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uhndf cfGtl/s / afx\o u/L b'O{ tTjx¿sf] ;+of]hg /x]sf] x'G5 . uhnsf] cfGtl/s tŒjnfO{ a'gf}6 / afXo tŒjnfO{ agf}6 klg elgPsf] kfOG5 . uhnsf efj, sNkgf, laDa tyf k|tLs / uhnsf ;"qfTdstf, k|efjsfl/tf / ;/ntfnfO{ uhnsf] cfGtl/s tŒjcGtu{t ;dfj]z ug{ ;lsG5 . uhnsf ;]/, dtnf, dstf, sflkmof, /lbkm / tvNn'; tyf uhnsf no, 5Gb / cg'k|f;nfO{ uhnsf] afXo tŒj cGtu{t /fVg ;lsG5 .

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uhndf k|o'Qm ljifoj:t' efjdo x'g'kb{5 . efjsf] k|of]ulagf uhn 3tnfUbf] / dd{:kzL{ x'g ;Sb}g . o;y{ uhndf efjsf] dxŒj k|frLgsfnb]lv g} :jLsfl/Fb} cfPsf] 5 . uhnnfO{ nofTds tyf cfTdk/stflt/ pGd'v u/fpg] sfddf efjn] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Nb5 . uhnsf] ;DaGwæxl/0f lzz'dfly s'g} Jofwfn] xflgPsf] ddf{Gts tLvf] tL/ nfUgfn] lglSnPsf] cft{gfbÆ;Fu :yflkt ug{ vf]lhg'n] klg uhndf efjsf] k|antfnfO{ :jLsf/ ug{ vf]lhPsf] :ki6 x'G5 . j:t' hut\n] sljsf] dgleq kg{ uPsf] /fufTds, k|0fofTds, sf?l0fs tyf ;'sf]dn cg'e"ltsf] ;xh cleJolQm uhndf x'g] ePsfn] efjsf] dxŒj cem a9\g uPsf] xf] . clxn]sf uhndf z[ª\uf/ efjsf cltl/Qm o'uhLjgsf] hl6n ;+j]bgf, cfzª\sf, ;Gtfk, kL8f, cf:yf, ljZjf;, 56k6L Pj+ o'usf cfqmf]z ljb|f]xh:tf cfjfhx¿ klg cleJoQm x'g] u5{g\ . o:tf ljifoj:t'x¿nfO{ uhndf l;w} k|of]u gu/L efjk"0f{ ¿kdf k|:t't ul/G5 . uhndf k|]dsf] ;+of]u efjsf ;fy} ljof]u efjsf] k|of]u klg k|frLg ;dob]lv g} ePsf] kfOG5 . k|]dsf] ljifoaf6 k|f/De ePsf] uhnn]vgn] 8 ÷ /rgf

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clxn] ljifok|of]usf ¿kdf Jofkstf kfPsf] 5 . clxn]sf uhnx¿df k|]dsf] ;+of]u clg ljof]u efjsf cltl/Qm hLjgsf nflu cfjZos x/]s If]q;Fu ;Da4 ljifoj:t'sf] k|:t'lt kfOG5 . hg';'s} ljifodf uhn n]lvP klg uhndf k|o'Qm ljifoj:t' efjk"0f{ x'g}k5{ / ;/n nofTds efj–k|jfxdf uhn aUg'k5{ . #=@= sNkgf

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‘sNkgfÚnfO{ c/aL efiffdf ‘tv®o'nÚ elgG5 . sNkgfnfO{ a'emfpg cª\u|]hLdf kl/sNkgf (fancy) tyf sNkgf (imagination) h:tf zAbx¿ k|of]u ul/G5g\ . ;flxTodf ‘sNkgfÚ eGgfn] sljåf/f cfnª\sfl/s efiffdf n]Vg] zlQmeGg] a'lemG5 . sNkgfn] efjnfO{ v'n:t;Fu aflx/ k|s6 ug{ ;xof]u ug]{, afXo hutsf gL/;, af;L tyf g/fd|f j:t' clg cfGtl/s hut\sf b'MvbfoL 36gf, cg'ej cflbnfO{ gjLg, cfsif{s, c;fwf/0f / cb\e't agfO{ cfXnfbsf/L agfpg], sfJonfO{ sf]/f Oltxf; / kmf]6f]skL oyfy{ x'gaf6 hf]ufpg], gofF gofF laDa, k|tLs tyf cnª\sf/sf] lgdf{0fdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] cflb ljljw sfo{x¿ ug]{ ePsfn] uhndf klg sNkgfsf] k|of]u clgjfo{ x'G5 . :jR5GbtfjfbL slj snl/h, j8{:jy{n] klg pRr, uDeL/ tyf efjk"0f{ sljtfsf] l;h{gfdf sNkgfsf] clgjfo{ e"ldsf x'g] s'/f atfPsf 5g\ . ‘uhnÚ klg sfJos} Ps rlr{t ljwf ePsfn] uhndf sNkgfsf] k|of]u clgjfo{ ¿kdf x'g'kb{5 .

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uhn sfJo¿k ePsfn] o;df eflifs snfsf] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xG5 . laDa tyf k|tLssf] k|of]ulagf uhn :t/Lo x'g ;Sb}g . uhnn] O;f/f jf ;ª\s]tåf/f efj cleJoQm u5{ eGg] egfOn] klg uhndf laDa tyf k|tLssf] cfjZostfaf/] :ki6 kfb{5 . #=#=!= laDa ‘laDaÚ sf] zflAbs cy{ 5foFf, k|ltlaDa, k|ltef, ;"o{d08n, rGb|df eGg] x'G5 . cª\u|]hLdf o;nfO{ Od]h (Image) elgPsf] 5 / o;sf] k"0ff{Í – !&%

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cy{ ‘d"t{lrqÚ eGg] x'G5 . ;fdfGo cy{df o;n] j:t', sfo{, efj, ljrf/, wf/0ff, dgsf cj:yf, P]lGb|s, cltP]lGb|s cg'ejnfO{ a'emfpg] u5{ . dgf]j}1flgsx¿n] ;ft k|sf/sf dfgl;s laDax¿sf] kl/ro lbPsf 5g\ . tL laDax¿ b[Zo;DaGwL, cfjfh;DaGwL, uGw;DaGwL, :kz{;DaGwL, :jfb;DaGwL, zf/Ll/s ;r]ttf ;DaGwL / df+;k]zLsf] tgfj;DaGwL x'G5g\ . o;sf ;fy} tfk;DaGwL, ult;DaGwL tyf cg's/0ffTds laDa klg x'G5g\ . log} laDax¿ uLt tyf uhndf pkdf, ¿ks, pTk|]Iff, cltzof]lQm cflb cnª\sf/sf ¿kdf cfpg] u5{g\ . o;y{ laDasf ¿kdf ljljw cnª\sf/x¿ sfJodf k|of]u ul/g] ePsfn] uhndf ‘laDaÚ klg ckl/xfo{ tŒj dflgG5 .

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‘k|tLsÚ zAbsf] zflAbs cy{ ‘pN6f], lj?4, k|lts"n, ljk/Lt, k|ltef eGg] x'G5 . ;flxTodf k|tLs eGgfn] vf; j:t', ljifo, b[Zo cflbnfO{ hgfpg] csf]{ j:t' jf lrgf] eGg] a'lemG5 . k|tLsnfO{ k/Dkl/t jf ;fj{hlgs, JolQmut, ljZjJofkL, :yfgLo / c:ki6 u/L kfFr k|sf/df juL{s/0f ul/Psf] 5 .

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s'g} ;f+:s[lts ;dfhåf/f :jLs[t k|tLsx¿ k/Dkl/t jf ;fj{hlgs k|tLs cGtu{t kb{5g\ . klxn] k|rngdf gePsf / kl5 slj jf ;flxTosf/åf/f lgdf{0f ul/Psf k|tLsnfO{ JolQmut k|tLs elgG5 . ljZjJofkL k|tLssf] cy{ ;fdfGotM ljZjdf Pp6} x'G5 . :yfgLo k|tLs vf; :yfg ljz]if;Fu ;DalGwt x'G5g\ . c:ki6 k|tLsrflxF jf:tljs ;+;f/ geO{ cfbz{ ;+;f/ b]vfpg k|of]u ul/G5 . k|tLssf] k|of]un] yf]/} zAbdf klg s'g} w]/} s'/fx¿ eGg ;lsG5 . ‘uhndf k|o'Qm efiff kl/is[t, Zn]iffTds / PseGbf a9L cy{ nfUg] x'g'k5{ÚeGg] egfOn] klg uhndf k|o'Qm z}nL k|tLsfTds x'g'k5{ eGg] s'/fsf] ;ª\s]t u/]sf] 5 . clewfTds ¿kdf s'g} efjnfO{ JoQm ul/Psf] 5 eg] Tof] ;fdfGo sljtf+z aGg k'U5 eg] To;}nfO{ nIf0ffn] o'Qm jf Jo~hgfTds z}nLaf6 k|tLsx¿sf] k|of]u u/]/ JoQm ul/Psf] 5 eg] Tof] 10 ÷ /rgf

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uhndf k|of]u x'g] efj sNkgf, laDa tyf k|tLsx¿ klg efiffs} dfWodaf6 JoQm x'g] ePsfn] efiff uhnsf] clgjfo{ tyf dxŒjk"0f{ tŒj l;4 x'G5 . ;flxTosf x/]s ljwfdf efiff clgjfo{ tŒj x'G5 . sljtfsf] h:t} uhnsf] efiff klg ljlzi6, kl/is[t / kl/dflh{t x'G5 . uhndf k|o'Qm efiffdf ;"qfTdstf, k|efjsfl/tf, ;xh cy{af]w h:tf ljz]iftfx¿ x'g' cfjZos dflgG5 .

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uhndf ;"qfTds efiffsf] k|of]u x'G5 . yf]/} zAbdf w]/} s'/f eGg ;Sg' g} ;"qfTdstf jf ;+lIfKttf xf] . uhnsf] vf; v"aL o;sf] ;+lIfKttfdf lglxt x'g] x'gfn] uhndf ;"qfTds efiff x'gk' 5{ eGg] dflgG5 . yf]/,} cTofjZos zAbx¿åf/f clws efj JoQm ug{ ;Sg] uhndfq ;kmn dflgG5g\ . uhnleqsf b'O{ kª\lQm -;]/_n] l;+uf] cg'el" t hut\sf] lrq ptfg{ ;Sg'k5{ . uhnnfO{ ;"qfTds agfpg laDa tyf k|tLssf] k|of]u tyf nIf0ff / Jo~hgfsf] k|of]usf] klg 7"nf] e"ldsf x'G5 .

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afFWbfafFWb} elTshfg] afFw /}’5 lhGbufgL z/b / lzlz/sf] ;fFw /}’5 lhGbufgL .

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s'g} j:t'sf] j0f{g, JolQm rl/q–lrq0f, kIf ljz]ifsf] ;dy{g jf lj/f]w, wfld{s g}lts, pkb]z, efif0f cflbnfO{ JoQm ug]{ ;fwg uhn xf]Og . o; egfOn] klg uhndf j:t'ljz]ifsf] j0f{g geO{ laDa, k|tLs / nIf0ff–Jo~hgf zlQm ;DkGg ;"qfTds u'0f x'g'kg]{ s'/ftkm{ ;ª\s]t u/]sf] 5 . #=$=@= k|efjsfl/tf

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uhn elgg] / ;'lgg] ljwf ePsfn] uhndf k|o'Qm efiffn] uhn eGg] ;'Gg] jf k9\g] JolQmx¿sf] x[bodf t'?Gt gofF lsl;dsf] cg'e"lt k}bf ug{ ;Sg'k5{ . oxL x[bo:kGbgdf x'g] gofF lsl;dsf] cg'e"ltnfO{ k|efjsfl/tf elgPsf] xf] . uhnsf] o; u'0fnfO{ pb"{df ‘tf;L/ÚelgG5 . o;sf] cy{ x'G5 c;/ jf k|efj . uhnn] kf7s jf >f]tfnfO{ k'gM k9\g jf ;'Gg k|]l/t ub}{g eg] To;sf] s'g} cf}lrTo x'GgeGg] egfOn] klg uhndf k|o'Qm efiff, zAbx¿ k|efjf]Tkfbs x'g'k5{ eGg] s'/fsf] k'li6 ub{5 .

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uhn u]o ljwf ePsfn] o;df b'¿x zAbsf] k|of]u ug'{ pko'Qm x'Fb}g . ;'nlnt ;/n kb, kbfjnLn] dfq nofTds ;+fuLlts emª\sf/ pTkGg x'g] / uhn klg ;'dw'/ / lrQfsif{s x'g] ePsfn] efiffsf] ;/n k|of]u uhnsf nflu clgjfo{ dflgPsf] xf] . uhndf cnª\sf/ laDa / k|tLssf] k|of]u x'g] eP tfklg tL ;lhn} cy{ v'Ng] lsl;dsf] x'g'k5{ . ;'Gb/, :jR5 o'usf] rfxgf ub}{ n]lvPsf] k|:t't ;]/df b'¿x zAbrogn] ubf{ efiffut c:ki6tf b]lvG5 . o:tf /rgfx¿n] ;]/df x'g'kg]{ sf]dntf, >'ltdw'/tf h:tf u'0fsf] xTof ub{5g\ . ;/n zAbsf] rog u/]/ uhnnfO{ ;'Gb/, cfsif{s agfpg ;lsg] ePsfn] ‘;/ntfÚ uhnsf nflu cfjZos tŒj xf] .

12 ÷ /rgf

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#=%= ;+/rgf uhn d'VotM efiffsf dfWodaf6 ;ËLtsf] ;xof]udf cleJoQm x'g] /rgf xf] . uhn lglZrt ;+/rgfdf afFlwPsf] x'G5 . uhnnfO{ cGo ;flxlTos ljwfeGbf cnu dflgPsf] sf/0f klg o;sf] lglZrt ;+/rgf eP/ xf] . uhnsf] ;+/rgfdf e"ldsf v]Ng] cyf{t\ uhnsf ;+/rgfut tŒjx¿ cGtu{t ;]/, sflkmof, /lbkm / tvNn'; kb{5g\ . #=%=!= ;]/

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‘;]/Ú c/aL efiffsf] k'lnËL zAb xf] / o;sf] zflAbs cy{ ‘skfnÚ tyf ‘:jf:gLdflg;Ú eGg] x'G5 o; egfOn] :jf:gLdflg;sf] ;'Gb/tfnfO{ ‘s]zÚ clgjfo{ ePh:t} uhnsf] efj, ;f}Gbo{sf] cleJolQmsf nflu ‘;]/Ú cfjZos x'G5 eGg] s'/f] k'li6 x'G5 . Pp6} no jf 5Gbdf afFlwPsf b'O{ kª\lQmsf] of]uaf6 ;]/ lgdf{0f x'G5 / o;df lglZrt k|sf/sf] cg'k|f;sf] Joj:yf x'G5 . ;]/sf kª\lQmnfO{ ‘ld;/fÚ elgG5 . ;]/sf] klxnf] kª\lQmnfO{ ‘ld;/f P pnfÚ / bf];|f] kª\lQmnfO{ ‘ld;/f P ;fgLÚ elgG5 . ;]/sf] klxnf] kª\lQm jf ld;/fn] s'g} tYo jf ;d:ofnfO{ k|:t't ub{5 eg] bf];|f] kª\lQmn] To;nfO{ lg¿k0f;lxt k'li6 ub{5 . uhnsf ;]/x¿ cfkm}+df k"0f{ x'g] ePsfn] cnu–cnu ;]/df cnu cnu efj klg cfpg ;S5g\ .

Pp6f uhnsf ;du| ;]/x¿df Pp6} ljifoj:t'sf] k|:t'lt ePdf To:tf uhnnfO{ d';n;nuhn / cnucnu ljifoj:t'x¿ cfPsf] v08df To:tf uhnnfO{ u}/d';n;n uhn elgG5 . u}/d';n;n uhneGbf Pp6} efj jf ljrf/nfO{ cufl8 a9fpg] vfnsf cyf{t d';n;n uhn g} a9L ;kmn b]lvG5g\ . #=%=@= dtnf ‘dtnfÚ jf ‘dTnfÚ jf ‘dtncÚ c/aL efiffsf] k'lnËL zAb xf] . o;sf] zflAbs cy{ ‘pboÚ x'G5 . o;sf] cy{ ‘;'? x'g'Ú jf ‘lgSng'Ú eGg] klg x'G5 . uhnsf] ;'?jft o;} ;]/af6 x'g] ePsfn] uhnsf] klxnf] ;]/nfO{ ‘dtnfÚ elgPsf] xf] . dtnfn] g} uhnsf] k"/f ¿knfO{ lgb]{zg ug]{ ub{5 / ;f/f uhnsf] efjbzf lgdf{0f ug]{ sfo{ ub{5 . uhndf k"0ff{Í – !&%

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k|foM Pp6fdfq dtnf x'g] ub{5 . PseGbf a9L dtnf cfPsf] v08df klxnf] dtnfnfO{ ‘dtnf–P–pnfÚ / cGo dtnfx¿nfO{ ‘dtnf–P– ;fgLÚ elgG5 . dtnfdf cfPsf b'a} ld;/f sflkmof / /lbkmn] o'Qm x'G5g\ . dtnfdf uhnsf] d'Vo :j/ d'vl/t x'g] ePsfn] o;nfO{ k|f/Des / lgb]{zs ;]/ dflgG5 . #=%=#= dstf

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‘dstfÚ zAbsf] cy{ ‘sfl6Psf] Ú eGg] x'G5 . uhndf o;n] /rgf ;lsPsf] ;ª\s]t u5{ . o; egfOn] uhnsf] clGtd ;]/ g} dstf x'g] s'/f] k'li6 x'G5 . uhnsf] clGtd ;]/ Hofb} dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 . o; ;]/df uhnsf/n] lgtfGt JolQmut s'/f] eg]sf] x'G5 . JolQmut ljj/0f x'g] ePsfn] dstfdf efj k|sfzsf] Ifdtf r/d ¿kdf x'g] / of] g} uhnsf] ;j{>]i7 ;]/ x'g] s'/f] /f]lxtfZj c:yfgfn] atfPsf 5g\ . pgn] ‘dstfÚ df k|foM n]vssf] pkgfd jf tvNn'; x'g] t/ tvNn'; x'g} kg]{ s'g} h?/L gePsf] lgisif{ lgsfn]sf 5g\ . tvNn';sf] k|of]u ubf{ ;fy{s / ;flek|fo 9ª\uaf6 ul/g'k5{ cGoyf uhnsf] ;'Gb/tfdf cfFr cfpg] x'G5 . clGtd ;]/ cToGt efjk"0f{ eO{ sljn] cToGt j}olQms ;Gbe{nfO{ k|of]u u/]sf] 5 / To;df pkgfd jf tvNn';sf] k|of]u klg ePsf] 5 eg] To;nfO{ dstf :jLsfg'{ k5{ cGoyf tvNn'; eP/} klg pQm clGtd ;]/ efj k|If]k0fsf ;Gbe{df sdhf]/ 5 eg] jf j}olQms ;Gbe{ 5}g eg] pQm k|of]unfO{ ck"0f{ dstf dfGg'k5{ / pkgfdsf] k|of]u 5}g eg] To;nfO{ klg sdhf]/L g} dfGg'k5{ . o;af6 ‘tvNn';’k|of]u x'g] lalQs} Tof] ;]/ dstf x'g g;Sg], j}olQms ;Gbe{ / tvNn'; b'j}sf] k|of]u ePsf] clGtd ;]/dfq dstf x'g] s'/f k'li6 x'G5 . #=%=$= dWoefu uhnsf] dtnfeGbf tnlt/ dstfdfly /x]sf cGo ;]/x¿nfO{ dWoefu cGtu{t /flvPsf] 5 . dtnf efu kl/rofTds x'g] / dstf cToGt j}olQms x'g] ePsfn] uhnsf] dWoefun] g} ljljw ljifoj:t'nfO{ k|:t't ug]{ u5{ . o;y{ uhnsf] dWoefunfO{ z/L/ klg elgPsf] kfOG5 . dtnf 14 ÷ /rgf

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uhnsf] kl/rofTds ;]/ x'g] ePsfn] / of] uhnsf] klxnf] ;]/ -b'Oc { f]6f dtnf cfPsf] eP klxnf] / bf];f| ] ;]/_ x'g] ePsfn] dtnfnfO{ uhnsf] lz/ / dtnfeGbf d'lg / dstfeGbf dfly cfPsf ;]/x¿nfO{ uhnsf] dWoefu jf z/L/ elgPsf] xf] . o; efudf ePsf ;]/x¿sf klxnf] kª\lQmx¿ jf ld;/f ;fdfGotM cg'kf| ;d'Qm x'G5g\ eg] bf];f| kª\lQmx¿ jf ld;/fx¿ cGTofg'kf| ; jf sflkmofsfb[li6n] dtnfsf kª\lQmx¿;Fu ;Da4 x'G5g\ . dtnfdf k|of]u ePsf] 5Gb jf no dWoefusf ;]/x¿df klg x'g' clgjfo{ dflgG5 . dtnf / dstf efusf ;]/x¿h:t} o; efusf ;]/x¿klg cfkm}d+ f k"0f{ x'g' h?/L x'G5 . klxnf] kª\lQmn] s'g} ljifonfO{ p7fP/ sf}tx" n l;h{gf ug]{ / bf];f| ] kª\lQmn] rflxF ;f] lh1f;fnfO{ ;fDo kfg]{ sfd u5{g\ . uhndf k|oQ ' m ;a} ;]/x¿ plQs} ;zQm / lrQfsif{s gx'g ;S5g\ .

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;d"xnfO{ /lbkm elgG5 . ‘/lbkmÚ uhnsf nflu clgjfo{ tŒj xf]Og tyflk o;sf] dxŒjnfO{ c:jLsf/ ug{ ;lsGg . /lbkmn] uhnnfO{ ;+uLtfTds agfpg Hofb} 7"nf] e"ldsf axg u5{ . /lbkm k|of]u ul/Psf] uhnnfO{ d'/2km / gul/Psf] uhnnfO{ u}/d'/2km elgG5 . /lbkmsf] k|of]u uhndf clgjfo{ gePsfn] o;nfO{ uhnsf] P]lR5s tŒj dfGg' pko'Qm x'G5 . #=%=&= tvNn';

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‘tvNn';Ú c/aL efiffsf] k'lnËL zAb xf] . o;sf] cy{ ;fo/ jf sljn] cfˆgf] sljtfdf n]Vg] gfd jf pkgfd eGg] x'G5 . sljtf jf uhndf tvNn'; k|of]u ugf{sf] sf/0f sljn] cfˆgf] kl/ro lbg' xf] eg] cfˆgf] n]vg sf}zntf b;f{pg' klg xf] . uhndf sljn] ;xL cy{ cfpg] u/L, sltko 7fpFdf bf]xf]/f] cy{ lbg] u/L tvNn';sf] k|of]u ub{5g\ . k|foM tvNn';sf] k|of]u uhnsf] clGtd ;]/df ul/G5 . cGo ;]/df klg P]lR5s ¿kdf pkgfd /fVg] k|rng /x]sf] kfOG5 . sljtfdf tvNn'; k|of]u u/]/ cfˆgf] k|ltef b]vfpg] sfd ‘sl;bfÚ sf k|frLg n]vsx¿n] g} klg u/]sf] kfOG5 eg] dWoo'usf] cGTob]lv o; k|sf/sf] k|of]unfO{ ‘tvNn';Ú eGg yflnPsf] kfOG5 . ‘tvNn';Ú uhnsf] nflu clgjfo{ geP tfklg o;sf] ;d'lrt k|of]un] uhnnfO{ lrQfsif{s / >'ltdw'/ agfpg] x'G5 . #=^= ;ª\uLt

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Psyl/ ljåfg\ uhn c/aL zAb eP klg o;sf] n]vg kmf/;Ldf k|f/De ePsf] atfpF5g\ . csf{yl/ ljåfg\rflxF uhnn]vgsf] k|f/De klg c/aaf6} ePsf] / kmf/;L efiffdf k|j]z u/]kl5 o;n] cem Jofkstf kfPsf] rrf{ ub{5g\ . c/aL wtL{df uhn n]vg slxn]af6 eof] eGg] ljifodf 7\ofSs} ;do eGg ;lsFb}g . c/adf kfFrf}÷5}7f}+ ztfAbLlt/ klg dgf]/~hg k|]duLtx¿ ufOg yfn]sf / o:tf uLtx¿nfO{ uhn eGg] ul/Psf] 18 ÷ /rgf

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kfOPsfn] uhnn]vgsf] cf/De ;ftf}F ztfAbLk"j{ g} ePsf] x'g ;Sg] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 . c/aL sljx¿ x]hfh / hldnn] uhndf zf:qLo ;f/j:t';lxtsf] kl/isf/ u/]sf / kl5 logsf uhnsf] cg's/0f 6s]{nL, kmf/;L / pb"{df ul/Psf] eGg] s'/fsf] rrf{n] ;ftf}+ ztfAbLsf] pQ/fw{;Dd cfOk'Ubf uhnn]vg lgs} ljsl;t eO;s]sf] s'/f] k'li6 x'G5 . uhn n]vgsf] ljsf; k|frLg c/adf k|rlnt ;flxlTos ljwf ‘sl;bfÚ sf] ‘t:aLaÚ -k|:tfjgf efu_ af6 ePsf] dflgG5 . sl;bfsf] Tof] t:aLa c+z kl5 sl;bfaf6 cnu eP/ uhnsf] ¿kdf ljsl;t ePsf] xf] .

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gjf}+ ztfAbLaf6 c/aL ;flxTo kl/isf/jfbL o'udf k|j]z u/]kl5 uhnljwfdf snd rnfpg] sljx¿sf] ;+Vof a9\b} uPsf] b]lvG5 . k|frLg c/aL uhnsf/x¿df ca' g'af;, cn d'tfgjL, sbfdf / OAg /l;s cflb k|d'v dflgG5g\ . k|frLg c/aL uhndf k|]dnfO{ d"n ljifoj:t' agfOg] rng lyof] . To;tfssf uhnx¿df ljof]ufGt efj / sfNklgs ljifoj:t'n] klg k|>o kfPsf] b]lvG5 .

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22 ÷ /rgf

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g]kfnL uhnn]vgsf] k|f/De slxn]af6 eof] eGg] ljifodf ljåfg\ x¿aLr dte]b kfOG5 . lzj /]UdLn] lj=;=!(#* df df]tL/fd bf];|f] k6s agf/; uPkl5 ToxfF pgsf] ef/t]Gb' xl/ZrGb|;Fu e]6 ePsf] ;Gbe{ pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . ;d:ofk"lt{sf] k|rng ef/t]Gb' xl/ZrGb|sf] k|]/0ff / k|efjaf6 pgn] l;s]sf] s'/f w]/}n] :jLsf/ ul/;s]sf 5g\ . df]tL/fd e§n] sljtfn]vg k|f/De ;d:of k"lt{af6 ug'{k5{ eGg] pNn]v u/]af6 pgn] uhnn]vgsf] yfngL lj=;++= !(#* kl5 g} u/] xf]nfg\ eGg] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 . o;} ;dodf agf/;df kb\dljnf; kGt, sfzLgfy, /Ëgfy, r]tl;+x, t]haxfb'/ /fgf ;lDdlnt ldqd08nL u7g ePsf] / o;};dob]lv z[ª\uf//;df ;d:ofk"lt{ cleofg df]tL/fd e§n] rnfPsf] s'/f xl/eQm g]pkfg]n] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . o; s'/fn] klg g]kfnL uhnn]vgsf] k|f/De lj=;++= !(#* kl5 g} ePsf] k'li6 x'G5 .

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g]kfnLdf lj=;+= !($) af6 df]tL/fd e§åf/f uhnn]vg k|f/De ePsf] s'/f w]/}n] :jLsf/ u/]sf 5g\ . !(#* kl5 df]tL/fdsf] e]6 ef/t]Gb';Fu ePsf] v'nf;f eP klg !($) af6} pgn] uhn n]Vg yfn]sf x'g\ eGg] k|df0f sxL+ st} e]l6Psf] 5}g . ToxfF ePsf ldqd08nLn] uhn /rgf gu/]sf] / lj=;+= !($$ df df]tL/fd sf7df8f}F cfO{ df]tLd08nL :yfkgf u/]sf clg d08nLsf ;b:ox¿n] klg uhn n]v]sf] kfOg'n] g]kfnL uhnn]vgsf] k|f/De !($$ b]lv x'g ;Sg] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 . xl/eQm gjkfgLon] ‘;ËLtrGb|f]boÚ cGtu{tsf uhnsf] /rgf ;do !($%–%% lbPsf 5g\ . pko'{Qm dtx¿nfO{ s]nfpFbf g]kfnL uhn n]vgsf] cf/De 7\ofSs} oxL ;dob]lv g} ePsf] xf] eGg ;lsg] 7f]; cfwf/ k|fKt geP tfklg w]/} ;dLIfsx¿n] lj=;+= !($) nfO{ g} g]kfnL uhnsf] k|f/De sfn dfg]sfn] oxfF klg lj=;+= !($) nfO{ g]kfnL uhnsf] k|fylds sfn dfgL g]kfnL uhn k/Dk/fsf] cWoog ug{ ;lsG5 .

k"0ff{Í – !&%

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%=#= g]kfnL uhn n]vgsf] ljsf;qmd

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g]kfnL uhnsf] ljsf;qmdnfO{ cWoog ug]{ qmddf ul/Psf] sfnljefhgdf klg ;a}sf] Psdt kfOFb}g . b'a;' If]qLn] k|fylds sfn -!($)–!((@_, dfWolds sfn -!((#–@)#%_ / cfw'lgs sfn -@)#^ b]lv xfn;Dd_ u/L tLg v08df g]kfnL uhnsf] sfnljefhg u/]sf 5g\ . nlnhg /fjnn] g]kfnL uhnnfO{ b'O{ sfnv08df ljefhg u/]sf 5g\ . -s_ k|fylds sfn -lj=;+= !($)–!((^_ -v_ k'ghf{u/0f sfn -lj=;+= @)$) b]lv xfn;Dd_ pgsf] o; sfn ljefhgdf !((& b]lv @)$) aLrsf] ;donfO{ 5f]l8Psf] 5 . ;gts'df/ j:tLn] ‘;a]/} cfPFÚ zLif{s l;h{gfTds zf]wkqdf df]tL/fd e§b]lv pk]Gb|axfb'/ ‘lhu/’;Dd k|fyldssfn / 1fg'jfs/ kf}8]nb]lv cfw'lgssfn egL g]kfnL uhnnfO{ b'O{ sfnv08df afF8]sf 5g\ .

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o;/L ljleGg ljåfg\x¿n] g]kfnL uhn k/Dk/fnfO{ ljleGg r/0fdf afF8L cWoog u/]sf 5g\ . df]tL/fd e§b]lv 1fg'jfs/ kf}8]nk"j{sf] ;dodf nfdf] cGt/fn eP klg o;aLrsf uhndf k|j[lQut ;dfgtf kof{Kt e]l6G5 . @)#^ ;fndf 1fg'jfs/ kf}8]nsf] cfudg ePkl5 g]kfnL uhnn] leGg k|j[lQ kfPsf] b]lvG5 . t;y{ oxfF g]kfnL uhnn]vgsf] k/Dk/fnfO{ klxnf] r/0f -lj=;+= !($)– @)#%_ bf];|f] r/0f -lj=;+= @)#^–xfn;Dd_ u/L b'O{ r/0fdf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 .

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%=#=!= g]kfnL uhnsf] klxnf] r/0f

lj=;+= !($)df df]tL/fd e§åf/f g]kfnL ;flxTodf leœofOPsf] z[ª\ufl/s wf/f;Fu} g]kfnL uhnn]vg k/Dk/fsf] klg z'?jft ePsf] dflgG5 . df]tL/fd e§åf/f k|f/De ePsf] uhn nIdLbQ kGt ‘OGb'Ú, uf]kLgfy nf]xgL ‘gfyÚ, g/b]j kf08] ‘;'wfÚ, zDe'k|;fb 9'ª\u]n ‘zDe'Ú x'Fb} cl3 a9]sf] kfOG5 . o;} qmddf eLdlglw ltjf/L;Dd cfOk'Ubf g]kfnL uhn cem ;zQm ¿kdf df}nfpFb} cl3 a9]sf] b]lvG5 . pk]Gb|axfb'/ lhu/;Dd cfOk'Ubf t emg\ g]kfnL uhn lgs} eFmfluPsf] b]lvG5 . log} 24 ÷ /rgf

kmfu'g—r}t @)&*

k"0ff{Í – !&%

pk]Gb|axfb'/ ‘lhu/’klxnf] r/0fsf uhnsf/x¿dWo] clGtd k|efjzfnL uhnsf/sf ¿kdf lrlgPsf 5g\ .

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pk]Gb|axfb'/ ‘lhu/Ú kl5 lgs} ;':tfPsf] g]kfnL uhnn] k"0f{ lj>fd eg] lnPsf] b]lvFb}g . uhn ljwfd} snd grnfP klg cGo ;flxTosf/n] kmf§k'm§ uhn /rgf ug{ rflxF 5f]8]sf 5}gg\ . k"0f{ ¿kdf uhnd} ;dlk{t geP klg cGo ljwfdf snd rnfpg] qmddf kmf§k'm§ uhn n]Vg] cGo ;flxTosf/x¿df df]tLnfn >]i7, jL/]Gb|s]z/L cof{n, e'jgk|;fb 9'Ëfgf, lu/LzjNne hf]zL, gfgsk|;fb ld>, afnfk|;fb zdf{, P= P;= k7fg, s]bf/zD;]/ yfkf, kxndfgl;+x :jfF/, n]vgfy kf}8\ofn, /fdk|;fb ;Tofn, tLy{k|;fb cfrfo{, axfb'/l;+x a/fn, avtaxfb'/ >]i7 ‘hf]lurfÚ, s[i0fk|;fb /]UdL, rGb|gfy zdf{, zDe'gfy pkfWofo, g/axfb'/ ef/tL, gf/fo0feQm dfy]df, rqmkfl0f rfln;], xl/gf/fo0f bfxfn ‘laxfnLÚ, kßgfy kGt, t'n;Ld]x/ >]i7, emk6axfb'/ /f0ff, kf/;dl0f k|wfg, u'?k|;fb d}gfnL, r]tf]gfy zdf{rfo{, s]zjhL /fhsl0f{sf/, u0f]znfn >]i7, afns[i0f ;d, d=aL=la zfx, nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6f cflb kb{5g\ .

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%=#=@= g]kfnL uhnsf] bf];|f] r/0f

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df]tL/fd e§åf/f lj=;+= !($) df ;"qkft ePsf] g]kfnL uhnn] 1fg'jfs/ kf}8]nsf] -@)#^_ pbo ePkl5 k[ys\ cl:tTj / klxrfg sfod ug{ ;kmn ePsf] b]lvG5 . z[ª\ufl/s / elQmefjdf ?dlNnPsf] g]kfnL uhnn] bf];|f] r/0fdf k|j]z u/]kl5 dfgjLo hLjgsf ljljwkIf xfF;f], /f]bg, lrTsf/, ;fdflhs ljs[lt / lj;ª\ultk|lt Joª\Uo, /fhgLlts kl/b[Zo h:tf ljljwljifonfO{ ;d]6\g ;kmn ePsf] b]lvG5 . @)#^ ;fn df3df 1fg'jfs/ kf}8]nsf] Pp6f uhn ¿k/]vfdf k|sflzt ePsf] / oxL uhnaf6 g]kfnL uhndf gjLg wf/ / z}nLsf] k|f/De ePsfn] lj=;+= @)#^ nfO{ g]kfnL uhnsf] bf];|f] r/0fsf] cf/De laGb' dflgG5 . o; ;donfO{ g]kfnL uhn ;|i6fx¿n] k'ghf{u/0f sfn klg eg]sf 5g\ . bf];|f] r/0fdf uhn n]Vg] uhnsf/x¿sf] ;ª\Vof lgs} 7"nf]] b]lvG5 . ;dosf] qmd;Fu} uhnsf] If]q klg lgs} km/flsnf] x'Fb} uPsf] k"0ff{Í – !&%

kmfu'g—r}t @)&*

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b]lvG5 . o; r/0fsf k|d'v uhnsf/x¿df 3gZofd Gof}kfg] kl/>dL, tLy{ >]i7, lbJo lu/L, wg/fh lu/L, w|'j dlwsdL{, ljho jlhdo, ljof]uL a'9fyf]sL cflb x'g\ . 8f= b'a;' If]qL bf];|f] r/0fsf log} uhnsf/x¿sf bf}+t/L x:tfIf/ x'g\ .

^= uhnsf/ 8f= b'a;' If]qL / pgsf] ‘cdn]v dg’

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lj=;+= @)@# ;fn >fj0f @! ut] emfkfsf] ch{g'wf/f gu/kflnsf, j8f g+ !, dbgk'/df hlGdPsf 8f= b'a;' If]qL -8f= b'uf{ axfb'/ ;'j]bL If]qL_ ax'd'vL k|ltefn] ;DkGg JolQm x'g\ . ;flxTo tyf s"6gLltsf] If]qdf pgL cem ljz]if b]lvG5g\ eg] ;flxTosf] klg sfJoljwfdf pgsf] klxrfg cem zlQmzfnL b]lvG5 . g]kfnL efiffdf aQL; / cª\u|]hL efiffdf t]x| k':tssf] n]vgsf ;fy} tLg bh{geGbf a9L k':ts tyf klqsf ;Dkfbg ul/;s]sf 8f= b'a;' If]qL clxn] /x/ nfUbf] ‘cdn]v dg’zLif{ssf] s[lt lnP/ xfdL dfem cfOk'u]sf 5g\ . 8f= b'a;' If]qLsf o; cl3 g} b'a;' If]qLsf k|f/lDes uhn, sf]nfh dg, lga{Gw dg / cltl/Qm dg u/L rf/ j6f uhns[ltx¿ k|sflzt ePsf 5g\ . 8f= If]qLsf r'krfkr'krfk, dh:t} ltdL klg, lgd{d ofbx¿, b"af];/L /x/x¿, ltd|f] t:jL/ cfFvfel/ / d]/} dg 5]p eP/ h:tf uhnsf PNadx¿ ;fj{hlgs eO;s]sf 5g\ . ‘cdn]v dg’df pgsf Ps ;o Ps uhnx¿ /x]sf 5g\ .

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kmfu'g—r}t @)&*

k"0ff{Í – !&%

klg pgn] cfkm"nfO{ d"ntM v'nf / :jtGq 5f]8]sf] kfOG5 eg] ;fdflhs ;Gbe{sf] k|:t'ltdf t emg} :ki6;Fu pgn] :jtGqtfsf] jsfnt u/]sf] b]Vg ;lsG5 . pgsf ljrf/df :jtGqtf cf/fWo 5 lsgeg] :jtGqtf g} eujfg\ xf] / lhGbuL klg :jtGqtfk"j{s g} afFRg' k5{ . aGwgdf afFlwg', cGwsf/df ljno x'g', ;Gqf;df Ho'g' tyf o'4sf] rk]6fdf kmF:g' xfd|f] rfxgf x'g'x'Gg . xfd|f] rfxgf t dfgjtfjfbL x'g'k5{, d'lQmsf nflu cl3 a9\g] x'g' k5{ / :jfledfgk"j{s afFRg] x'g'k5{ . b'a;'n] n]v]sf 5g\—

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:jtGqtf cf/fWo 5, :jtGqtf g} p;sf] eujfg\ d'lQm vf]Hb} lxF8]sf] dfG5]sf] cdn]v dg . k};fn] lsg]sf] 5 ;do, k};fn] lsg]sf] 5 :jfledfg :jtGq–lga{Gw lhGbuL afFRg' kf] lhGbuL .

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dfG5] dfqsf s] s'/f, oxfF k|s[lt klg :jtGq 5}g . hª\‍unn] ljgfz ;xg' k/]sf] 5 . gbLn] aGwg ;xg' k/]sf] 5 of eg"F afFwsf] kL8f vKg' k/]sf] 5 clg lgd{n cfsfzn] klg w'nf], w'jfF tyf cgfjZos k|b"if0f ;xg' k/]sf] 5 . o:t}, ;Eotfn] klg c;EotfnfO{ u|x0f ug{' k/]sf] 5 .

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hª\‍un df;]/ zx/, gbL afFw]/ lah'nL k|s[ltnfO{ lj¿k agfof] dfG5]n] . lxGb", af}4, O:nfd, O{;fO{df afF8]/ ;Eotf g} a]t's agfof] dfG5]n] . xl/of] 5}g w/tL, gLnf] 5}g cfsfz v'zL 5}g k|s[lt, ;kmf 5}g atf; .

oL ;a} s'/fsf] ljgfzsf] sf/s dfG5] g} xf] eGg] b'a;'sf] 7x/ 5 / dflg;sf] o:tf] ;f]rdf kl/jt{g gcfO{ ;dfh ;ª\‍lnFb}g eGg] dfGotf uhnsf/ b'a;' If]qLsf] /x]sf] 5 . b'a;'n] cfˆgf z[ª\‍ufl/s /rgfdf ;+of]u -of eg"F ;Def]u_z[ª\‍uf/sf] k"0ff{Í – !&%

kmfu'g—r}t @)&*

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k|of]u k|z:t u/]sf 5g\ eg] o:tf sltko /rgfdf t ;'xfu/ftsf] ;Gbe{ bf]xf]l/Psf] klg 5 . o; ;ª\u|xdf ;ª\‍slnt emGg} Ps bh{g uhndf logn] ;+of]u z[ª\‍uf/sf] pTsif{tfnfO{ k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ .

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lgbfpF5' eGYof}, lgbfpg lbOgF d}n] ltdLnfO{ cfkm}+df afFw]/ /fv]+ d}n] ltdLnfO{ ;'xfu/fte/ . ltd|f] nfhsf] nfnLn] klg /ftf] ag]sf] ;'xfu/ft Tof] ufhn ntktntkt, cw/ yy{/wy{/ ePsf] ;'xfu/ft Tof] . s]xL k;]h:tf] x'GYof], s]xL a;]h:tf] x'GYof] of}jg lbP/ of}g lnPsf] ;'xfu/ft Tof] .

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b'a;'n] o:tf /rgfdf /ft tyf ;'xfu/ft b'j} ‘/ftf]’ePsf] atfPsf 5g\ . of}g rfxgfnfO{ j;Gt / axf/;Fu t'ngf u/]sf 5g\ . ;f]em} lnË geg]/ s]xL k;]h:tf] eg]sf 5g\ . lkofgf]sf abnf Åbo /]6\g] s'/f u/]sf 5g\ / b'a} hgf klUnPsf] /ftnfO{ nHhfjtL /ft eg]sf 5g\ .

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z[Ëf/sf] ;Gbe{ gp7fPsf] /rgfdf klg ef}lts k|]dsf] pTsif{ pgn] k|:t't u/]sf] kfOG5 . pgn] st} g'xfpFbf tyf n'uf km]bf{ s}of}F k6s lrofP/ x]/]sf] ;Gbe{ pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ eg] lgj{:q klN6Fbf klg x]/]sf] atfPsf 5g\ . o:t} dfofn'nfO{ rf]nLleq n'sfpm klg pgn] eg]sf] kfOG5 . clg dL7f nfUg] kmnx¿ rfVg yfn]sf] ;Gbe{ klg pgn] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . cem eGg] xf] eg] dfofn';Fu l;ª\‍u} /ft ef]u ug{] tyf Pp6f kfk ug{] rfxgf klg JoQm u/]sf] kfOG5 . o;af6 s] :ki6 x'G5 eg] b'a;' cfˆgf /rgfx¿df of}g laDasf] k|of]u ug{ cToGt l;kfn' 5g\ . nfhsf] nfnL, /ftf] /ft, /ftf] ;'xfu/ft, k|xf/, o'4, j;Gt, axf/, r'Das, lkofgf], d}g, ld7f] kmn, a]n'g, 3f]8f, 5'/f, nHhfjtL, dWo /ftsf] dft, cfFwL, tf/f, em/L, af9L, t]n, hd]sf] d}nf] cflb laDax¿n] o;} s'/fnfO{ k'li6 u/]sf 5g\ . s]xL uhndf b'a;'n] cfkm}+nfO{ klg ljifo agfPsf] kfOG5 . pgn] ‘slxn] u/La;Fu e]6 x'G5’/ ‘g/f]Psf] s'g} kn lyPg’eGg] uhnx¿df o:tf] k|of]u u/]sf 5g\ .

28 ÷ /rgf

kmfu'g—r}t @)&*

k"0ff{Í – !&%

slxn] u/La;Fu e]6 x'G5, slxn] slj;Fu e]6 x'G5 b'a};Fu e]6 ePsf] lbg b'a;';Fu e]6 x'G5 . ‘bfp’ /flv/xGYof], ‘efp’ /flv/xGYof] clxn]em}+ ‘b'a;'’ c;n lyPg klxn] .

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sYo ljifosf] k|:t'ltsf ;Gbe{df z[ª\‍ uf/sf] k|of]u cTolws ul/Psf] kfOPtfklg b]zdf ePsf] c;dfgtf, u/LaL, afn / jfT;No efjsf pTs[i6 uhnx¿ b'a;'n] l;h{gf u/]sf 5g\ . snª\‍lst ldqtfnfO{ klg ljifo agfOPsf] 5 . jftfj/0f;DaGwL pTs[i6 uhnx¿ klg o;leq kfOG5g\ . ‘xh'/cfdf;Fu 8'Ng dg k/fpFl5g\ lgxfl/sf’/ ‘s, v, u, 3, k9]/ ;'gfpFb}l5g\ sfblDagL’h:tf afn;'ne efjsf cAan uhnx¿ klg o; ;ª\u|xdf ;d]l6Psf 5g\ .

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uhnsf/ 8f= If]qL cfˆgf uhnx¿df cfGtl/s / afX‍o b'a} agf]6 / a'gf]6 k|lt ;r]t b]lvG5g\ . b'a;' efj, sNkgf, ljDj tyf k|tLssf] k|of]udf ;kmn b]lvG5g\ . k|:t'ltdf ;"qfTdstf / ;/ntf NofpFb} uhndf k|efjsfl/tf kl:sg uhnsf/ If]qL ;an 5g\ . uhnsf afX‍o tTjx¿ ;]/, dtnf, dstf, sflkmof / /lbkmsf] k|of]udf klg uhnsf/ 8f= If]qL ;r]t 5g\ . s]xL uhnx¿df b'a;'n] ‘tvNn';’sf] klg ;':jfb' k|of]u u/]sf 5g\ . s'g} s'g} uhndf ‘sflkmof’sf] k|of]udf pgaf6 sdhf]/L ePsf] klg kfOG5 . pgsf s]xL uhnn] uhnsf] ;Ldf gfl3lb+bf tL uhnx¿ sqdf ju{df kg{] k|sf/sf /rgfx¿ klg ePsf 5g\ .

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;ª\‍ux| sf] k|f/De / cGTodf ePsf /rgf cdn]v dgsf] rrf{ u/]/ pgn] zLif{ssf] ;fy{stfnfO{ k'li6 u/]sf] kfOG5 eg] cGo /rgfdf ePsf] :jtGq k|:t'ltn] klg zLif{snfO{ ;fy{stf k|bfg ug{ ;xof]u eg] u/]s} 5g\ . lgisif{sf ¿kdf eGg' kbf{ k|:t't cdn]v dg d"ntM b'a;' If]qLsf] Åbodf cjl:yt efj tyf ;+j]usf] k|jfxsf] ;'Gb/ clg k|s[tjfbL cleJolQm xf] . cdn]v dg :jtGqtfsf] jsfnt / dfgjtfsf] cf/fwgfsf] ;fy{s zAbk'~‍h xf] . o;sf nflu uhnsf/ 8f= b'a;' If]qLnfO{ xflb{s awfO{ lbFb} d o; s[ltsf] ;kmntfsf] sfdgf klg ub{5' . k"0ff{Í – !&%

kmfu'g—r}t @)&*

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;Gbe{—;fdu|L If]qL, b'a;' -;Dkf=_, ;d;fdlos g]kfnL uhn, sf7df8f}+, j;'Gw/f k|sfzg, @)%) .

@=

If]qL, b'a;' 8f=, sf]nfh dg, sf7df8f}+, j;'Gw/f–dfg k|1f k|lti7fg, @)^* .

#=

===================, lga{Gw dg, sf7df8f}+,b'a;' If]qL /fli6«o ljsf; k|lti7fg, @)&$ .

$=

==================, cltl/Qm dg, sf7df8f}+,b'a;' If]qL /fli6«o ljsf; k|lti7fg, @)&* .

%=

kf}8]n, 1fg'jfs/ -;Dkf=_, b'a;' If]qLsf k|f/lDes uhn, sf7df8f}+,j;'Gw/f–dfg k|1f k|lti7fg, @)^& .

^=

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cFWof/f] emb{} hfG5, /ft ;b{} ;b{} hfG5, k|x/ labf dfU5 ltd|f] d'xf/sf] Hof]ltn] klg pHofnf] ag]sf] ;'xfu/ft Tof] .

k"0ff{Í – !&%

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kmfu'g—r}t @)&*

/rgf ÷ 51

h"g klg nhfPsf] h"g klg nhfPsf], afbn 5f8f ePsf] ;'xfu/ft Tof] xf]; b'a}sf] p8]sf], cf]7 b'a}sf] hf]8]sf] ;'xfu/ft Tof]

.c

om

cf]7n] cf]7 lkPsf], cfFvfn] aft u/]sf] dL7f] kn dft b'a}nfO{ r9]sf], d'6' b'j}sf] ldn]sf] ;'xfu/ft Tof]

sk

ha

ss

/ft a9\b} uPsf], dfof uf9f ag]sf] Gofgf] kn /ft b'a}nfO{ u8]sf], aft b'a}sf] hd]sf] ;'xfu/ft Tof]

w .k h

as

xfbf{ xfdL b'a} xf5f{}+, lhTbf b'a}n] lhT5f}+ v]n of] uhasf] k|xf/ b'a}nfO{ rflxPsf], o'4 b'a}n] lht]sf] ;'xfu/ft Tof]

w

w

kmlqmg rfxG5f}+ b'a}, km'Ng rfxG5f}+ b'a}, /;/Ëdf /d]/ j;Gt b'a}nfO{ 5fPsf], axf/ b'a}sf] k'u]sf] ;'xfu/ft Tof] .

52 ÷ /rgf

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kmfu'g—r}t @)&*

k"0ff{Í – !&%

lbn lbP/ lbn lbP/ lbn lnPsf] ;'xfu/ft Tof] tg lbP/ tg lnPsf] ;'xfu/ft Tof]

.c

om

r'Dasem}+ r'Dag, dft To;df hjfgLsf] cf]7 lbP/ cf]7 lnPsf] ;'xfu/ft Tof]

sk

ha

ss

;Fu}+ afFRg] ;Fu} dg{] k|0f u/L 3/L3/L s;d lbP/ s;d lnPsf] ;'xfu/ft Tof]

w .k h

as

Psfsf/ ePem}+, ;kgf ;fsf/ ePem}+ aLh lbP/ sf]v lnPsf] ;'xfu/ft Tof]

w

w

s]xL k;]h:tf] x'GYof], s]xL a;]h:tf] x'GYof] of}jg lbP/ of}g lnPsf] ;'xfu/ft Tof] .

k"0ff{Í – !&%

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kmfu'g—r}t @)&*

/rgf ÷ 53

dgsf] rfxnfO{ dgsf] rfxnfO{ To;} n'sfpg] s'/f gu/ ;'xfu/ftdf l5§} lgbfpg] s'/f gu/

.c

om

efn] af;]kl5 lgbfpFnf clxn] s] xtf/f] Û cfhsf] /ft r'krfk latfpg] s'/f gu/

sk

ha

ss

Åbo /]6]kl5 aHg] w'g, cgf}7f] x'G5 g} cfwL /ftd} lkofgf] ahfpg] s'/f gu/

w .k h

as

;'Gb/ uxgf xf] ls cfF;' gf/Lsf] dL7f] axfgf klxnf] /ftd} l;/fgL lehfpg] s'/f gu/

w

w

cw/df cw/ hf]l8of];\, gh/df gh/ cfhsf] /ftd} d'6' laemfpg] s'/f gu/ .

54 ÷ /rgf

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kmfu'g—r}t @)&*

k"0ff{Í – !&%

ltd|f nfh nfUg] cª\ux¿ ltd|f nfh nfUg] cËx¿ x]l/;s]+ rf]/Lrf]/L ltd|f] lgj{:q ¿k ;a} kl9;s]+ rf]/Lrf]/L

.c

om

d}gh:t} klUnG5, kUn]kl5 hldxfN5 ltd|f] lgd{n dg ;a} 5fld;s]+ rf]/Lrf]/L

sk

ha

ss

a]n'gem}+ km'Nb5, 3f]8fem}+ bf}l8G5 ltd|f] 5ftLsf] w8\sg ;'lg;s]+ rf]/Lrf]/L

w .k h

as

r'Dasem}+ tflgG5, tfg]kl5 6fFl;G5 ltd|f] cf]7sf] r'Dag rflv;s]+ rf]/Lrf]/L

w

w

r'/fem}+ aHb5, 5'/fem}+ 3f]Rb5 ltd|f] gogsf] s6fIf ef]lu;s]+ rf]/Lrf]/L .

k"0ff{Í – !&%

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kmfu'g—r}t @)&*

/rgf ÷ 55

d cfkm" d cfkm" a]x'nf ePsf] lbg kms{]g slxn] klg ltdL b'nxL ag]sf] lbg kms{]g slxNo} klg

.c

om

k'luof] df]uf]s klg, 3'ldof] l;+xjflxgL klg d]/} yfndf ltdLn] vfPsf] lbg kms{]g slxNo} klg

sk

ha

ss

k'luof] ujfx] klg, rl9of] wgf~hL kxf8 klg Pp6} 3f]8fdf r9]sf] lbg kms{]g slxNo} klg

w .k h

as

ef]luof] j;Gt klg, vlkof] lzlz/nfO{ klg hUu]df ;Fu;Fu} 3'd]sf] lbg kms{]g slxNo} klg

w

w

al;of] df]uf]s df]6]n klg, 3'ldof] ‘Dof{]n]’tfn klg, xft ;dfO{ xfdL lxF8]sf] lbg kms{]g slxNo} klg .

56 ÷ /rgf

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kmfu'g—r}t @)&*

k"0ff{Í – !&%

/ft y'k|} cfP /ft y'k}| cfP kl5kl5 klg, Tof] ;'xfu/fth:tf] dL7f] slxNo} cfPg ltdL klUnof}, d klUnPF, nHhfjtL Tof] /fth:tf] Kof/f] slxNo} cfPg

.c

om

/x/ lkP/ dfltof] slt, /S;L lkP/ slt rf]l6, a]lx;fa 5 dft y'k|} cfof] kl5kl5 klg, Tof] dft hjfgLsf] slxNo} cfPg

sk

ha

ss

km"nn] /]6]sf] klg ofb cfpg], jrgn] 3f]r]sf] klg ofb y'k|} cfof] kl5kl5 klg, Tof] ofb lg7'/Lh:tf] slxNo} cfPg

w .k h

as

cf]7n] 6f]s]sf] klg bfu /Xof], r'/Ln] sf6]sf] klg /X‍of] bfu y'k}| nfUof] kl5kl5 klg, lgdf{x] Lsf] Tof] bfu tLtf] slxNo} cfPg

w

w

3ft klg eof] ddfly, clg slt k6s ljZjf;3ft klg rf]6 y'k} | nfUof] kl5kl5 klg, dfofsf] To:tf] aft rf]6sf] slxNo} cfPg .

k"0ff{Í – !&%

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kmfu'g—r}t @)&*

/rgf ÷ 57

ltdL g'xfpFbf ltdL g'xfpFbf em\ofnaf6 n's]/ x]/]+ sltrf]6L lrofO{lrofO{ ltdLn] n'uf km]bf{;d]t df}sf 5f]k]/ x]/]+ sltrf]6L lrofO{lrofO{

.c

om

ltd|f] nfh klg dg k5{ dnfO{, nHhfjtL :jefj klg ltdL k/ ;/]/ a:bf s] xf] eg]/ x]/]+ sltrf]l6 lrofO{lrofO{

sk

ha

ss

ltd|f] cfª klg dg k5{ dnfO{, cfª 9fSg] :jfª klg ltdL lgj{:q klN6Fbf /dfP/ x]/]+ sltrf]l6 lrofO{lrofO{

w .k h

as

ltd|f] cf]7 klg dgk5{ dnfO{, ltd|f] lgZrn xfF;f] klg ltdL PsfGtdf PSn} xfF:bf s]xL ;f]r]/ x]/]+ sltrf]l6 lrofO{lrofO{

w

w

ltd|f] lxSsf klg dg k5{ dnfO{, ltd|f] cfF;'sf] l9Ssf klg ltdL lxSsf sf8]/ ?Fbf x]/]+ dfof nfu]/ sltrf]l6 lrofO{lrofO{ .

58 ÷ /rgf

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kmfu'g—r}t @)&*

k"0ff{Í – !&%

ltdLn] cfFvfdf

.c

cfFvfel/ gfr ltdL, ;kgfel/ gfr ltdLnfO{ lsglsg gfr]s}+ ;'xfpF5

om

ltdLn] cfFvfdf ufhn nfPs} ;'xfpF5 r'N7L afFWbfeGbf v'nf 5f]8]s} ;'xfpF5

sk

ha

ss

km"n;Fu xfF; ltdL, h"g;Fu xfF; ltdLn] cf]7 6f]sL xfF;]s} ;'xfpF5

w .k h

as

d'6'sf] b}nf] aGb gu/, dgsf] 9f]sf klg ltdL 5]p axg] atf; dft]s} ;'xfpF5

w

w

xL/f klg 5f]8 ltdL, df]tL klg 5f]8 ltdLnfO{ d]/f] hf]8L ag]s} ;'xfpF5 .

k"0ff{Í – !&%

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kmfu'g—r}t @)&*

/rgf ÷ 59

ltdL gx'Fbf ltdL gx'Fbf of] 3/df pbf;L cfPh:tf] nfU5 ltdL cfpFbf v'zLsf] cfFwL cfPh:tf] nfU5

.c

om

tg klg leH5 d]/f], dg klg leH5, To;}To;} ltdL cfpFbf d]/f] ;do bfdL cfPh:tf] x'G5

sk

ha

ss

km"n klg xfF:5 oxfF, h"g klg xfF:5, / t nfU5 ltdL cfpFbf dg ldNg] ;fyL cfPh:tf] x'G5

w .k h

as

df6f] klg aU5 oxfF, d'6' klg aU5, ;a} yf]s aU5 ltdL cfpFbf j/k/ af9L cfPh:tf] x'G5

w

w

tf/f klg em5{ oxfF, afbn klg em5{, To;}n] t ltdL cfpFbf j/k/ laxfgL cfPh:tf] x'G5 .

60 ÷ /rgf

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kmfu'g—r}t @)&*

k"0ff{Í – !&%

;S5\of} ls ;lSbgf} < Tof] rf]nLleq dnfO{ n'sfpg ;S5\of} ls ;lSbgf}< Tof] lbnleq dnfO{ c6fpg ;S5\of} ls ;lSbgf}<

.c

om

GofpnLem}+ ?G5\of} slxn], sf]OnLem}+ xfF:5\of} slxn] Tof] w'gleq dnfO{ ufpg ;S5\of} ls ;lSbgf} <

sk

ha

ss

;kgfem}+ v'N5\of} slxn], t:jL/em}+ a:5\of} slxn] Tof] cfFvfleq dnfO{ ;hfpg ;S5\of} ls ;lSbgf} <

w .k h

as

/ut e} aU5\of} slxn], d'6' e} klUnG5\of} slxn] Tof] 5ftLleq dnfO{ w8\sfpg ;S5\of} ls ;lSbgf} <

w

w

k/]nLleq n'S5\of} slxn], ufhn;Fu} aU5\of} slxn] Tof] cfF;'leq dnfO{ aufpg ;S5\of} ls ;lSbgf} <

k"0ff{Í – !&%

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kmfu'g—r}t @)&*

/rgf ÷ 61

cem slt~‍h]n cem slt~‍h]n kL8fnfO{ /f]H5\of} r'krfk r'krfk < lsg af]lNbgf}, dgdf s] s] ;f]R5\of} r'krfk r'krfk <

.c

om

km"n ltdL /f]k, kfgL d xfN5' eGbfeGb} g;'g]h:tf] u/]/ Pp6} cfFugdf sltGh]n km"n /f]K5\of} r'krfk r'krfk <

sk

ha

ss

lbof] ltdL afn, t]n d yK5' eGbfeGb} g;'g]h:tf] u/]/ Pp6} dlGb/df sltGh]n b]jtf 9f]U5\of} r'krfkr'krfk <

w .k h

as

hLp ltdL g'xfpm, s]z d kvflnlbG5' eGbfeGb} g;'gh ] :tf] u/]/ Pp6} tnfpdf sltGh]n 5f]K5\of} r'krfkr'krfk <

w

w

xfF;f] ltdL af]s, cfF;' d af]S5' eGbfeGb} g;'g]h:tf] u/]/ Pp6} af6f]df sltGh]n kfOnf df]8\5\of} r'krfkr'krfk <

62 ÷ /rgf

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kmfu'g—r}t @)&*

k"0ff{Í – !&%

ltd|f sfps'tL nfUg] cª\ux¿ ltd|f sfps'tL nfUg] cËx¿ 5f]Py]+ la:tf/}la:tf/} sNkgfsf] /dfOnf] b'lgofFdf 8'n]y]+ la:tf/}la:tf/}

.c

om

5ftL lsg 9flsYof} ltdLn] cfFvf lsg 5f]lkYof} ltdLn] ltd|f nfhnfUg] s'/fx¿ a'em]y]+ la:tf/}la:tf/}

sk

ha

ss

u'nfkm lsg l6Kof} a'em]+, sfF8f lsg 5fDof} a'em]+, To;}n] ltd|f /fd|f nfUg] km"nx¿ /f]k]y]+ la:tf/}la:tf/}

w .k h

as

cf]7 lsg 6f]Sof} a'em]+, s]z lsg af6\of} a'em]+, a'em]/} t ltd|f dL7f nfUg] kmnx¿ rfv]y]+ la:tf/}la:tf/}

w

w

cfF;' lsg lkof} a'em]+, dg lsg l;of} a'em]+, To;}n] t ltd|f dgkg{] uLtx¿ ufPy]+ la:tf/}la:tf/} .

k"0ff{Í – !&%

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kmfu'g—r}t @)&*

/rgf ÷ 63

bGTosyfsL /fgLem}+ bGTosyfsL /fgLem}+ agfpFbf s:tL xf}nL < l/;fpFbf olt /fd|L v';fpFbf s:tL xf}nL <

.c

om

km"n b]Vbf klg nhfpF5\of}, h"g b]Vbf klg gnhfpFbf olt /fd|L zdf{pFbf s:tL xf}nL <

sk

ha

ss

ufhnn] klg ;'xfPsf], em'Ds] a'nfsLn] klg g/ld|+bf olt /fd|L l;+ufl/bf s:tL xf}nL <

w .k h

as

3'D6f]n] 5f]Kbf klg /fd|L, 3'D6f] vf]Nbf emg} /fd|L a]x'nL agfO{ 8f]nLdf cGdfpFbf s:tL xf}nL <

w

w

rf]vf] kfgLem}+ hjfgL, gf}gLem}+ dgsf] dbfgL ltdLnfO{ zxl/of agfpFbf s:tL xf}nL <

64 ÷ /rgf

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kmfu'g—r}t @)&*

k"0ff{Í – !&%

ltdLnfO{ cFufnf]df ltdLnfO{ cFufnf]df sl;;s]5' yfx} gkfO{ ltdLleq stfstf k:g k'u]5' yfx} gkfO{

.c

om

cfwL v'n]sf cf]7df sf]lknfem}+ xfF;f] ltd|f cw/x¿ 6f]Sg yfn]5' yfx} gkfO{

sk

ha

ss

ufhn el/Psf k/]nLdf ;kgfx¿sf t/]nL ltd|f gh/x¿ 5f]Kg nfu]5' yfx} gkfO{

w .k h

as

km"n /f]k]+ j;Gtdf, dg /f]k] a}+;df ltd|f /x/x¿ ddf ;f/]5' yfx} gkfO{

w

w

kL8f ef]u]+ crfgf] e}, b]jtf 9f]u]+ dlGb/ uO{ ltd|f kTy/x¿ 9f]Ug yfn]5' yfx} gkfO{ .

k"0ff{Í – !&%

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kmfu'g—r}t @)&*

/rgf ÷ 65

cfwL 3'D6f] cfwL 3'D6f] s] vf]n]sf] lyPF, efluxfNof] h"gsf] k|sfz klg cfwL cw/ s] v'n]sf lyP, efluxfNof] :jlKgn cfef; klg

.c

om

atf; klg w]/} 5f8f 5, 5f]OlbG5' d hyfefjL cfwL 9f]sf s] vf]n]sf] lyPF, efluxfNof] lr;f] atf; klg

sk

ha

ss

/ft klg olt w]/} uf9f 5, t'xfOlbG5 ;kgf klg cfwL kbf{ s] vf]n]sf] lyPF, efluxfNof] ePsf] ljZjf; klg

w .k h

as

nHhfjtL emf/h:t} of] dg nhfOlbG5 :kz{d} cfwL n'uf s] vf]n]sf] lyPF, efluxfNof] nfhsf] k|of; klg

w

w

aft klg w]/} dL7f] 5, dL7f] 5 ofb klg xfd|f] cfwL cfFvf s] vf]n]sf] lyPF, efluxfNof] gL+bsf] lnjf; klg .

66 ÷ /rgf

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kmfu'g—r}t @)&*

k"0ff{Í – !&%

e't'Ss x'G5' d e't'Ss x'G5' d cfh klg, ltdL dleq klUn+bfsf] /ft ;lDem+bf lgY?Ss x'G5' d cfh klg, ;'xfu/ftdf /flKkFbfsf] /ft ;lDem+bf

.c

om

s]/fsf] sf]/nL yfdem}+ cem} ltd|f] af?n] sDd/ ;DemG5' d';'Ss x'G5' d cfh klg, ltdL d;Fu gflËbfsf] /ft ;lDem+bf

sk

ha

ss

sf]OnLsf] jf;GtL ufgem}+ haha ltd|f] dL7f] :j/ ;DemG5' wkSs x'G5' d cfh klg, ltdL d;Fu nfl8+bfsf] /ft ;lDem+bf

w .k h

as

nHhfjtL emf/sf] kftem}+ 5'gf;fy} v'lDrg] ltd|f] nfh ;DemG5' ;kSs x'G5' d cfh klg, ltdL d;Fu 5f]OFbfsf] /ft ;lDem+bf

w

w

cl;gfsf] bfgf kUn]em}+, ;':t/L p8\g] ltd|f] d'6'sf] afkm ;DemG5' em;Ë x'G5' d cfh, ltdL d;Fu kf]lv+bfsf] /ft ;lDem+bf .

k"0ff{Í – !&%

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kmfu'g—r}t @)&*

/rgf ÷ 67

ltd|f] gLb x6fpg ltd|f] gLb x6fpg ;lsg eg] of] ;'xfu/ftsf] s] dhf Û ltd|f] nfh kG5fpg ;lsg eg] ;'xfu/ftsf] s] dhf Û

.c

om

lbgel/ t 5f}Kof} ltdLn] ltd|f] Tof] rfFbgL d'xf/ hUu]df ltd|f] 3'D6f] p7fpg ;lsg eg] ;'xfu/ftsf] s] dhf Û

sk

ha

ss

k/]nLsf t/]nLx¿ 9kSs} 9flsP ufhndf, nkSs} ltd|f] ufhn d]6fpg ;lsg eg] ;'xfu/ftsf] s] dhf Û

w .k h

as

v'n]sf] 5 cfwL cw/, km'n]sf] 5 cfwf d':sfg klg ltd|f] cf]7 sFkfpg ;lsg eg] ;'xfu/ftsf] s] dhf Û

w

w

5ftLleq n'sfpF5' eGYof}, d'6'leq a;fpF5' eGYof} ltd|f] jIf km'sfpg ;lsg eg] ;'xfu/ftsf] s] dhf Û

68 ÷ /rgf

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kmfu'g—r}t @)&*

k"0ff{Í – !&%

ltd|f] 3'D6f] clnslt ltd|f] 3'D6f] clnslt p7fPF, ltdL nhfof} sltslt ltd|f] cw/ yf]/} ;'d;'DofPF, ltdL 8/fof} sltslt

.c

om

ltdLnfO{ 5'Fbf klg s/]06 nfU5, ?Fbf klg nfU5 ltd|f] s]z/flz yf]/} rnfPF, ltdL 8/fof} sltslt

sk

ha

ss

5ftL ltd|f] cfuf]em}+ tftf] 5, dg ltd|f] gf}gLem}+ klUnG5 ltd|f] k'i6 5ftL yf]/} p7fPF, ltdL 8/fof} sltslt

w .k h

as

km"ndfly ed/f rv]jLsf] rv]jfh:tf] agL ltd|f] af?n] sDd/ yf]/} 3'dfPF, ltdL 8/fof} sltslt

w

w

rf]6 ef]u]+ crfgf]em}+, kTy/ 9f]u]+ eQm e} r'krfk ltd|f] /x/ cfkm"df yf]/} n'sfPF, ltdL 8/fof} sltslt .

k"0ff{Í – !&%

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kmfu'g—r}t @)&*

/rgf ÷ 69

/S;L lkpg]x¿ /S;L lkpg]x¿ cw/ lkP/ x]/, ToxfF cs{} 5 dhf /ut r':g]x¿, 5ftL r';]/ x]/, ToxfF cs{} 5 dhf

ss

.c

om

Sofd/fdf s}b x'g ;lSbgf} ltdL, efjgfdf afFlwG5\of} ltdL t:jL/ lvRg]x¿ cfFvf lvr]/ x]/, ToxfF cs{} 5 dhf

sk

ha

dg kmf6\g lbGg d, pl3|g klg lbGg, hf]ufP/ /fV5' rf]nL l;pg]x¿, dg l;P/ x]/, ToxfF cs{} 5 dhf

w .k h

as

k;ndf a:g ;lSbgf} ltdL, ?k}+ofdf klg lalSbgf} ltdL ;fdfg lsGg]x¿ ;kgf lsg]/ x]/, ToxfF cs{} 5 dhf

w

w

gf}gLem}+ klUng rfxG5\of} ltdL, cfuf]em}+ x'g ;lSbgf} ltdL 3f]8f r9\g]x¿ 8f]nL r9]/ x]/, ToxfF cs{} 5 dhf .

70 ÷ /rgf

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kmfu'g—r}t @)&*

k"0ff{Í – !&%

h"g x]g{ 5f]8]+ h"g x]g{ 5f]8]+ d}n], ltd|f] ghLs x'g yfn]kl5 /S;L Ko'g 5f]8]+ d}n], ltd|f] cw/ Ko'g yfn]kl5

ss

.c

om

P]+7g klg /ftn] lbg] xf], ;kgf klg /ftn] g} lbg] xf] ;kgf b]Vg 5f]8]+ d}n], ltd|f] lakgf Ho'g yfn]kl5

sk

ha

PsfGtdf gflËGy]+ d, a]:;/L ax'nfpFy] klg afgL To:tf 5f]8]+ d}n], ltdLnfO{ 5'g yfn]kl5

w .k h

as

af:gf ltdLdf kfpg] xf], OR5f ltdLdf hufpg] xf] km"n /f]Kg 5f]8]+ d}n], ltd|f] /x/ x'g yfn]kl5

w

w

km"n eFj/fn] r'Dg] xf], /; klg eFj/fn] g} r':g] xf], cfF;' Ko'g 5f]8]+ d}n], ltd|f] gh/ Ko'g yfn]kl5 .

k"0ff{Í – !&%

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kmfu'g—r}t @)&*

/rgf ÷ 71

x//ft ltdLnfO{ x//ft ltdLnfO{ gË\ofpg'sf] dhf cs{} 5 x//ft ltd|f] gL+b p8fpg'sf] dhf cs{} 5

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eFj/fx¿ km"nsf] jl/kl/ To;} em'ldGgg\ x//ft ltd|f] cw/ r'Dg kfpg'sf] dhf cs{} 5

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lxpF kf]lvG5 lxdfndf, /Ë kf]lvG5 OGb|]gLdf x//ft ltd|f] ltvf{ d]6fpg'sf] dhf cs{} 5

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cfF;' kf]lvG5 l;/fgLdf, cfuf] kf]lvG5 v/fgLdf x//ft ltd|f] 5ftLdf lgbfpg'sf] dhf cs{} 5 .

72 ÷ /rgf

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k"0ff{Í – !&%

d cfkm}+ /f]Psf] lyPF d cfkm}+ /f]Psf] lyPF ltdL b'nxL ePsf] lbg d cfkm}+ /dfsf] lyPF ltdL b'nxL ePsf] lbg

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km"nsf] ef/L klg lyof], h"gsf] ef/L klg lyof] d cfkm}+ yfs]sf] lyPF, ltdL b'nxL ePsf] lbg

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clnslt cfˆg} tgsf] 8/, clnslt cfˆg} dgsf] d cfkm}+ sfFk]sf] lyPF, ltdL b'nxL ePsf] lbg

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clnslt tftf] ltd|f] lyof], clnslt cfuf] d]/f] d cfkm}+ kUn]sf] lyPF, ltdL b'nxL ePsf] lbg

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ltdL klg nhfPsL lyof}, d klg nhfPsf] d cfkm}+ v'Dr]sf] lyPF, ltdL b'nxL ePsf] lbg .

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/rgf ÷ 73

d cfwL leh]sf] d cfwL leh]sf], ltdL k"/} leh]sL s:tf] /ftf] /ft Tof] ;'xfu/ftsf] Û d k"/} v'ns ] f], ltdL cfwL v'ns ] L s:tf] /ftf] /ft Tof] ;'xfu/ftsf] Û

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/fu clnslt rf]/,+ ] k/fu clnslt rf]/,+ ] km"n r'Dof] eFj/fn] s] ck/fw ef]< d cfwL aflËPsf], ltdL yf]/} gfªu\‍ s ] f], s:tf] /ftf] /ft Tof] ;'xfu/ftsf] Û

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s]z clnslt r'd,+] cf]7 clnslt r'd,+] /; r':of] dfx'/Ln] s] kfku‍¥of]< d cfwL d':sfPsf], ltdL k"/} nhfPsL, s:tf] /ftf] /ft Tof] ;'xfu/ftsf] Û

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ltdL clnslt bf}l8of}, d clnslt x]lnPF, 8'Ëf r9\of] dfemLn] s] e"n u‍¥of]< d cfwL 8'as ] f], ltdL k"/} 8'as ] L, s:tf] /ftf] /ft Tof] ;'xfu/ftsf] Û

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74 ÷ /rgf

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k"0ff{Í – !&%

ltd|f] jbgn] 5'Fbf ltd|f] jbgn] 5'Fbf ltd|f] tfk d;Dd ;‍¥of] ltd|f] cw/n] 5'Fbf k|]ldn :jfb d;Dd ;‍¥of]

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slxn] km"nsf] bfu nfU5, slxn] h"gsf] ltd|f] gh/n] 5'Fbf, gLnf] bfu d;Dd ;‍¥of]

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slxn] cfFvfdf nfh nfU5, slxn] cf]7df ltd|f] sDd/n] 5'Fbf, dL7f] nfh d;Dd ;‍¥of]

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slxn] ltd|f] s]zn] x'G5, slxn] pR5\jf;n] ltd|f] s]z/flzn] 5'Fbf, sfnf] 5fn d;Dd ;‍¥of]

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cfF;' hlt d]/f] efudf, xfF;f] hlt ltdLnfO{ ltd|f] xTs]nfn] 5'Fbf, efUosf] ;fy d;Dd ;‍¥of] .

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/rgf ÷ 75

d}n] t ltdLnfO{ d}n] t ltdLnfO{ cd[t k7fPy]+, of] s;/L hx/ eof] < d]n] t ltdLnfO{ b]jtf k7fPy]+, Tof] s;/L kTy/ eof] <

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km"nh:tL sf]dn dfofnfO{ km"n}km"nn] ;'xfpF5 egL d}n] t ltdLnfO{ km"n k7fPy]+, Tof] s;/L kts/ eof] <

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h"gh:tf] ;'Gb/ d'xf/nfO{ h'g]nLn] v'nfpF5 egL d}n] t ltdLnfO{ h"g k7fPy]+, Tof] s;/L a]c;/ eof] <

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s'df/L ltd|f] l;pFbf]df ;]tf] ck0ff{ ;'xfpF5 egL d}n] t ltdLnfO{ lxdfn k7fPy]+, To] s;/L ;fu/ eof] <

76 ÷ /rgf

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k"0ff{Í – !&%

dg t kfunh:tf] dg t kfunh:tf] ef] d]/f] dg t dfbnh:tf] ef] d]/f]

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cfuf]dfly gfRbf 6'6]sf] dg t kfonh:tf] ef] d]/f]

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cfFvfdf hDg], cfF;'df aUg] dg t ufhnh:tf] ef] d]/f]

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slxn] p8\g], slxn] al;{g] dg t afbnh:tf] ef] d]/f] .

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/rgf ÷ 77

af; dfUof} ltdLn]

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;kgf t c¿x¿n] dfu]y]+ d;Fu /ft dfUof} ltdLn] of] ;d;fFemdf

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af; dfUof} ltdLn] of] ;d;fFemdf xft dfUof} ltdLn] of] ;d;fFemdf

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/S;L t c¿x¿n] klg dfu]y]+ d;Fu dft dfUof} ltdLn] of] ;d;fFemdf

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?k}ofF t c¿x¿n] klg dfu]y] d;Fu ;f}uft dfUof} ltdLn] of] ;d;fFemdf

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j;Gt t c¿x¿n] klg dfu]y] d;Fu km"nkft dfUof} ltdLn] of] ;d;fFemdf .

78 ÷ /rgf

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k"0ff{Í – !&%

ltdL d]/f] cFufnf]df ltdL d]/f] cFufnf]df gafFlwPsf] /ft klg s] /ft Û ltd|f] 5ftLdf d]/f] 5ftL ghf]l8Psf] /ft klg s] /ft Û

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k'?ifsf] cFufnf]df afFlwG5g\ w]/}, kltsf]df afFlwg] efUo yf]/}nfO{ ltd|f] afx'nLdf d]/f] lz/ gyfldPsf] /ft klg s] /ft Û

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hjfgLdf ;kgf b]V5g\ w]/}, l;pFbf]df ;kgf /f]Kg] efUo yf]/}nfO{ ltd|f] ;kgfdf d]/f] lakgf g3'lnPsf] /ft klg s] /ft Û

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/ftdf lgj{:q aflËG5g\ w]/}, cFufnf]df gflËg] efUo yf]/}nfO{ ltd|f] lgj{:qtfdf rGb|df gkf]lvPsf] /ft klg s] /ft Û

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/S;Ldf dfltG5g\ w]/}, dfofdf dflQg] efUo ldN5 yf]/}nfO{ ltd|f] cw/df d]/f] cw/ gdflQPsf] /ft klg s] /ft Û

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/rgf ÷ 79

ltdL clnslt em's]sf] ltdL clnslt em's]sf], of] /ft slt /fd|f] Û d cln a9L p7]sf] of] /ft slt /fd|f] Û

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3'D6f] t vf]lnlbPF, t/ ltdL n'ls/Xof} ltdL clnslt n's]sf] of] /ft slt /fd|f] Û

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cf]7 t 6f]lslbPF, t/ d':sfg n'6k'l6of] ltdL clnslt b'v]sf] of] /ft slt /fd|f] Û

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cfFvf t 5f]lklbPF, t/ ;kgf ltdLleq} clNk/Xof] ltdL clnslt Ao'Fem]sf] of] /ft slt /fd|f] Û

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d'6' t 5fldlbPF, t/ of}jg 5ftLel/ kf]lv/Xof] ltdL clnslt km's]sf] of] /ft slt /fd|f] Û

80 ÷ /rgf

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k"0ff{Í – !&%

h"g afbn'df st} h"g afbn'df st} n's]sf] ;'xfu/ft xf] of] ltdL ddf, d ltdLdf kUn]sf] ;'xfu/ft xf] of]

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cfwf /ftd} kv]6f km6km6fpg yfNof] efn]n] v'zL eP/ efn] af;]sf] ;'xfu/ft xf] of]

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h"g n's]kl5 rDsg yfn] xhf/f}+ tf/fx¿ cfsfzdf tf/f rDs]sf] ;'xfu/ft xf] of]

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dfofsf] cf}+7f5fk h:tf], /fhLgfdf kf;h:tf] cw/df bfu ePsf] ;'xfu/ft xf] of]

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/S;Ldf sxfF x'G5 o:tf] gzf, x'Fb} x'Gg hjfgLsf] dft a;]sf] ;'xfu/ft xf] of] .

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/rgf ÷ 81

ltd|f] Tof] ufhn' cfFvfn] ltd|f] Tof] ufhn' cfFvfn] dnfO{ 3/L3/L r'D5 ltd|f] Tof] a}+;sf] syfn] dnfO{ 3/L3/L 5'G5

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/Ë 6fFl;g] 8/, t/Ë km}lng] 8/ dnfO{ ltd|f] lz/k"mnsf] af:gfn] dnfO{ 3/L3/L r'D5

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dft nfUg] 8/, bfu nfUg] 8/ dnfO{ ltd|f] cf]7sf] nflndfn] dnfO{ 3/L3/L r'D5

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nfh nfUg] 8/, aft nfUg] 8/ dnfO{ ltd|f] rf]nLsf] t'gfn] dnfO{ 3/L3/L r'D5

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‘gfOF’ x'g] 8/, ‘dgfxL’ x'g] 8/ dnfO{ ltd|f] :o'Fbf]sf] Ozf/fn] dnfO{ 3/L3/L r'D5 .

82 ÷ /rgf

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k"0ff{Í – !&%

3fdh:tL dfofsf] s'/f 3fdh:tL dfofsf] s'/f ug{' klg slt ug{' Û h"gh:tL dfofsf] s'/f ug{' klg slt ug{' Û

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km'lnlbG5 htftt} af/Ldf klg, dgdf klg km"nh:tL dfofsf] s'/f ug{' klg slt ug{' Û

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slxn] hfnL h:tL, slxn] gv/fjfnL h:tL dgh:tL dfofsf] s'/f ug{' klg slt ug{' Û

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5lNslG5g\ dgsf] ;d'b|df, tgsf] ;d'b|df 5fnh:tL dfofsf] s'/f ug{' klg slt ug{' Û

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u'lGhG5g\ htftt} jgdf klg dgdf klg uLth:tL dfofsf] s'/f ug{' klg slt ug{' Û

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/rgf ÷ 83

5fnem}+ r~‍rn 5fnem}+ r~‍rn :jefj 5 pgdf uLt—uhnk|lt em'sfj 5 pgdf

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d[ugogL cfFvfaf6 aUg] cfF;' x]bf{ nfU5, nHhfsf] cgf}7f] efj 5 pgdf

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;kgfx¿ 5ftLleq ;hfPsL l5g\ dlt/ ljz]if nufj 5 pgdf

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pd]/ kRrL; s6]kl5 b]Vb}5' 3/af6 lax]sf] bjfj 5 pgdf

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afa'cfdfn] cs{} s]6f vf]h]5g\ Tof] dg gkbf{ tgfj 5 pgdf .

84 ÷ /rgf

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afhsf] e/ x'Gg afhsf] e/ x'Gg k/]jf b]v]kl5 o'jtLsf] e/ x'Gg a}+; r9]kl5

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cfFvf hf]ufO/fv, nTkltg ;S5 ufhnsf] e/ x'Gg cfF;' em/]kl5

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5ftf af]ls/fv, kfgL kg{ klg ;S5 afbnsf] e/ x'Gg cfsfz p3|]kl5

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8'Ëf cln rfF8} lvofpm, kfl/ k'Ug' 5 ;fu/sf] e/ x'Gg 5fn 5Ns]kl5

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r}t nflu;Sof] 89]nf]sf] df};d 5 cfuf]sf] e/ x'Gg, atf; rn]kl5 .

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/rgf ÷ 85

km"nkft af]s]/ cfPF

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;fpg] em/L;/L dfof a;f{pg a}+;sf] dft af]s]/ cfPF ltd|f] 3/df

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km"nkft af]s]/ cfPF ltd|f] 3/df dL7f] aft af]s]/ cfPF ltd|f] 3/df

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dg vfnL 5, hfnL x}g, zÍf gu/ dfofsf] vft af]s]/ cfPF ltd|f] 3/df

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;w}+ pHofnf] xf];\ ltd|f] 3/ eg]/ h'g]nL /ft af]s]/ cfPF ltd|f] 3/df

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pkxf/ lbg egL ltdLnfO{, dgsf] Û h'xf/ft af]s]/ cfPF ltd|f] 3/df .

86 ÷ /rgf

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Ps k6s ltdLnfO{

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kf]Ng 5f]8\of] kfOtfnf klg dg klg Ps k6s cfuf]dfly km]l/ 6]lslbPF

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Ps k6s ltdLnfO{ km]l/ n]lvlbPF Ps k6s kTy/nfO{ km]l/ 9f]lulbPF

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ltd|f] pR5\jf; d;Dd cfOk'U5 egL Ps k6s j;GtL axf/ km]l/ 5]lslbPF

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/utn] n]V5' Pp6f kq dfofnfO{ egL Ps k6s n]v]sf k|]dkqx¿ km]l/ d]l6lbPF

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ltd|f OR5fx¿ k"/f u5{' eGg] s;d vfO{ Ps k6s OR5fx¿sf] 3fF6L km]l/ /]l6lbPF .

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/rgf ÷ 87

sfF8fnfO{ km"nsf] pkxf/ sfF8fnfO{ km"nsf] pkxf/ k|fKt ef] ;donfO{ /ª\‍uLg z[ª\‍uf/ k|fKt ef]

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v/fgL x'G5' ls eGg] 8/}8/df cfuf]nfO{ kfgLsf] Kof/ k|fKt ef]

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hNb} lyPF cfˆg} dgsf] 89]nf]df 3[0ffnfO{ dfofsf] lzi6frf/ k|fKt ef]

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d?e"ldsf] cf]Pl;;em}+ lgh{gtf ef]Ub}y]+ PsfGtdf k|]dsf] ;~rf/ k|fKt ef]

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s] ef], s] ef], PsfPs ;a}yf]s kfPem}+ dnfO{ ;kgfsf] ;+;f/ k|fKt ef] .

88 ÷ /rgf

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dnfO{ kfl/ gk'uL ePs} 5}g csf{]lt/ ltd|f] gfp kN6]sf] 5

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otf d C0fdf r'n{'Dd 5' csf{]lt/ ltd|f] ;fpF 8'a]sf] 5

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sfF8f3f/Ldf lx+8\g' 5 cem} slt lbg csf{]lt/ ltd|f] kfp 3f]r]sf] 5

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cg's"n 5}g d]/f] kl/l:ylt csf{]lt/ ltd|f] 3fp aNem]sf] 5 .

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/rgf ÷ 89

n'ufleqsf] wfuf]

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3f]R5 km"nn] klg leq;Dd 3f]R5 km"nleqsf] sfF8f] sxfF b]lvG5 / <

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n'ufleqsf] wfuf] sxfF b]lvG5 / Û 5ftLleqsf] e}+rfnf] sxfF b]lvG5 / Û

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xfF:g t xfF;]+, uxel/ ax n'sfP/ dgleqsf] cfuf] sxfF b]lvG5/ <

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n'sfO{ /fv]+ dfofnfO{ dgsf] ;Gb"sdf cFWof/f]df gf;f] sxfF b]lvG5 / <

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d xfF;' ls gfr"F, s;nfO{ s]sf] kL/ k/fOsf] rf;f] sxfF b]lvG5 / <

90 ÷ /rgf

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ltd|f] Tof] afgL b]v]/ ltd|f] Tof] afgL b]v]/ 6L7 nfUof] ltd|f] a]OdfgL b]v]/ 6L7 nfUof]

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cfF;' g} cfF;'n] el/Psf] Tof] ltd|f] hjfgL b]v]/ 6L7 nfUof]

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c¿nfO{ cfuf] k}Frf] lb+bfdf ltd|f] v/fgL b]v]/ 6L7 nfUof]

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cfF;'nfO{ n'sfpg vf]Hbf leh]sf] ltd|f] l;/fgL b]v]/ 6L7 nfUof]

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cfkm"nfO{ lsGgnfO{ cfkm}+nfO{ a]r]sf] ltd|f] sxfgL b]v]/ 6L7 nfUof] .

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/rgf ÷ 91

d afFRbf d afFRbf d}n] kfpg] ltdLafx]s sf] 5 / k'gd< d dbf{ u'dfpg] ltdLafx]s sf] 5 / k'gd<

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ltdL eOGh]n zfob d xflb{g hLjgdf s'g} o'4 d lhTbf /dfpg] ltdLafx]s sf] 5 / k'gd <

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lx+8\bflx+8\b} 7]; nfu]/ n8]+ eg]+ jLr ;8sdf d n8\bf p7fpg] ltdL afx]s sf] 5 / k'gd <

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s'g} lbg k|lt:kwf{sf] s'?If]qdf xf/]+ eg] klg d xfbf{ y'dy'Dofpg] ltdLafx]s sf] 5 / k'gd <

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b[9 5' cfˆgf] nIo / uGtJodf ;'b[9 5', t}klg d lj/lQmbf ;Demfpg] ltdLafx]s sf] 5 / k'gd <

92 ÷ /rgf

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e"n :jLsfg{]nfO{ e"n :jLsfg{]nfO{ ;Ddfg k|fKt x'G5 cjZo Tofu :jLsfg{]nfO{ 1fg k|fKt x'G5 cjZo

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kL8f ef]Ug]x¿ g} cfgGb klg k|fKt u5{g\ cfF;' :jLsfg{]nfO{ d':sfg k|fKt x'G5 cjZo

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h;n] vGb5 uf]/]6f], p;}n] 6]Sb5 uGtJo ;+3if{ :jLsfg{]nfO{ laxfg k|fKt x'G5 cjZo

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s'?If]q :jLsfg{] kf08jx¿n] kfP xl:tgfk'/ alnbfg :jLsfg{]nfO{ klxrfg k|fKt x'G5 cjZo

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zxLbnfO{ t O{Zj/n] klg ;nfd ub{5 zxfbt :jLsfg{]nfO{ Oltxf; k|fKt x'G5 cjZo .

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/rgf ÷ 93

5f]8]/ hfg]x¿;Fu 5f]8]/ hfg]x¿;Fu e]6 geP klg x'G5 s'Nr]/ hfg]x¿;Fu e]6 geP klg x'G5

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;Dem]/ hfg]x¿ km]l/ cfpmg\ kms{]/ la;{]/ hfg]x¿;Fu e]6 geP klg x'G5

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eg]/ hfg]x¿ km]l/ cfpmg\ kms{]/ efu]/ hfg]x¿;Fu e]6 geP klg x'G5

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hf]8]/ hfg]x¿ km]l/ cfpmg\ kms{]/ tf]8]/ hfg]x¿;Fu e]6 geP klg x'G5

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d:s]/ hfg]x¿ km]l/ cfpmg\ kms{]/ 7':s]/ hfg]x¿;Fu e]6 geP klg x'G5 .

94 ÷ /rgf

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ltdL;Fusf] d]/f] tgfj ltdL;Fusf] d]/f] tgfj hf/L 5 cem} ltd|f] lgd{d ofb hf/L 5

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kf]n t/ pDngf;fy 5f]8 eGb} cfuf];Fu kfgLsf] ljjfb hf/L 5

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;Fu} ldn]/ ;do sf6"F eGb} l;/fgL;Fu /ftsf] k|:tfj hf/L 5

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OGb|]0fLh:tf] hLjg ef]Ug ;s"F eGb} cfFvf;Fu :jKgsf] cf}+7f5fk hf/L 5 .

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/rgf ÷ 95

ltdL;Fu dL7f] 3ft ug{ kfP ltdL;Fu dL7f] 3ft ug{ kfP x'GYof] 3ftkl5 kZrfQfk ug{ kfP x'GYof]

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h"gaf6 5lnP/, ;'6'Ss n's]/ ltdL;Fu l;+uf] /ft vf; ug{ kfP x'GYof]

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slxn] cf]7 6f]Sb}, slxn] ltd|f] d'xf/ r'Db} dfofsf] /fhLgfdf kf; ug{ kfP x'GYof]

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h"gtf/f ;fIfL /fvL ltd|f] jIfel/ rfx]hlt cf}+7f5fk ug{ kfP x'GYof] .

96 ÷ /rgf

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km"nn] xfF;LxfF;L ;xG5 km"nn] xfF;LxfF;L ;xG5 eFj/fsf] cTofrf/ kTgLn] xfF;LxfF;L ;xlG5g\ kL8fdo ;'xfu/ft

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Pp6} la5\of}gfdf kN6]kl5 lgw{Ss;Fu kTgLn] xfF;LxfF;L lblG5g\ kltnfO{ k"0f{ ;fy

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cfˆgf] nfnLsf] /Ë kltsf] cf]7df nTkltFbf kTgLn] xfF;LxfF;L k'l5lblG5g\ nfu]sf] Tof] bfu

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cfˆgf] nf]Ug]sf] rqmLo r'Dagsf] kl/0ffd kTgLn] xfF;LxfF;L 5f]lklblG5g\ unfsf] Tof] 5fk

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cfpg] ;fFemdf km]l/ tGgf d}lnG5 / klg kTgLn] xfF;LxfF;L wf]OlblG5g\ tGgfsf] Tof] bfu.

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/rgf ÷ 97

:ofn af}nfof] eg] :ofn af}nfof] eg] zx/ k'U5 ;d|f6 af}nfof] eg] o'4 x'G5

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kN6fOlbG5 dflnsnfO{ 6'Fl8v]ndf 3f]8f af}nfof] eg] u'nfdL em'S5

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;fFemlaxfg df;' dfq slt vfg] s's'/ af}nfof] eg] 3fp r':5

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cfkm}+ cfˆgf] sfn vf]Hg uO{ k'tnL af}nfof] eg] u'n'a 7'ª\5

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vK5 ;s'Gh]n dfq vK5 hgtf af}nfof] eg] kl/jt{g r'D5 .

98 ÷ /rgf

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k"0ff{Í – !&%

eFj/fn] r'd]sf] km"n

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cfsfzdf cfpg k|ltaGw 5 cf}+;Ldf k/]sf] h"g o:t} x'G5

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eFj/fn] r'd]sf] km"n o:t} x'G5 hjfgLdf u/]sf] e"n o:t} x'G5

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avf{df aufpF5, ljZjf;} x'Fb}g v8]/Ldf ;'s]sf] d"n o:t} x'G5

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;fy lbg, ;fy lng b'a} ;ls+b}g af9Ln] aufPsf] k'n o:t} x'G5

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cfkm}+nfO{ aGwsdf /fv]/ st} a]xf];Ldf ul/Psf] sa"n o:t} x'G5 .

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/rgf ÷ 99

Ps lbg t d klg

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;w}+ dnfO{ xf]rf] eg] dfG5]x¿n] Ps lbg lnlnk'6sf aundf a;]+

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Ps lbg t d klg dxndf a;]+ cfkm}+nfO{ a]Rg egL k;ndf a;]+

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sf7df8f}+n] ;w}+ lyRg, lsRg vf]Hof] Ps lbg d klg df]km;ndf a;]+

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zx/df ;w}+ ;'s'Djf;Lem}+ afFRg' kg{] ufpF kms{]+ / d cfˆg} w/ftndf a;]+

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eL8n] ;w}+ lgNg dfq vf]Hof] dnfO{ eL8af6 efuL lgh{g hª\‍undf a;]+ .

100 ÷ /rgf

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5nL :jfyL{ ;fyL

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/rgf ÷ 101

Knfli6ssf] km"nnfO{ Knfli6ssf] km"nnfO{ af]s]/ xfF:b}5 cfhsf] dfG5] s[lqdtfsf] kmnnfO{ l6k]/ rfVb}5 cfhsf] dfG5]

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zlQm rflxof], k};f rflxof], clg rflxof] ;'vzon kTy/sf] eujfg\nfO{ 9f]u]/ efSb}5 cfhsf] dfG5]

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ad, af¿b / aGb"sjLr lh;; / a'4 ;Gq:t 5g\ b'lgofF s'?If]q agfpg nfUb}5 cfhsf] dfG5]

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uËf /QmfDo, 6fOlu|; /QmfDo, 8]Go'j /QmfDo 5 /utsf] cfxfn b]v]/ sfFKb}5 cfhsf] dfG5]

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dfG5] df/]/ dfG5]n] kfPg l;jfo kZrfQfk dfG5]sf] a:tLaf6 xf/]/ efUb}5 cfhsf] dfG5] .

102 ÷ /rgf

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ltd|f] ldqtf

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k/fho :jLsfg{ cK7]/f] k/]sf] ltd|f] r]x/f b'of{]wgsf] cxÍf/h:tf]

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ltd|f] ldqtf t/af/sf] wf/h:tf] ltd|f] d':sfg af¿bsf] k|xf/h:tf]

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slxn] rf}sf xfG5f}, slxn] 5Ssf xfG5f} ltd|f] w"t{tf zs'lgsf] vfnh:tf]

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b|f}kbLsf] gUgtfdf b'Mzf;gsf] l:ylt ltd|f] gk'+;stf kTy/sf] kxf8h:tf]

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zÍfn] n}hfG5 nÍf, cf/f]kn] cof]Wof ltd|f] uGtJo s'?If]qsf] ;+;f/h:tf] .

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/rgf ÷ 103

s] s] eof] x}/fgL s] s] eof] x}/fgL atfpg ;lsgF d}n] a'em]/ ltd|f] afgL ;'gfpg ;lsgF d}n]

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cfˆgf syfx¿ n]Vg snd ;dft]+ d}n] aGb"ssf] l;/fgL nufpg ;lsgF d}n]

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cfdfs} xftaf6 6Lsf yfk]+ cIftfsf] 6Lsfdf v/fgL nfpg ;lsgF d}n]

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Ol8k;em}+ cfTdf a]rL df]h ug{ ;lSbgy]+ cfˆg} a:tL la/fgL agfpg ;lsgF d}n]

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k/fho :jLsf5{', k|xf/ vKg tof/ 5' ljof]ufGt sxfgL n]vfpg ;lsgF d}n] .

104 ÷ /rgf

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xl/of] 5}g w/tL xl/of] 5}g w/tL, gLnf] 5}g cfsfz v'zL 5}g k|s[lt ;kmf 5}g atf;

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sª\qml6sf] hËndf s[lqdtf dfq} ;'/lIft 5}g ;DklQ, cK7]/f] 5 ljsf;

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l8:sf] cfof], kj cfof], af/ / Sna cfP ;'/lIft 5}g ;+:s[lt, ljs[ltsf ;a bf;

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df]afOn 5 xftdf, Nofk6k 5 efG;fdf oGqsf] k|efjdf, Åbodf 5}g k|sfz

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w'n}w'nf] w'Fj}w'Fjf ;f; km]g{ sl7g xFl;nf] 5}g lhGbuL, k|b"if0fsf] cfef; .

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/rgf ÷ 105

kfgL 5}g gbLdf kfgL 5}g gbLdf, k|b"if0f af]s]/ aUb}5 jfUdtL kljq eGy]+ gbLnfO{, ljs[t eP/ aUb}5 jfUdtL

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hGdb]lv d[To';Dd sd{ ug{] :yfg xf] of] kljq eGy] gbLnfO{, ckljq ag]/ aUb}5 jfUdtL

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¿vx¿ lyP xl/0fd[u / r/fr'?ËLx¿ em'lDdGy] ;'Gb/ eGy] gbLnfO{, s'¿ktf ;x]/ aUb}5 jfUdtL

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lsgf/fdf a;]/ slj n]Vy] sljtf, k|]dL uy{] cflnËg dgf]x/ eGy] gbLnfO{, dgb+z eP/ aUb}5 jfUdtL

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o1 x'GYof], hk x'GYof], k"hfkf7 / k|jrg x'Gy] ToxfF ;Eotf eGy] gbLnfO{, ;Eotf d]6]/ aUb}5 jfUdtL .

106 ÷ /rgf

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km"n k'mN5 hxfF km"n k'mN5 hxfF hxfF, eFj/f kfOG5 ToxfF ltdL pleG5\of} hxfF, uhn n]lvG5 ToxfF

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u'nfkm kmqm];/L ltd|f] cw/ ha v'N5 ltd|f] v'zLsf] d':sfg klg ;lhG5 ToxfF

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ltd|f] Ps gh/df em'S5g\ xhf/f}+ k'?if ltd|f] ;fd" kbf{ x/]s o'js klUnG5 ToxfF

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ltdLnfO{ v'zL agfpg u'Gu'gfpg'k5{ hxfF snd x'G5 aGb"s efFlrG5 ToxfF

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ltd|f] ;fy kfO/x] dnfO{ cf]vtL rflxGg dL7f] r'Dag hxfF, b'vfO d]l6G5 ToxfF .

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/rgf ÷ 107

s, v, u, 3, k9]/ ;'gfpFb}l5g\ s, v, u, 3, k9]/ ;'gfpFb}l5g\ sfblDagL cIf/x¿;Fu gftf a9fpFb}l5g\ sfblDagL

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klxn] d xft ;dfO{ n]Vg l;sfpFy]+ clxn] cfk}+m g} k]lG;n ;dfpFb}l5g\ sfblDagL

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tf]t]tf]t] af]nLdf, ;fyLx¿sf nf]nLdf ;of}+ y'Fuf km"nsf xfdL ufpFb}l5g\ sfblDagL

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cfdf;Fu nfl8g], u'?cfdf;Fu em'lDdg] ;a}lt/ dL7f] dfof kfpFb}l5g\ sfblDagL

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;fgf] emf]nf af]s]/, emf]nfdf lstfasfkL Rofk]/ /fd|L agL kf7zfnf wfpFb}l5g\ sfblDagL .

108 ÷ /rgf

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xh'/cfdf;Fu 8'Ng xh'/cfdf;Fu 8'Ng dg k/fpFl5g\ lgxfl/sf a; a; /] j;'Gw/f a}gL u'Gu'gfpl5g\ lgxfl/sf

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s, v, u, 3, c, cf, O, O{ kl9;s]kl5 dfgj efOnfO{ u'0ffefuf l;sfpFl5g\ lgxfl/sf

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bz}+ cfof] a'jf cfdfn] a'§]n'uf NofOlbg'ef] sfblDagLnfO{ /fd|f gfgf klx/fpFb}l5g\ lgxfl/sf

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v]Ng] ;dodf v]n, clg k9\g] ;dodf k9\g'k5{ eGb} ;f}efUonfO{ u[xsfo{ u/fpFb}l5g\ lgxfl/sf

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1fgL aGg', u'0fL aGg' eGg] 7"nf] kfkfsf] s'/f a'em]/ emf]nfel/ k':ts af]sL kf7zfnf wfpFb}l5g\ lgxfl/sf .

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/rgf ÷ 109

sfF8f klg lgsf] nfU5 sfF8f klg lgsf] nfU5 ltdLn] xfFl;lbbf ;a} s'/f Kof/f] nfU5 ltdLn] xfFl;lbFbf

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PSnf] x'Fbf PsfGtn] g} lgNg vf]H5 kL7f] klg dL7f] nfU5 ltdLn] xfFl;lb+bf

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ltdLn] rfv]sf] kmn rf]/]/} vfpmF x'G5 h'7f] klg rf]vf] nfU5 ltdLn] xfFl;lb+bf

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s'Fb]/ agfPsf] ltd|f] d"lt{ /fVbf /f]PF kTy/ klg Ho'Fbf] nfU5 ltdLn] xfFl;lb+bf

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dlGb/ k'/fgf], zx/ la/fgf] ltdL gx'Fbf d;fg klg cfˆgf] nfU5 ltdLn] xfFl;lb+bf .

110 ÷ /rgf

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dfofsf] /x/ dfofsf] /x/ dg;Dd 3[0ffsf] hx/ dg;Dd

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cf]7af6 k;]/ d'6'leq l5g{ r'Dassf] /x/ dg;Dd

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:g]xsf] /y r9]/ hfg] bfDkTosf] kx/ dg;Dd

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sfqf] cf]9]/ af; a:g] la5f]8sf] 7x/ dg;Dd .

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/rgf ÷ 111

d]/f] 3/df cfuf] ;Nsfof]

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d]/f] 3/df cfuf] ;Nsfof] p;n] d]/f] dgsf] nÍf hnfof] p;n]

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klxn] h;nfO{ klg cfkmGt 7fGy]+ d]/f] dgdf zÍf hufof] p;n]

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p8fpFbf p8fpFb} h"gd} k'u]em}+ d]/f] /x/sf] rËf r'F8fof] p;n]

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cfˆgf] ;Dem]/ dgsf] rfaL ;'Dk]+ d]/f] ljZjf;sf] kmfObf p7fof] p;n] .

112 ÷ /rgf

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ltd|f] dfof em/Lh:tf] ltd|f] dfof em/Lh:tf] 3/L3/L cfpF5 ltd|f] ofb x'/Lh:tf] kmsL{kmsL{ cfpF5

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lgbfpg} x'Gg, ;d;fFemd} lg;fl:;G5' ltd|f] /ft P]+7gh:tf] aNemLaNemL cfpF5

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s] r'd]sL lyof} d]/f cf]7df hah{:tL ltd|f] dft af8'nLh:tf] km]l/km]l/ cfpF5

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uf]/]6f] x'Fb}, e~HofË x'Fb} pSn]sf] af6f] Tof] ltd|f] ememNsf] h:tf] agL agL cfpF5

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ofqfdf e]6]sf ;a} ;fyLx¿ lal;{;s]+ ltd|f] gfpF dGqh:tf] ;DemL;DemL cfpF5 .

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/rgf ÷ 113

P]gfem}+ km'6]/ dg P]gfem}+ km'6]/ dg ef] 6'qmf6'qmf zLzfem}+ rs{]/ dg ef] 6'qmf6'qmf

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b]jtfem}+ k'h]y]+ ltd|f] t:jL/nfO{ kTy/em}+ 6'qm]/ dg ef] 6'qmf6'qmf

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uxgfem}+ n'sfO{ /fv]+y]+ afrfnfO{ lj:kmf]6df k/]/ dg ef] 6'qmf6'qmf

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114 ÷ /rgf

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afbn al;{g yfNof] afbn al;{g yfNof] ltdLn] ;lDem+bf lxdfn klUng yfNof] ltdLn] ;lDem+bf

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ltd|f] cfF;' au]h:tf], xfF;f] t}l/Ph:tf] gbL ;ª\lng yfNof] ltdLn] ;lDem+bf

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5ftL b'v] b'v]h:tf], P]+7g eP ePh:tf] d'6' w8\lsg yfNof] ltdLn] ;lDem+bf

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PSn} lx8\b} lyPF hLjgsf] psfnf]df dg eSsflgg yfNof] ltdLn] ;lDem+bf

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ltdLnfO{ km]l/ Pp6f kq n]v'F eGbfeGb} uhn u'lGhg yfNof] ltdLn] ;lDem+bf .

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/rgf ÷ 115

ltd|f] Tof] df]xgL ¿knfO{ ltd|f] Tof] df]xgL ¿knfO{ b]v]kl5 sf] hf]luG5 Û ltd|f] cw/sf] cfqmd0fdf k/]kl5 sf] hf]luG5 Û

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a? ch{'gsf] af0fnfO{ /f]Sg ;lhnf] x'GYof] xf]nf ltd|f] gh/sf] af0fn] e]6]kl5 sf] hf]luG5 Û

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/utsf] bfu kfgLn] wf]P hfGYof] xf]nf ;lhn} ltd|f] Tof] r'Dagsf] bfu nfu]kl5 sf] hf]luG5 Û

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a? ;fu/sf] 5fn 5n]/ 5]Sg ;lsGYof] xf]nf ltd|f] of}jgsf] 5fnn] 5f]Pkl5 sf] hf]luG5 Û

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x/ /ftsf P]+7gx¿nfO{ vKg ;lsGYof] xf]nf ltd|f] :jKg dxnleq k;]kl5 sf] hf]luG5 Û

116 ÷ /rgf

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d]/f] ofb c6\b}g d]/f] ofb c6\b}g ltd|f] t:jL/df d]/f] km"n rNb}g ltd|f] dlGb/df

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ca t d cfkm}+ u9tL/ eO;s]+ d]/f] dg c8\b}g ltd|f] eL/df

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rf]6} rfn gkfpg] eO;s]+ d]/f] d'6' n8\b}g ltd|f] tL/df

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dgh:tf] 7"nf] 5}g ltd|f] l;pFbf] d]/f] l;Gb"/ kb{}g ltd|f] lz/df

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klxn] d ?Gy]+ ltd|f] cfFvfdf d]/f] cfF;' aUb}g ltd|f] kL/df .

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/rgf ÷ 117

o;/L ltd|f] gv/f o;/L ltd|f] gv/f p7]5 d]/f] lglDt vt/f ag]5

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otf dgsf] lxdfn klUnof] ptf 5ftLsf] r'r'/f a9]5

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otf ;kgf g} b]Vg 5fl8of] ptf ltd|f] lgGb|f d/]5

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otf d]/f] skfn emg{ yfNof] ptf dgsf] ;fs'/f km'n]5

118 ÷ /rgf

otf OR5fsf 3/x¿ 9n] ptf ltd|f] r'/f km'6]5 . ©

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hlt ;'Gb/ 5g\ hlt ;'Gb/ 5g\ oL ltd|f uxgfx¿ plt g} dL7f 5g\ oL ltd|f efjgfx¿

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nfh nfuLnfuL nfnL k'5\g] u5of{} r'Dagdf rf]la/x'Fem}+ ltd|f lt;{gfx¿

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Ao'Femg] laltQm} x/fpF5g\ v} lsg P]+7gdf 8'la/xg] ltd|f ;kgfx¿

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gemf/ cfF;' o;/L ltd|f cfFvfaf6 dgleq ;Ns]sf ltd|f rfxgfx¿

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afbn;Fu;Fu} k'U5g\ sxfFsxfF;Dd s‍¥ofªs'?ª agL ltd|f ;Demgfx¿.

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/rgf ÷ 119

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136 ÷ /rgf

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k|ltlglw u|Gyx¿ ;Dkfbg ug{] dxTjk"0f{ cleef/f ;kmntfk"j{s jxg u/]+ . ;femf k|sfzgn] d]/f] l;h{gfofqfs} dxTjk"0f{ s[lt cZjd]w o1sf 3f]8fx¿ k|sfzg u‍¥of] h'g u|Gy lj=;+= @)^& ;fnsf] ;femf k'/:sf/åf/f ;Ddflgt klg ePsf] 5 .

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;femf k'/:sf/sf cltl/Qm efg'eQm k'/:sf/, o'jfdf]tL k'/:sf/, dxfslj b]jsf]6f ztfAbL ;flxTo ;Ddfg, u'?k|;fb d}gfnL ztfAbL ;flxTo ;Ddfg, afns[i0f ;d ztfAbL ;flxTo ;Ddfg, efg'eQm cfrfo{ ztfAbL :j0f{ ;Ddfg, lqrGb| b]jsf]6f ;Ddfg, ul/df ;Ddfg k'/:sf/, xf/tL ;+:s[lt ;Ddfg, l;Dkn cf6\;{ ;Ddfg, ;'b"/ klZrdf~rn ;flxTo ;Ddfg, gful/s :j0f{ ;Ddfg / g]kfn ljBfe"if0f :j0f{kbsh:tf bh{gf}+ ;Ddfg, k'/:sf/ tyf kbsx¿ k|fKt ug{] ;f}efUo kfPF .

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tkfO{+ b'a;' If]qLsf ¿kdf lrlgPkl5sf] hLjg t ;a}nfO{ yfxf 5 . tkfO{sf] afNosfn, s}zf]o{ / of}jgsf lbgx¿ s;/L lat]sf x'g\ <

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138 ÷ /rgf

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d]/f] x:tlnlk Psbd /fd|f] lyof] . cIf/x¿ ;fx|} /fd|f] n]Vy]+ . clg d sljtfTds z}nLdf, k|]dk"0f{ / efj's kqx¿ n]Vg l;kfn' lyPF .

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d}n] pgnfO{ s;/L ;Demfpg ;s]+ eg]/ ;lDem+bf d emg\ 5Ss k5{' . t/ P;Pn;L sf] kl/0ffd cfPs} jif{ pgsf] ljjfx eof] . d eg] ;'s'df/ ;kgfx¿ af]s]/ s'df/fj:yfdf sf7df8f}+ lx+8]+ .

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d]/f] of}jgsf lbgx¿ eg] ;+3if{k"0f{ lyP . d ;q jif{sf] pd]/df pRr lzIff xfl;n ug{ /fhwfgL sf7df8f}+ plSnPsf] x'F . sf7df8f}+ cfPkl5 d]/f] ;+3if{ z'¿ eof] . ;+3if{—cWoogdf pTs[i6 ljBfyL{ x'g, ;+3if{—;flxlTosx¿sf] eL8df :yflkt x'g, ;+3if{—hflu/ kfpg, ;+3if{—efOalxgLnfO{ k9fpg . To;}n] d]/f hjfgLsf lbgx¿ ;+3if{d} lat] . ;+3if{sf oL lbgx¿df dnfO{ k|]d ug{] ;do g} k|fKt ePg eGbf klg x'G5 . t/ v'zLsf] s'/f, d oL ;a} ;+3if{x¿df ;kmn ePF . zfob, To;}n] d b'a;' If]qLsf ¿kdf :yflkt x'g ;dy{ ePF .

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140 ÷ /rgf

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;+:sf/, ;Eotf / Jojxf/sf s'/fx¿ b]Vg / l;Sg klg kfPF . zfob oL s'/fx¿sf] k|efj dleq k/]sf] x'g' kb{5 . d cfˆgf] cf:yf, cfbz{, d"No / dfGotfdf ;Demf}tf ug{] dfG5] xf]Og . t/ Jojxf/df d Psbd ;/n, ;ÅboL / ljgd| 5' . d}n] ;fg}b]lv 7"nf] dfG5] aGg]eGbf c;n dfG5] aGg'k5{ eGg] l;s]+ . d c;n dfG5] aGg]lt/ ;w}+ nflu/x]sf] 5', cem} nflu/x]sf] 5' .

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Pp6f n]vs ePsfn] b'a;' If]qL cFWof/f], c:jtGqtf / cTofrf/ ;xg ;Sb}g . n]vssf ¿kdf pm aGb"ssf lj?4df af]N5 / n]V5 . gful/ssf ¿kdf p;n] aGb"s klg ;dfpg' k5{ . n]vssf ¿kdf b'a;' If]qL ;To vf]H5, gful/ssf ¿kdf b'uf{ axfb'/ ;'j]bL If]qL

142 ÷ /rgf

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k"0ff{Í – !&%

;Qf vf]H5 . gful/ssf ¿kdf b'uf{ axfb'/ ;'j]bL If]qL P]g sfg"g / k/Dk/f kfngf ug{'k5{ eG5 . n]vssf ¿kdf b'a;' If]qL P]g sfg"g / k/Dk/f tf]8\g' k5{ eG5 .

tkfO{+sf] ;flxlTos JolQmTjnfO{ ;/sf/L JolQmTjn] sltsf] cf]em]ndf kf/]sf] 5 <

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Ps hgf xftdf gful/stf af]s]/ plePsf] 5, csf{] xftdf snd af]s]/ . b'a} dleq afFr]sf 5g\ . b'a} xfF;]sf 5g\ . d}n] b'a} JolQmTjnfO{ arfP/ /fv]sf] 5' . oL b'O{aLr clxn];Dd 7"nf] dgd'6fj ePsf] 5}g . oL b'O{aLr o'4 eO;s]sf] 5}g . oL b'O{aLr o'4 eof] dg] zfob d xf5{' xf]nf . t/ d xfg{ rfxGgF, slxNo} klg, sxL+ klg, s;}l;t klg xfg{ rfxGgF .

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;/sf/L hflu/n] kb, ;'ljwf / ;fdflhs cfj/0f lbFbf] /x]5 . sfnf] sf]6 nufP/ sfnf] uf8Ldf r9]sf] ;a}n] b]Vb5g\ . t/ n]vs ePsf] 5/l5d]sLn] klg yfxf kfpFb}gg\ . d ;/sf/L sd{rf/L eP klg efUodfgL lsg 5' eg] k//fi6« ;]jfsf] sd{rf/Ln] b]zljb]z hfg], ljb]zL ldq/fi6«x¿df /x]sf g]kfnL s"6g}lts lgof]ux¿df ;]jf ug{] cj;/ kfpg] 7fpFdf 5' . g]kfn ;/sf/sf] s"6gLlt1sf ¿kdf hfkfg, ;+o'Qm/fHo cd]l/sf, adf{ / ax/fOgh:tf d'n'sdf a;]+ . a]nfoth:tf] g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf klxnf] bf}To ;DaGw ePsf] dxŒjk"0f{ /fi6«sf nflu g]kfnL /fhb"t eP/ ;f9] rf/ jif{ ;]jf ug{] ;f}efUo kfPF . o;sf cltl/Qm ljZjsf krf;eGbf a9L d'n'sx¿ 3'Dg kfPF . tL d'n'sx¿sf ;flxTo, ;+:s[lt / ;Eotf b]Vg / a'em\g kfPF . tL d'n'sx¿sf k|l;4 n]vs, ;flxTosf/, k|fWofks / bfz{lgsx¿;Fu e]6\g] / ;+jfb ug{] cj;/ kfPF . To;}n], d]/f] ;/sf/L hflu/n] d]/f] cWoog / n]vg sd{nfO{ d2t g} u/]sf] 5 . csf{]lt/ /fi6«sf] Pp6f :yflkt ;flxTosf/ ePsf] x'Fbf clkm;df klg ;fyLefOx¿n] OHht / cfb/sf] b[li6n] x]g{'x'G5 . d]/f] clkm;df ;a} ;'lzlIft / ;Eo ldqx¿ g} x'g' ePsf] x'Fbf n]vs /

k"0ff{Í – !&%

kmfu'g—r}t @)&*

/rgf ÷ 143

;flxTosf/x¿k|lt ;Ddfgsf] efj /x]sf] kfpF5' .

To;}n,] d]/f] ;flxlTos JolQmTjn] ;/sf/L sd{rf/Lsf] JolQmTjnfO{ cem} pFrf] agfpg d2t u/]sf] 5 eg] d]/f] sd{rf/L JolQmTjn] klg d]/f] ;flxlTos JolQmTjnfO{ plhNofpg / km}nfpg emg} d2t u/]sf] 5 . (=

tkfO{+leq ;flxlTos / hflu/] JolQmTj cGtlglx{t /x]sf] 5 . oL b'O{ JolQmTjaLr s;/L ;Gt'ng sfod ul//xg' ePsf] 5 < oL b'O{ JolQmTjaLr slxNo} åGå ePsf] 5 ls 5}g <

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xf], dleq b'O{ j6f JolQmTjx¿ cGtlg{lxt /x]sf 5g\ Ps gful/s JolQmTj / csf{] ;|i6f JolQmTj . gful/s JolQmTjsf cfwf/df d /fhb"t, jfl0fHob"t, lzi6frf/ dxfkfn, lgb{]zs cflb kbx¿df a;]+ x'Fnf . clxn] klg ;/sf/L hflu/sf] ku/L u'lt/x]s} 5' . o; kbn] lbPsf] clwsf/ / st{Jo klg OdfGbf/Lk"j{s / ;kmntfk"j{s jxg u/]sf] 5' . csf{]lt/ dleq ;|i6f JolQmTj klg 5 h;nfO{ ;flxTo, ;ËLt / snfk|lt cg'/fu klg 5, ckgTj / cfb/ klg 5.

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oL b'O{ JolQmTjaLr d}n] ;w}+ g} ;Gt'ng / ;dGjo ul//x]sf] 5' . dleqsf b'j} JolQmTj ;kmn / ;an /x]sf 5g\ . dflg;x¿ dnfO{ b]v]/ k|zf;s / ;h{s JolQmTjleq s;/L ;Gt'ng sfod ul//x]sf] 5 eg]/ 5Ss kb{5g\ . t/ d}n] of] ;Gt'ng /fv]sf] 5', ;dosf] Joj:yfkg klg u/]sf] 5' . d To;}n] ;kmn klg ePsf] 5' . zfob To;}n] d b'a;' If]qL ePsf] 5' .

!)= tkfO{+ n]vg ofqfsf] b'O{ bzs gf3]kl5 cln a9L af}l4s / lSni6 aGg yfNg' ePsf] xf] < af}l4s x'g' / lSni6 x'g' km/s km/s s'/f x'g\ . d af}l4s klg ePF / lSni6 klg ePF eg]sf] ;'Gbf cgf}7f] klg nfU5 . t/ klg ;dfnf]rsx¿n] / sltko af}l4s kf7sx¿n] krf;sf] bzssf] pQ/f4{df cfOk'Ubf d]/f] n]vgdf cln a9L af}l4stf / k|fof]lustfn] 144 ÷ /rgf

kmfu'g—r}t @)&*

k"0ff{Í – !&%

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rfk]sf] xf] eg]s} x'g\ . To;f] t @)%^ ;fndf ;flxTodf rf}yf] cfofdsf] gofF cjwf/0ff 3f]if0ff ubf{ g} d}n] cfˆgf] gofF ;f]r / ;+/rgf k|:tfj u/]sf] x'F . PSsfO;f}+ ztfAbLsf] dfG5] / p;n] ef]lu/x]sf] hLjg / 6]ls/x]sf] hut\ d]/f] n]vgsf] cfwf/ x'g] x'bF f p;n] ef]lu/x]sf] hLjg / lhhLljiffsf] hl6ntf d]/f] n]vgdf k|ltljlDjt x'G5 eg] To;nfO{ c:jfefljs dfGg' klg x'bF g } . d}n] cfˆgf] n]vgdf af}l4stfsf] k|of]u u/]sf] 5' . k"jL{o / kfZrfTo ldys / k|tLsx¿nfO{ gofF ;f]r / ;Gbe{df k|If]k0f u/]sf] 5' . d}n] cfˆgf] n]vgdfkm{t ;flxTodf s]xL k'g lgdf{0f / s]xL gjlgdf{0f klg u/]sf] 5'.

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;flxTodf bz{gsf] k|of]u ubf{, ;flxTodf a'l4sf] k|of]u ubf{ / ;flxTodf ck/Dkl/t dfGotfx¿ k|If]lkt ubf{ d}n] n]v]sf] ;flxTo af}l4s / lSni6 x'G5 eg] Tof] d]/f] lrGtfsf] ljifo xf]Og . t/ cfhsf] n]vs, PSsfO;f}+ ztfAbLsf] n]vs rflxF u'?h:tf] k9fO/xg], l;sfO/xg] / PSsfO;f}+ ztfAbLsf] kf7s rflxF l;sf? lzio em}+ ;'?;'? ;'lg/xg], v'?v'? kl9/xg] ub{}g . PSsfO;f}+ ztfAbLsf] kf7s klg n]vs;Fu} pleG5, n]vs;Fu} ;Djfb u5{ / n]vs;Fu} ts{ ub{5 eGg] d ;f]Rb5' . To;}n], uDeL/ af}l4s kf7ssf nflu d]/f] ;flxTo klg dgf]/~hg / Pp6f ;do sf6\g] ;fdu|L geP/ uDeL/ 5nkmn / ljdz{sf nflu af}l4s v'/fs klg xf] / x'g'kb{5 eGg] s'/fdf d ;r]t / b[9 5' . n]vssf ¿kdf d cfkm}+ klg, n]lv/xFbf cfkm"leq d}n] Pp6f ;r]t, uDeL/ / af}l4s kf7snfO{ cfb/ / :g]xk"j{s 5fld/x]sf] x'G5' .

!!= ;flxTosf k'/fgf :yfkTox¿ eTsfpg] lg0f{odf s;/L k'Ug' eof] tkfO{+ < cu|h ;flxlTos k':tfx¿n] vg]sf] af6f] lx+8\b} ubf{ g} d}n] gofF af6f] vGg] / lx+8\g] ljrf/ u/]sf] x'F . t/ k'vf{n], cu|hn] / k'/fgfx¿n] lx+8\g] k'/fgf] 3'dfp/f] af6f] lx+8]/ dfq PSsfO;f}+ ztfAbLsf] uGtJo gk'lug] /x]5 eGg] a'em]kl5 d}n] cfkm" lx+8\g] af6f] cfkm}+ vGg] k"0ff{Í – !&%

kmfu'g—r}t @)&*

/rgf ÷ 145

lg0f{odf k'u]sf] x'F . cfkm}+n] gofF af6f] vGb} ubf{ s]xL k'/fgf / ;fF3'/f 3'DtL / df]8x¿ eTsfpg' kg{] /x]5 . o; qmddf d}n] s]xL k'/fgf :yfkTox¿ eTsfpg' k‍¥of] . s]xL k'/fgf s]Gb|x¿, Psn s]Gb|x¿ eTsfpg' k‍¥of] . vf;df d Psn s]Gb| jf Psn gfossf ljkIfdf plePsf] n]vs x'F . ax's]Gb|x¿, ax'gfosx¿sf] lgdf{0fsf] kIfdf plePsf] n]vs x'F . t/ k'/fgf :yfkTox¿ eTsfpFb} ubf{ d}n] :yflkt ;+/rgfx¿sf /fd|f s'/fx¿ klg hf]ufpg] ljrf/ u/]+ .

To;}n] d lj:yflkt ;+/rgfx¿ k'glgdf{0f ug{] lbzfdf nfu]+ .

om

x'g t gofF s]Gb|x¿ lgdf{0f ug{ k'/fgf s]Gb|x¿ eTsfpg} kg{] /x]5 . ax'n s]Gb|x¿ lgdf{0f ug{ Psn s]Gb|x¿ eTsfpg} kg{] /x]5 .

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o;/L n]vg ofqfsf] dWolt/ cfOk'Ubf d k/Dkl/t n]vgsf lj?4df plePF . o;/L ple+bf :jfefljs ¿kdf d c?eGbf gofF klg b]lvP x'Fnf, c¿eGbf cnu klg b]lvPF x'Fnf, c¿eGbf k[ys\ klg cjZo b]lvPF x'Fnf .

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Pp6f s'/frflx+ d :ki6 kf5{', d}n] n]vgdf gofF s]Gb|x¿ lgdf{0f ub{}ubf{ k'/fgf s]Gb|x¿ eTsfpg cfjZos eP, / d}n] hf]lvd df]n]/ tL k'/fgf :yfkTox¿ eTsfPF . d}n] n]vgdf ax'n s]Gb|x¿ lgdf{0f ug{sf nflu Psn s]Gb|x¿dfly k|xf/ ug{ cfjZos eof] / d}n] b':;fx; u/]/ tL Psn s]Gb|x¿ eTsfPF . oBlk c¿eGbf cnu / gofF aGg] k|oTg ubf{ d}n] cfˆgf] df}lnstf / j}lzi6onfO{ klg hf]ufPF . d}n] k"jL{o / kfZrfTo bz{g / ldysx¿sf] aLraf6 Pp6f gofF dfu{ sf]g{] k|oTg u/]+ . d}n] ;flxTodf gofF s]Gb|x¿, ax'n s]Gb|x¿ lgdf{0f ug{'sf ;fy} cfˆgf l;h{gfdf ax'njfbL cf:yfsf] OGb|]gL lgdf{0f ug{] k|oTg klg u/]+ . o;/L cl3 a9\bf k'/fgf ;f]rx¿ 9Ng k'u] xf]nfg\, k'/fgf :yfkTox¿ eTsg k'u] xf]nfg\, k'/fgf s]Gb|x¿ Wj:t eP xf]nfg\ . o;nfO{ s;}s;}n] b'a;' If]qLsf] af}l4s ;fx; klg eg] . s;}s;}n] b'a;' If]qLsf] af}l4s b':;fx; klg eg] .

146 ÷ /rgf

kmfu'g—r}t @)&*

k"0ff{Í – !&%

!@= s] elgG5 eg] sljtfdf k|of]uzLntf b'a;' If]qLsf] k|ltef / Ifdtfsf] kl/rfos klg xf] / ‘cZjd]w o1sf 3f]8fx¿’ / ‘cjtf/ lj3l6t xg'dfg’ To;}sf pQd pbfx/0f / k|df0f klg x'g\ . n]vgdf af}l4stf / k|of]usf] cfjZostf lsg cln a9L g} dx;"; ug{x' G' 5 tkfO{+ <

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kfZrfTo ;flxTo, ljz]ifu/L c+u|]hL / k|m]~r ;flxTosf] uDeL/ cWoog u/]sf] x'Fbf d]/f] n]vgdf kfZrfTo n]vg k/Dk/fsf] cln a9L g} 5fk k/]sf] x'g'kb{5 . t/ d k"jL{o bz{g, lrGtg / ;flxTo dfgj ;Eotfs} Pp6f ;d[4 / zfZjt ljsf;qmd dfGb5' . x/]s o'udf lrGtgdf, bz{gdf, n]vgdf gofFgofF k|of]ux¿ eP/ cfPs} x'g\ . xfd|f]df klg n]vgfy kf}8\ofnx¿n] :t'lt / ehg, k|s[lt / uLlt sljtfx¿ n]lv/xFbf uf]kfnk|;fb l/dfn, df]xg sf]O/fnf, O{Zj/jNne / j}/fuL sfOFnfx¿n] gofF k|of]u ub{} gofF hf]lvd p7fPs} x'g\ . u'?k|;fb d}gfnLx¿n] cfbz{ / k/Dk/fsf syfx¿ n]lv/xFbf ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnf, uf]ljGbaxfb'/ dNn ‘uf]7fn]’ , OGb|axfb'/ /fO{ / w|'jrGb| uf}tdx¿n] gofF k|of]u ub{} gofF af6f] vg]s} x'g\ . eLdlglw ltjf/L / ab/Lgfy e§/fO{n] j0f{g / JofVofsf lgaGwx¿ n]lv/xFbf z+s/ nfld5fg], tf/fgfy zdf{ / s[i0frGb|l;+x k|wfgx¿n] gofF k|of]u ub{} gofF z}nL /f]h]s} x'g\ . ‍

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k"0ff{Í – !&%

kmfu'g—r}t @)&*

/rgf ÷ 147

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hfFbf, n]vgdf gofF d"No / dfGotf :yflkt ub{} hfFbf d cln a9L af}l4s / k|of]uwdL{ b]lvPF eg] To;nfO{ c:jfefljs dfGg' klg x'Fb}g . xfdLn] ;w}+ nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6f, afns[i0f ;d / n]vgfy kf}8\ofnx¿n] vg]sf] uf]/]6f] lx+8]/ dfq k'Ub}g lyof] . xfdLn] cem} ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnf, ejfgL leIf' / uf]ljGbaxfb'/ dNn ‘uf]7fn]’x¿n] vg]sf] af6f] lx+8]/ klg k'Ub}g lyof] . cem kl5 cfP/ df]xg sf]O/fnf, j}/fuL sfOFnf / O{Zj/ jNnex¿n] lrNofPsf] af6f] lx+8]/ dfq k'Ub}g lyof] . OGb|axfb'/ /fO{, w|'jrGb| uf}td / kfl/hftx¿n] ;DofPsf] af6f] lx+8]/ dfq klg k'Ub}g lyof] .

To;}n] d}n] ;fx; u/]/ gofF af6f] vGg ;'¿ u/]sf] x'F . oxLqmddf g} ;flxTodf rf}yf] cfofdsf] gofF l;4fGtsf] k|ltkfbg u/]sf] x'F .

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!#= tkfO{+ cfˆgf l;h{gfx¿df cTolws ldyssf] k|of]u lsg ug{' x'G5 <

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otf kf}/T:o hut\‍df klg / ptf kfZrfTo hut\‍df klg syf, k/Lsyf / k'/fsyfx¿ 5g\, k/Dk/f / lsDjbGtLx¿ 5g\ . b'a}lt/ k'/f0fx¿ 5g\ / Oltxf; klg 5 . oL ;a} syf / k'/fsyfx¿n], k/Dk/f / lsDabGtLx¿n] clg k'/f0f / Oltxf;x¿n] eg]sf s'/f / eGg] s'/f klg hLjg / hut\‍s} x'g\ .

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148 ÷ /rgf

kmfu'g—r}t @)&*

k"0ff{Í – !&%

xfdL cfw'lgs o'udf 5f}+, cem egf}+ pQ/cfw'lgs o'udf 5f}+ .

To;}n] xfdLn] gofF klg n]Vg' k/]sf] 5 / k'/fgfeGbf cAan klg n]Vg' k/]sf] 5 . / xfdLleq ;'if'Kt r]tgfdf PsLe"t / 3gLe"t eP/ a;]sf cfB¿ksf] ldysLo lsl/ªld/ªsf aLr cfhsf] dfG5]n] 6]ls/x]sf] w"ldn / sfnf] hut\ / afFlr/x]sf], ef]lu/x]sf] hl6n / sl7g hLjg klg n]Vg' kl//x]sf] 5 .

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dnfO{ nfU5 dfG5]sf nflu oxL wtL{ cnsfk'/L klg xf] / s'?If]q klg xf] . oxL wtL{ s}nf; klg xf] / s]na/L klg xf] . oxL wtL{ n'lDjgL klg xf] / h]?;n]d klg xf] . oxL wtL{ a]lanf]g klg xf] / a]gufhL klg xf] .

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d eG5'— oxL hLjg / hut\‍nfO{ ;|f]t dfg]/, ;Gbe{ dfg]/ xfdLn] n]Vg] xf] . xfdLn] km]l/ klg j]b, afOan, k'/f0f / s'/fg n]Vg] xf]Og . t/ ltgdf 6]s]/ gofF lrGtg, gofF k|of]u, gofF wf/0ff / gofF wf/f lgdf{0f ug{] xf] . oL / o:t} s'/fx¿dfly ax; / ljdz{ ub{} hfFbf d}n] rf}yf] cfofdsf] gofF af6f] vGg sDd/ s;]sf] x'F .

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k"0ff{Í – !&%

kmfu'g—r}t @)&*

/rgf ÷ 149

dfG5]x¿sf dfemdf cfkm" afFr]sf], afFr]/ xfF;]sf] / xfF;]/ afFr]sf] . !%= PSsfO;f}+ ztfAbLsf] n]vssf] ;Í6 s] xf] eGg] nfU5 tkfO{+nfO{ < dfG5] qmdzM oGq aGb} hfg' / dfG5]dfly oGq / oGq0ffx¿sf] k|efj a9\b} hfg' PSsfO;f}+ ztfAbLsf] n]vssf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] ;Í6 xf] .

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dfG5]af6 OdfGbfl/tf x/fpFb} hfg', dfG5]af6 g}ltstf nf]k x'Fb} hfg' / dfG5]af6 ;lxi0f'tf vl:sFb} hfg' cfhsf] n]vssf nflu ;a}eGbf 7"nf] ;Í6 xf] . dfG5]af6 dfgjtf elTsFb} uO/x]sf] 5, dfG5]af6 dfG5] gfl;Fb} uO/x]sf] 5 . cfhsf] n]vssf] nflu of] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] ;d:of xf] . dfG5] leqaf6 dfG5]Tj x/fpFb} hfg', dfG5] x/fpFb} hfg' / dfG5]sf] a:tLaf6 dfG5]x¿ x/fpFb} hfg' PSsfO;f}+ ztfAbLsf] n]vssf nflu csf{] 7"nf] ;d:of xf] .

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dfG5]leq dfG5]Tjsf] vf]hL ug{', dfG5]leq dfG5] k'glg{df{0f ug{' / dfG5]sf] a:tLdf dfG5]x¿nfO{ k'g:yf{kg ug{' PSsfO;f}+ ztfAbLsf] n]vssf nflu ;a}eGbf 7"nf] r'gf}tL xf] . dfG5]sf] d"No, dfGotf / cl:tTj;lxt dfG5]sf] ;EotfnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg' cfhsf] n]vssf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] bfloTj xf] . !^= cfhsf] n]vs cln a9L Jofj;flos ePsf] xf] <

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k7g ;+:s[lt a9]sf] xf] . k':tssf] ahf/Ls/0f / k|rf/ a9]sf] xf] . n]vseGbf klg k|sfzsx¿, k|sfzg ;+:yfx¿ cln a9L Jofj;flos ePsf x'g\ . cfh ljB'tLo ;~hfnsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/n] kf7sx¿ uDeL/ / af}l4s s[ltsf] k7geGbf dgf]/~hgfTds, 5f]6f], l56f] / dL7f ;flxlTos v'/fsx¿lt/ cfslif{t eO/x]sf 5g\ . Pp6f af}l4s / uDeL/ n]vssf nflu of] 7"nf] r'gf}lt xf] . kf7sx¿sf] 7"nf] ;+Vof clxn] 6]lnlehg, sDKo'6/, Nofa6k, cfO{Kof8 / df]afOndf /dfO/xFbf ljB'tLo ;~‍hfnsf] hfnf]leq PSsfO;f}+ ztfAbLsf] af}l4s n]vssf] uDeL/ ;flxlTos l;h{gf

150 ÷ /rgf

kmfu'g—r}t @)&*

k"0ff{Í – !&%

pTvgg ug{ g;lsg] u/L ut{df efl:;g] qfz k}bf eO/x]sf] 5 . t/ o;f] elg/xFbf klg cfhsf] g]kfnL n]vs lxhf]sf] n]vseGbf afFRg ;Sg] ePsf] rflx+ ;To xf] . afFr]/ n]Vg ;Sg] ePsf] ;To xf] . cfhsf] g]kfnL n]vsn] ;dfhdf d n]vs x'F eGg ;s]sf] 5 . n]vssf ¿kdf klg ;dfhn], /fi6«n] sb/ / cfb/ kfpg] kl/l:ylt lgdf{0f eO/x]sf] 5 . of] ;'vb\ / pHofnf] kIf xf] .

om

t/ n]v]/} afFRg ;Sg] cj:yf rflx+ g]kfndf clxn];Dd alg;s]sf] h:tf] dnfO{ nfUb}g . cf}+nfdf uGg ;lsg] n]vsx¿afx]s ;flxlTos n]vsx¿ n]v]/ afFRg ;Sg] cj:yfdf cem} 5}gg\ .

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!&= tkfO{+n] k|ltkfbg ug{'ePsf] rf}yf] cfofdsf] l;4fGtsf af/]df s]xL k|sfz kfl/lbg' x'G5 ls <

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rf}yf] cfofdsf] l;4fGtsf] 3f]if0ff d}n] PSsfO;f}+ ztfAbLsf] klxnf] lbg cyf{t O{ZjL ;g\ @))) sf] hgj/L ! -kf}if !^, @)%#_ df u/]sf] x'F . t/ O{ZjL ;g\ !(*^ b]lv g} d}n] rf}yf] cfofdsf] bz{gdfly dGyg ul//x]sf] lyPF . ;g\ !(($ df cfw'lgs cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw ljifodf :gftsf]Q/ txsf] cWoog ug{ ;+o'Qm clw/fHosf] nL8\; ljZjljBfnodf k'u]kl5 d}n] cfkm"leq cfEoGtl/s cWoog / dGyg ul//x]sf] rf}yf] cfofdsf] wf/0ffnfO{ aflx/ Nofpg] s;/t u/]+ . d}n] P]lR5s ljifo ‘Unf]anfOh];g’sf] zf]wkqdf cfˆgf] rf}yf] cfofdsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ leq\ofPF . rf}yf] cfofdsf] 3f]if0ff eg] g]kfnsf tLg k|l;4 b}lgs klqsfx¿ uf]/vfkq, g]kfnL ;dfrf/kq / lxdfno 6fOD;dfkm{t u/]+ . tLg} j6f klqsfdf rf}yf] cfofd;DaGwL d]/f] ljrf/;lxtsf n]v k|sflzt ePsf 5g\ . ;;{tL{ x]bf{ rf}yf] cfofdsf] l;4fGt ;flxTo;Fu dfq ;DalGwt b]lvPsf] 5 . t/ of] l;4fGt ;flxTosf ;fy;fy} cy{zf:q, /fhgLltzf:q, s"6gLltzf:q, lzIffzf:q, dfgjzf:q, ;dfhzf:q,

k"0ff{Í – !&%

kmfu'g—r}t @)&*

/rgf ÷ 151

/ bz{gzf:qdf ;d]t gofF wf/0ff / bz{g;lxt plePsf] 5 . vf;df eGg] xf] eg] rf}yf] cfofdsf] l;4fGt dfgj ;Eotf, dfgjcl:tTj / dfgjhfltsf] g}/Gto{sf nflu k|ltkflbt Pp6f gofF d"No / dfGotf xf] . PSsfO;f}+ ztfAbLsf] dfgj / dfgjsf] cl:tTjdf cfOkg{] r'gf}tLx¿nfO{ ;fdgf / ;Daf]wg ug{] Pp6f gofF b[li6 / sf]0f;lxtsf] b[li6sf]0f xf] .

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cfhsf] ljZj Pp6} u|fd alg;s]sf] 5, ljZju|fd -Unf]an len]h_ eO;s]sf] 5 . ljZj g} Pp6f u|fdsf ¿kdf ljsl;t x'Fb} ubf{ dflg;—dflg;jLr /x]sf] ef}uf]lns, /fhg}lts, cfly{s, hftLo / ;f+:s[lts ;Ldfgfx¿ elTsG5g\ / ljZj Pp6f ;LdfxLg ;dfh -af]8{/n]; ;f];fO6L_ sf ¿kdf ¿kfGtl/t x'G5 eGg] dfGotfnfO{ rf}yf] cfofdn] k|ltkfbg u/]sf] 5 . dfG5]nfO{ p;n] klx/]sf hftLo, ;f+:s[lts, /fhg}lts, cfly{s / gful/stfsf cfj/0fx¿ km'sfn]/ lga{Gw, :jtGq / ;fj{ef}d agfpg' kb{5 eGg] l;4fGt rf}yf] cfofdn] cl3 a9fPsf] 5 . casf] ljZjdf /fi6«sf ;Ldfx¿ d]l6+b}, /fli6«o /fHosf k/Dk/fut dfGotfx¿ elTsb}+ hfG5g\ eGg] tYonfO{ rf}yf] cfofdn] cËLsf/ u/]sf] 5 .

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rf}yf] cfofdsf] cjwf/0ffsf] d"n :tDesf ¿kdf e"JoflKtjfb, ;fj{ef}d dfgjjfb, lga{Gwtfjfb / cGtlge{/tfjfb /x]sf 5g\ . ;flxTodf cfpFbf klg o; cjwf/0ffn] l;4fGtsf rf/ cfofd, ljrf/sf rf/ cfofd, ;Dk|]if0fsf rf/ cfofd / ;+/rgfsf rf/ cfofd k|:tfj u/]sf] 5 . x/]s ljifonfO{ rf/ cfofdaf6 x]l/g] x'gfn] o; l;4fGtsf] gfd ‘rf}yf] cfofd’ h'/fPsf] x'F .

!*= rf}yf] cfofdsf] ;}4flGts cGtj{:t'af/] s'/f ug{ rfxG5' . tkfO{+n] rf}yf] cfofdsf] klxnf] j}rfl/s cfofddf g} e"JoflKtjfbsf] s'/f ug{' ePsf] 5 . s] /fhgLlts ;Ldf/lxt, ;fdflhs ljefhg/lxt ljZj dfgj ;d'bfosf] sNkgf ug{' ePsf] xf] < ‘rf}yf] cfofd’sf] cjwf/0ff ;flxTodf dfq ;Lldt /x]sf] 5}g .

152 ÷ /rgf

kmfu'g—r}t @)&*

k"0ff{Í – !&%

‘rf}yf] cfofd’sf] gofF l;4fGt 3f]if0ff ubf{ ;flxTosf ;fy;fy} /fhgLltzf:q, cy{zf:q, bz{gzf:q, dfgjzf:q, ;dfhzf:q, s"6gLltzf:q / lzIffzf:qx¿df klg gofF cjwf/0ffx¿ k|ltkfbg u/]sf] 5' .

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tkfO{+sf] k|Zg ;flxTodf rf}yf] cfofdsf] cjwf/0ffdf dfq s]lGb|t /x]sf] 5 . oBlk, rf}yf] cfofdsf] l;4fGt k|ltkfbg ub{}ubf{ d}n] hLjg / hut\‍nfO{ g} s]Gb|df /fv]sf] x'F . t/ hLjg / hut\‍nfO{ zf:qLo 9fFrfaf6 cyf{t\ cfbz{jfbL jf gLltjfbL jf pkb]zjfbL w/ftnaf6 geO{ PSsfO;f}+ ztfAbLsf] dfG5]n] 6]ls/x]sf] tftf] / /ftf] wtL{ / PSsfO;f}+ ztfAbLsf] dfG5]n] ef]lu/x]sf] sl7g / hl6n hLjgnfO{ gofF sf]0f / b[li6sf]0faf6 x]g{] k|oTg u/]sf] 5' .

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rf}yf] cfofdsf rf/ k|d'v cfofdx¿dWo] Ps k|d'v cfofd ‘;flxTodf e"JoflKtjfb’ xf] . e"JoflKtjfbn] /fi6«—/fHosf wf/0ffx¿, /fi6«—/fHosf ;Ldfgfx¿ :jLsf/ ub{}g . dfG5]nfO{ e"uf]nn] / e"uf]nsf ;Ldfgfx¿n] 5]Sg ;Sb}gg\ / 5]Sg klg x'Fb}g eGg] dfGotfsf] hudf e"JoflKtjfbsf] wf/0ff plePsf] 5 / e"JoflKtjfbsf] hudf ‘rf}yf] cfofd’cl8Psf] 5 .

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PSsfO;f}+ ztfAbLsf] dfG5]n] s'g} klg s'/fsf] ;Ldfgf :jLsf/ ub{}g / :jLsf/ ug{' x'Fb}g eGg] l;4fGt e"JoflKtjfbsf] cfwf/lznf xf] . o;df e"uf]nsf] dfq xf]Og, /fhg}lts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts ;Ldfgfx¿ klg /xg ;Sb}gg\ / /xg' x'Fb}g eGg] dfGotfsf] hudf rf}yf] cfofd plePsf] 5 . To;}n], ‘;LdfxLgtf’ rf}yf] cfofdsf] Ps k|d'v / cfwf/e"t l;4fGt xf] . af]8{/n]; cyf{t ;LdfxLg ljZjsf], ljZju|fd -Unf]jn len]h_ sf] lgdf{0f ePkl5 dfG5] lga{Gw, :jtGq / ;fj{ef}d x'G5 eGg] rf}yf] cfofdsf] dfGotf /x]sf] 5 . d dfgjjfbsf] kIfdf 5', cem :ki6 eGg' kbf{ ;fj{ef}d dfgjjfbsf] kIfdf 5' . o;/L ;LdfxLg

k"0ff{Í – !&%

kmfu'g—r}t @)&*

/rgf ÷ 153

ljZjsf] / lje]b/lxt dfgj ;dfhsf] vfsf rf}yf] cfofdsf] dfWodaf6 sf]l//xFbf hftLo cfwf/df, gZ‍nLo klxrfgsf cfwf/df jf ;f+:s[lts, ;fDk|bflos, eflifs /fi6«—/fHosf ;Ldfgfx¿n] lgwf{/0f u/]sf /fi6« jf /fHox¿sf] cl:tTj rf}yf] cfofdn] :jLsf/ ub{}g . !(= ;flxTodf /fhgLlts ;Qf / ;du| cfl:tlTjs ;Qf s'g a9L dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 < rf}yf] cfoflds l;4fGtsf] bfz{lgs ;Gbe{df k|]d / /fhgLltsf] :yfg s] xf] <

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‘rf}yf] cfofd’ sf] cfwf/ / ceLi6 klg dfG5]sf] :jtGqtf, lga{Gwtf / ;fj{ef}d;Qf g} xf] . rf}yf] cfofdn] dfG5]sf] ‘cl:tTj’ / dfG5]sf] ‘;Eotf’ sf] g}/Gto{sf kIfdf pEofPsf] 5 . dfG5]sf] ‘cl:tTj’ / ‘;Eotf’sf] cljlR5Ggtfsf nflu dfG5]df k|]d, dfG5]— dfG5]df k|]d / dfG5] / kz'df k|]d, clg dfG5] / k|s[ltdf klg k|]d cyf{t\ ;DaGw / ;Djfb x'G5 / x'g' k5{ eg]sf] 5 .

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rf}yf] cfofdn] n]vs :jo+nfO{ ‘;Qf’ dfg]sf] 5 . To;f] t rf}yf] cfofdn] ‘;Qf’ sf] s'/fdf rf;f] klg /fv]sf] 5–b'j} ;QfM O{Zj/Lo ;Qf klg / /fhg}lts ;Qf klg . rf}yf] cfofdn] ;f+;fl/s k|]dnfO{ Tolt dxTj lbPsf] 5}g . dfG5]sf] zlQm eg] klg, cfzlQm eg] klg dfgjsf] :jtGqtf, lga{Gwtf / ;fj{ef}d;Qfdf x'G5 / x'g'k5{ eGg] dfGotf rf}yf] cfofdsf] /x]sf] 5 . rf}yf] cfofdn] k|]d / /fhgLltsf] s'/f zLif{ txdf NofP/ ;flxTo xflb{stf / af}l4stfsf] aLraf6 n]lvg'k5{ eg]sf] 5 . ;flxTo cWofTd / lj1fgsf] aLraf6 n]lvg'k5{ eg]sf] 5 . ;flxTo O{Zj/Lotf / lg/LZj/Lotfsf aLraf6 n]lvg'k5{ eg]sf] 5 . rf}yf] cfofdn] ;flxTo ;To / ;Qfsf aLraf6 n]lvg'k5{ eg]sf] 5 .

@)= ;flxTo s]sf nflu eGg] ;f]Rg'x'G5 tkfO{+ < ;flxTo s]sf nflu eGg] ljifo klg Oltxf;b]lv g} ax;sf] ljifo ag]sf] 5 . ;flxTosf] d"n p2]Zo cfgGb / lzIff k|flKt xf] eGg] 154 ÷ /rgf

kmfu'g—r}t @)&*

k"0ff{Í – !&%

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s'/fdf k"jL{o / kfZrfTo ;flxTozf:qLx¿ ;xdt b]lvG5g\ . t/ ;flxTosf] d'Vo k|of]hg cfgGb xf] ls lzIff eGg] ax; klg k"j{ / klZrd b'a}lt/ grn]sf] xf]Og . e/td'lgn] ;flxTon] cfgGb, wd{, sLlt{, cfo' / a'l4 k|bfg ug{] sfo{ ub{5 eg]sf 5g\ . efdxn] … wdf{yÚ sfd df]If]if' j}nIf0o+ snf;' r . s/f]lt k|Llt sLlt{ r ;fw'sfJo lgaGwd\ eGb} ;flxToaf6 wd{, cy{, sfd / df]If k|fKt x'G5 eGg] ljrf/ JoQm u/]sf 5g\ . jfdgn] sfJosf] b[i6 k|of]hg ‘cfgGb’ / cb[i6 k|of]hg ‘sLlt{’ xf] eGg] ljrf/ JoQm u/]sf 5g\ . dDd6n] …sfJoÚ oz;]y{s[t] Jojxf/ljb] lzj]t/Ifto] . ;BM k/ljj{[to] sfGtf;lDdttof]kb]zo'h] eg]/ ;flxTosf sLlt{, wgnfe, Jofjxfl/s 1fg, cgy{lgjf/0f, cfgGbfe"lt / sfGtf;lDdt pkb]z u/L 5 j6f k|of]hg atfPsf 5g\ .

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csf{l] t/ snf / ;flxTonfO{ Joj;fo, lzIff / cGo Jofjxfl/s If]qdf ;Lldt u/]/ kl/efiff ug{' snf / ;flxTosf] cjd"Nog xf] eGg] wf/0ff klg kfZrfTo hut\‍df gp7]sf] xf]Og . To;}n] o'/f]kn ] L n]vs snfsf/x¿n] ‘snf snfsf nflu’eg]/ pb\3f]if klg u/]sf x'g\ .

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;flxTodf rf}yf] cfofdsf] cjwf/0ff 3f]if0ff ub{} d}n] ;flxTonfO{ dfG5]sf nflu x'gk' b{5 eg]/ eg]sf] 5' . dfG5]sf] lga{Gwtf, :jtGqtf / ;fj{ef}d;Qfsf nflu ;flxTo n]lvg'k5{ eg]sf] 5' . d}n] dfG5]sf] cl:tTjsf] ;+/If0f, dfG5]sf] cl:tTjsf] lg/Gt/tf / dfG5]sf] ;Eotfsf] ;Dj4{gsf nflu ;flxTo n]lvg'k5{ eg]sf] 5' .

@!= ca s'/fsfgLsf] pQ/f4{df cfOk'Ubf hut\, hLjg / ;flxTosf af/]df tkfO{sf dfGotfx¿af/] k'gM ;+If]k / ;f/df hfGg rfxG5' . k|frLg ;dob]lv g} dfgj ;dfhn] hLjg ef]ufOsf qmddf cfOkg{] cg]s ;d:ofx¿;Fu h'Wg] qmddf hLjg / hut\‍;DaGwL r]tgf / lrGtg ;'¿ u/]sf] xf] . dfgjn] cfˆgf] cl:tTj hf]ufpg] / ;Eotf lgdf{0f ug{] qmddf g} hLjg / hut\‍;DaGwL bz{gsf] cfljef{j ePsf] b]lvG5 . k"0ff{Í – !&%

kmfu'g—r}t @)&*

/rgf ÷ 155

;Eotfsf] lem;ld;]b]lv g} dflg;n] cfkm"n] b]v]sf] hut\ / ef]u]sf] hLjgsf af/]df ;f]Rg / ;+Zn]if0f ug{ yfn]sf] xf] . dflg;n] of] hut\ / hLjg cfkm}+ ;~rflnt 5g\ ls s;}n] ;~rfng ul//x]sf] 5 eGg] ljifodf 3f]lTng yfn]sf] klg jiff{}+ eof] .

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o; qmddf b'O{ y/L lrGtgx¿ b]vfk/] . klxnf] y/Lsf bfz{lgsx¿ hLjg / hut\ ;~rfng ug{] s'g} cb[Zo / cnf}lss zlQm 5 eGg] ljZjf; ug{]x¿ 5g\ eg] hLjg / hut\ ;~rfng ug{] s'g} c1ft, cb[Zo / cnf}lss zlQm 5}g / x'Fb}g k|s[ltleq g} hLjg / hut\‍sf sfo{x¿ :jrflnt ¿kdf ;~rfng x'G5g\ eGg] bf];|f] y/L ljrf/sx¿ b]vf k/]sf 5g\ .

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d}n] rflx+ bz{gsf] k|fb'ef{j b'O{ y/Lsf lrGtsx¿af6 ePsf] xf] eg]sf] 5' . cfFvf lrDn]/ hLjg / hut\ ;f]Rg]x¿ Ps y/L bfz{lgsx¿ 5g\ eg] cfFvf vf]n]/ hLjg / hut\ ;f]Rg]x¿ bf];|f] y/L bfz{lgsx¿ 5g\ .

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k|frLg o'ub]lv cfh;Dd klg dfgjhfltn] hut\ b]Vg] / hLjg ef]Ug] qmddf g} bz{gsf] lgdf{0f / ljsf; x'Fb} cfPsf] xf] .

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hLjg / huts \‍ f ;DaGwdf k"jL{o / kfZrfTo bz{gn] cnu t/Lsfn] JofVof u/]sf] kfOG5 . k"jL{o bz{gdf hLjg / hut\‍af/] lrGtg x'g yfn]sf] CUj]bsf] cfljef{j ePb]lv g} xf] . j]b—;+lxtf, k'/f0f, :d[lt / gLltzf:qx¿n] kf}/T:o bz{gnfO{ ljsl;t / ;d[4 agfpFb} nu]sf x'g\ . t/ kfZrfTo bz{geGbf kf}/T:o bz{g h]7f] / k'/fgf] xf] . kf}/T:o bz{g k/Dk/fsf] ;'bL3{ / ;d[4 Oltxf; /x]sf] 5 . cfo{x¿n] lxGb's'z lxdfnoaf6 k"j{tkm{ k|:yfg / a;f]af; ug{ yfn]sf] O{zfk"j{ tLg xhf/ kfFr ;o jif{cl3b]lv xf] . df]xghf]bf8f] / x/Kkfdf cfOk/]sf] ljgfz / ljklQkl5 cfo{x¿ k"jL{ kxf8lt/ knfog ePsf x'g\ . oBlk k"jL{o bz{g k/Dk/f eg] O{zfk"j{ Ps xhf/ kfFr ;o jif{b]lv dflgPsf] 5 .

156 ÷ /rgf

kmfu'g—r}t @)&*

k"0ff{Í – !&%

k"jL{o bz{gsf] k|f/De O{zfk"j{ ;ftf}+ ztfAbLlt/ ePsf] dflgG5 . k"jL{o lrGtg k/Dk/fdf cfl:ts / gfl:ts u/L b'O{ y/L bz{gx¿ pTkGg eP .

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kfZrfTo bz{g k/Dk/fsf] cfljef{j u|L;df ePsf] xf] . o'gfgLx¿n] O{zfk"j{ ^)) b]lv hLjg / hut\‍sf] ljifodf lrGtg ug{ yfn]sf x'g\ . kf}/T:o lrGtg k/Dk/fsf bfz{lgsx¿n] h:t} o'gfgL bfz{lgsx¿n] klg hut\ lgdf{0f / hLjg ;~rfng ug{] ‘tTj’jf ‘;|i6f’sf] vf]hL u/] . Kn]6f], ;f]qm]6; / Pl/i6f]6nh:tf bfz{lgsx¿n] kfZrfTo lrGtg k/Dk/fsf] hu vg]sf x'g\ . kl5 cfP/ /]g] 8]sf6{, lxu]n, l:kgf]hf, nfOalgh, Odfo'gPn sfG6, P8d08 as / sfn{ dfS;{h:tf lrGtsx¿n] hLjg / hut\‍sf ljleGg cfofdx¿af/] lrGtg / rrf{ u/]sf 5g\ .

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kb{5 eGg] pb\3f]if u/]+ . dfgj hfltn] ;To / ;Qfsf aLraf6 lx+8\g' kb{5 eg]/ JofVof u/]+ . @@= ;flxTodf ljrf/sf] :yfg / e"ldsf s] x'G5 < ;flxTon] j/0f ug{'kg{] d"No s] xf] < rf}yf] cfofdn] ;flxTodf ljrf/nfO{ s:tf] :yfg / e"ldsf lbPsf] 5 <

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k"jL{o ;flxTo k/Dk/fdf sltkon] ;flxTonfO{ zAbsf] rdTsf/ eg]sf 5g\ eg] sltkon] ;flxTonfO{ cy{sf] rdTsf/ klg dfg]sf 5g\ . t/ efdxn] zAb / cy{ b'a}sf] ;xsfo{ / ;xefjdf hf]8 lbPsf] kfOG5 . To;f] t ‘jfSo+ /;fTds+ sfJod\’ cyf{t\ ‘/;fTds jfSo g} sfJo xf]’ eg]/ ljZjgfyn] eg]sf 5g\ . csf{]lt/ dDd6n] ‘cbf]iff} zAbfyf{} ;u'0ffjgnª\‍s[tf} k'gM Sjflk’cyf{t\ ‘cb'i6 zAbfy{ sfJo xf]’eGg] ljrf/ JoQm u/]sf 5g\ . huGgfyn] /d0fLofy{ k|ltkfbsM zAbM sfJod\ cyf{t\ ‘/d0fLo cy{ lbg ;Sg] zAb sfJo xf]’eg]/ JofVof u/]sf 5g\ .

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klxn]b]lv ePsf] xf] . o;nfO{ kl/isf/jfb klg elgPsf] kfOG5 .

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;g\ !^%$ df a]nfotdf k|of]u ePsf] ‘/f]dflG6s’ zAb ;g\ !^&% lt/ k|mfG;df klg k|j]z u‍¥of] . ;g\ !&&& df k|l;4 k|mfG;]nL lrGts hfF Hofs ?;f]n] ‘/f]dflG6s’ zAbnfO{ ljlzi6 cy{df k|of]u u/] . To;sf] PSsfO{; jif{kl5 ;g\ !&(* df ‘/f]dflG6s’ zAbnfO{ k|mfG;]nL Ps]8]dLn] cflwsfl/stf k|bfg u‍¥of] .

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lgd{d ofbx¿, ltd|f] t:jL/ cfFvfel/, b"af];/L /x/x¿, ;Demgfsf] l;dl;d] em/L / dfofjL k/]nLx¿df klg cg'e"t ug{ ;lsG5 . @%= uhn n]Vbf tkfO{n] s'g To:tf] a]Un} lj/]rg k|fKt ug{' eof] h'g ;flxTosf cGo ljwfdf /rgf ubf{sf] t[lKteGbf km/s 5 < sljtf n]v] klg, uLt n]v] klg, uhn n]v] klg d}n] n]Vg] ‘dfG5]’ g} xf] / dfG5]s} hLjg xf] . dfG5]sf] hLjgsf t/]nLx¿nfO{ kufNb} / ku{]Nb} d}n] sljtf klg n]v]+, uLt klg n]v]+, uhn klg n]v]+ .

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cln a9L jf}l4s s'/fx¿ n]Vg'kbf{ d}n] sljtfsf] af6f] /f]h] x'Fnf . cln a9L bfz{lgs s'/fx¿ n]Vg' kbf{ d}n] lgaGwsf] af6f] /f]h] x'Fnf . cln xflb{s s'/fx¿, :jR5Gb s'/fx¿ n]Vg' kbf{ uLt / uhnsf] af6f] /f]h] x'Fnf . cln ‘7f];’ x'g' kbf{ sljtf n]v] x'Fnf, cln ‘t/n’ x'g' kbf{ uhn n]v] x'Fnf . cln ‘hl6n’ x'g' kbf{ sljtf n]v] x'Fnf, cln ‘g/d’ x'g' kbf{ uhn n]v] x'Fnf . b'a} d]/f l;h{gf x'g\, b'a}nfO{ d dfof ub{5' . Pp6fn] gk'u]/ csf{] ljwfdf k'u]sf] xf]Og, h'g rflxG5; ToxL n]v]sf] x'F . u]ofTdstf, nofTdstf / ;+/rgfTds b[li6n] x]bf{ d]/f sljtf / uhnx¿ leGg b]lvPnfg\ t/ cGto{df hfFbf b'a} l;h{gfsf] efj Pp6} e]l6G5 h:tf] dnfO{ nfU5 .

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@^= tkfO{+sf] uhn n]vgsf] cf/De / ljsf;sf af/]df s]xL pNn]v ul/lbg' x'G5 ls < /x/}/x/ / nx8df d}n] uhn n]Vg yfn]sf] x'F . d}n] lj=;+=@)36 ;fnb]lv uhn n]Vg cf/De u/]sf] x'F . @)#^ ;fn d]/f] hLjg ofqfsf], ljz]ifu/L ;flxlTos l;h{gfofqfsf] b[li6n] dxTjk"0f{ jif{ xf] . oxL ;fn d}n] t]x| jif{s} pd]/df ‘;+qmflGt’gfds ;flxlTos klqsfsf] ;Dkfbg u/]sf] lyPF . ‘;+qmflGt’ klqsfsf] @)#^ df3df k|sflzt bf];|f] cÍdf d]/f] hLjgs} klxnf] uhn k|sflzt ePsf] xf] . of] uhn d}n] @)#^ ;fn ;fpgdf n]v]sf] lyPF . To;}n] d}n] uhn n]Vg / k|sfzg ug{ yfn]sf] $@ jif{ gfl3;s]sf] 5 .

k"0ff{Í – !&%

kmfu'g—r}t @)&*

/rgf ÷ 165

d]/f] klxnf] uhn;ª\u|x ‘b'a;' If]qLsf k|f/flDes uhn’ @)^^ ;fndf k|sflzt ePsf] xf] . uhn n]Vg / 5flkg yfn]sf] tL; jif{kl5 dfq uhnsf] d]/f] l;Ëf] s[lt k|sflzt ePsf] xf] . d]/f] klxnf] uhn s[ltsf] ;Dkfbg cfw'lgs g]kfnL uhnsf dxf/yL / d]/f cfTdLo ldq >L 1fg'jfs/ kf}8]nn] ug{' ePsf] xf] . o;df lj=;+= @)#^ ;fnb]lv @)$^ ;fnleq l;h{gf ePsf !%! j6f uhnx¿ ;ª\u|lxt ePsf 5g\ .

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d]/f] bf];|f] uhn;ª\u|x ‘sf]nfh dg’ lj=;+= @)^* ;fndf k|sflzt ePsf] xf] . o;df d]/f lj=;+= @)$& ;fnb]lv @)%^ ;fn;Dd /lrPsf !)! uhnx¿ ;d]l6Psf 5g\ . d]/f] t];|f] uhn;ª\u|x ‘lga{Gw dg’ lj=;+= @)&$ ;fndf k|sflzt ePsf] xf] . o;df klg !)! j6f uhnx¿ ;dflxt ePsf 5g\ . ‘lga{Gw dg’df ;d]l6Psf uhnx¿lj=;+= @)%& b]lv @)^@ ;fnleq l;h{gf ePsf x'g\ . lj=;+= @)&* d+;L/ @! ut] k|sflzt ePsf] ‘cltl/Qm dg’d]/f] k':tsfsf/df k|sflzt rf}yf] uhns[lt xf] . o; ;ª\u|xdf d]/f] lj=;+= @)^# b]lv @)^& ;fn;Dd l;h{gf ePsf uhnx¿ ;d]l6Psf 5g\ . ‘cdn]v dg’ k':tsfsf/df d]/f] kfFrf} uhn s[lt xf] . o; ;ª\u|xdf d}n] lj=;+=@)^& b]lv @)&@ ;fnleq l;h{gf u/]sf uhnx¿ ;dflxt 5g\ .

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k':tsfsf/afx]s d]/f r'krfk r'krfk, lgd{d ofbx¿, dh:t} ltdL klg / b"af];/L /x/x¿ h:tf uhnsf PNadx¿ klg k|sflzt ePsf 5g\ . To;}u/L d]/f] ‘ltdLn] 5f]8]sf ofbx¿’, ‘dfofjL k/]nLx¿’, ‘ltd|f] t:jL/ cfFvfel/’ / ‘;Demgfsf] l;dl;d] em/L’ h:tf >JorSsfx¿df klg s]xL uhnx¿ ;d]l6Psf 5g\ . d]/f] bf];|f] uhns[lt ‘sf]nfh dg’ nfO{ ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfsf] /fhwfgL jfl;Ë6g 8L= ;L= df k|wfg sfof{no /x]sf] cGt/f{li6«o g]kfnL ;flxTo ;dfhn] cg];f; pTs[i6 uhn s[lt k'/:sf/åf/f

166 ÷ /rgf

kmfu'g—r}t @)&*

k"0ff{Í – !&%

;Ddflgt u/]sf] 5 . lj=;+= @)%& ;fndf dnfO{ uhn>L ;Ddfgåf/f klg ;Ddflgt ul/Psf] 5 . @&= uhnnfO{ tkfO{+ s;/L kl/eflift ug{' x'G5 <

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xflb{stfsf efjgfx¿nfO{ ;+lIfKt / lzi6 zAbdf k|tLsfTds cleJolQm;lxtsf] nofTds k|:t'ltnfO{ uhn elgG5 . k|f/Dedf ;'Gb/L :qLx¿;Fu cyf{t\ k|]o;Lx¿;Fu x'g] dw'/ s'/fsfgL jf k|0foaf]w x'g] lzi6 / k|f~hn cleJolQmnfO{ uhn elgGYof] . x'g klg ‘u’ cyf{t\ ‘jf0fL’ , ‘h’ cyf{t\ ‘:qL’ / ‘cn’ cyf{t\ ‘;fy’ ldn]/ ‘uhn’ zAbsf] lgdf{0f ePsf] xf] . ‘;d;fdlos g]kfnL uhn’sf] ;DkfbsLo e"ldsfdf d}n] uhnsf] kl/efiff ub{} ‘w]/} s'/fx¿ yf]/} zAbdf, ljz[ª\vlnt efjx¿nfO{ z[ª\vnfdf, ljrf/sf] ljljwtfnfO{ ljDjdf, ;femf efjgfx¿nfO{ k|tLsdf / s8f / 7f]; cfu|xx¿nfO{ ;/n, t/n / ;'nlnt t/Lsfn] cleJolQm lbg] kBfTds snf’eg]sf] 5' .

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t/ ‘uhn’ zAbsf] zflAbs cyf{g';f/ z'¿sf jif{x¿df uhnn] h'g k|]ldn / z[Ëfl/s ¿k wf/0f u/]sf] lyof], ;do—qmddf uhnn] cfˆgf k'/fgf ;Ldfgf / aGwgx¿ tf]8\b} gofF af6f] / gofF uGtJo 6]ls;s]sf] 5 . jt{dfg o'udf uhnn] ;d;fdlos o'usf ;d:of / ;/f]sf/x¿nfO{, ;fdflhs / /fhg}lts lj;Ëlt, a]lylt / ljs[ltx¿nfO{ cleJolQm lbg] ljwfsf ¿kdf :yflkt eO;s]sf] 5 . cfhsf] uhnn] efj ;Í'ntf, k|tLs ;DkGgtf / nofTds z}nLsf nflu ;flxTosf c¿ ljwfnfO{ pl5g]/ nf]slk|o :yfg xfl;n ul/;s]sf] 5 . pb{', c/aL / lxGbL efiffdf em}+ g]kfnL uhn klg ;flxTosf] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ / nf]slk|o ljwfsf ¿kdf k|lti7flkt eO;s]sf] 5 .

@*= uhn n]vgdf tkfO{+ s;}af6 k|efljt x'g'x'G5 < uhn n]vgsf] k|f/Dedf d df]tL/fd e§ / eLdlglw ltjf/Laf6 k|efljt ePsf] x'F . pRr lzIff cWoog ug{ lj=;+= @)$) k"0ff{Í – !&%

kmfu'g—r}t @)&*

/rgf ÷ 167

;fndf sf7df8f}+ cfPkl5 eg] d To; ;dosf hNbfaNbf slj / uhnsf/x¿sf] ;Dks{ / ;flGgwdf /x]+ . To; a]nfsf d]/f uhnsf/ ldqx¿df ;j{>L 1fg'jfs/ kf}8]n, ljho jlhdo, ljof]uL a'9fyf]sL, tLy{ >]i7, nj ufpFn] / w|'j dlwsdL{x¿sf] ;Ët / xf};nfaf6 d uhnn]vgtkm{ cln a9L g} xf}l;PF . To;a]nf d sljsf ¿kdf eg] :yflkt eO;s]sf] lyPF .

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uhn n]vgdf eGbf klg uhn k|sfzgdf dnfO{ ldqx¿sf] k|]/0ff / k|f]T;fxg k|fKt ePsf] xf] . n]vgd} k|efj kfg{] uhnsf/ ldqx¿ eg] 5}gg\ eGbf klg x'G5 . oBlk d]/f cfTdLo ldq >L 1fg'jfs/ kf}8]nHo"sf] lzi6 ;Ët, ldqjt\ Jojxf/ / ;sf/fTds / ;xof]uL efjgfaf6 eg] Psbd} k|efljt ePsf] x'F . pxfFs} ;flGgWoaf6 jf}l4s uB sljtf n]lv/x]sf] d xflb{s uhn n]vgtkm{ cln a9L cfslif{t ePsf] x'F .

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@(= sljtfdf eGbf tkfO{+ uhndf cln a9L ;/n, ;Gt'lnt / ;'kf7\‍o b]lvg' x'G5 < cyjf o;f] eg"F ls sljtfdf eGbf uhndf tkfO{+ sd af}l4s / sdhf]/ b]lvg' x'G5 <

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;h{s b'a;' If]qLleq xflb{s / af}l4s b'j} kIfx¿ cGtlg{lxt /x]sf 5g\ . xflb{s kIf alnof] ePsf a]nf uLt / uhnx¿ k|:km'l6t x'G5g\, jf}l4s kIf xfjL ePsf a]nf sljtf / sfJox¿ hlGdG5g\ .

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uhn ljwf g} ;/n, ;'nlnt / lzi6 ljwf xf] . u]otf / nofTdstf uhnsf j}lzi6\‍ox¿ x'g\ . xflb{stf / lzi6tf uhnsf cËx¿ x'g\ . To;}n], d]/f uhnx¿ sljtfeGbf sd af}l4s / sd hl6n x'g' c:jfefljs klg xf]Og . d]/f uhnx¿df af}l4stf gePsf] xf]Og . d]/f uhnx¿df klg Joª\‍Uo, ZofdJoª\‍ox¿ gePsf xf]Ogg\ . t/ tL sljtfdf h;/L d'vl/t ePsf 5}gg\ . sljtfdf h;/L uhndf cleJolQm 7f];, s8f / hl6n x'Fb}g, x'g' klg x'Fb}g eGg] d 7fGb5' .

168 ÷ /rgf

kmfu'g—r}t @)&*

k"0ff{Í – !&%

kf7sx¿ / d]/f ldqx¿ d]/f uhndf klg cZjd]w o1sf 3f]8fx¿ / cjtf/ lj3l6t xg'dfgdf /x]sf af}l4s sljtfx¿, To:t} efn] z}nL / hl6n ;+/rgfx¿ vf]Hg' x'G5 h'g uhndf ;Dej 5}g / x'Fb}g . t}klg, d]/f uhnx¿df af}l4stf 5Fb} 5}g eGg] s'/f ;To xf]Og, /d/d af}l4stf / ZofdJoª\‍Uo d]/f uhnx¿df k|z:t b]Vg kfOG5 . d]/f uhndf klg b'a;' If]qLsf] :ki6 5fk / j}lzi6\o cg'e"t ug{ kfOG5 eGg] d 7fGb5' .

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s]xL ;dLIfs, ;dfnf]rs / kf7sx¿n] jt{dfgdf g]kfnL uhnsf] u'0f:t/ v:s]sf] 5 eGg' ePsf] 5 . nf]slk|otfnfO{ Pp6f e]n / Pp6f eL8sf ¿kdf klg JofVof ug{' ePsf] 5 .

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d To;/L x]g{ rfxGgF . lgZro klg g]kfnL uhnn] clxn] Pp6f gofF af6f] kqm]sf] 5 . g]kfnL uhnn] Pp6f gofF uGtJosf] vf]hL u/]sf] 5 .

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df]tL/fd e§n] vg]sf] af6f] / eLdlglw ltjf/L / pk]Gb| axfb'/ ‘lhu/’x¿n] lgdf{0f u/]sf] dfu{nfO{ 1fg'jfs/ kf}8]n, dg' a|fhfsL, ljho jlhdo, a"Fb /fgf, h}g]Gb| hLjg, ljof]uL a'9fyf]sL, ;gt s'df/, /lj k|f~hn, nlnhg /fjn, cljgfz >]i7, s[i0fxl/ a/fn, 3gZofd Gof}kfg] ‘kl/>dL’ nj ufpFn] / w|'j dlwsdL{h:tf uhnsf/x¿n] g]kfnL uhnnfO{ Pp6f gofF ofd / cfofd lbg' ePsf] 5 . kl5Nnf] k':tfsf s[;' If]qL, dgf]h Gof}kfg], k|df]b :g]xL, k|lt/f]w sfsL{, k|f]Nnf; l;Gw'nLo, ;'/]z ;'j]bL, e/t ef/åfh, /]g'sf e§, ;ljgf l;Gw', ;fwgf k|tLIff, zLtn sfblDagL, afa' lqkf7L, nIdLbQ e§h:tf k|ltefzfnL / k|efjzfnL uhnsf/x¿n] g]kfnL uhnnfO{ Pp6f gofF prfO k|bfg ug{' ePsf] 5 . To;}n], g]kfnL uhnsf] eljio d pHHjn, ;kmn / ;fy{s b]Vb5' .

k"0ff{Í – !&%

kmfu'g—r}t @)&*

/rgf ÷ 169

#!= JolQmut n]vgsf ;fy;fy} tkfO{+ ;+:yfut ¿kdf klg g]kfnL uhnsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/df nflu/xg' ePsf] 5 < d uhn klg n]lv/x]sf] 5' . n]vgsf ;fy;fy} g]kfnL ;flxTodf uhn ljwfnfO{ :yflkt / ;Ddflgt u/fpFb} uhnnfO{ g]kfnL ;flxTosf] Ps cleGg / dxTjk"0f{ ljwfsf ¿kdf :yfg, klxrfg / k|lti7f k|fKt u/fpg nflu k/]sf] 5' .

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d}n] lj=;+= @)$( ;fndf ‘j;'Gw/f’;flxlTos å}dfl;sdf uhn ljz]iffÍsf] ;Dkfbg / k|sfzg u/]+ . lj=;+=@)%) ;fndf ;dsfnLg g]kfnL uhnsf/x¿sf r'lgPsf uhnx¿ ;Íng tyf ;Dkfbg u/]/ ‘;d;fdlos g]kfnL uhn’gfds k|ltlglw u|Gysf] k|sfzg u/] . To;}u/L d}n] cfkm" ;+of]hs /x]/ k|yd k6s /fli6«o uhn dxf]T;jsf] cfof]hgf u/]+ . ;f]xL dxf]T;jdf ;d;fdlos k':tfsf s]xL k|ltlglw uhnsf/x¿nfO{ uhn>L ;Ddfgåf/f ;Ddflgt ul/Psf] lyof] .

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;fy}, d}n] ‘8fo:kf]/fsf g]kfnL uhn’ljifodf Ps ;fy{s / ;kmn sfo{qmdsf] cfof]hgf u/]+. d}n] a]nfotdf /xFbf ‘a]nfotsf g]kfnL uhn’gfds a]nfot]nL g]kfnL uhnsf/x¿sf k|ltlglw uhnx¿sf] ;Íng tyf ;Dkfbg u/]sf] 5' . cfw'lgs g]kfnL uhnsf x:tL >L eLdlglw ltjf/Lsf uhnx¿ ;Íng tyf ;Dkfbg u/]/ ‘eLdlglw ltjf/L sfnhoL uhn’ s[lt k|sfzg ul//x]sf] 5' . To:t} d]/} k|/] 0ff / k|of;df lj=;+= @)&@ df g]kfnL uhnsf] P]ltxfl;s / dfgs u|Gy ‘;ËLt rGb|fb] o’k|sflzt ePsf] 5 . clxn] d DofGdf -adf{_ df /xL g]kfnL uhn n]lv/xg'ePsf uhnsf/x¿sf] k|ltlglw uhn ;ª\ux| ‘DofGdfnL g]kfnL uhn’ ;Dkfbg ul//x]sf] 5' . To;}u/L, ljZjsf ljleGg d'ns ' x¿df /xL uhn n]lv/xg' ePsf g]kfnL uhnsf/x¿sf k|ltlglw uhnx¿ ;Íng / ;Dkfbg u/L ‘8fo:kf]/fsf g]kfnL uhn’gfds dxTjk"0f{ u|Gy klg k|sfzg ug{] of]hgfcGtu{t sfo{ eO/x]sf] 5 .

170 ÷ /rgf

kmfu'g—r}t @)&*

k"0ff{Í – !&%

#@= ‘cdn]v dg’ s:tf] uhn s[lt xf] < of] uhn;ª\u|x tkfO{+sf k"j{ k|sflzt uhns[ltx¿ sf]nfh dg, lga{Gw dg / cltl/Qm dgx¿eGbf slt leGg /x]sf] 5 <

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sljtfdf h:t} uhndf klg d]/f] n]vgsf] cfwf/ / ceLi6 ‘dfG5]’xf] . dfG5]sf] cl:tTjsf] ;+/If0f / dfG5]sf] ;Eotfsf] g}/Gto{sf kIfdf d]/f sljtfx¿h:t} d]/f uhnx¿ klg plePsf 5g\ . dfG5]nfO{ :jtGq, lga{Gw / ;fj{ef}d agfpg] lbzfdf d]/f sljtfx¿h:t} d]/f uhnx¿ klg s]lGb|t /x]sf 5g\ . dfG5]nfO{ :jtGq, :jfwLg / ;fj{ef}d agfpg] ;'nlnt zAbsf cleJolQm g} d]/f uhnx¿ x'g\ . ‘cdn]v dg’ d]/f] ;flxTo n]vgsf] p2]Zodf k|ltj4 uhnx¿sf] u'R5f xf] . ‘cdn]v dg’ klg cFWof/f]lj?4 / ;fF3'/f]lj?4 kl/nlIot zAbsf clGtd]Tyd\x¿ x'g\ . of] uhn;ª\u|x klg cÍ'zlj?4 / c:jtGqtflj?4 xflgPsf If]Kof:q xf] . ‘cdn]v dg’lgMzAbtflj?4, lghL{jgtflj?4 / lgdfgjLotflj?4 jf0fLsf] ah| xf] . ‘cdn]v dg’ klg ljeLlifsflj?4, lj;Ëltlj?4, a]lyltlj?4 / lj8Dagflj?4 k|xf/ ul/Psf] zAbf:q xf] .

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uhn ePsfn] d]/f sljtf / sfJox¿eGbf o;sf] ;/ntf, t/ntf, ;'nlnttf / ;'kf7\‍otf cln a9L b]lvG5 . oBlk, d]/f cGo uhn;ª\u|xx¿ sf]nfh dg, lga{Gw dg / cltl/Qm dgeGbf of] gjLgtd uhns[lt ‘cdn]v dg’ klg af}l4stf / xflb{stfsf] ;+of]hg / ;Gt'ngdf b[li6n] Tolt leGg /x]sf] 5}g . t/ pd]/, cg'ej / cWoogsf b[li6n] klxn] l;h{gf ePsf uhnx¿eGbf ‘cdn]v dg’ df ;d]l6Psf uhnx¿ cln kl/kSj, ;+oldt / ;Gt'lnt b]lvG5g\ eGg] dnfO{ nfU5 . s]xL ufhn' uhnx¿ klg o; ;ª\u|xdf k/]sf 5g\ . t/ ltgdf klg xflb{stfsf] ;Gt'ng /x]s} 5 eGg'k5{ .

k"0ff{Í – !&%

kmfu'g—r}t @)&*

/rgf ÷ 171

##= tkfO{+ bh{gf}+ ;flxlTos, k|fl1s / ;f+:s[lts ;+3;+:yfx¿df cfa4 x'g'x'G5 . km]l/ cfˆgf dftflktfsf gfddf j;'Gw/f—dfg k|1fk|lti7fg / cfˆg} gfddf b'a;' If]qL /fli6«o ljsf; k|lti7fg :yfkgf ug{'sf] p2]Zo / cf}lrToaf/] k|sfz kfl/lbg' xf];\ g <

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d y'k|} ;flxlTos, ;f+:s[lts / k|fl1s ;+3;+:yfx¿df ;+nUg /x]sf] 5' . d}n] oL ;+3;+:yfx¿df oyf;Dej ;xof]u klg ub{} cfO/x]sf] 5' . d ;+nUg ePsf ;+3;+:yfx¿df g]kfnL n]vs ;+3, cGt/f{li6«o g]kfnL ;flxTo ;dfh, jftfj/0f ;flxTosf/ ;+3, g]kfn—hfkfg n]vs ;+3, g]kfn—DofGdf n]vs ;+3, g]kfnL ;flxTo ljsf; kl/ifb\ / l;h{gzLn emfkfnL ;dfhnufot bh{geGbf a9L ;flxlTos, ;f+:s[lts / k|fl1s ;+3;+:yfx¿ 5g\ . d]/f] kl/jf/n] :yfkgf u/]sf j;'Gw/f—dfg k|1fk|lti7fg / b'a;' If]qL /fli6«o ljsf; k|lti7fgdf klg d]/f] dxTjk"0f{ ;xof]u /x]sf] 5 . j;'Gw/f—dfg k|1fk|lti7fg d]/f k"hgLo cfdfa'jf >LdtL j;'Gw/f b]jL ;'j]bL / >L dfg axfb'/ ;'j]bLsf] gfddf :yfkgf ePsf] ;+:yf xf] h;sf] p2]Zo lghL If]qaf6 g]kfnsf] ;flxlTos, ;f+:s[lts / k|fl1s If]qsf] pGgog / ljsf;df ;xof]u k'‍¥ofpg' xf] .

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efjgf / ;b\efjgf ePsf] dnfO{ cfˆg} ;+:yfsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/df nfUg'nfO{ c:jfefljs dfGg' kg{] b]lVbgF . #$= ;flxToaf6 kf7sn] k|fKt ug{'kg{] cg'e"lt jf t[lKt k|bfg ug{] g]kfnL / ljb]zL n]vs / ltgsf s[ltx¿ ;'emfpg' k‍¥of] eg] tkfO{+ s'gs'g n]vs / s[ltx¿ ;lDemg' x'G5 <

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d oxL n]vs jf oxL s[lt k9\g'xf];\ eg]/ pkb]z lbg rfxGgF . d}n] dg k/fPsf] n]vs jf dnfO{ dg k/]sf] s[lt c¿x¿nfO{ dg gkg{ klg ;S5 . of] cfcfˆgf] ?lrsf] s'/f klg xf], cfcfˆgf] cf:yf / cfbz{sf] s'/f klg xf] .

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174 ÷ /rgf

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clk|msf dxfb]z ef}lts ljsf; / cfly{s b[li6n] cFWof/f] xf]nf t/ ;flxTo / ;+:s[ltsf If]qdf clk|msf dxfg\ / j}ejzfnL dxfb]z xf] . clk|msf dxfb]zsf PG6\hL qmf]u, 8]lg; a'|6';, lrg'jf cfr]a], Hofs dfkf~h], hf];] qmfleGxf, lgoL cf];'G8f/], gluj dxkm"h / jf]n] ;f]OGsfh:tf dxfg\ clk|msL ;flxTosf/x¿sf s[ltx¿ dxŒjk"0f{ 5g\ .

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Nofl6g cd]l/sfsf] ;flxTo klg Hofb} ;d[4 / j}ejzfnL 5 .

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176 ÷ /rgf

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ljZj ;flxlTos lIflthdf hfkfgL ;flxTosf] klg ul/dfdo :yfg /x]sf] 5 . hfkfgL xfOs'n] ljZj;flxTodf lzi6 / ljlzi6 :yfg xfl;n u/]sf] kfOG5 . of;'gf/L sfjfjftf / s]Ghfa'/f] cf]Ph:tf hfkfgL ;flxTosf/x¿n] ;flxTodf gf]a]n k'/:sf/;d]t k|fKt u/]sf 5g\ . ;'k|l;4 xfOs'sf/ dfT;'cf] af;f] / sf]afo;L O:;fn] hu p7fPsf] hfkfgL ;flxTodf s]~hL ldofhfjf, ;'Gtf/f] tflgsfjf, /o'OrL 6fDa], ;fsf; r'af]/L, cf]ufO df]/L, Oxf/f ;fOsfs", Pl/sf] lsl;bf, z"g xf;]ufjf, km"ldsf] gfsfhf], sfT;'P lstf;f]gf], s]lxcf] ;f]uf, df;fxf? km'hL, ldT;'xf? sfg]sf], l/P of]lzo'sL, /o'OrL tfd'/f, ;]:;f]g o'afO, ;fsfP r'af]O{, ;'hL t]/fofdf, ;'g xf;]ufjf, l;cf]g ;f]gf], tfsf;L gfufT;'sf, tfs];L stfgf], of;';L Ogf]pj], of]g] gf]u'rL, o'lsof] ldlzdf, Otf] lx/f]dL / ld;'h' km's'bfh:tf k|ltefzfnL / k|efjzfnL x:tfIf/x¿ hfkfgdf :yflkt ePsf 5g\ h;n] ljZj;flxTod} cfˆgf] ljlzi6 pkl:ylt b]vfPsf 5g\ .

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178 ÷ /rgf

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