef/bf/x? cª\uh ]| ;Fu ;xof]usf] ofrgf ug{ k'u]sf lyP . t/ sDkgL ;/sf/n] o; cj;/nfO{ klg cfˆgf] kIfdf ;b'kof]u ug{ ;s]g . tyflk cª\u|]h clwsf/L ju{n] g]kfn;Fusf] k|1 f MM 91

;DaGwnfO{ k|fyldstfk"0f{ ;"rLd} /fVb} cfof] .

To; lardf o"/f]kdf g]kf]lnog o'4 To;sf] r/dlt/ k'Ug uPsf]n] la|l6; ;/sf/n] blIf0f Plzofdf afl~5t dfqfdf s]lGb|t x'g ;Sg] cj:yf /x]sf] lyPg . To;}n] sDkgLsf clwsf/Lx?n] zflGtk"0f{ jftf{sf dfWodaf6 g} g]kfnL;Fusf] ;DaGwnfO{ hf/L /fVb} /x] .

Oltxf;sf] o; v08sf] k|dv ' ljz]iftf s] /x]sf] lyof] eg] g]kfnL ef/bf/x? cª\uh ]| x?af6 ;b}j cnu /xg rfxGy] csf]t{ k{m, cª\uh ]| x? eg] ;b}j g} g]kfnL kIfdf 3'nldn x'g / ;Dks{, ;DaGw a9fpg bQlrQ /x] . 7Ls ToxLa]nf g]kfnL ef/bf/x? cfˆgf] ljho cleofgsf] qmdaf6 klg kl5 x6]gg\ . b]Vbf b]Vb} ;fgf] uf]vf{ /fHo k"j{ l6:6fb]lv klZrd lsNnf sfFu8f;Dd k}mlnPsf] Pp6f ljzfn tyf zlQmzfnL /fi6«sf ¿kdf :yflkt eof] . ljZj ljh]tf cª\uh ]| ;fd|fHosf] eljio tyf ;'/Iffsf lglDt g]kfnsf] o:tf] x}l;ot lglZrt ¿kdf r'gf}tL k"0f{ s'/f x'GYof] . t;y{ ltgLx? g]kfnnfO{ ;b}jsf lglDt s'h F f] (Cripple) agfpg rfxGy] (Ramakant 1982:24) . oxL p2]Zo k|flKtsf lglDt !*!$, gf]eD] a/ ! sf lbg la|l6; ef/tsf tTsfnLg ue{g/ hg/n df/SjL; ckm x]l:6Fu;n] g]kfnsf lj?4 o'4sf] 3f]if0ff u/] . $= uf]vf{etL{sf] cjwf/0ff g]kfn–cª\uh ]| o'4 nueu @ jif{;Dd rNof] / To;df g]kfnL ;]gfsf] g/fd|f] k/fho eO{ c;dfg …;'uf}nL ;lGwÚ df x:tfIf/ ug'k{ ¥of] . t/ o; o'4df g]kfnL kmf}hn] b]vfPsf] cbDo ;fx;, cg'zf;g tyf n8fs'kgb]lv cª\u|]h ;}lgs clwsf/Lx? cTolws k|efljt eP . To;}n] cª\uh ]| hg/n cS6/nf]gLsf] lgZro s] lyof] eg] oL jL/ tyf n8fs' hfltx?df cGtlg{lxt z'/jL/ k|jl[ QnfO{ cª\uh ]| hflt, vf; u/L la|l6; ;fd|fHosf] ;+/If0f tyf ;Da4{gdf clk{t ug]{ k|lqmofsf] yfngL ul/g' k5{ . vf;u/L hGdhft ;}lgs dgf]jl[ Qsf g]kfnL hfltsf] ;}lgs dgf]jl[ QnfO{ ;ª\ul7t u/L cGoq gdf]8b\ f pTkGg x'g ;Sg] k|ltlqmofhGo l:yltaf6 klg cª\uh ]| clwsf/L ju{ kl/lrt /x]sf] cg'dfg k|1 f MM 92

nufpg ;lsG5 . o;} k[i7e"lddf pko'Q { m o'4 :ynaf6 g} uf]vf{etL{sf] cjwf/0ffsf] hGd eof] (Marrion and fosten 1974:8) . hg/n cS6/nf]gLn] o'4aGbL uf]vf{nLx?nfO{ g} ;ª\ul7t u/L cfˆgf] ;f]rsf] sfof{Gjog ug{ yfn] . cflwsfl/s ¿kdf clk|n @$,!*!% nfO{ la|l6; ;/sf/n] uf]vf{etL{sf] ;'? laGb' dfGb5, h'g lbg o'4aGbLsf ¿kdf klqmPsf uf]vf{nLx?nfO{ lnO{ cS6/nf]gLåf/f lz/df]/ j6flnog :yfkgfy{ u/]sf] cg'/f]wnfO{ ue{g/ hg/nn] ;Ddlt k|bfg u/]sf lyP (Defence committee First Report, The Future of the Brigde of Gurkhas, London 1989:x) . oL :jod\ ;]jsx?sf] ;ª\Vof hDdf #,))) lyof] (Farwell 1984:33) . o;} jif{

l;dnfsf] ;'afy'df cGo b'O{ …a6flnogÚ x? v8f ul/of] t/ l;3| g} b'an } fO{ Ps} 7fpF ufe]/ …km:6 uf]vf{ /fOkmN;Ú sf] gfd lbOof] . !*!% d} cfndf]8fdf s'dfp a6flnogsf] :yfkgf ul/of], h;sf] gfds/0f …y8{ uf]vf{ /fOkmN;Ú ul/of] . %= lgdf{0f tyf ljsf; dflysf] k|;ª\udf pNn]v ul/P e}mF cª\uh ]| clwsf/Lx?n] o'4sf] d}bfgaf6 Ps kIfLo ¿kdf g} uf]vf{etL{ k|lqmofsf] yfngL u/]sf lyP . cg]sf}F lg0ff{os o'4x?df uf]vf{ ;}lgsx?åf/f h;/L pNn]vgLo ;}lgs e"ldsf v]lnof], To;af6 cª\uh ]| kIf uf]vf{ ;]gfsf] pkof]lutf a9\b} uPsf] dx;'; ug{ yfNof] . tbg'¿k la|l6;–ef/t ;/sf/ o;nfO{ ;ª\ul7t / lgoldt kfg]{ k|lqmoftk{m klg nfUof] . O{= !()! k"j; { Dd la|l6;–uf]vf{ kmf}hnfO{ ;fª\u7lgs qmda4tf lbO{ ;lsPsf] lyPg tyflk To;sf] u7g k|lqmofdf ;fdfGo x]/k]m/ eO{ g} /xGYof] . lz/df]/ a6flnog, …km:6 uf]vf{ /fOkmN;Ú / s'dfp a6flnog kZrft\, kmQ]u9 n]le -O{= !*!&_, s6s lnhg -O{=!*!&_, ;f]xf| F} tyf l;nx6 nf]sn a6flnot -O{=!*@$_, PS;6«f uf]vf{ /]lhd]G6, -O{= !*%&_, xh/f uf]vf{ a6flnog tyf kGw|fF} kGhfa OGk]mlG6«, -O{=!*%*_, kGw|fF} db|f; /]lhd]G6 -kl5 adf{ OGk]mlG6« / cf7f}F uf]vf{ /fOkmN;, -O{= !()@_ x? sfod eP . logLx?sf] gfds/0f

tyf qmda4tf o; k|sf/ sfod ul/of] M k|yd uf]vf{ /fOkmN; -O{= !*!%_ -gf;L/L a6flnogaf6_ låtLo uf]vf{ /fOkmN; -O{= !*!%_ -l;/df]/ a6flnogaf6_ t[tLo uf]vf{ /fOkmN; -O{= !*!&_ -s'dfp a6flnogaf6_ rf}yf] uf]vf{ /fOkmN; -O{= !*%&_ -PS:6«f uf]vf{ /]l/d]G6af6_ kfFrf} uf]vf{ /fOkmN; -O{= !*%*_ -xhf/f uf]vf{ a6flnogaf6_ 5} 7 f} F uf] v f{ /fOkmN; -O{ = !*!&_ -s6slnhgaf6_ ;ftf}F uf]vf{ /fOkmN; -O{= !()@_ -cf7f}F uf]vf{ /fOkmN;af6_ cf7f}F uf]vf{ /fOkmN; -O{= !(@$_ -l;nx6 nf]sn a6flnogaf6_ gjf}F uf]vf{ /fOkmN; -O{= !*!&_ -kmQ]u9 n]leaf6_ bzf}F uf]vf{ /fOkmN; -O{= !*()_ -km:6 adf{ OGk]mlG6«af6_ o;k| s f/ ;dofGt/df la| l 6;–ef/tLo kmf}hdf uf]vf{nLx?sf] etL{ k/Dk/f ljsl;t x'g yfn]sf] eP tfklg jL/ zdz]/sf] pbokZrft\ dfq -O{= !(**%–!()!_ v'Nnf ¿kdf g]kfnaf6 etL{ ug]{ cg'dlt lbOof] . jL/ zdz]/n] cfk"m k|wfgdGqL ePsf] nut} kl5 Ps Ol:txf/ hf/L ub}{ æs'g} klg JolQm la|l6;–ef/tLo kmf}hdf etL{ x'g rfxG5 eg] p;nfO{ To:tf] 5'6 lbOG5Æ eGg] :ki6 kf/] (Rose 1971:143) . kmn:j¿k o;kl5 s'g} klg sfndf o; k/Dk/fdfly s'g} k|sf/sf] lgoGq0f ul/Pg . !($& cui6 !% df ha ef/tnfO{ :jtGq 3f]if0ff ul/of], la|l6;–ef/tLo kmf}hdf sfo{/t uf]vf{ l;kfxLsf] ;ª\Vof sl/a @#,))) lyof] / ltgLx? !) /]lhd]G6 tyf @& a6flnogx?df ljeQm lyP . pQm ldltdf ha la|6g] n] ef/taf6 labf lnof] p;n] uf]vf{ ;]gfsf] pkof]lutf / dxŒjnfO{ la;{g ;s]g . ctM ef/t :jtGq 3f]lift x'ge ' Gbf 7Ls Ps xKtfk"j{ dfq g]kfn, ef/t /

la|6g] sf lar uf]vf{ kmf}h;DaGwdf ePsf] lqkIfLo ;dembf/L cg';f/ pQm kmf}hnfO{ ef/t / la|6g] sf lar ljefhg ul/of], h; cg';f/ bf];f| ,] 5}7f},F ;ftf}F / bzf}F uf]vf{ /fOkmN;x? la|l6; ;]gfdf :yfgfGt/0f ul/P eg] afFsL ef/tLo kmf}hdf /x] (Chene 1991:203) . o; ljefhgsf] ljz]iftf s] lyof] eg] oL uf]vf{x?nfO{ la|l6; ;]gfdf hfg], ef/tLo ;]gfdf /xg] jf ;]jf lgj[Q x'g] cflb ljsNkx? lbOPsf lyP . h; cg';f/ la|l6; kmf}hdf hfg grfxg] uf]vf{x?nfO{ lnP/ 11th Gurkha Resiment sf] u7g ul/Psf] lyof] . o; ljefhg kZrft\ la|l6; kmf}h cGtu{t dnfof hfg] uf]vf{ ;}lgssf] ;ª\Vof !),$)) dfq lyof] (Defence committee Report: 1) . t/ låtLo ljZjo'4sf 8/nfUbf lbgx?df @,%),))) eGbf a9L uf]vf{x?n] cª\uh ]| sf] kIfaf6 ljZjsf ljleGg ;}lgs df]rf{x?df n8]sf lyP . To; afx]s o'usf] ;fk]Iftfdf o; kmf}hsf] ;ª\Vofdf 7'nf] ptf/– r9fj x'bF } /x]sf] b]lvG5 . eG;L6f6{n] pNn]v u/] cg';f/ O{=!(!# hgj/L ! df la|l6;–ef/tLo ;]gfdf sfo{/t uf]vf{x?sf] ;ª\Vof @$,#)% lyof] (Vansittart 1987:170) . la|l6; ;+;b\sf] tNnf] ;bg House of Commons's Defence Committee sf] The Future of the Brigade of Gurkhas eGg] ;+ o ' Q m clw/fHo ;/sf/sf] cflwsfl/s k|ltj]bgdf hDdf @,)),))) uf]vf{x?n] k|yd ljZjo'4 tyf @,%),))) uf]vf{x?n] låtLo ljZjo'4df efu lnPsf] tYo k|:t't u/]sf] 5 (The Defence Committee Report:x) . dfly g} rrf{ ul/of] ef/taf6 cfˆgf] zf;gsf] cGTo kZrft\ cfˆgf] efudf k/]sf uf]vf{x?nfO{ ;+o'Qm clw/fHo -clw/fHo_ n] dnfoftk{m :yfgfGt/0f u¥of] . ToxfF pgLx?n] hª\un / ufpF–ufpFdf k}mlnP/ /x]sf sDo'lgi6 qmflGtsf/Lx?sf lj?4 n8\g' lyof] . tbg'¿k !@ jif{sf] le8Gt kZrft\ dnfofnfO{ sDo'lgi6 x'gaf6 arfOof] klg . o;afx]s l;ª\ufk'/ l:yt uf]vf{x?n] a'g| fO{ / af]lg{of]sf ljb|fx] x?df klg ;xefuL x'g' k¥of] . OG8f]gl] zofs} o'4df /fdaxfb'/ lnDa"nfO{ eL=;L= klg k|fKt ePsf] lyof] / s'g} klg uf]vf{n] k|1 f MM 93

kfPsf] of] g} xfn;Ddsf] clGtd eL=;L= ePsf] 5 . k|lt/Iff ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bgdf elgPsf] 5 M In the 1950s and 1960s, Gurkha units were an active Service for a total of sixteen years-first during the Malayan Emergency, from 1948-1960, and during the Brunei revolt in,1962 and subsequent operations in Borneo during Confrontation with Indonesia, 196366

!^ jif{sf] o; ;dofjlwdf uf]vf{ kmf}hsf] ;ª\Vof !%,))) sf] j/k/ /x\of] eGg] k|lt/Iff ;ldltsf] lgisif{ /x]sf] b]lvG5 . t/ uf]vf{x?sf] k|of]u clwstd dfqfdf ubf{ub}{ klg pgLx?sf] sfd l;l4gf;fy clw/fHon] s6f}lt (Redundency) jf cGo axfgfdf ltgLx?nfO{ lagf lgj[lQe/0f ;]jf lgj[Q ug]{ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . oxL sf/0f lyof] !(&! df cfO{ k'Ubf uf]vf{ ;ª\Vof 36]/ &,))) df cf]ln{g cfO{ k'Uof] . To;sf] ! jif{ k"j{ O{=!(&) df dfq dnfofl:yt uf]vf{ lau|8] xªsª ;¥of] eg] O{=!((& h'g #) df ;bfsf nflu ToxfFaf6 clw/fHosf] cflwkTosf] cGTo;Fu} a]nfot k|:yfg u¥of] . o; lar !(*@ df kmSNofG8 k|folåksf] k'gMclwsf/sf ;Gbe{df dfq xf]Og a'g| fO{sf] ljb|fx] -!(^@_ bafpg / xfn;Dd ToxfFsf] cfGtl/s ;'/Iffdf ;d]t uf]vf{ a6flnog t}gfy ul/Ps} 5 . Toltdfq xf]Og clw/fHo ;/sf/ / a'g| fO lar ;DkGg ;Demf}tf cg';f/ clw/fHo ;/sf/n] k|ltjif{ !% nfv kfp08sf] /f]oN6L;d]t a'g| fO{sf ;"ntfgaf6 c;'n ub{5 . csf]{ tkm{, clw/fHon] cfˆgf] sfo{l;l4 x'gf ;fy uf]vf{x?nfO{ vflnxft 3/ kmsf{pg] u/]sf] rrf{dfly klg ul/of] . o; k|jl[ Qaf/] Defence Committee sf] Report df o; k|sf/ pNn]v ul/Psf] kfOG5– However, the Malayan Emergency from 1948 to 1960, followed by operations' in Borneo from 1963 to 1966, gave the Brigade demanding employment, and from 1948 to 1966 British Gurkhas were on active service for a total of 16 years. During this period the Brigade's establishment rose to a

k|1 f MM 94

peak of 15,000 and during much of the 1950s and 1950s strengths were about 14,000. After the end of the Borneo operations in 1966 the future of the Brigade, then based in Malaya, was in doubt. Disbanded was a distinct possibility, but the Gurkhas were retained, although beteen 1967 and 1969 the Brigade's strength was sharply reduced, from 14,000 to 10,000 men .. In 1970 British forces with drew from Malaya, and the Gurkhas moved their principal base to Hon Kong. Over the period the Burkhas have been in Hong Kong, the Strength of the Brigade has fallan by a further 20 percent… to It's current size of about 8,000.

^= of]ubfg / Iflt cª\uh |] clwsf/Lx?n] s}of}F k6s cfk"mx?n] g]kfn;Fusf] ;DaGwnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg] sf/0f …uf]vf{ tTTjÚ g} /x]sf] :jLsf/f]lQm k|s6 u/]sf] kfOG5 . t;y{ ;+oQ ' m clw/fHoåf/f uf]vf{ zlQmnfO{ s'g k|of]hgsf lglDt k|of]u ul/of] eGg] ljifo af/] rrf{ u/L /xg' cfjZos 5}g . o; af/] pQm ;/sf/sf] ;a}eGbf kl5Nnf] b[li6sf]0fnfO{ k|:t't ug'{ g} kof{Kt x'g5 ] . ToxfF elgPsf] 5– The object of employing Gurkha troops is to assist in the provision of a strategic reserve. In any given colonial territory the primary responsibility for internal security rests with the troops raised and maintained by that it is considere3d essential that an organized force should be in existence in Malaya of a strength sufficient to protect our interests in Asia particularly South East Asia.

(India office library, top secret Appendix 'B' to 0164/6649(SDZ) dated-47).

o;sf] cy{ xf]– ;+o'Qm clw/fHon] uf]vf{ zlQmnfO{ cfˆgf] ;fd|fHosf] k|flKt, /Iff / ;'b[9Ls/0fsf] lglDt k|of]u u¥of] . p;n] of] zlQmnfO{ o'4sf] d}bfgd} k]mnf kf/]sf] lyof] /

cg]sf}F o'4x?df ltgn] nuftf/ b]vfPsf] cb\et" ;}lgs zf}os { f] k/LIf0f kZrft\ g} To;sf] dxŒjnfO{ cfTdf;ft u/]sf] lyof] . ef/tdf t la|l6; ;fd|fHon] uf]vf{ kmf}hsf] k|of]u hª\unsf 8fs'x?sf] bdgb]lv ToxfFsf] cfGtl/s ;'/Iff / la|l6; ;fd|fHosf] k|flKt, ;+/If0f tyf ;Da4{gdf vr{ u¥of] . !*&) sf] lkG8f/L o'4, !*!& sf] d/f7f o'4, !(@% sf] e/tk'/ o'4 / !*$%–$^ sf] k|yd l;v o'4df dfq xf]Og !*%& sf] l;kfxL ljb|fx] sf lg0ff{os o'4x?df klg uf]vf{ ;]gfn] cfˆgf] cb\et" ;}lgs Ifdtf / la|l6; elQm b]vfP . cfˆgf] hftLo uf}/jnfO{ pRr kf/] . kmn:j¿k uf]vf{ kmf}h g} la|l6; ;fd|fHosf] ;aeGbf ljZjfl;nf] cfwf/sf ¿kdf :yflkt x'g k'Uof] . l;kfxL ljb|fx] kZrft\ ljzfn ef/tdfly la|l6; k|e'Tj dfq :yflkt ePsf] xf]Og . Tof] clws lj:tfl/t ;d]t x'g k'Uof] . clw/fHosf nflu ce}m w]/} ofqf ug{ afFsL lyof] . ef/tsf] cfGtl/s ;'/Iff dfq xf]Og cfˆgf] ljZj ;fd|fHosf] lj:tf/ tyf ;Dj4{g Pjd\ To;dfly kg{ ;Sg] r'gf}tLsf] ;Defjgfsf ;Gbe{df ;d]t uf]vf{ zlQmsf] dxŒj c¿ a9\b} /x\of] . o; lar adf{ -!*$%_, bf];f| ] ckmufg o'4 -!*&&– &(_, dnfof -!())_, rLg -!())_ / ltAat !()#–$_ df uf]vf{ kmf}hsf] k|of]u ul/of] . t/ k|yd ljZjo'4 -!(!$–!(!*_ / låtLo ljZjo'4sf eoª\s/ lbgx? cfpg t afFsL g} lyof] . cGttM tL lbgx? klg ;'? eO{ g} uP ha O{= !(!$ sf] cu:6df ;+oQ ' m clw/fHon] hd{gLsf lj?4 o'4sf] 3f]if0ff u¥of] . $ jif{ nfdf] o; ljZjo'4df uf]vf{ kmf}hn] ljZjsf ljleGg e"– efux?df la|l6; ;fd|fHosf] /Iffsf nflu hLjg– d/0fsf] o'4 n8] . ltgLx?n] n8]sf k|dv ' :ynx? lyP– k|mfG;, UofnLkf]nL, Kofn]:6fOg, an"lr:6fg tyf ef/tsf] pQ/–klZrd ;LdfGt k|bz ] , :j]hsf] d?e"ld Olhi6 tyf d];f]kf]6fldof / Sofl:kog ;fu/ (Tuker 1957: 1939) . oL o' 4 x?df uf]vf{x?sf] alnbfg olt pNn]vgLo /x\of] ls To;af6 k| e fljt eP/ clw/fHon] # hgf uf]vf{x?nfO{ ljZjk|l;4 le=;L=n] lje"lift u¥of] (Tuker 1957:199) . t/ oltd} lgoltsf] cGTo

x'gj] fnf lyPg . oL uf]vf{x?n] c¿ w]/} ug'{ lyof] .

O{=!(#( ;]K6]Da/ ! df hd{gLn] kf]Nof08dfly cfqmd0f u/]sf]df ;]K6]Da/ # d} clw/fHon] hd{gLsf lj?4 o'4 3f]if0ff u/] kl5 k|yd ljZjo'4 ePsf] @% jif{kl5 g} låtLo ljZjo'4sf] ;'?jft eof] . o; o'4nfO{ klg g]kfnn] :jod\åf/f ;~rflnt o'4 ;/x dxŒj lbPsf] lyof] . o'4df uf]vf{nLx?n] ckmuflg:tfg, adf{, dWok"j{, pQ/ clk|msf / o'/f]ksf ljleGg df]rf{x?af6 n8]sf lyP . oL o'4x?df uf]vf{nLx?sf] ;xeflutf / Ifltsf ;DaGwdf cg';Gwfg x'g w]/} afFsL /x]sf] eP tfklg plNnlvt k|lt/Iff ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bgdf o; k|sf/sf] pNn]v ul/Psf] 5– During the first world war, the small mountain kingdom of Nepal supplived 200,000 men to the forces of British crown: of these 55,000 served in the Indian Army Gurkha Brigade and the remained in other units of the Indian Army. There were 20,000 Gurkha Casualties. In the second world war 2,50,000 Gurkhas volunteenred, and Forty-two British Gurkha Battalions were raised. 7,544 Gurkhas were killed in action or died from wounds or disease; a further 1,441 were missing, presumed dead. 25,655 were wounded (fThe Defence committe Reportx) csf]{tk{m dnfof / af]lg{cf] sf08df Hofg

u'dfpg]x?sf] n]vf–hf]vf 5}g t}klg ;fdfGotof ^)) hlt uf]vf{nLsf] tL ljb|fx] ?df Hofg uPsf] la|l6; kIfsf] egfO /x]sf] kfOG5 . t/ of] cBfjlws ;ª\Vof xf]Og . o;nfO{ l7s;Fu cg';Gwfg ug{ afFsL g} 5 . csf]t{ k{m o'4df cfFvf, xft–v'§f u'dfpg] tyf cª\u eª\u x'gx] ?sf] n]vf–hf]vf;d]t x'g ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . ptf xhf/f}s F f] ;ª\Vofdf uf]vf{ kmf}hx?sf] of] bzf ePsf] lyof] . leS6f]l/of qm; kfpg] !) hgf jL/x? dWo] klg sltkon] cª\ueª\u eP kZrft\ g} pQm ;jf]R{ r kbs k|fKt ug{ ;s]sf lyP . låtLo ljZjo'4df of] kbs kfpg] nlIfdg u'?ªn] cfˆgf] bflxg] xft u'dfPsf lyP, hf] o; cj:yfsf] k|1 f MM 95

Pp6f b[i6fGt x'g ;S5 . csf]{ tkm{ a]Unf a]Un} ;|ft] x?df of] ;ª\VofnfO{ a]Unf a]Un} ¿kdf k|:t't ug'{ cfk}mF df klg of] l:yltsf] Bf]ts xf] . Pp6f ;|ft] df låtLo ljZjo'4df dg]{ jf cª\u eª\u x'gx] ?sf] ;ª\Vof qmdzM !) xhf/ / @#,^%% lyof] elgPsf] nfO{ o;} ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 .

(Pahari 1993:7)

&= ;]jf tyf zt{ la|l6; ;fd|fHosf] k|flKtb]lv To;sf] ;+/If0f ;Ddsf cg]sf}F b'Mv tyf si6k"0f{ lbgx?df uf]vf{ ;]gfsf] pNn]vgLo / lg0ff{os of]ubfg /Xof] . h'g avt g]kfnsf] hg;ª\Vof %% nfv -% ldlnog_ lyof], To;avt s"n hg;ª\Vofsf] @) k|ltzt cyf{t\ @ nfv %) xhf/ eGbf a9Lsf] ;}lgs ;xof]u g]kfnn] la|6g] nfO{ pknAw u/fpg' eg]sf] ;fdfGo ljifo lyPg . t/ cª\u eª\u ePsf, a]kQf ePsf jf d/]sf h:tf of]ubfgnfO{ ;d]t la|6g] n] plrt sb/ ug{ ;s]g / p;sf] sfd ;lsgf ;fy vfln xft uf]vf{nL ;]gfnfO{ 3/ kmsf{O{ lbof] . k|yd / låtLo ljZjo'4 kZrft\ xf];\ jf a'g| fO{, dnfofsf] lab|fx] sf] bdg kZrft\, k|To]s k6s s6f}tL of]hgf (Redundency) cGtu{t p;n] lagf lgj[lQe/0f ;]jf lgj[Q ul/lbof], To;sf] kl/0ffd cfh j[4 tyf cª\u eª\u ePsf uf]vf{x?n] u|fdL0f If]qx?df pk]lIft hLjg latfO{ /xg' k/]sf] 5 . ltgsf cfl>t kl/jf/hgx?sf] b'Mv si6 vkL g;Sg' 5 . ljb]zL df6f]df uO{ cfˆgf] Hofg ck{0f ug]{ jL/ uf]vf{x?sf ljwjf / ;Gtfgx? pk]lIft / j]/f]huf/ eO{ ck;+:s[ltsf] l;sf/ x'g k'us ] f 5g\ . x/]s b[li6sf]0fn] ltgLx?sf] eljio / jt{dfg eofjx 5 . slt uf]vf{ ;}lgssf kl/jf/hgx? dnfof / clk|msfsf] hª\undf a]kQf ePsf afa' / >Ldfg\x?sf] af6f] s'/L a;]sf 5g\ . cfˆgf] hLjg / hjfgL la|l6; ;fd|fHosf] ;]jfdf ;dlk{t ug]{ …jL/ uf]vf{Úx?sf] cj:yf of] x'g k'us ] f] 5, hf] cToGt v]bsf] ljifosf ¿kdf ;d]t /xL cfPsf] 5 . vfzu/L h;/L clw/fHon] uf]vf{ ;]gfx?sf] pkof]u kZrft\ lagf lgj[lQe/0f (Pension), ;]jf lgj[Q (Retirement) ug]{ u/]sf] k|1 f MM 96

5 Tof] cToGt b'Mvk"0f{ tyf dfgj clwsf/ ljk/Lt ;d]t ePsf] 5 . tnas} xsdf rflxF dnfofdf n8\g] uf]vf{ hjfgnfO{ k|lt dlxgf dnfog 8n/ $@÷– lbOGyf] eg] ;f]xL :t/sf] cª\uh ]| l;kfxLnfO{ eg] $%)÷– 8n/ lbOGYof] -kmfu'g @$, @)%@ df uf]vf{ e"=k"= ;}lgs ;ª\3åf/f cfof]lht b'O{ lbj;Lo uf]i7Ldf kb\daxfb'/ u'?ªåf/f JoQm :jfut dGtJoaf6_ . s'g kIf cs}{ xf] eg] u];f]n] rnfPsf] cleofgsf/L tyf cbfntL n8fO{+sf] kmn:j¿k xfn egf{, kbf]Gglt / ;]jf lgj[lQ nufot ;Dk"0f{ ;]jfdf xfn ;dfg Jojxf/sf] gLlt :yflkt eO{ ;s]sf] l:ylt 5 .

To:t} k|sf/n] la|6g] df sfd ug]{ Pp6f uf]vf{ hjfgsf] tna £$$ k|lt dlxgf dfq x'GYof] eg] cª\uh ]| hjfgn] k|lt dlxgf slDtdf klg o;sf] @) u'0ff a9L kfp08 kfpFbYof] . a9'jfsf ;Gbe{df klg oxL gLlt /xg] u¥of] . uf]vf{x? d]h/eGbf dflysf] kbdf a9'jf x'g kfpFbg} y] . k]G;gsf] xsdf klg oxL ;To /xFb} cfof] . @@ jif{ la|l6; kmf}hdf sfd u/]sf] Pp6f uf]vf{ skf]/{ nn] k|ltjif{ £#%@ kfpg] u¥of] eg] ;f]xL kbdf sfd ug]{ cª\uh ]| n] £@**% (Defence committee Report: xxxi) . hxfF ; Dd tna tyf ;' l jwfdf olt 7' n f] c;dfgtfsf] sf/0f 5 k|lt/Iff ;ldltn] sxLF …g]kfnLx?sf] hLjg:t/ cg'¿kÚ To;f] ul/Psf] atfPsf] kfOG5 eg] st} !($& sf] lqkIfLo ;lGw cg';f/ …ef/tLo ;]gf tna tyf k]G;g clwlgodÚ cg'¿k ug'{kg]{ x'Fbf To;f] ul/Psf] elgPsf] kfOG5 . (Defene committee Report17) ptf oxL ;ldltn] uf]vf{ ;]gfsf] x}l;otaf/] o:tf] pNn]v u/]sf] kfOG5 M Gurkha have served the British crown since 1815 and the Brigade of Gurkhas has been part of the British Army since 1947.

The current employment of the Gurkhas in the British Army is governed by various agreements stemming from the 1947 arrangments and often referred to as the TriPartite Agrement (TPA) between the

Governments of the United Kingdome, Nepal and India.

sfg'gL b[li6sf]0faf6 k|lt/Iff ;ldltn] uf]vf{x?sf] ;]jf, zt{ c¿ dha't ¿kdf b]vfPsf] 5 . ToxfFsf] ;}lgs sfg'g ;DaGwL bkmf *)-$_, -%_ / -^_ df elgPsf] 5– The volunteer thereupon will become subject to British Military law as a soldier of the Regular forces, by virtue of the Army Act, section 176(1) Gurkha other Ranks enlisted into the British Army therefore, become subject to the Army Act and to any Regularies issued under authority therof.

o; egfO{af6 k|lt/Iff ;ldltn] uf]vf{ ;]gfnfO{ la|l6; ;]gfsf] cleGg cª\usf ¿kdf l:jsf/ u/]sf] :ki6 5 . To;/L l:jsf/ ugf{;fy la|6g] n] uf]vf{ ;]gf;Fu klg 7Ls To:t} Jojxf/ ug'{ kb{5, h:tf] p;n] cfˆgf] /fli6«o ;]gf;Fu u/]sf] x'G5, cyf{t\ To;n] ;]jf zt{ jf ;]jf lgj[lQe/0f cflbdf s'g} k|sf/sf] e]befj ug{ kfpg ;Sg] cj:yf b]lvFbg} . Toltdfq xf]Og k|lt/Iff ;ldltn] t sxfF;Dd eg]sf] 5 eg] la|6]gn] g]kfnaf6 uf]vf{ etL{sf] clwsf/ ;d]t ;'uf}nL ;lGwaf6 g} k|fKt u/]sf] lyof] (Defence committe Report-xix) . jf:tljstf s] xf] eg] ;'uf}nL ;lGwdf uf]vf{ etL{ ;DaGwL Ps zAb klg rrf{ ul/Psf] 5}g . o; ;Gbe{df ;ldltn] h;/L lqkIfLo ;lGwnfO{ …s'g} cflwsfl/s ;lGw geO{ l6Kk0fL tyf kqfrf/x?sf] ;ª\ux| Ú dfq eg]sf] 5 . *= lqkIfLo ;lGw M e|d / jf:tljstf @)) jif{;Ddsf] cfˆgf] cgj/t ;]jf kZrft\ ca la|6g] n] uf]vf{etL{ k/Dk/fsf] cGTo ug]{ ;ª\st] b]vfpFb} 5 . t/ of] @)) jif{sf] cEof;n] …uf]vf{etL{Ú g]kfnsf uf]vf{x?sf] hLjgsf] cleGg cª\u alg;s]sf] 5 / Tof] lagf pgLx? cfˆgf] hLjg tyf eljiosf] sNkgf ug{;Dd klg t;{G5g\ . t/ o;n] Tof] ;DefjgfnfO{ sd ug]{ 5}g a? gfd dfqsf] ;ª\Vofdf la|6g] df uf]vf{ kmf}h /x] klg l9nf] rfF8f] la|6g] n] of] k/Dk/fsf] cGTo ug]{ 5 . To;}n] labfOsf]

o; 38Ldf g]kfnsf a]/f]huf/ uf]vf{x? cfˆgf] eljioaf6 dfq tl;{Psf 5}gg\ . cfˆgf] /ª\uLg k"j{ Oltxf;dfly ;d]t ;dLIff ug{ yfn]sf 5g\ . To;f] eP of] lqkIfLo ;lGw s] xf] < eGg] k|Zg g} jt{dfgdf Pp6f k|dv ' ljifosf ¿kdf plePsf] 5 / uf]vf{ ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg klg o;} ;lGwsf] kl/lwleqaf6 vf]lhg' kg]{ ePsf] 5 . ef/taf6 la| 6 ] g sf] cflwkTosf] cGTo ;'lglZrt ePkl5 cwLg:y ef/t (Dominion of India), clw/fHo / g]kfn ;/sf/sf k|ltlglwx? uf]vf{etL{ ljifodf 5nkmn ug{ O{=!($& d] ! sf lbg sf7df8f}d F f e]nf eP . o; a}7sdf g]kfn, :jfwLg ef/t / la|6g] df uf]vf{etL{ k/Dk/fnfO{ oyfjt ¿kdf hf/L /fVg] ;xdlt t sfod eof] t/ tL uf]vf{x?nfO{ …ef8fsf l;kfxLÚ sf ¿kdf geO{ la|l6; ;]gfsf] cleGg cª\usf ¿kdf g} lnOg' k5{ eGg] g]kfnsf] b[9 c8fg /x\of] . tb\g¿ ' k bf];f| ] r/0fsf] jftf{ lbNnLdf ;DkGg eO{ & gf]eD] a/, !($& df ltg} b]zsf k|ltlglwx? Ps lqkIfLo ;lGwdf x:tfIf/ ug{ ;xdt eP (Bhasin 1994:41) . t/ o; r/0fsf] jftf{df klg cfly{s ljifodf eg] s'g} lg0ff{os s'/f x'g ;s]sf] lyPg . ctM k'gM csf]{ r/0fsf] jftf{ sf7df8f}d F f ;'? eof] / gf]eD] a/ (, !($& sf lbg sf7df8f}d F f ltg} b]zsf k|ltlglwx?n] Ps lqkIfLo ;lGwdf x:tfIf/ u/] . k|To]s k6s a]Unfa]Un} ljifox?df lg0f{ox? eP cg';f/ o; ;lGwdf ltg a]Unfa]Un} cg';"rLx? (Annexure 1-iii) /x]sf 5g\ . oL cg';"rLx?df # j6} b]zsf k|ltlglwx?n] cf– cfˆgf] b]zsf] :jfy{nfO{ g} ljz]if ¿kdf hf]8 u/]sf 5g\ . d'Vo ¿kdf tL :jfy{x? # k|sf/sf /x]sf] b]lvG5– -!_ g]kfn cfˆgf gful/ssf] bhf{ ef8fsf l;kfxLsf] h:tf] gxf];\ eGg] rfxGYof] .

-@_ef/t cfˆgf] b] z df sfd ug] { / clw/fHodf sfd ug]{ uf]vf{x?sf] tna ;'ljwf ;dfg :t/df sfod ug{ rfxGYof] .

-#_ clw/fHo eljio ;Ddsf nflu g]kfndf cfˆgf] etL{ ;'ljwfnfO{ sfod /fVg rfxGYof] . tb\g¿ ' k cg';r " L ! sf] !! df elgof]– k|1 f MM 97

That the basic rates of pay admissible to Gurkha officers and soldiers present Indian pay code, at which rates personnel serving at the recruiting depots in Gorakhpur and Ghum shall be paid, and that a special allowance to componsate for permanent service overseas and high cost of living, shall in addition be admissible to Gurkha officers and soldiers serving H.M. Government overseas.

To:t} k|sf/ cg';r " L # sf] ! df elgof]– In all matters of promotion, walfare and other facilities the Gurkha troops should be treated on the same footing as the other units in the parent army so that the stigma of "mercenary troops" may for all time be wiped out. These troops should be treated as a link between two friendly countries (Bhasin 1994:31- 37).

sfnqmddf ;lGwdf Joj:yf ul/P cg'¿k ef/t / clw/fHo t cfˆgf] :jfy{ k"/f u/fpg ;Ifd eP t/ g]kfn cfˆgf gful/sx?sf] clwstd lxtsf] /Iff ug{ ;kmn ePsf] 5}g . vf; u/L dfly pNn]v ul/P e}mF clw/fHon] ;lGw cg';f/ uf]vf{ kmf}hnfO{ tna ;'ljwfsf] ;Gbe{df cfˆgf] ;]gf ;/xsf] /fli6«o Jojxf/ ug{ ;s]g, ;}4flGts b[i6n] h]–h:tf] eg]sf] eP tfklg Jojxf/df ltgLx?dfly 7'nf] cGt/ ul/of] . (= lgisif{ P] l txfl;s ;fdu| L x?sf] cjnf] s gaf6 …uf]vf{etL{Ú sf] k/Dk/f la|l6;–ef/t ;/sf/ / g]kfn ;/sf/sf lar cflwsfl/s kqfrf/ jf ;lGw ;Demf}tfsf dfWodaf6 ePsf] geO{ cª\uh ]| clwsf/Lx?n] :jtM :k"mt{ ¿kdf k|f/De u/] . t/ cª\uh ]| clwsf/Lx?n] Jojxf/af6 uf]vf{ ;]gfsf] dxŒj / pkof]lutfnfO{ /fd|/L cg'el" t u/] eg] g]kfnL ef/bf/x? cfˆgf] hg zlQm ljb]zL etL{df k7fpg] k|rngsf] ljkIfdf /xFb} cfP . sxfF;Dd eg] cª\u|]hsf c;nldq elgPsf hª\uaxfb'/ k|1 f MM 98

/f0ff ;d]t uf]vf{ etL{sf] ljkIfdf pleP . kmn:j¿k of] ljifonfO{ cª\u|]h clwsf/Lx?n] cf}krfl/s ¿kdf jftf{x?df k|:t't ug{ yfn] . o;/L of] ljifon] cflwsfl/stf kfpFb} hfg nfUof] / jL/ zdz]/sf] ;dob]lv o; k/Dk/fn] k|fT] ;fxg ;d]t kfpg yfNof] . rGb| zdz]/n] la|6g] sf nflu cfˆgf] /fHosf] ;Dk"0f{ ;|f]t clk{t ug]{ gLlt cjnDag u/] . logs} ;dob]lv ef/tdf :jtGqtf ;ª\uf| d To;sf] r/dtk{m k'Ug nfUof] . k|yd ljZjo'4 ;'? eof] . o;/L ef/tsf] cfGtl/s ;'/Iffb]lv ljZjJofkL k}mlnPsf] la|l6; ;fd|fHosf] ;+/If0f / ljZjo'4sf df]rf{x?df nfvf}F hjfgx?sf] la|6g] nfO{ cfjZostf kg{ yfNof] . o;/L cl3 klxNo}sf] eGbf uf]vf{ ;]gfsf] dxŒj a9]/ uof] . bf];f| ] ljZjo'4 To;sf] k|df0f lyof] t/ bf];f| ] ljZjo'4 kZrft\ klg la|6g] nfO{ uf]vf{ ;]gfsf] Tolts} ;fy rflxof] . ;'?df dnfof, l;ª\ufk'/ / cGTodf xªsªnfO{ ;}lgs cfwf/ agfP/ tL b]zx?df p7\g] ;}lgs ljb|fx] , sDo'lgi6 ljb|fx] / lrgLofFx?sf] cglws[t xªsª k|jz ] sf lj?4 la|6g] n] uf]vf{ ;]gfsf] e/k'/ pkof]u u¥of] . la|6]gd} klg uf]vf{ kmf}h Pp6f ljZjfl;nf] / cg'zfl;t ;]gfsf ¿kdf ;]jf/t /x\of] . To; afx]s la|l6; ;fd|fHosf] /Iffsf nflu eO{ /x]sf] o'4 klg hf/L g} lyof] . kmsNof08 k|folåkdf ch]G{ 6Lgf;Fu ePsf] o'4 To;sf] k|df0f lyof] . dnfofdf p7]sf] sDo'lgi6 ljb|fx] sf] bdgsfo{df h'6s ] f] cª\uh ]| n] dn]lzof ;/sf/af6 k|lt uf]vf{ $%) 8n/ lnof] eg] v"b ljt/0f rflxF $@ 8n/dfq u¥of] (Gurkha Sainik Aawaj 1997:41) . a'g| fO{sf nflu ul/Psf] cg'aGwaf6 la|6g] n] k|ltjif{ !% nfv kfp08 /f]oN6L kfpFb} 5 Farwell 1984: 285) . bf] ; | f ] ljZjo' 4 kl5 uf]vf{nLx?sf] bogLo cfly{s hLjgsf] k|bz{gLåf/f lghx?sf] ;xof]ufy{ ;ª\sng ul/Psf] uf]vf{ clkn kmG8df hDdf ePsf] s/f]8f}F kfp08sf] ;d]t plrt k|of]u ul/Pg . To; afx]s, ha ha uf]vf{ kmf}hsf] pkof]lutf 36\g] x'G5, tt\ tt\ ;dodf kmf}h s6f}lt of]hgf (Redundancy) cGtu{t lagf lgj[lQe/0f h;/L la|6]gn] uf]vf{x?nfO{ :jb]z

kmsf{O{ lbg] u¥of] Tof] c¿ lk8fbfos lyof] . dnfofsf] sDo'lgi6 ljb|fx] sf] bdg kZrft\ jf OG8f]gl] ;of / dn]l;of larsf] o'4sf] cGTo kZrft\ xf];\ x/]s k6s la|6g] n] ToxL u¥of] kmntM kmf}h s6f}lt of]hgfsf] sf/0f k|z:t uf]vf{x?nfO{ 7'nf] cfly{s df/ kg]{ u¥of] . tna, k]G;g, eQf ;'ljwfb]lv kbf]Gglt cflbdf ;d]t la|6g] n] uf]vf{ ;]gf;Fu c;dfg Jojxf/ u/L /x]sf] 5 . o'4sf] d}bfgdf ;b}j cl3Nnf] kª\lQmaf6 n8\g] / !# yfg leS6f]l/of qm; kfpg ;kmn Ifdtfjfg\ uf]vf{ l;kfxLsf] kbf]Gglt d]h/eGbf dfly x'g ;s]g . @)$& ;fndf b]zdf ax'bnLo Joj:yf k'gM:yfkgf nuQ} k"j{ uf]vf{x?n] ljleGg ;}lgs ;ª\3 ;+:yf

vf]nL ;ª\u7gfTds cleofg rnfpg' kg]{ sf/0f / jfl~5t ;kmntf klg o;}sf] kl/0ffd lyof] . of] cj:yfdf la|6g] n] h;/L ljutsf] @)) jif{sf] Oltxf;df uf]vf{ zlQmsf] clwstd pkof]u u/]sf] xf] . pgLx?n] kfpg' kg]{ tna / k]G;gsf] ;'ljwf lbg ;Sg' g} la|6gsf] nflu Oltxf;af6 ;lRrg] pkfo b]lvG5 . /, w]/} xb;Dd uf]vf{ ;ª\u7gx?sf] cleofgsf] sf/0f o;tk{m ;'wf/ eOg} ;s]sf] cj:yf eP tfklg ce}mklg k]G;g nufotsf ;]jf zt{ ljifodf p;n] o;tk{m ug{ afFsL w]/} 5 . d'Vo s'/f o; P]ltxfl;s ;]jfnfO{ s;/L oyfjt\ /fvL o;df pNn]Vo ;ª\Vof yKb} hfg] of] g} s]Gb|Lo ljifosf ¿kdf ljBdfg 5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L cª\uh ]| L Banskota, Purusottam, The Gurkha Connection (New Delhi: Nirala publications), 1994.

Caplan, Lionel, Warrior Gentlements Gurkhas in the Western imagination (USA: Berghahn Books, 1995.

Farwell, Byron, The Gurkhas (England: Penguin Books), 1984.

R.J. Marrion et al, The Tradition Book of the Gurkhas (London: Belmont-Maitland publishers limited). 1974 Ramakant, Indo Nepalese Relations (New Delhi: S. Chanda and Campany Ltd), 1782.

Rose, Leo E. Nepal Strategy for Survival (Bonbay: Oxford University Press), 1971.

Stiller, Ludwing F.S.J. The Rise of the house of Gorkha (Patna: The Patna Jesuit society).1975 Tuker, Sir Francis. Gurkha: The Story of the Gurkhas of Nepal (London; constable and company Ltd. 1957 Uprety, Prem R. Nepal Small Nation in the Vortex of international conflicts 1900-1950 (Kathmandu; Pugo Mi). 1984.

Vansittart, Eden, Gurkhas (Delhi: Matero Cumpany), 1987.

g]kfnL b]jsf]6f, u[idaxfb'/, g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts bk{0f efu –! -sf7df8f},F w|a' axfb'/ b]jsf]6f_, lj=;+= @)#^ zdf{, lzjk|;fb -;Dkf=_, g]kfnsf] ;}lgs Oltxf; -sf7df8f}MF zfxL g]kfnL hª\uL c8\8f, lj=;+= @)$( -!((@_ hg{nx? g]kfnL lxdfn @)$( -!((#_ uf]vf{ ;}lgs cfjfh ljz]iffª\s -jif{ %, cª\s !_, @)%@ :dfl/sf -uf]vf{ leS6f]l/ofqmd clegGbg ;df/f]x–@)%)

k|1 f MM 99

cª\uh ]| L i. News weeks, Sep. 23, 1991. ii. South Asia Bulletin Vo xiii No. 1 and 2, (1993).

Documents Defence Commitee (Session 1988-89), House of Commons), The future of the Brigade of Gurkhas Reports and Appendices, together with the proceedings of the committee minutes of Evidence and Appendices (London: the House of commons), 8 February, 1989.

The Gurkhas welfare Apeal (Leaflet) Bhasin, Avtar Singh (ed.), Nepal's relation with India and China Documents 1947-1992 (Two Vols.) (Delhi: Siba Exim Pvt. Ltd.), 1994

∗∗∗

k|1 f MM 100

ljljw cWoog

g]kfnL ;dfhsf] ;+/rgfdf lj=;+= !(!) sf] d'n'sL P]gn] kf/]sf] k|efj M Ps P]ltxfl;s ljj]rgf — 8f= s0f{axfb'/ aflgofF != ljifo k|jz ] g]kfndf k|frLg sfnb]lv g} cfo{, v;, u'?ª, tfdfª, yf¿, g]jf/, du/, /fO{, lnDa" cflb ljljw hfltsf dflg;x?n] a;f]af; ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . k|frLg sfnsf] k|f/De;Dd oL ljleGg hfltlar slxNo} s'g} lsl;dsf] e]befj ePsf] lyPg . lsgls oxfF j0f{ Joj:yfn] k|jz ] kfPsf] lyPg . lnR5jL sfnb]lv g]kfndf j0f{ Joj:yf k|f/De eof] .

To;kl5 g]kfnL ;dfh a|fXd0f, IfqL, j}Zo / z'b| egL rf/ hft / ljleGg pkhftdf ljeflht eof] . g]kfndf lj=;+= !(!) df Pslqt sfg'gL ;ª\ux| tof/ u/L nfu' ul/of] h;nfO{ d'ns ' L P]g elgG5 . of] d'ns ' L P]g lnR5jL sfnb]lv rNb} cfPsf] lxGb' j0f{ Joj:yfdf cfwfl/t lyof] .

To;sf/0f o;n] hflt e]b / 5'jf5't k|yfdf cfwfl/t k/Dk/fb]lv rNb} cfPsf] ;fdflhs ;+/rgfnfO{ lnlvt sfg'gL ¿k lbg] sfd u¥of] h;sf sf/0f j0f{ Joj:yf ;'b9[ x'g uPsf] lyof] . jt{dfg ljZjdf dfgj dfgj larsf] e]befjnfO{ cdfgjLo sfo{ dflgG5 . t/ g]kfnL ;dfhdf To; k|sf/sf] e]befj sfod} 5 . To; sf/0f lj=;+= !(!) sf] d'ns ' L P]gn] g]kfnL ;dfhdf s] s:tf] k|efj kf/]sf] lyof] / To;nfO{ ;dfKt kfg{ s] s:tf k|of; ePsf 5g\ eGg] af/]df rrf{ ug]{ p2]Zon] of] n]v tof/ ul/Psf] 5 . @= j0f{ Joj:yf / g]kfnL ;dfhsf] ;+/rgf g]kfndf k|frLg sfnb]lv g} ljleGg hfltsf dflg;x?n] a;f]af; ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . k|frLg sfnsf] k|f/De;Dd oL ljleGg hflt lar slxNo} s'g} lsl;dsf] e]befj ePsf] lyPg lsgls oxfF

j0f{ Joj:yfn] k|j]z kfPsf] lyPg . lnR5jL sfnb]lv g]kfndf j0f{ Aoj:yf cfof] . hft k|yfnfO{ j0f{ Joj:yf elgG5 . g]kfndf j0f{ / hftnfO{ Pp6} dflgG5 . o; ;DaGwdf ljåfgx?sf] egfO o:tf] 5– æxfd|f] ;fdflhs Jojxf/sf ;Gbe{df ljrf/ ug]{ xf] eg] rf/ j0f{ eg]sf] a|fXd0f, IfqL, j}Zo / z'b| xf] / log}nfO{ hft dflg+b} cfPsf] 5, h;df afx'g / If]qLsf] klxrfg :ki6 5 / kl/ul0ft hfltx? bdfO{, sfdL, ;fsL{ cflbnfO{ z'b| ju{df /fv]sf] a'lemG5 eg] j}Zo eg]sf] sf] sf] x'g\ :ki6 5}g .Æ -pkfWofo / l;jfsf]6L, @)&) M @#(_ . lnR5jL sfnLg /fhf c+zj' df{n] ;dfhdf cfo{ dof{bf sfod /fVg / …wd{zs + /Úsf] ;d:of pTkGg x'g glbg …e§flws/0fÚ gfdsf] c8\8f ;d]t :yfkgf u/]sf lyP -/]UdL, @)%# M !)^–!)&_ . j0f{ Joj:yfnfO{ sfod /fVg' cyf{t\ tf]lsPsf] k]zf ckgfpg'nfO{ cfo{ dof{bf elgGYof] . hft cg';f/sf] sfd ug'n { fO{ wd{ elgGYof] . k]zfut juL{s/0f gdfgL cfkm"v';L k]zf ckgfpg'nfO{ …wd{zs + /Ú elgGYof] . ;dfhnfO{ …wd{zs + /Ú x'gaf6 hf]ufpg pQm …e§flws/0fÚ gfdsf] c8\8f :yfkgf ul/Psf] lyof] -ah|frfo{, @)%# M @(&–@((_ . lnR5jL zf;g sfndf nfu' ul/Psf] j0f{ Joj:yf dWosfnsf] k"jf{wdf k'gM nf]k x'bF } uof] / dflg;x?n] cfkm" v';L k]zf ckgfpg yfn] .

To;sf/0f hol:ylt dNnn] lxGb' j0f{ Joj:yfnfO{ sfod /fVg ;fdflhs ;' w f/ u/] . pgn] dflg;x?nfO{ sfd cg';f/sf] hft / pkhftdf ljefhg u/L To;nfO{ s8fOsf ;fy nfu" u/] h;n] ubf{ ;dfh rf/ j0f{ -hft_ / ljleGg k|1 f MM 101

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pkhftdf ljeflht eof] -nD;fn, @)@# M #&– %)_ . dWosfndf ha ef/taf6 g]kfndf k;]sf s§/ lxGb' wdf{jnDaLx?sf] lgb]z { gdf g]kfnsf ljleGg afO;L–rf}la;L /fHox?df zf;g rNg yfNof] ta ltgLx?n] g]kfnL ;dfhnfO{ c´ a9L lxGb's/0f u/] . clg pkTosf nufot g]kfnsf ljleGg afO;L–rf}la;L /fHox?df j0f{ Joj:yf nfu' u/fP -j}B / cGo, !((# M ##–#$_. g]kfnsf] PsLs/0fkl5 d'ns ' sf] /fhg}lts / ef}uf]lns If]qdf kl/jt{g cfof] . ;–;fgf afO;L–rf}la;L /fHodf ljeflht g]kfn PsLs[t eP/ ljzfn /fHo :yfkgf eof] . t/ g]kfnsf] ;fdflhs :j¿kdf eg] vf;} kl/jt{g cfPg . lsgeg] Toltv] / ;a} h ;f] afO;L–rf} l a;L /fHox?df k|frLg sfnb]lv rNb} cfPsf] j0f{ Joj:yfnfO{ g} dfGotf lbOPsf] lyof] . g]kfndf lj=;+= !(!) df Pslqt sfg'gL ;ª\ux| tof/ u/L nfu" ul/of] h;nfO{ d'ns ' L P]g elgG5 . of] d'ns ' L P]g k/Dk/fut ¿kdf rNb} cfPsf] lxGb' j0f{ Joj:yfdf cfwfl/t lyof] . To; sf/0f o;n] hflt e]b / 5'jf5't k|yfdf cfwfl/t k/Dk/fb]lv rNb} cfPsf] ;fdflhs ;+/rgfnfO{ lnlvt sfg'gL ¿k lbg] sfd dfq u/]sf] lyof] . of] d'ns ' L P]gn] lxGb' j0f{ Joj:yf cg';f/sf a|fXd0f / IfqLnfO{ tfufwf/L hftdf /fv]sf] lyof] eg] dtjfnL hftnfO{ z'b| ju{df /fv]sf] lyof] . Toltv]/ g]kfnL ;dfhnfO{ j0f{ Joj:yf cg';f/ rf/ j0f{df ljefhg u/L pRr / gLr hftdf juL{s/0f ul/Psf] lyof] eg] tfufwf/L / dtjfnL, kfgL rNg] / grNg] cflb ljleGg ju{df ljefhg ul/Psf] lyof] . #= g]kfnL ;dfhdf j0f{ Joj:yfsf sf/0f ePsf] lje]b k| f rLg sfndf g] k fndf ;fdflhs /Lltl:yltnfO{ sfod /fVg / /fHodf ;'Joj:yf sfod /fVg /fhfsf] dftxtdf Gofofno /xGYof] . /fHodf k/L cfPsf ;a} ljjfbsf] km};nf ToxLFaf6 x'GYof] . To;sf nflu s'g} k|sf/sf] P]g, sfg'g lgdf{0f ul/Psf] lyPg . dWosfndf g]kfn d08nsf /fhf hol:ylt dNn / uf]/vfsf /fhf /fd zfxn] k|1 f MM 102

Gofo ;Dkfbgsf nflu wd{zf:qdf cfwfl/t s]xL lgod agfPsf lyP -sG6«LAo";g 6' g]lKnh :6l8h, #÷!, !(&^ M !)%_ . afO;L–rf}la;L /fHodf ljeflht g]kfnnfO{ PsLs[t u/L Pp6} /fHo agfOPsf] eP tfklg s'g} lsl;dsf] Pslqt P]g, sfg'g lgdf{0f gePsf] x'gfn] Gofo ;Dkfbgdf cK7]/f] k/]sf] lyof] . To;sf/0f lj=;+= !(!) df d'ns ' L P]g hf/L gx'~h]n;Dd ;fgf]ltgf] ljjfbsf] 6'Ëf] nufpg klg s]Gb|df ;f]w/] k7fpg' kb{Yof] .

ToxL s'/f dx;'; u/]/ kfNkf uf}8F fsf k|zf;s plh/ l;+x yfkfn] g]kfne/ Ps} k|sf/sf] sfg'g nfu' x'g' kb{5 eGg] dg;fo /fvL …hËL tyf lghfdtL l:ylt aGb]h… gfds Pslqt P]gsf] d:of}bf tof/ u/]sf lyP -aflgofF, @)&) M @#– @$_ . /f0ff zf;g sfndf hËaxfb'/ /f0ff a]nfotsf] ofqfdf hfFbf ToxfFsf] zf;g Joj:yf lgod sfg'g adf]lhd rn]sf] b]v/] k|efljt ePsf lyP . To;sf/0f a]nfotsf] ofqfaf6 kms]k{ l5 pgn] g]kfndf klg lnlvt P]gsf] Pslqt ;ª\ux| tof/ ug{ nufO{ lj=;+= !(!) b]lv nfu' u/fPsf lyP -s'df/, !(^& M !!&_ . of] sfg'g lgdf{0f gx'~h]n;Dd ;fgf] ltgf] ljjfbdf klg s]Gb|df ;f]w/] k7fpg' kb{Yof] . /f0ff zf;g sfn k"j{ d'ns ' sf] zf;g Joj:yf ;~rfng ug{ s'g} lsl;dsf] sfg'gL Joj:yf gePsf] x'gfn] /fHo k|dv ' n] ef/bf/x?sf] ;Nnfx cg';f/ lg0f{o lbg] ub{y] . tL lg0f{ox? lxGb' j0f{ Joj:yfdf cfwfl/t x'g] x'gfn] dflyNnf] ju{n] hlt;'s} 7'nf] ck/fw u/]klg 5'6s \ f/f kfpFby] eg] tNnf] ju{sf dflg;x?n] ;fgf]ltgf] ck/fwdf klg d[To'b08 kfpFby] . o;sf] pbfx/0fsf nflu lj=;+= !**! ;fn >fj0f z'bL % df kfNkf uf}8F fsf t}gfyjfnf s0f]{n plh/ l;+x yfkfn] s]Gb|df k7fPsf] ;fwsnfO{ lng ;lsG5 . pQm ;fwsdf xl/snf ;ls{gLn] cfˆgf] hft l5kfO{ v8\ul;+ /fgfsf] 3/df af; a;L eftkfgL 5f]Psf]n] s] ug]{ egL ;f]lwPsf]df lgh /fgfnfO{ k|folZrt u/L rf]lvg lbg' elgPsf] lyof] eg] xl/snf ;ls{gLnfO{ dfl;lbg' eGg] cfb]z lbOPsf] lyof] -clwsf/L, !(*$ M #@!–#@@_ . pkNnf] hftsf dflg;n]

sltko cj:yfdf hfgfhfgL tNnf] hftsf dflg;n] 5f]Psf] vfg] s'/f vfPdf klg cghfgdf k/]sf] egL k|folZrt u/fP/ dfq rf]vfOg] ul/GYof] . lj=;+= !*(! ;fn >fj0f z'bL * df kfNkfsf t}gfyjfnf 5f]6f hg/n /0fjL/l;+x yfkfnfO{ lbOPsf] cfb]zn] pQm s'/fsf] k'li6 u5{ . pQm cfb]zdf kfNkfsf] Ps wf]jLn] sf6]sf] df;' hfgfhfgL vfg] pkNnf] hftsf dflg;nfO{ k|folZrt dfq u/]/ rf]lvg lbg' elgPsf] lyof] -/fhj+zL, @)!* M *(_ . tNnf] hftsf dflg;n] eg] ;fgf]ltgf] s;'/ u/]df klg s8f ;hfo ul/GYof] eGg] s'/f lj=;+= !*($ ;fnsf] Ps cfb]zaf6 cjut x'G5 . pQm cfb]zdf kfNkf /fdk'/ a:g] a'Wof sdf/f] / nlntf afx'gLlar of}g ;DaGw ePsf] s'/f yfxf kfP/ klg hfx]/ gu/]sf] eGg] cf/f]kdf aª\:of gfd u/]sf] sdf/f]nfO{ dfl;lbg' elgPsf] lyof] -pxL, !)$_ . $= lj=;+=+ !(!) sf] d'ns ' L P]g / g]kfnL ;dfhsf] juL{s/0f lj=;+= !(!) sf] d'n'sL P]gn] g]kfnL ;dfhnfO{ d'Vo ¿kdf b'O{ ju{df ljefhg u/]sf] lyof]– tfufwf/L / dtjfnL . tfufwf/L leq klg a|fXd0f, If]qL / g]jf/ eg]/ ju{eb] ul/Psf] lyof] . dtjfnL ju{df klg kfgL rNg] / kfgL grNg] egL juL{s/0f ul/Psf] lyof] .

j0f{ Joj:yf cg' ; f/ a| f Xd0fnfO{ pRrsf]6Lsf] ju{df /flvPsf] lyof] . pgLx?n] /fHoaf6 cg]sf}F ;'ljwfx? k|fKt u/]sf x'Gy] . dWosfnb]lv g} g]kfnsf ljleGg /fHox?df /fhu'?, /fhk'/f]lxt, wdf{lwsf/L h:tf pRrsf]6Lsf kbx?df a|fXd0fx? /xg] x'gfn] tL kbx? k|fKt ug{sf nflu s'dfO{ / k"jL{of a|fXd0fx? lar k|ltikwf{ rln/xGYof] -x]ldN6g, !(*^ M !&_ . j0f{ Joj:yfdf a|fXd0fkl5 IfqLnfO{ pRr :yfgdf /flvPsf] lyof] . /fHo k|zf;gsf pRr kbx? vf; u/]/ ;}lgs ;]jfdf pgLx? g} axfn /x]sf x'Gy] . pgLx?nfO{ /fHon] cg]sf}F cfly{s ;'ljwfx? k|bfg u/]sf] x'GYof] . g]kfnsf ljleGg hflt af/] cWoog u/]sf x8\;gn] IfqLnfO{ 7s'/L, xdfn, em/f{ IfqL / vqL egL juL{s/0f u/]sf 5g\ -x8\;g, !(&@ M #&–$$_ . 7s'/Ldf sNofn, vfF8, rGb, kfn, ad, dNn, zfx, zfxL, l;+x cflb / em/f{ IfqLdf sfsL{, s'jF /, v8\sf, yfkf, a:g]t, aflgofF, lai6, a'9f, af]u6L, af]x/f, dxt, /fpt, /fjn, l;+hfklt y/sf dflg;x? kb{5g\ -lai6, !(^& M %_ . pkfWofo afx'gn] 7s'/LsL 5f]/L ljjfx u/L hGd]sf] ;GtfgnfO{ …xdfnÚ elgGYof] eg] IfqLsL 5f]/L jf kfgL rNg] hftsL sGof ljjfx u/L hGd]sf] ;GtfgnfO{ …vqLÚ elgGYof] zdf{, @)$( M ^(_ . To;sf/0f a|fXd0fsf hlt y/ lyP Tolt g} y/sf vqL IfqL x'Gy] .

-s_ tfufwf/L ju{ tfuf cyf{t\ hg} wf/0f ug{ kfpg] hftsf dflg;nfO{ tfufwf/L elgGYof] . pkfWofo a|fXd0f, h};L, /fhk't, IfqL cflb hftnfO{ tfufwf/L dflgGYof] . g] j f/x?df b] p efh" tyf cGo pRrsf]6Lsf hftsf g]jf/nfO{ o; ju{df /flvPsf]] lyof] -j}B / cGo, !((# M #* / $&_ . tfufwf/L hftsf k'?ifn] clgjfo{ ¿kdf hg} nufpg' kb{Yof] . lj=;+= !(!) sf] d'ns ' L P]gsf] …dbkfg c5'tLsf] dxnÚ cg';f/ of] hftsf] s'g} JolQmn] hfF8, /S;L, s'v/' f, ;'uF /' , ufO{, e}; F Lsf] df;' h:tf ceIf s'/f vfof] eg] p;sf] c+z ;j{Zj u/L dtjfnL hftdf kltt u/fOGYof] -d'ns ' L P]g, @)@@ M #^(–#&^_ .

-v_ dtjfnL ju{ lj=;+= !(!) sf] d'ns ' L P]g cg';f/ hg} nufpg gkfpg]Ù hfF8, /S;L / ceIf elgg] j:t' vfg kfpg] ju{nfO{ dtjfnL elgGYof] -d'ns ' L P]g, @)@@ M $!#–$!$_ . of] hftnfO{ b'O{ ju{df ljeflht ul/Psf] lyof]Ù gdfl;g] / dfl;g] . ;fdfGotof ;fgf]ltgf] ck/fw u/]df d[To'b08 glbOg] / ;fdflhs dof{bf sfod /xg] hftnfO{ gdfl;g] ju{ elgGYof] . o; ju{df g]jf/, du/ / u'?ª hfltnfO{ /flvPsf] lyof] . ;fgf]ltgf] ck/fwdf klg Hofg ;hfo x'g] / ;dfhdf lgDg :t/sf] dfGotf ePsf hftnfO{ dfl;g] ju{df /flvPsf] lyof] . dfl;g] hftnfO{ klg kfgL rNg] / kfgL k|1 f MM 103

grNg] b'O{ ju{df ljeflht ul/Psf] lyof] . h;n] 5f]Psf] kfgL rf/j0f{ 5lQ;} hftn] vfg x'GYof] To;nfO{ kfgL rNg] hft elgGYof] . lnDa", ls/fFt, ;'gj' f/, r]kfª, df´L, bg'jf/ / b/fO{ hfltnfO{ dfl;g] t/ kfgL rNg] hftdf /flvPsf] lyof] -j}B / cGo, !((# M $*_ . h'g hftsf dflg;n] 5f]Psf] kfgL pRr hftsf dflg;n] vfg k|ltaGw nufOPsf] lyof] To;nfO{ kfgL grNg] hft elgGYof] . kfgL grNg] hftnfO{ klg b'O{ ju{df afFl8Psf] lyof]Ù 5f]P l56f] xfNg' gkg]{ / 5f]P l56f] xfNg' kg]{ . kfgL grNg] hft dWo]sf klg s]xL hftnfO{ o:tf] ju{df /flvPsf] lyof] h'g hftsf dflg;;Fu 5f]OPdf s'g} k|folZrQ ug{ jf l56f] xfNg kb}g{ Yof] . lj=;+= !(!) sf] d'ns ' L P]gsf] …kfgL grNGof 36La9L hftsf] dxnÚ df d';ndfg, wf]jL, dw]zsf t]nL, s'n,' s;fxL, Dn]5, s';n], r'/6] f hftsf dflg;nfO{ o; ;d"xdf /flvPsf] lyof] . kfgL grNg] hftdWo] h'g hftsf dflg;;Fu pRr hftsf dflg; 5f]OPdf k|folZrQ :j¿k ;'g kfgL 5s]/{ 5f]Ol56f] xfNg' kb{Yof]Ù{ To:tf hftdf ;fsL{, sfdL, ;'gf/, r'gf/f, x's,{] bdfO, ufOg], jfbL, efF8, kf]8], Rofd] cflb hftnfO{ /flvPsf] lyof] -d'ns ' L P]g, @)@@ M ^&*–^*!_ . of] d'ns ' L P]g cg';f/ tfufwf/L a|fXd0f hftsf dflg;n] hlt;'s} 7'nf] ck/fw u/]klg d[To' b08 lbOFbG} Yof] . o;sf] pbfx/0fsf nflu lj=;+= !(!) sf] d'ns ' L P]gsf] …Hofgdf/fsf]Ú dxndf ePsf] Joj:yfnfO{ lng ;lsG5 h;df …pkfWofo j|fXd0f h}l; j|ffXd0f /= t]xf| TF} of e6\6 u}x| b]l; j|fXd0f s;}n] dflg; df¥of c}g jdf]lhdsf] c+; ;j{:j ul/ bfdn ug'={ Ú -pxL, @*!_ eGg] Joj:yf ePsf] kfOG5 . t/ cGo hftsf dflg;n] To:t} k|sf/sf] s;"/ u/]df d[To' b08 lbg] Joj:yf lyof] . ;f] s'/f pQm P]gsf] ;f]xL dxndf o;/L pNn]v ul/Psf] 5– ætfufwf/L Iflq u}x| dtjfln z'b| hft= OGXo]¿sf ;+tfg b;gfdL hf]lu h+ud ;]j8fl;t d'l8ofsf] /= Og}sf s+Gof ljwjf j]:of b;gfd hf]lu h+ud ;]j8fn] NofO ltg}jf6 hGDofsf ;+tfg d'l8ofsfn] Hofg df¥of] eGof Hofgsf] abnf Hofg k|1 f MM 104

lng'=…Æ -pxL_ . o;/L of] d'ns ' L P]gn] Ps} k|sf/sf] s;"/df klg j0f{ Joj:yf cg';f/ km/skm/s b08 ;hfosf] Joj:yf u/]sf] lyof] . %= g]kfnL ;dfhdf ePsf] lje]b Go"gLs/0fsf k|of;x? pGgfO;f}F ztfAbLsf] pQ/f4{df ljZjdf dfgjLotfk|lt ;+jb] gzLn x'g] jftfj/0f k|f/De eof] . of] kl/l:ylt bf];|f] ljZjo'4df ePsf] g/;+xf/n] l;h{gf u/]sf] lyof] . ljZjdf ePsf b'Oj{ 6f ljgf;sf/L o'4n] dfgjdf r]tgf hufO{ lbof] / dfgjsf] lxt / ;+/If0fsf nflu sbd rfNg' kb{5 eGg] efjgf NofO{ lbof] . To;sf] kmn:j¿k ;+oQ ' m /fi6« ;ª\3åf/f …dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ff !($*Ú hf/L ul/of] . of] 3f]if0ffkqsf] ;ftf}F wf/fdf …sfg'gsf] b[li6df ;a} ;dfg 5g\ / lagf e]befj ;a} sfg'gsf] ;dfg ;+/If0fsf] clwsf/L x'g]5g\ . o; 3f]if0ffnfO{ pNnª\3g u/L ul/Psf] jf pS;fOPsf] e]befjsf] lj?4 ;dfg ;+/If0fsf] clwsf/L ;a} x'g5 ] g\ .Ú elgPsf] 5 -cf]emf, @)%) M $$–%@_ . ljZjdf cfPsf] gofF kl/jt{gsf] k|efj g]kfndf klg kg{ uof] h;sf] kl/0ffd :j¿k ztAbLof}; F Dd rn]sf] /f0ff zf;g ;dfKt eof] . /f0ff zf;g sfndf g]kfndf a;f]af; ug]{ dfgj ;d'bfonfO{ ljleGg ju{df ljefhg u/L cfly{s ;'ljwf k|bfg ug]{ s'/fdf, ;fdflhs dfGotf lbg] s'/fdf / sfg'gL xs clwsf/ k|bfg ug]{ s'/fdf e]befj ul/Psf] lyof] . /f0ff zf;gsf] ;dfKtLkl5 d'ns ' df k|hftGqsf] cEof; ug{sf nflu …g]kfn cGtl/d zf;g ljwfg @))&Ú nfu" ul/of] . pQm ljwfgsf] efu b'Od { f /x]sf] /fHogLltsf lgb]z { s l;4fGtx? eGg] zLif{ssf] wf/f !$ df …/fHon] wd{, hflt, hft -j0f{_, lnË, hGd:yfg jf o:tf s'g} ljifosf] cfwf/df gful/snfO{ e]befj ug]{ 5}gÚ elgPsf] lyof] -l;+x, @)^^ M !%%_ . o:t} …g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg @)!%Ú sf] df}lns xs eGg] zLif{s cGt/ut ;dfgtf eGg] pkzLif{s /fvL …;a} gful/s sfg'gsf] ;dfg ;+/If0fsf]

xsbf/ x'g] 5g\, ;fdfGo sfg'gsf] k|of]udf s'g} klg gful/sdfly wd{, j0f{, lnª\u tyf hft– hfltsf] cfwf/df e]befj ul/g] 5}gÚ eGg] k|fjwfg /flvPsf] lyof] -pxL, @)*_ . o;}u/L …g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)!(Ú df klg df}lns st{Jo / xs zLif{s cGt/ut ;dfgtfsf] xs eGg] pkzLif{s /fvL ;f]xL s'/f pNn]v ul/Psf] lyof] -pxL, @$(_ . k/Gt' pQm s'/fnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ lj=;+= !(!) sf] d'ns ' L P]gdf s'g} lsl;dsf] ;+zf]wg gePsf] x'gfn] Jofjxfl/s ¿kdf wd{, j0f{ / hft–hfltsf] cfwf/df ul/g] e]befj sfod} lyof] . lj=;+= !(!) b]lv rNb} cfPsf] k'/fgf] d'ns ' L P]g tyf ;a} P]g, ;jfn / ;gbx? vf/]h u/L lj=;+= @)@) ;fn efb| ! ut] gofF d'ns ' L P]g hf/L ul/of] h;n] tTsfnLg /fhgLlts, cfly{s / ;fdflhs Joj:yfsf] ljrf/af6 ljleGg ju{, hflt / If]qsf hgtfsf] lardf ;';DaGw agfO{ /fVg] 5 eGg] p2]Zo /flvPsf] lyof] -uf]/vfkq, @)@)÷%÷!_ . of] d'ns ' L P]gsf] …k|:tfjgfÚ df o:tf] elgPsf] lyof]– æ;+jt\ !(!) ;fn kf}if jlb & /f]hsf lbgb]lv rnL cfO/x]sf] d'ns ' L P]gdf b]z sfn kl/l:ylt cg';f/ a]nf a]nfdf yk36 ;+zf]wg x'bF } cfPsf] ;a} Pslqt u/L ldnfO{ jt{dfg /fhg}lts cfly{s / ;fdflhs Joj:yfsf] ljrf/af6 cfjZos b]lvPsf] c? klg ;+zf]wg u/L g]kfn ===df lr/sfn;Dd zflGt / Joj:yf sfod /fVg] / ljleGg ju{, hft, hflt / If]qsf hgtfsf] ;';DaGw agfO{ /fVg] ;d]tsf] dxfg p2]Zon] xfdL >L % dxf/fhflw/fh dx]Gb| jL/ ljqmd zfxb]jaf6 g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f (# cg';f/ of] P]g agfO{ hf/L ul/aS;]sf 5f}F .Æ -d'ns ' L P]g, @)&) M @_ . of] s'/fnfO{ :ki6 ug{ ;f]xL d'ns ' L P]gsf] …cbnsf] dxnÚ df …s;}n] s;}nfO{ hfltkftL, wd{, j0f{, ju{ jf sfdsf] cfwf/df 5'jf5'tsf] e]befjk"0f{ Jojxf/ jf alxisf/ jf lgif]w u/]df=== b08 ;hfo ul/g] 5Ú eGg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] -pxL, @@(–@#)_ . ljZjdf dfgj dfgj lar x'g] hftLo, If]qLo

/ /Ëe]b ;DaGwL ;a} k|sf/sf lje]b x6fpgsf nflu ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;ª\3åf/f cg]sf}F k|sf/sf k|of;x? ePsf 5g\ . tL k|of;x?dWo] …;a} k|sf/sf hftLo e]befj pGd'ng ug]{ ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGw !(^%Ú klg Ps xf] . o;df hft / /Ësf] cfwf/df s'g} ju{ jf ;d'bfonfO{ e]befj u/L dfgj clwsf/sf] pkef]uaf6 jl~rt ul/g' x'bF g} eGg] dfGotf /fv]/ hftLo e]befj pGd'ng ug{ tyf hftLo e]befjsf sf/0f kLl8t JolQm jf ;d'xsf] dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f ug{sf nflu of] dxf;lGw ul/Psf] s'/f pNn]v 5 . o;sf] p2]Zo ljZje/ x'g] dfgj dfgj larsf] e]befjsf] cGTo u/L ;dtfd"ns ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ xf] . g]kfnn] klg of] dxf;lGwdf x:tfIf/ u/]sf] x'gfn] …g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg @)$&Ú / …g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^#Ú df df}lns xs cGt/ut hftsf cfwf/df s'g} klg e]befj ug{ gkfpg] egL pNn]v ul/Psf] lyof] -e6\6/fO{ / cGo, @)^$ M @@–@$_ . ;+oQ ' m /fi6« ;ª\3åf/f lj=;+= @)@@ -;g\ !(^%_ df g} ;a} k|sf/sf hftLo e]befj pGd'ng ug{ ljZjsf ;a} d'ns ' x?nfO{ cfJxfg u/]sf] / g]kfnn] klg pQm dxf;lGwdf lj=;+= @)@* -;g\ !(&!_ df g} x:tfIf/ ul/;s]sf] eP tfklg sfg'gL / Jofjxfl/s ¿kdf To;sf] sfof{Gjog ug{ ;s]sf] lyPg . lj=;+= @)$^ ;fnsf] hgcfGbf]ng kl5 ag]sf] …g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg @)$&Ú sf] df}lns xs zLif{s cGt/utsf] ;dfgtfsf] xs eGg] pkzLif{sdf …s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ hfltkftLsf cfwf/df 5'jf5'tsf] e]befj ul/g] jf ;fj{hlgs :yndf pkl:yt x'g jf ;fj{hlgs pkof]usf s'/fx?sf] k|of]u ug{af6 jl~rt ul/g] 5}g . To:tf] sfo{ sfg'g adf]lhd b08gLo x'g5 ] .Ú eGg] ;+jw} flgs Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] -l;+x, @)^^ M #&&_ . To:t} g]kfndf hflt, ju{, j0f{, lnË / If]qsf cfwf/df ePsf] e]befjsf lj?4 ePsf] bzjif]{ dfcf]jfbL ljb|fx] / lj=;+= @)^@÷)^# df ePsf] !( lbg] hgcfGbf]ngkl5 ag]sf] …g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^#Ú sf] df}lns xs eGg] zLif{ssf] wf/f !$ df 5'jf5't tyf e]befj lj?4sf] xs eGg] pkzLif{s /fvL k|1 f MM 105

…s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ hft, j+z, ;d'bfo jf k];fsf cfwf/df s'g} lsl;dsf] 5'jf5't tyf hftLo e]befj ul/g] 5}g . o:tf] e]befk"0f{ Jojxf/ b08gLo x'g5 ] / kLl8t JolQmn] sfg'gåf/f lgwf{/0f eP adf]lhdsf] Ifltk"lt{ kfpg]5Ú eGg] s'/f pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 -pxL, $^^_ . hftLo e]befj / 5'jf5't k|yfnfO{ pGd'ng ug{ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# df ePsf] ;f]xL Joj:yf cg';f/ …hftLo e]befj tyf 5'jf5't -s;"/ / ;hfo_ P]g @)^*Ú gfds 5'66\ } P]g agfO{ nfu" ul/Psf] 5 . pQm P]g hf/L ug's { f] p2]Zo ;DaGwdf ;f] P]gsf] k|:tfjgfdf o:tf] elgPsf] 5– æk|To]s JolQmsf] clwsf/ / dfgjLo dof{bfdf ;dfg x'g] l;4fGtnfO{ cfTd;ft\ ub}{ k|yf, k/Dk/f, wd{, ;+:s[lt, /Lltl/jfh jf cGo s'g} gfddf hft, hflt, j+z, ;d'bfo jf k|bz ] sf cfwf/df 5'jf5't tyf e]befj gx'g] cj:yf l;h{gf u/L k|To]s JolQmsf] ;dfgtf, :jtGqtf / ;Ddfg k"js { afFRg kfpg] clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f ug{ tyf s'g} klg :yfgdf ul/g] 5'jf5't, alxisf/, k|ltaGw, lgisfzg, cjx]ngf jf To:t} cGo dfgjtf lj/f]wL e]befjhGo sfo{nfO{ b08gLo agfO{ To:tf] sfo{af6 kLl8t JolQmnfO{ Ifltk"lt{sf] Joj:yf u/L ;j{;fwf/0f lar ;';DaGw ;'b9[ u/L /fli6«o Pstf cIf'00f /fvL ;dtfd"ns ;dfhsf] l;h{gf ug]{ ;DaGwdf ;dofg's"n Joj:yf ug{ jf~5gLo ePsf]n]Æ -g]kfn P]g ;ª\ux| , v08 !&, @)&) M !#^_ . of] P]gdf s;}n] klg s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ k|yf, k/Dk/f, wd{, ;+:s[lt, /Lltl/jfh, hft, hflt, j+z, ;d'bfo jf k]zfsf cfwf/df e]befj tyf 5'jf5't ug{ jf u/fpg x'bF g} , olb s;}n] ;f] sfo{ u/]df s;"/ cg';f/sf] ;hfo x'g5 ] eGg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 -pxL, !#&–!$)_ . g]kfndf k|hftGqsf] k|fb'ef{j x'gf;fy hfteft / 5'jf5'tsf] e]befj x6fpg vf]lhPsf] eP tfklg g]kfnL ;dfhsf] ;+/rgfdf Ps;o Ps;ÝL jif{ klxn]bl] v -lj=;+= !(!)_ nfu' ul/Psf] d'n'sL P]gsf] k|efj /lx/x]sf] 5 . To;sf/0f g]kfndf rNb} cfPsf] j0f{ Joj:yfnfO{ lj:yflkt u/L ;dtfd"ns ;dfh lgdf{0f ug]{ sfo{n] d"t{ k|1 f MM 106

¿k lng ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . ^= lgisif{ g]kfndf k|frLg sfnb]lv a;f]af; ub}{ cfPsf cfo{, v;, u'?ª, tfdfª, yf¿, g]jf/, du/, /fO{, lnDa" cflb ljljw hfltsf dflg;x?lar j0f{ Joj:yfn] k|jz ] gkfp~h]n s'g} lsl;dsf] e]befj ePsf] lyPg . lnR5jL sfnb]lv g]kfndf j0f{ Joj:yf k|f/De eof] . To;kl5 g]kfnL ;dfh a|fXd0f, IfqL, j}Zo / z'b| egL rf/ hft / ljleGg pkhftdf ljeflht eof] . To;df klg lj=;+= !(!) df d'ns ' L P]g nfu" ul/Pkl5 To;n] hftLo e]befj / 5'jf5't k|yfdf cfwfl/t k/Dk/fb]lv rNb} cfPsf] ;fdflhs ;+/rgfnfO{ lnlvt sfg'gL ¿k lbg] sfd u¥of] h;n] ubf{ ;dfhdf pRr hft / lgr hft eGg] ju{eb] sf] efjgf km}lng uof] . pGgfO;f}F ztfAbLdf ljZjdf dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL efjgfsf] ljsf; eof] . To;sf] kl/0ffd :j¿k g]kfndf klg k|hftGqsf] pbo eof] . /f0ff zf;gsf] ktgkl5 /fHon] ;dfhsf x/] s dflg;nfO{ ;dfgtf k|bfg ug]{ / ju{ e]b ;dfKt ug]{ gLlt lnPsf] lyof] . To; gLlt cg';f/ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d zf;g ljwfg @))& / g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg @)!% df sfg'gsf] pkof]udf ;a} ;dfg x'g5 ] g\ eGg] Joj:yf ul/of] . To;nfO{ d"t{ ¿k lbg lj=;+= @)@) df gofF d'ns ' L P]g nfu" u/L hfteftsf] cfwf/df e]befj u/]df b08 ;hfo ug]{ Joj:yf ;d]t ul/Psf] lyof] . t/ k/Dk/fut ¿kdf rNb} cfPsf] rf/ j0f{ / ljljw hft larsf] e]befj ;f] d'ns ' L P]g hf/L ePkl5 klg oyfjt ¿kdf sfod /xg uof] . j0f{ Joj:yfn] g]kfnL ;dfhdf Hofb} ulx/f] h/f uf8]sf] x'gfn] To;nfO{ ;lhn} ;dfKt kfg{ sl7g 5 . To;sf/0f gofF d'ns ' L P]gn] ;a} gful/s pk/ ;dfg Jojxf/ ug]{ sfg'gL Joj:yf u/]sf] eP tfklg hfteft / 5'jf5't k|yf k"0f{ ¿kdf x6\g ;s]g . ;fdflhs lje]bnfO{ x6fpg] sfo{nfO{ g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg @)$& / g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# df df}lns xssf] ¿kdf g} pNn]v ul/of] . To;nfO{ k|efsf/L ¿kdf sfof{Gjog ug{ / u/fpg lj=;+=

@)^* df …hftLo e]befj tyf 5'jf5't -s;"/ / ;hfo_ P]gÚ hf/L ul/Psf] 5 . t/ ztfAbLof}bF l] v rNb} cfPsf] k/Dk/fnfO{ P]g, sfg'g agfP/ dfq ;dfKt kfg{ ;Dej 5}g . To;sf/0f dfgj dfgj

lar lje]b sfod u/fpg] o:tf] k|yf x6fpgsf nflu ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnLnfO{ ;r]t u/fpg cfjZos 5 . To;sf nflu r]tgzLn ju{n] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgefpg' kb{5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L clwsf/L, s[i0fsfGt, ;g\ !(*$, g]kfn c08/ hËaxfb'/ !*$^–!*&&, sf7df08' M a's' . pkfWofo, p4jb]j / dx]Gb|ks | fz l;jfsf]6L-;Dkf=_, @)&), v; cfo{sf !%))) jif{, sf7df8f}F M dw'jg k|sfzg . cf]emf, kjgs'df/ -;Dkf=_ @)%), dfgj clwsf/ ;+ufnf], sf7df8f}F M cgf}krfl/s If]q ;]jf s]Gb| . sG6«LAo";g 6' g]lKnh :6l8h, ef]n'd #, g+= !, ;g\ !(&^ . s'df/, ;ltz, !(^&, /f0ff kf]ln6L Og g]kfn M cf]l/lhg P08 u|fy] , aDaO{ M Pl;of klAnl;ª xfp; . uf]/vfkq, @)@) ;fn efb| ! . g]kfn P]g ;ª\ux| , v08 !&, @)&), g]kfn ;/sf/, sfg'g, Gofo, ;+ljwfg;ef tyf ;+;bLo dfldnf dGqfno, sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt . ah|frfo{, wgah|, @)%#, lnR5jL sfnsf clen]v, -låtLo ;+:s/0f_, sLlt{k/' M g]kfn / Pl;ofnL cg';Gwfg s]Gb| . aflgofF, s0f{axfb'/, @)&), g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df plh/l;+x yfkfsf] of]ubfg, kfNkf M wjn k':tsfno . lai6, 8f]/axfb'/, !(^&, lkk'n ckm g]kfn, sf7df08' M l8kf6{dG] 6 ckm klAnl;6L, ldlgi6«L ckm OGkmd]; { g P08 a|f]8sfl:6ª, lxh Dofh]:6Lh ueg{d]G6 ckm g]kfn . e6\6/fO{, k|sfz / cGo-;Dkf=_ @)^$, dfgj clwsf/ xft] k'l:tsf, sf7df8f}F M o'jf sfo{ g]kfn . d'ns ' L P]g, @)&), g]kfn ;/sf/, sfg'g, Gofo, ;+ljwfg;ef tyf ;+;bLo dfldnf dGqfno, sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt . /fhj+zL, z+s/dfg-;Dkf=_, @)!*, k'/ftTj kq ;+ux| , bf];|f] efu, >L % sf] ;/sf/, k'/ftTj / ;+:s[lt ljefu . /]UdL, hubLzrGb|, @)%#, lnR5jL Oltxf;, sLlt{k'/ M g]kfn / Pl;ofnL cg';Gwfg s]Gb| . nD;fn, b]jLk|;fb-;Dkf=_, @)@#, efiff j++zfjnL, >L % sf] ;/sf/, lzIff dGqfno, k'/ftTj ljefu, /fli6«o k':tsfno . j}B, t'N;L/fd / cGo, !((#, ;f]zn lx:6«L ckm g]kfn, Go" lbNnL M cgdf]n klAns]zG; k|f= ln=. zdf{, hgsnfn, @)$(, xfd|f] ;dfh M Ps cWoog, -låtLo ;+:s/0f_, sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg . >L % ;'/G] b| ljqmd zfx b]jsf] zf;g sfndf ag]sf] d'ns ' L P]g, @)@@, >L % sf] ;/sf/, sfg'g tyf Gofo dGqfno, sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt . l;+x, 6f]kaxfb'/, @)^^, g]kfnsf] ;+j}wflgs Oltxf; / ;+j}wflgs clen]vx?, sf7df8f}F M k}/jL k|sfzg . x8\;g\, a|g] x'6g, !(&@, P:;]h cg b NofË]h, ln6]/r ] / P08 l/lnhg ckm g]kfn P08 ltAat, kf6{ @, -l/lk|G6_, Go" lbNnL M d~h'>L klAnl;ª xfp; . x]ldN6g, k|mflG;; a'rfgg\, !(*^, Pg PsfpG6 ckm b lsË8d ckm g]kfn, -l/lk|G6_, Go" lbNnL M Pl;og Ph'sz ] gn ;le{; . ∗∗∗

k|1 f MM 107

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ljljw cWoog

sf}l6nLo cy{zf:q / dxfef/tdf /fhsLo k|0ffnLsf lgb lgb]] {zs l;4fGt — k|f=8f= afa'/fd 1jfnL != kl/ro o; n]vdf sf}6nLo cy{zf:qsf cfwf/df /fHo Joj:yfsf] ljj]rgf ul/Psf] 5 . dxfef/t sfndf /fHo Joj:yf s:tf] lyof] < Tolt j]nfsf] cy{ gLltsf lgb]z { s l;4fGtx? s] s:tf lyP < /fHo ;~rfngsf] lglDt zf;sx?n] s] s:tf gLltx? cjnDag uy]{ eGg] ljifodf s]lGb|t /x]sf] 5 . of] n]v Tof] j]nfsf] /fhgLlts bz{g, /fhsLo ;Nnfxsf/ Joj:yf, cfly{s lhDd]jf/L, /fHo ;~rfngsf] :j¿k, /fhf, /fhwd{ / cg'zf;gsf af/]df hfgsf/L u/fpg] sfo{ o; n]vdf ul/Psf] 5. @= /fhg}lts bz{g /fhg}lts Joj:yf ;~rfngsf nflu j}lbs sfndf :yflkt ;fj{ef}d ;ldlt, ;ef / hgkbLo Joj:yfx?sf] k| r ng lyof] . ToxfF k| o ' Q m zAbfjnLn] hgtfnfO{ /fHo ;~rfngsf] s]Gb|laGb'df /fv]sf] :ki6 xG5 . j}lbs u|Gyx?df /fi6«sf gful/s hgtfsf lgldQ k|foM ljz\ jf k|hf zAbsf] k|of]u kfOG5 . -hfo;jfn, ;g\ !(&%,kGyL, lj=;+=@)^%_ /fi6«fl0f j} ljzM, >Lj}{ /fi6«d\ / k|hfkt]M k|hf ce"d\ elgPsf] 5 . h;sf] cy{ xf], /fi6« eGg' g} ljz\ cyf{t\ gful/sx? x'g\ . k|hfx?sf] ljrf/ g} /fli6«o ljsf;–;+/If0f cflbdf ;jf]{kl/ x'G5 . /fi6«sf] ;'/Iff eg]sf] k|hfsf] lxt;+/If0f xf] . k|hfsf] ;d[l4, wgwfGo ;+kGgtf, gL/f]lutf, zf]ef, bLKodfgtf, ;jf]k{ l/ pGglt g} /fi6«TTj xf] . k|hfdf g} /fi6«sf] k|e; ' Qf /x]sf] 5 . ;dli6¿kdf k|hf g} k|e; ' Qf ;DkGg 5, Joli6 ¿kdf eg] k|hf :j]R5\of /fhfsf] jzjlt{gL x'G5, /fhfsf] cf1f kfng ug]{ j|t lnG5 . -hfo;jfn, k|1 f MM 108

;g\ !(&*_ oxL cy{df k|hfkt]M k|hf ce"d eg]sf] xf] . k|hfkt]M cyf{t\ k|hfklt /fhfsf, k|hf ce"d cyf{t\ :j]R5fn] cf1fkfns eof}+ . clwgfosjfbsf] bafjn] xf]Og . k|hfsf] OR5f jf cfb]zaf6 dfq /fhfn] nf]skfng jf hgzf;gsf] clwsf/ kfpF5 .

To;}n] j}lbs sfndf /fhf tfgfzfx xFb' g} . -kGyL, lj=;+= @)^%_ /fHo ;~rfnsx? b]z / hgtfsf dflns -?n/_ xf]Ogg\, Joj:yfks x'g\ . of] s'/f tLg xhf/ jif{ cl3 Clif d'lgx?n] a'lem;s]sf lyP . #= /fhsLo ;Nnfxsf/ k'/ftg sfndf, j}lbs o'udf, ;+lxtfs} cfwf/df /fHo Joj:yf ;~rflnt ePsf] o'udf, /fhwfgLb]lv 6f9f h+undf u'?s'n x'GYof] . Tof] u' ? s' n jt{ d fgsfnLg ljZjljBfnosf] ;dsIftfdf rNbYof] . Toxf+ xhf/f}+ ljBfyL{x? / s]xL lzIfsx? x'Gy] . /fd/fHosfndf u'?s'nsf s'nklt jlzi7 d'lg lyP . Toxf+ jfdb]j cflb d'lgx? cWofks lyP . To; o'udf cf>dsf d'lgx? b/af/ cfpg lgdlGqt ul/Gy] . -kGyL, lj=;+=, @)^%_ kGyLn] o;nfO{ ;Nnfxsf/ ;b:osf] ¿kdf JofVof ub}{ eg]sf 5g\– lgjf{rg k|0ffnL gePsf] o'udf, /fhwfgLb]lv 6f9f h+undf cf>d hdfO{ xhf/f}+ ljBfyL{ a6'x?nfO{ k9fP/ a:g] u'?s'n lgjf;L d'lgx?sf] ;ef g} k|ltlglw;efsf] :yfgdf lyof] . ToxL ljwflosf, Joj:yflksf, ;+;b\ h] eg] klg hgtfsf] ljZj:t ;+:yf ToxL lyof] . -kGyL, lj=;+=@)^%_ dg':d[lt cg';f/ /fhf :jo+n] hgtfsf ;d:of x]g{ ;lsFbg} , t;y{ k|wfgdGqL g} ;d:t hgtf;Fu ;Dks{ /fVg ;Sg], hgtfsf] ljZjf;

kfq x'gk' b{5 . o:tf] k|wfgdGqL hgtfsf OR5f a'em\g] kljq x[bo, sfo{ s'zn, l:y/ a'l4 x'g' kb{5 . oxL s'/f of1jNSo :d[lt, j[xTk/fz/ :d[lt tyf jlzi7 :d[ltdf pNn]v 5 . -kGyL, lj=;+== @)^%_ $= cfly{s lhDd]jf/L / sNof0fsf/L /fHo dxfef/tdf sNof0fsf/L /fHosf] j0f{g o; k|sf/ 5M plrt pkfoåf/f b08 gLt k|of]u u/L zflGt ;'/Iff sfod ePdf ;a} dflg;x?n] cfcfkm'nfO{ tf]lsP cg';f/ sfd u5{g\ . ;a} Ct'x? ;'vbflogL / cf/f]Uo sf/s x'G5g\ cyf{t\ jftfj/0f c;Gt'ng x'+b}g. dflg;x? /f]u / cNkfo'df dg'{ kb}g{ . sf]xL dflg; klg u/La / b'MvL x'b+ g} . k|z:t cGg pAhgL x'G5 . af]6 la?jf x/fe/f /xG5g\ . dxfef/tsf cg';f/ hxf+ c;'/Iff x'G5 Toxf+ slno'u x'G5 . -dxfef/t v08 %, lj=;+= @)^), kGyL, lj=;+=@)^%_ o;/L k|frLg cy{zf:qsf/x?n] sNof0fsf/L /fHosf sfo{x?sf] :ki6 ljj] r gf u/] s f 5g\ . s] x L /fhgLlt zf:qLx?n] sNof0fsf/L /fHosf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ klZrdsf] b]g dfGb5g\ . t/ sltko ljåfg\x?sf cg';f/, dg'n] k|:t't u/]sf] of]uIf]dsf] cjwf/0ff sNof0fsf/L /fHosf] k|fylds cjwf/0ff xf] .

-dg':d[lt, ;g\ !((!, 1jfnL, lj=;+=@)&!_ pgn] of]uIf]dsf rf/ r/0fx? atfPsf 5g\ -sf]xnL, ;g\ !((%,af]z,] ;g\ @))), zf:qL, ;g\ @))^_– != cnAw kbfy{ -cy{,j:t', wg, ;DklQ, ;]jf cflb_ nfO{ k|of; u/]/ k|fKt ug'{ . @= k|of;k"js { k|fKt ul/Psf] kbfy{sf] ;r]t eP/ /Iff ug'{ . #= /Iff ul/Psf] wgnfO{ cem a9fpg' . $= j[l4 ePsf] wgnfO{ cfjZos k/]sfx?df ljt/0f ug'{ . dg'sf] o; l;4fGtn] cfosf] k|flKt, ljt/0f, k'glj{t/0f / cfly{s ljsf;nfO{ k|frLg /fhsLo / ;+jw} flgs Joj:yfdf dxŒjk"0f{ :yfg lbOPsf] :ki6 x'G5 . /fhfn] rf/}lt/ b"t k7fP/ st} cGofo ePsf] 5 ls eGg] s'/f lg/LIf0f ug{ nufO{ /xg' kb{5 /

;f] ePdf cGofodf k/]sfnfO{ Gofo lbnfpg' k5{ eGg] s'/f :ki6 zAbdf pNn]v 5 -dg':d[lt, ;g\ !((!, sf}l6Nosf] cy{zf:q lj=;+= @)@$, cu|jfn, ;g\ !((&_ . gful/ssf nflu sNof0fsf/L /fHo Joj:yfsf] of] eGbf 7'nf] k|Tofe"lt s] x'g ;S5 < sNof0fsf/L /fHo Joj:yfsf nflu gLlt, :d[lt / cy{zf:q u|Gydf /fHonfO{ ;ft c+usf] ;+oGq tyf ;dfhnfO{ rf/ ju{df ljefhg u/L cfly{s ljsf;sf nflu Ps lglZrt ju{nfO{ To; sfdsf] lhDd]jf/L lbOPsf] lyof] . o;/L >d ljefhg / ljlzi6Ls/0fsf] :ki6 cjwf/0ff / Jofjxfl/s k|of]u oL u|Gyx?df kfOG5 . -1jfnL, lj=;+=@)&!, cu|jfn, sdn]z, ;g\ !((&_ j} l bssfnLg /fHo ;~rfnsx?n] b] z sf] ;fj{ef}d;Qfsf], hgtfsf] sNof0fsf] / cfly{s ljsf;sf] lhDdf lng' kYof]{ . /fHof/f]x0f u/] kl5 pklgifb\sf /fhfn] o; k|sf/ 3f]if0ff uYof]–{ d]/f] /fi6«df xTof lx+;f 5}g, rf]/ 8f+s' sf]xL 5}g, c1fgL 5}g, Joflerf/L 5}g, j]Zof gf/L 5}g . ;fdflhs sNof0fsf nflu ul/Psf] of] Ps dxTTjk"0f{ 3f]if0ff xf] . b]zsf] o; k|sf/ lhDd]jf/L lng] zf;sn] dfq b]z k|ltsf] st{Jo k"/f ug{ ;S5 . clg p;n] cfkm\gf] b]z dfly uj{ klg ug{ ;S5 . zflGt, ;DkGgtf, ;Totf, kljqtf, ljBf, ljgo, cflbn] /fi6«sf hgx? cfglGbt, dof{lbt / ljgozLn 5g\ egL st{Jok/fo0f /fhfn] uj{ uYof]{ . -kGyL, lj=;+=@)^%, hfo;jfn, ;g\ !(&*_ %= ;dfgtf / ;dfj]lztf ;d:t hgtfsf] :jb]zk|lt ;dfg ddtf 5, ;dfg clwsf/ 5, h'g;'s} hfltsf eP tfklg gful/sx? ;dfg clwsf/sf efuL x'G5g\ . o; ljifonfO{ k|foM ;a} :d[ltx?n] k|:6\ofPsf 5g\ . k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] rf/ j0f{ 5lTt; hft atfP, t/ dxfef/tsf] /fhwd{kj{ n]Vbf ef/tdf slt hflt lyP Tof] pNn]v 5}g, ;a} j0f{ / hfltsf] k|ltlglwTj x'g] u/L $& hgfsf] Ps ;ef u7g ug]{ k|lqmof atfOPsf] 5 . o;df ;bfrf/L, ljåfg\, :gfts, lrlsT;fdf lgk'0f rf/ j}B, z:q wf/0f ug]{ zlQm ;DkGg !* Iflqo, ljQn] ;DkGg @! k|1 f MM 109

j}Zo, ljgLt / ;Tsd{ ug]{ ltg z"b| tyf krf; jif{ kf/ u/]sf] k'/f0f / >'lt :d[ltsf] 1fg /fVg] ljåfg ljgLt Ps ;"t x'g' k5{ elgPsf] 5 . To; ;efdf @( hgf jt{dfg o'usf] k|ltlglw ;efsf] :yfgdf / cf7 hgf sfo{sfl/0fLsf] :yfgdf /fVg] /Llt ckgfOPsf] 5 . tL cf7 hgf %) jif{sf] pd]/ kf/ u/]sf ljlzi6 ljåfg\ / cg'ejL x'gk' 5{ .

-kGyL, lj=;+=@)^%_ cfh eGbf rf/ xhf/ jif{ cl3 ;dfgtfsf] nflu /fHo ;~rfnssf] x}l;otn] ;a}sf] kx'r + k'Ug] Joj:yfsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ Clifd'lgx?sf] Ifdtf b]Vbf pgLx?sf] b"/blz{tf k|lt cfb/efj k|s6 x'G5 . ^= ;+jw} flgs dxŒj ;+jw} flgs Oltxf;sf] cWoog ug]{ k|To]snfO{ s] s'/f /fd|/L yfxf 5 eg] c+uh ]| ;+ljwfgljb\x? klg cfkm\gf P]g sfg'g ;+zf]wg / lgdf{0f ug{ dg':d[lt, gf/b :d[lt cflb u|Gysf] ;xf/f lng] uy]{ . O{:6 OlG8of sDkgLsf nflu sfg'g agfpg] qmddf ha a]nfotL ;+ljwfgljb\ ef/t cfP pgLx?n] sNkgf u/]eGbf klg :t/Lo lgod sfg'gx? :d[ltu|Gyx?df b]v/] cfZro{rlst ePsf lyP . /fHo ;~rfngsf nflu dg':d[lt h:tf] u|Gysf] /rgf pgLx?n] sNkgf u/]eGbf klg klxn]bl] v ljBdfg lyof] . hd{g ;+ljwfgljb\x?n] klg oL u|Gyx?sf] dxTTjnfO{ cToGt cfb/ u/]sf 5g\ . hfo;jfnnfO{ lxGb' ;+jw} flgs Oltxf;sf] vf]hL ug{ k|l] /t ug]{ Ps JolQm ljG;]G6 l:dy klg x'g\ . -hfo;jfn, ;g\ !(&*_ dNnsfnLg /fHo k|0ffnLsf] k|dv ' cfwf/ gf/b:d[lt lyof] . lxdfnsf] Ps c+sdf k|sfz j:tLn] dfgj Gofowd{zf:qnfO{ ljZjsf] klxnf] ;+ljwfg atfPsf 5g\ . of] g]jf/L efiffdf n]lvPsf] 5 .

-j:tL, lj=;+ @)^)_ ldlynfsf /fhf xl/l;+xb]jsf] zf;g k|0ffnL r08]Zj/sf] /fhgLlt/Tgfs/ -afx|f} atfAbL_ df cfwfl/t lyof] . -r08]Zj/ lj/lrt /fhgLlt/Tgfs/, lj=;+=@)@^_ o;/L of1jNSo :d[lt, uf}td wd{;"q, sf}l6nLo cy{zf:q, dg':d[lt, gLltzf:q cflb u|Gy /fhsLo Joj:yf / ;fdflhs Joj:yf ;~rfngsf cfwf/ /x]sf] / xhf/f}+ jif{bl] v k|1 f MM 110

k|rngdf /x]sf] s'/f :ki6 x'G5 . s] kL hfo;jfnn] lxGb' kf]ln6L u|Gydf lj=k"= !))) b]lv lj=;+=^)) ;Ddsf /fHo ;~rfng / To; kl5 lj=;+=!#)) ;Dd lxGb' ;+jw} flgs k/Dk/f, To;sf] pTyfg tyf ktgsf] ljZn]if0f ub}{ u'? uf]ljGbl;+xn] l;v /fHo /f~rfngdf / d/f7f /fHo Joj:yfdf k|frLg k/Dk/fnfO{ :yfkgf ug]{ k|of; u/]sf] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . pgn] o; k/Dk/fnfO{ u'? uf]ljGb l;+x tyf lzjfhLn] k'g?Tyfgsf] k|of; u/]sf] t/ c;kmn ePsf] atfPsf 5g\ . pgsf] ljrf/df l;v /fHo Joj:yfdf d'un zf;gsf] kfbzfxL k|0ffnL cg's/0f ugf{n] tyf d/f7f /fHo Joj:yfdf kf}/hgkbLo k|0ffnL ;dfj]z gugf{n] c;kmn ePsf] xf] . t/ o; af/]df cem} 7f]; cg';Gwfg / ljZn]if0f ug{ af“sL /x]sf] lgisif{ klg lgsfn]sf 5g\ . -hfo;jfn, ;g\ !(&*_ cfw'lgs /fHonfO{ sNof0fsf/L elgG5 . o;}nfO{ :d[ltsf/x?n] of]uIf]d jf lgM>]o; cEo'bo eGg] u/]sf 5g\ . -1jfnL, ;g\ @)!#,_ hgtfnfO{ ;'/Iff / Gofo;lxt rflxg] csf]{ k|dv ' s'/f s] xf] eg] pgLx?sf clgjfo{ / cf/fdbfos cfjZostfx? k"/f eOhfpg\ . sf]xL jl~rltdf gk/f];\ . To;}n] /fHonfO{ ;fwg;DkGg, zlQmzfnL / clwsf/o'Qm agfpg' k5{ . -1jfnL, lj=;+=@)&!, cu|jfn, ;g\ !((&_ &= /fhwdf{gz ' f;g j}lbs sfnb]lv nf]s sNof0fsf/L /fHo Joj:yfsf] af/]df ljåfg\x?n] lg/Gt/ lrGtg u/]sf 5g\ . To;}n,] /fHo ;~rfnsx?sf nflu k|frLg Clif d'lgx?n] st{Jo / g}ltstfsf s7f]/ lgodx? agfPsf 5g\ . oL lgodx?nfO{ /fhwd{ jf /fh wdf{gz ' f;g elgPsf] 5 . /fHo ;~rfnsx?nfO{ h'g s'/fn] cg'zf;gdf /flvGYof] To;}nfO{ /fh wdf{gz ' f;g elgPsf] xf] . -dxfef/t, lj=;+= @)^)_ *= lgisif{ k|frLgsfndf h'g ;fdflhs / /fhg}lts hl6n kl/l:yltx? a]xf]b}{ /fhg}lts Joj:yf

;~rfngsf ljrf/ JoQm ul/Psf lyP, To:t} kl/l:ylt clxn] ljBdfg 5 . If]qLotf / hftLotfsf s'/f pl7/x]sf 5g\ . efiff, wd{–;Dk|bfo, hflt ;DaGwL ljjfb a9\bf] 5 . /fli6«otfsf] efjgf sdhf]/ eO/x]sf] 5 . af]nL / Jojxf/df pu|tf a9\b} uPsf] 5 . sfg'g Joj:yfsf] k|efj sdhf]/ x'b“ } uO/x]sf] 5 . o:tf]df k|frLg bz{gsf/x?n] /fli6«o Pstf, cv08tf / b]zsf] ;d[l4sf nflu h'g ;"qx? lbPsf 5g\, ltgLx?nfO{ jt{dfg ;Gbe{sf] s;Ldf hfFRg' kg]{ a]nf cfPsf] 5 . gLlt / :d[ltsf P]ltxfl;s tYox?n] s] atfpF5g\ eg] wd{af6 k[ys\ ePdf

/fHo / /fhgLltsf] ktg x'ghfG5 . wd{sf] kfng ub}{ /fHo ;~rfng ul/g' k5{ . k|frLg dgLifLx?n] wd{nfO{ st{Jo / g}ltstfdf pg]/ o;nfO{ /fHosf] Ps clgjfo{ c+u dfg]sf lyP . gLlt, :d[lt cflb u|Gyx?sf] /fHo Joj:yfdf wd{sf] ;jf]R{ r :yfg 5 . pgLx?n] s] dfg]sf 5g\ eg] wd{af6 5'l6\6P/ /fHosf] cl:tTj /x“bg} . cfh wd{nfO{ ;+sl' rt cy{df lnP/ s]jn k"hf k4lt / ;Dk|bfodf v'DRofOPsf] 5 . /fhgLlt / /fHonfO{ wd{af6 6f9f agfpg] sf]l;; ul/Psf] 5 . of] k|frLg /fhg}lts cg'ejsf] ljk/Lt 5 .

;Gbe{ cu|jfn, sdn]z, ;g\ !((&, sf}l6No cy{zf:q Pj+ z'qmgLlt sL /fHo Joj:yfP", gO{ lbNnL M /fwf klAns]zG; . cNt]s/, P P;, ;g\ !(^@,:6]6 PG8 ueg{dG] 6 Og\ PGz]G6 OlG8of, b]NxL M df]tLnfn agf/;Lbf; . sf]xnL, Ct', ;g\ !((%,sf}l6Nofh cy{zf:q M of]uIf]d– b sG;]K6 ckm\ b j]nkm]o/ :6]6,\ Go' b]NxLM bLk PG8 bLk . sf}l6Nosf] cy{zf:q -sf}l6nLo] cy{zf:q]_, lj=;+=@)@$,-cg'=_ s]zj/fh cof{n, -;Dkf=_ k+=;f]dgfy zdf{, sf7df8f}+ M g]/fk|k| . r08]Zj/ lj/lrt /fhgLlt/Tgfs/, lj=;+=@)@^, jfr:klt u}/f]nf Pj+ tfl/0fLz emf, jf/f0f;L Mrf}vDaf ;+:s[t ;L/Lh .

1jfnL, afa' /fd, lj=;+=@)&), dg' Ps cy{zf:qLsf] ¿kdf M s]xL hfgsf/L, sflGt xL/s hoGtL :dfl/sf– lzIff ljz]iff+s, >L sflGt pRr dfWolds ljBfno, a'6jn .

1jfnL, afa' /fd, lj=;+=@)&), dxlif{ uf}td Ps cy{zf:qLsf] ¿kdf, hg;+3if{ ;fKtflxs, r}t @!, lj=;+=@)&), a'6jn dLl8of k|sfzg, a'6jn .

1jfnL, afa' /fd, ;g\ @)!#, b db/ ckm\ lg>]o; cEo'bo===, of]u ;Gb]z, cfrfo{ afns[i0f -;Dkf=_, lb;Da/ @)!#, xl/åf/ M kt~hln of]ukL7, lbJo of]u dlGb/ 6«i6 .

1jfnL, afa' /fd, ;g\ @)!#, hg/n OlSjlnla|od Og j0ff{>d l;:6d, :jtGqtf, ef]No'd @, 8]df]qm]6 6Lr;{ P;f]l;Pzg, a'6jnM a'6jn ax'd'vL SofDk; .

1jfnL, afa' /fd, ;g\ @)!@, k"jL{o cy{zf:q– k|frLgtd tYo, gjLgtd hfgsf/L, ¿kGb]xL M 1fgHof]lt k|sfzg .

1jfnL, afa' /fd, lj=;+= @)^*, sf}l6nLo cy{zf:q Pj+ k}tfdx tGqsf] ;+lIfKt kl/ro, ldld{/,] jif{ $), c+s #, k"0ff{+s #!), sf7df8f}+ M g]kfn /fi6« a}+s .

1jfnL, afa' /fd, lj=;+= @)^*, pklgifb\df cfly{s bz{g, gjlIflth, jif{ *, c+s *, k|sfzs Go" xf]/fOhg Oª\ln; af]l8{+u xfo/ ;]s08/L :s"n .

1jfnL, afa' /fd, lj=;+= @)^&, sf}l6nLo cy{zf:qsf] jt{dfg ;fGble{stf, CtDe/f cª\s !$, a;Gtk'/ M cg';Gwfg s]Gb|, g]kfn ;+:s[t ljZjljBfno . hfo;jfn, s] kL, ;g\ !(&*, lxGb' kf]ln6L, -lkmkm\y Pl8zg_, a]u+ nf]/ M b a]u+ nf]/ lk|lG6+u PG8 klAnlz+u sDkgL lnld6]8 . lhDd/, x]gl/s, ;g\ !(^&, lkmnf];f]lkmh ckm\ OlG8of, lk|G:6g M lk|G:6g o'lgjl;{6L k|; ] . b sf}l6nLo cy{zf:q, ef]=#, ;g\ @))^,-cg'=_ cf/ kL sfª\n], agf/; M df]tLnfn agf/;L bf; . g]kk| ,| lj=;+= @)^&, g]kfnL j[xt\ zAbsf]z, sf7df8f}+ M g]kfn k|1f k|lti7fg . kGt, go/fh, lj=;+=@))(,sf}6nLo cy{zf:qsf] P]ltxfl;s JofVof efu @, sf7df8f}+ M k|sfzs :jo+ . kGyL, 6Lsf/fd, lj=;+=@)^%, ;f+:s[lts ;+jLIf0f, ¿kGb]xL M ljZj lxGb' dxf;+3 . kf08]o, /fhanL, lj=;+= @)!^, ljqmdflbTo, jf/f0f;L M rf}vDaf ljBfejg .

k|1 f MM 111

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afzd, P Pn, ;g\ !(^#, b jG8/ b\of6 jfh OlG8of, c 6«L6fOh cg\ kf]ln6L, Go'of]s{ M xf}yg{ k|; ] . af]z], /f]h/,;g\ @))), b km:6{ u|6] kf]lnl6sn l/oln:6– sf}l6No PG8 lxh cy{zf:q, Go"of]s{ M n]lS;+u6g a'S; . dg':d[lt, ;g\ !((!, cg'= u0f]zbQ kf7s, jf/f0f;L M 7fs'/ k|;fb a's;]n/ . dxfef/t v08 !–^, lj=;+= @)^), -cg'=_ /fdgf/fo0f bQ zf:qL, uf]/vk'/ M uLtfk|]; . n]eL, l;Nef", -cg'=_ l8NnL/fh pk|t] L, ;g\ @))&, g]kfn– lxGb' clw/fHosf] Oltxf; -bf];|f] v08_, nlntk'/ M lxdfn lstfa . j:tL, k|sfz,lj ;+ @)^), sfg"g lgdf{0f ljZjd} cufl8, sf7df8f}+ M lxdfn, jif{ !#, cª\s !@–!#, k"0ff{ª\s, !)* . j}Zo, Pd ;L, ;g\ !((#, cfly{s ljrf/f]+sf Oltxf;, cfu/f M /tg k|sfzg dlGb/ . >Ljf:tj, P; s], ;g\ !(*!, lx:6«L ckm\ Osf]gf]lds y6\, Go' b]NxL M P; rf"b PG8 sDkgL . >]i7, b]jLrGb|,;g\ !(*@, g]kfndf sf}6No, cfly{s g]kfn, jif{ !, cª\s !, sf7df8f}+ M g]kfn l/;r{ ;]G6/, gjDa/ !(*@ . zf:qL, P s] P;, ;g\ @))^, Osf]gf]lds hl:6; Og\ cy{zf:q, Osf]gf]ldS; Og\ cy{zf:q, Go' b]NxL M bLk PG8 bLk klAns]zG; . l:dy, Pn cf/, ;g\ @))^, cy{zf:q PG8 lxGb' OlSjlnla|od, Osf]gf]ldS; Og\ cy{zf:q, Go' b]NxL M bLk PG8 bLk klAns]zG; .

∗∗∗

k|1 f MM 112

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