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1.0 ABSTRACT Building services are essential to function well in every building. The aim in the systems installed in buildings are necessity to comfort user,always functional, efficient and safe to use in optimal condition. In this report, we produced the outcome of the analysis on the various building services that are functioning in Taylor’s University Lakeside Campus. The four main categories of building services that will be covered which include: fire protection system, air-conditioning system, mechanical ventilation system and mechanical transportation system. We had a trip to Block D & E, with the guidance of Mr.Azri from the facilities management office. He had showed and explained to us the building services not only the requirement field but also the electrical appliances and water plumbing systems. We were then further explored and researched of our respective field in this report. Uniform Building by law (UBBL) and Malaysian Standard (MS1525) are being referred to gather more information on the regulation of the services.
1.1 Acknowledgment Throughout this project, we would like to thank Mr.Vimel and Mr.Azri from the facilities management department of Taylor’s University Lakeside Campus for allowing us to have a site visit regarding on the building services. They have been patiently explained to us for every question that we bring forward. Mr.Vimel had also been efficiently provide the important datas to us. Secondly, we also would like to thank our tutor Ar.Sateerah Hassan for her guidance throughout the process of this project. Besides that, we are also grateful that Ms.Sateerah had spent her quality time with us. Helping us so much by providing some detailed information during the tutorial session. From this assignment, we have truly understand the functionality of using specific system to ensure the right system could be used on specific area. Finally, we would like to thank all the group members who had put in their effort and hardwork in making this research report into a success.
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.0 PROJECT INTRODUCTION 2
2.0 PROJECT INTRODUCTION
Figure 2.1(a) Taylor’s University Lakeside Campus
2.1 Introduction to the Building The site that we have chosen is Taylor’s University Lakeside Campus which is located at Subang Jaya, Selangor. Taylor’s University which commonly referred as Taylor’s was established in year 2010 as university status. It was designed by NWKA Architect Sdn Bhd. Work commenced of RM450 million for this campus in the early of 2007. The total land use set on 27 acres of tropical greenery, the campus is surrounded by a revived 5.5 acre man-made lake. It is a multi storey education building that divide into few blocks which are Block A, B, C, D, E and the commercial block. The areas that we had did our building services analysis are block D . It is 10 stories height with a basement carpark below. The spaces in these two blocks are mainly consisted of laboratories, classrooms, design studios, kitchen, offices, computer labs and so on. According to the architect, the environment concept has emphasized on passive sustainable green design focusing on practical knowledge rather than technology. Natural open spaces and public areas like the main concourses, building corridors, sky bridges and lift lobbies are naturally lit, ventilated and cooled through wind funnels thus reducing energy consumption. These spaces have led to a reduction in overall energy requirement for mechanical cooling, for over 50% of the usable spaces. Designated large roof overhangs keep the sun out, preventing direct sun exposure and encouraging outdoor congregation before and after classes. However, for certain spaces that are too enclosed such as the laboratories and kitchen and many more still need the aid of building services to create a space that is in the optimal comfort level of human needs.
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3. ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM 3.1 Literature Review In the events of fire, active fire protection systems are the first res-ponders and the protection of occupants and their property. A good active fire protection is to prevent and reduce the damage until the minimum numbers. Compare to passive fire protection, active fire protection systems are only play when a fire present and require activation through a combination of sensors and manual actions or mechanical means.
3.2 Introduction Active Fire Protection (AFP) is a group of systems that require some amount of action or motion in order to work efficiently in the event of a fire. Actions may be manually operated, like a fire extinguisher or automatic, like a sprinkler, but either way they require some amount of action. For example, there are a few step to use the fire extinguisher which are pull, aim, squeeze, sweep and the sprinkler also need the ambient temperature around reach until the activation temperature then the water only will spray. Basically what active fire protection system is the combination of fire detection, signal alert, and prevention which reacts to action or motion. In Taylor’s University Lakeside Campus, a lot of AFP system is installed to make sure the students here able to study in a safe environment. The AFP systems those found are detectors (heat/ smoke), fire alarms, sprinklers, hose reel, fire extinguisher, CO² system, smoke spills system, etc. All these systems have designed and placed at the most suitable accordingly due to the functions and laws. These AFP systems are also have a check in certain periods to make sure it able to function when fire happened.
3.3 Fire Detection System 3.3.1 Heat Detector
Figure 3.3.1(a) Heat Detector The heat detector is a device that able to detect and respond to the presence of fire. Most of the heat detectors have two thermistors to sense heat. One is exposed to the ambient temperature; another one is sealed. In normal condition the two thermistors are having the same temperature. When there is fire, the exposed thermistors will absorb more heat compare to the sealed thermistors. When the imbalance temperature happens between the two thermistors, the heat detector will change into alarm state. There are also a few types of heat detectors are designed to have only one thermistors. They change to alarm state when the thermistors reached or exceed the preset temperature. There are two methods for detecting fire from the presence of heat: • Fixed temperature heat detectors operate when the ambient temperature increases sufficiently to predetermined level where the heat detector will operate • A rate-of-rise heat detector operates when the ambient temperature increases over time equal to or greater than the rate of change
UBBL -SECTION 225 Every building shall be provided with means of detecting and extinguisher fire and alarms together with illuminated exit signs in accordance with the requirements as specified in Tenth Schedule to these by-Laws.
3.3.2 Smoke Detector
Figure 3.3.2 (a) A photoelectric smoke detector
Figure 3.3.2(b) Component detail in smoke detector
A smoke detector is a device that senses smoke, typically as an indicator of fire positioned on the ceiling on every floor. Commercial security devices issue a signal to a fire alarm control panel as part of a fire alarm system. Smoke detectors are classified into two types which are photoelectric and ionization smoke detector. The type of smoke detectors used in Taylor's University Lakeside Campus is photoelectric smoke detector. It accumulates data from its smoke detecting component and convert it into digital signals. To settle on an alarm choice, it looks at the data to chronicled perusing and time designs. They are powered by a focal flame caution framework which is driven by building force with battery reinforcement.
UBBL 1984 Section 153: Smoke Detectors for Lift Lobbies. 1. All lift lobbies shall be provided with smoke detectors. 2. Lift not opening into a smoke lobby shall not use door reopening devices controlled by light beam or photo detectors unless incorporated with a force close feature which after thirty seconds of any interruption of the beam causes the door to close within a preset time.
Figure 3.3.2 (c) Location of Smoke Detector
3.4 Fire Alarm System Fire Alarm systems perform several functions vital to limiting life and property losses during fires. They can provide early warning to occupants for evacuation. A fire alarm system is number of device working together and give notice though visual and audio appliances. These alarms may be activated from smoke detectors, and heat detectors. They may also be activated via manual fire alarm activation devices such as manual call points or pull stations. The fire alarm system will link to the fire control panel. When the detector activates the alarm system, the management will notice from the panel and check for the truth. If fire really happen, the management will give the instruction of evacuation to the occupants. Fire alarm system is to make sure the occupant able to know what happening at that moment and respond. 3.4.1 Fire Alarm bell
Figure 3.4.1 (a) Fire Alarm Bell
The Fire Alarm Bells are activated by either the smoke detectors and heat detectors or someone break the glass of manual break point. The sound of the alarm bell operates to alert people that there may be a fire and the people able respond to escape from the buildings after hearing the alarm bell rang. The fire alarm bell functions through the electromagnet. The working theory of it is actually this way. When an electric current is
implying, it will produce a repetitive buzzing sound over and over again until the certain time. There are two different types of alarm bell: Vibrating type- Ring continuously until the power supply is turned off. Single stroke type- When power is supplied, the bell will ring once and stop and will not ring again until the power turned on again UBBL 1984 Section 237: Fire Alarms 1. Fire alarms shall be provided in accordance with the Tenth Schedule to these by-laws. 2. All premises and building with gross floor area excluding car park and storage area exceeding 9290 square meters or exceeding 30.5 meters in height shall be provided with a two-stage alarm system with evacuation (continuous signal) to be given immediately in the affected section of the premises while an alert (intermittent signal) be given in adjoining section. 3. Provision shall be made for the general evacuation of the premises by action of a master control.
Figure 3.4.1 (b) Location of Fire Alarm Bell on 3rd Floor
3.4.2 Manual Break Points
Figure 3.4.2 (a) Manual Break Point at Lift Lobby This is the system that connects to the fire alarm bell. It is an emergency break glass device that enables the occupants to raise the alarm manually when the fire alarm might not be detected. The way to activate it is just breaking the frangible element on the fascia. Most of the manual break points is installed 1.4meters away from the floor and the place that can easily be seen. In Taylor’s, the manual break points are located at the corridor of each level. Averagely each level have 3 manual break points.
Figure 3.4.2 (b) Location of Fire Break Points 4th Floor, Block D
Figure 3.4.2 (c) Location of Fire Break Points 5th Floor, Block D
3.4.2 Announcement Speaker
Figure 3.4.2(a) Announcement Speaker The announcement speakers is to assure able to provide clear,effective communication while emergency happened especially fire. When there is fire, the announcer will make announcement from the control room and tell about the situation and lead the occupants to leave safely. 3.5 Fire Intercom System
Figure 3.5 (a)Main fire intercom panel
Figure 3.5 (b) Fire intercom at electrical room
Fire intercom system provide two-way audio communication between remote areas and the fire command center in a building. The system consists a master control console and remote control handsets are at the designated areas.
Operation of two-way Voice Communication: 1. The raising of any Remote Handset from its cradle shall: Indicate at the Control Panel the location of that Handset by means of a flashing visual red LED indication. Sound a distinct audible signal at the Control Panel; and Produce an audible tone in that Handset to indicate that the System is functioning until such time that the Master Handset at the Control Panel is raised from its cradle and the respective calling zone been selected, then the tone shall disappear and communication is established 2. The raising of the Master Handset and selecting the calling zone at the Control Panel shall: Silence the audible signal; Replace the flashing visual red LED indication with a continuous visual indication; Permit two-way communication with one or any number of Remote Handsets that are selected. By default, the communication shall be on privacy mode once the Master Handset is raised from its cradle, unless `PartyLine’ switch is otherwise selected. 3. If during the course of a normal private conversation between the Master Handset and a Remote Handset, one or more additional Remote Handsets are raised, then this condition shall be indicated by a flashing visual indication at the Control Panel. These additional handsets shall receive a “busy” tone and shall be able to listen to, or join in the conversation after the Control Panel has activated the corresponding selection switch. Alternatively, these additional Remote Handsets, once raised, shall be able to listen or join in the conversation when the `Party-Line’ switch is pressed & selected.
Figure 3.5 (c) Location of Security Fire Control Room 3.6 Remote Handsets Cabinets
Figure 3.6 (a) Remote Handsets Cabinet These telephone handsets are permanently installed throughout a building to allow Firefighters easy communication with the main control panel. The remote handset stations are located at staircase at every level. The Firefighter telephone stations
provide a handset inside the cabinet with a locked door. The way to get the handsets inside is either by unlocking the door or breaking the glass section. The door surface is clearly identified with the words or “TELEFON BOMBA API” which means firefighter’s telephone, using large white lettering for easy identification. The breakable glass section clearly indicates “To open use key or break glass” in order to access the unit. The Firefighter Telephone handset rests on a cradle inside the enclosure. Lifting the remote handset from the cradle causes a buzzer to sound and lights a “Common Call” indicator or a zone indicator, if provided, at the Emergency Voice Evacuation panel, while the caller hears a steady tone indicating that a call is being made.
3.6 Main Fire Control Panel
Figure 3.6 (a) Fire control panel at control room
Figure 3.6 (b) Fire Control Panel System
This panels is placed in the fire control rooms. It responsible to monitor all initiating devices.Fire control panel also able to control and activate the notification application and emergency controls if fire breakout. It also used when the management staff do the checking of the devices whether function properly. Fire control panel is linking to a printers, and the report will be print through the printer.
Figure 3.7 (a) Fire Alarm Control Panel Components
UBBL- SECTION 238: Every large premises or building exceeding 30.5 meters in height shall be provided with a command and control center located on the designated floor and shall contain a panel to monitor the public address, fire brigade communication, sprinkler, water flow detectors fire detection and alarm systems and a direct telephone connection to the appropriate fire-station bypassing the switch board.
3.8 Fireman Switch
Figure 3.8 (a) Fireman Switch Fireman switches are placed on the outside wall of commercial space.The fireman switch of Taylor's University are found at the wall of emergency exit in every floor. The function of the fireman switch is to disconnect and turn off neon-lighting and other hazardous electrical equipment for certain floors that happened fire. If there is a fire in the building, the fireman will uses an insulated rod (Fireman axe) to pull the handle to On position to isolates the utility supply to the building. It is used to prevent the wire explosions occur while pulling especially when fire.
UBBL 240. Electrical isolation switch 1) Every floor or zone of any floor with a net area exceeding 929 square meters shall be provided with an electrical isolation switch located within a staircase enclosure to permit the disconnection of electrical power supply to the relevant floor or zone served. 2) The switch shall be of a type similar to the fireman's switch specified in the Institution of Electrical Engineers Regulations then in force.
3.9 Water Based System Water based system is a system that using water to extinguish the fire. Water is one of the way to extinguish the fire. Sometimes water is not able to control the fire and might cause the fire to bigger or cause more damage. So the water based system have to place strategically to get more effective during fire suppression. 3.9.1 Sprinkler System
Figure 3.9.1(a) Water Sprinkle Fire sprinklers are used to control and extinguish the fire automatically when fire detected. There are a lot of different type fire sprinkler can be found but the most common types of fire sprinkle that used are upright and pendent which are also used by Taylor's University Lakeside Campus. Basically, a Fire Sprinkler Systems are made up from a series of components including stop valve, alarm valve, fire sprinkler, alarm test valve and motorized alarm bell. In addition to this there are additional components that support this arrangement including a valve monitor, pressure switch and flow switch.
How fire sprinklers work: 1. The typical sprinkler head consists of a plug held in place by a trigger mechanism. The most common type of trigger is a glass ampule filled with a glycerin-based liquid that expands when heated. 2. This liquid is designed to expand and break the glass at a certain temperature. The most common are designed to break at 155 degrees. In the average sized room, a 5mm diameter ampule will usually break in about one to one and a half minutes from contact with a heat source. Ampules as thin as 1mm are manufactured for a faster response time. 3. The plug is forced out by the pressurized water behind it and deflected away by a beveled edge. The water sprays over the deflector plate which is designed to distribute it in an even pattern. Water flow until the main valve is shut off.
UBBL 1984 Section 226: Automatic System for Hazardous Occupancy When hazardous processes, storage or occupancy are of such character as to require automatic sprinklers or other automatic extinguishing system, it shall be of a type and standard appropriate to extinguish fires in the hazardous materials stored or handled or for the safety of the occupants. UBBL 1984 Section 228: Sprinkler Valves 1. Sprinkler valves shall be located in a safe and enclosed position on the exterior wall and shall be readily accessible to the Fire Authority. 2. All sprinkler system shall be electricity connected to the nearest fire station to provide immediate and automatic relay of the alarm when activated.
Figure 3.9.1(c ) Fire Sprinkle Plan, level 5
3.9.2 Fire Hose Reel System
Figure 3.9.2 (a) Fire Hose Reel Fire Hose Reel Systems are intended for the occupants to use during the early stages of a fire and it comprises hose reel pump, fire water storage tanks, hose reel, pipe work and valves. Fire Hose Reel is located near the emergency staircase and the bomba lift in every floor. It discharges 30L/ min of water within 6 meters coverage. It provided with up to 30 meters of reinforced rubber hose with a diameter of 25mm. The type of fire hose reel in Taylor’s are swing type, 30meter long, 25mm diameter hose, jet spray nozzle and isolating valve. Taylor’s block D is in a linear shape with a walkway as dominance, three hose reel were placed strategically at front, end and center of the walkway.
Figure 3.9.2 (b) Location of Fire Hose Reel at 8th Floor, Block D
Figure 3.9.2 (c) Location of Fire Hose Reel at 9th Floor, Block D 3.9.3 Fire Hydrant
Figure 3.9.3 (a) Wet riser fire hydrant valve and external fixed fire hydrant Fire hydrant system is a safety measure of emergency equipment required in some buildings that comprises a series of components that when assembled together provide a source of water to assist fire authorities in a fire.Indoor wet riser hydrant valve and external fixed fire hydrants are installed in Taylor’s University Lakeside Campus. The wet riser hydrant valves are placed at the roof level of each block and near to the hosel reel every level, the outdoor ones is near to the drainage.
UBBL - SECTION 225 (2) Every building shall be served by at least one fire hydrant located not more than 91.5 meters from the nearest point of fire brigade access. UBBL - SECTION 225 (3) Depending on the site and location of the building and the provision of access for fire appliances, additional fire hydrant shall be provided as may be required by the Fire Authority.
Figure 3.9.3 (b) fire hydrant placement at lower ground of Block D 3.9.4 Pump Room
The pump room, also called as the sprinkler room provides immediate and fast means of fire control to deliver suffient water flow during an fire event. This pump room function with 3 elements with different role on their own, which is the duty pump, standby pump and jockey pump.
Figure 3.9.4 (a) 3 Different type of pumps
A firefighting system consists of 2 main pumps, the main pumps provide sufficient supply of Pressurised Water to the Fire Fighting System, which is initiated either manually or automatically. A sudden drop in pressure cause the main pumps to supply water to the fire fighting system automatically. However, the main pumps can only be stopped manually. This is known as packaged system. The pressure gauge function to
control the pressure so that the water pressure is accurate and appropriate. Water will be automatically cut out at certain circumstances. UBBL- SECTION 247: Main water storage tanks within the building,other than for the hose reel system, shall be located at ground, first or second basement levels, with fire brigade pumping inlet connection accessible to fire appliance.
Figure 3.9.4 (b) Water tanks in pump room
Figure 3.9.4 (a) Plan view of pump room
3.10 Fire Extinguisher A fire extinguisher is used to extinguish or control small fires, often in emergency situations. It is not intended for use on an out-of-control fire, such as one, which has reached the ceiling, endangers the user or otherwise requires the expertise of a fire department. For more, a fire extinguisher also consists of a hand-held cylindrical pressure vessel containing an agent,which can be discharged to extinguish a fire. P.A.S.S is the four simple step to use a fire extinguisher, which representing Pull, Aim, Squeeze, Sweep. Fire extinguisher can be divided into 5 major class. To handle different class of fire, the fire extinguisher are designed and filled up will different materials which are water, foam spray, ABC powder, carbon dioxide and wet chemical. Each of them will perform different role in the events of different class of fire. In Taylor’s University Lakeside campus, the most common used fire extinguishers is ABC powder extinguisher, because it suit to encounter most class of fire except for the kitchen cooking oil and fat. ABC powder fire extinguisher we also called as dry powder fire extinguisher. The ways of using a fire extinguisher:
Figure 3.10 (a) P.A.S.S technique while using a fire extinguisher
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Figure 3.10 (b) Diagram of fire extinguishers’ types 3.11 CO² System
Figure 3.11 (a) CO2 system found at Block D ground floor Genset room
Carbon dioxide (CO²) is a colorless, odorless, and chemically inert gas that is both readily available and electrically non-conductive. It extinguishes fire primarily by lowering the level of oxygen that supports combustion in a protected area. This mechanism of fire suppression makes CO² suppression systems highly effective, requiring minimal cleanup, but should be used in normally unoccupied hazard locations or otherwise avoided by personnel when discharged. CO² system can be found at electrical room, if fire and smoke detector are both activated the CO² system will be activated too. Either one of the detector is not functioning, then we will need to use the manual pull point to activate it.
Figure 3.11 (b) : Detail of CO² System
Figure 3.11 (b) Location of fire extinguisher
Figure 3.11 (c) Plans of genset room of block D Figure 3.11 (d) Typical CO2 cylinder mounting detail
Figure 3.11 (d) Typical CO2 cylinder mounting detail
3.13 Summary The Active fire protection of Taylor's University Lakeside Campus have did a good job. All the systems are well-planned to place before the installation. Active Fire protection systems require some amount of action or motion in order to work efficiently in the event of a fire. Sometime there will be some obstruction or error happened; to prevent the wrong message or delay, the maintenance and the first reaction of the security are very important. We should feel grateful that the security guard of Taylor's University and the technician also play their role well to make sure the active fire protection system are well functioned and effective especially a fire breakdown.
4. Passive Fire Protection System 4.1 Literature Review The installation of passive fire protection system in a building is to slow down the spread of fire to other parts of the building. Delaying the spread of fire can increase the occupants in the building to escape successfully. The consideration of the system will be made during the fire planning design of the building to ensure the safety of the occupants in the building. The criteria for passive fire protection system such as below : 4.2 Compartmentation A compartmentation is to prevent the likelihood of smoke inhalation death. A large building like in Taylor’s University Lakeside Campus is subdivided into smaller compartments so that in case of fire starting in any compartments is caged within its cell of origin. Compartmentation is referred to in many different way; fire separation; protected corridors / stairs etc. Fire compartmentation benefit the building from preventing casualty and to: -Prevent the rapid spread of fire which could trap the occupants in the building. -Reduce the chances of fire growing that would threaten the lives of occupants. -Limits the damage of fire caused to the building and its content.
4.2 (a) Horizontal compartmentation by use of fire- resisting floors: Fire can spread horizontally via openings in walls.
4.2.1 Fire Rated Door Fire door is part of passive fire protection that is designed to ensure the spread of fire and smoke is greatly reduced between compartments. The fire rated doors are commonly found in Taylor’s University Lakeside Campus as all the lecture theatres and classrooms are all fire rated doors that ensures the safety of the occupants in the building. Fire escape doors can be also found before entering the fire lift lobby that leads to the fire emergency staircase in each floor. The door must be swing towards the exit direction to allow occupants to rush through the door with ease in case of fire emergency situation.
Figure 4.2.1 (a) Single Leaf Door
Figure 4.2.1 (b) Double Leaf Door
4.2.2 Fire Safety Curtain Fire Safety Curtain also known as smoke curtain is to function as a passive fire protection system to limit the fire gases inside a building in case of fire. It is to prevent smoke and fire from entering into the space where it is located. The smoke curtain is made of incombustible material usually heavy fiberglass or iron curtain and it is designed to place on top of mechanical and electrical systems room entrance. It is typically made flexible mainly to allow the fire-resistant smoke curtain automatically fall rapidly into position forming a barrier between the interior and exterior to avoid fire from spreading into the room due to the reason that the fire will conduct electricity when it reaches inside of the mechanical and electrical systems room. Usage The dedicated operating mechanisms designed to released electronically by the buildings fire control system if the alarm box is triggered in case of fire emergency situation. The automatic smoke curtain is deployed through an electric motor which rolls out a retracted curtain when it is activated by a smoke alarm system. Occupational safety and health regulations Malaysia stated that the safety curtain must be able to
resist fire and thereby prevent (or at least hinder) fires spreading into other places. Hence, smoke curtain can be effectively used to isolate fire together with the other parts of passive fire protection system.
Figure 4.2.2 Fire Safety Curtain 4.2.3 Fire Smoke Damper A device installed in ducts and air transfer opening of an distribution or control system to automatically close upon detection of heat. It also serves to interrupt migratory airflow, resist the passage of flames, and maintain the integrity of fire rated separation. Its primary function is to prevent the passage of flame from one side of fire rated separation to the other.
Figure 4.2.3 (a) Fire Smoke Damper
Figure 4.2.3 (b) Fire Smoke Damper 2
The materials of the frame and blade is made of galvanized steel, 1.0mm thickness with mill galvanized surface finish. The blade can bee seen are opposed blade as they would trap fire and smoke automatically. Blade Action • Opposed blade. Axles • 10mmX10mm square bar plated steel. Bearing • Engineering plastic sleeve as standard. Bronze bush is optional. Blade Dimension Limits • Maximum blade length = 1200mm • Maximum blade width = 160mm Temperature Limits • -40˚C to 116˚C
Figure 4.2.3 (c) Section of A Fire Smoke Damper
Figure 4.2.3 (d) Fire Smoke Damper Annotated On Plan
4.3 Fire Appliances Access Consideration of fire appliances is crucial for fire trucks to get in place without hassle during event of fire. In case of fire emergency situation, the fire brigade access must be clear from any blockage to ensure the rescue activities can be carried out smoothly. Consideration for high reach appliances to occupied the space around the rescue spot such as below : Turntable ladder - To reach occupants that required technical rescue Hydraulic platform - To overcome obstacles, providing high level access Tower ladder - To provide appliances for firefighter to operate equipment from
Figure 4.3 (a) 6000mm Width Bomba Access In the scene of fire, fire-fighters will access through the designated route and combine with active protection system such as fire hydrant pillar around the area also important as the fire fighters can carry out their rescue mission smoothly without delaying the time that would risk lives of occupants in the building.
4.4 Means of escape Means of escape is a continuous, unobstructed path from evacuating occupant from fire occurring building exit to open area safely. The principle on which means of escape provision are based that the time available for escape (an assessment of the length of time between the fire starting and making the mean of the escape from the workspace unsafe) is greater than the time need for escape (the length of time it will take everyone to evacuate once fire is detected and warnings have been given). Several design planning that consider the safety of occupants to exit from the building during fire emergency situation such as below: Fire emergency staircase - To evacuate the occupant out of the building safely through the fire emergency staircase.
Emergency escape route - To provide occupants to leave the building according to the emergency escape planned route in case of fire.
Emergency escape sign - To direct occupants directions to follow the sign towards safe open space.
Assembly point the
- To gather all occupants in a safe outdoor space according to designated safe assembly spot.
4.4.1 Fire Lift Lobby
Figure 4.4.1 Fire lift lobby that provide access to the Bomba Lift
Fire Lift Lobby is located behind the lift lobby and can be accessed through the corridor of the block. Occupants are to exit through fire lift lobby in case of fire occurrence. The fire lift lobby are designed with double leaf fire rated door. Occupants should rush through the lift lobby to exit using the fire emergency staircase. Fire lift lobby also contain ‘’Bomba’s lift’’ also known as fire-fighter lift that should be only operated by trained fire-fighters in order to ensure the safety rescue operation. 4.4.2 Fire Escape Staircase Emergency staircase in Taylor’s university Lakeside Campus is located towards the back part of the building which allows the occupants to escape continuously from the ninth floor directly to the ground floor. The fire escape stairs is open aired, thus natural lightning and air ventilation is provided to increase the safety of the occupants escaping from the building.The emergency staircase shown is separated from the main staircase having no obstruction in any staircase other than supporting handrails.
Figure 4.4.2.1 Fire Escape Staircase The design fire staircase in Taylor’s University Lakeside Campus are not enclosed therefore it would allow firefighters to carry out the rescue mission smoothly as every second spent on overcoming the obstacle to reach occupants would risk more occupants that are needed to be rescued in the limited time
Figure 4.4.2.2 Fire Staircase 4.4.3 Fire Escape Plan Fire escape plan can be found on the wall be fires aside elevator on each floor. The fire escape plan is clearly visible to all occupants as they are design to evacuate occupants from the building using the fastest and safest exit route. The fire escape plan shows the layout of the floor in the correct building orientation and highlights the escape routes (in relation to reader’s coordination), escape corridors and exit staircases by using the appropriate indication of colour, direction, annotation, and simple terms. Informations such as below are also required stated in the plan for fire fighting purposes and these include following: (1) Fireman’s Lift (2) Hose Reels (3) Extinguishers (4) Dry and wet risers (5) Manual alarm Call points Figure 4.4.3 (a) Fire escape plan next to elevator
Figure 4.43 (b) Block D Ground Floor Fire Escape Plan
4.4.4 Fire Emergency Exit Signs The fire emergency escape sign showing ‘’KELUAR’’ which means exit can be found at the corridor.
Figure 4.4.4 (a) Exit Sign beside lift lobby
Figure 4.4.4 (b) Dimension of Exit Sign
Figure 4.4.4 (c) Exit Sign
4.4.4 (d) Exit Sign that are located around campus
4.4.5 Fire Evacuation Drill The notice has stated the evacuation steps as such below: (1) When Alarm is activated, proceed to the Nearest emergency exit / fire staircase. (2) Do not use the lifts. (3) Proceed to the assembly point ‘’B’’ at Car Park Zone F. (4) Strictly follow fire Marshals instruction. (5) Do not re-enter building until authorized by fire department. Occupants are required to evacuate the building immediately after the general (Continuous) alarm activation.
Figure 4.4.5 (a) Notice on Fire Evacuation Drill
4.4.6 Assembly Area Assembly area is an area where located outside the building in an open space so everyone can gather and be identified but the area should be clearing indicate by all occupants before emergency arise. ( Uniform By Law 1984, 2011)
Figure 4.4.6.1 Assembly point located at car park
4.5 Summary Passive fire protection system is crucial to a building as it is built into the structure protecting the occupants and to preventing the risk of casualties in case of fire occurence. Passive fire protection system mainly to support the building’s safety consideration such as fire appliances access, fire lift lobby, fire emergency staircase etc. In the scene of fire, active and passive fire protection have to be operate together to ensure the rescue mission can be carried out smoothly by the fire fighters without unprepared situation that would risk the lives of the occupants that are trap inside the building. Taylor’s University has well planned fire safety considerations that occupants of the building are protected by the safety measurements taken by the architect of the building.
UBBL Section 178 Exits for Institutional and other place of assembly In building classified as institutional or places of assembly, exits to a street or large open space, together with staircases, corridors and passage leading to such exit shall be located, separated or protected as to avoid any undue danger to the occupants of the place of assembly from fire originating in the other occupancy or smoke therefrom. Section 162 - Fire doors in compartment walls and separating walls 1. Fire doors of the appropriate FRP shall be provided. 2. Openings in compartment walls and separating wall shall be protected by a fire for having a FRP in accordance with the requirements for that wall specified in the Ninth Schedule to these By- Laws. Section 164 (1) - Fire doors in compartment walls and separating walls All fire doors shall be fitted with automatic door closers of the hydraulically spring operated type in the case of swings doors and of wire ropes and weight type in case of sliding doors. Section 173 (1) - Exit doors All exit doors shall be openable from the inside without the use of keys or any special knowledge or keys. Section 161 (1) - Firestopping Any firestop required by the provisions of this part shall be so formed and positioned as to prevent or retard the passage of flame. Section 110 - No obstruction in staircases 1. There shall be no obstruction in any staircases between the topmost landing thereof and the exit discharge on the ground floor. 2. There shall be no projection, other than handrails in the staircases, in any corridor, passage or staircase at level lower than 2 metres above the floor or above any stairs.
Section 111 - lightning and ventilation of staircases All staircases shall be properly lighted and ventilated according to the requirements of the local authority. Section 168 (1) staircases Except as provided for in by-law 194 every upper floor shall have means of egress via at least two separate staircases. Section 165 (4) - Measurement of travel distance to exit The maximum travel distance to exits and deadlines shall be as specified in the seventh schedule of these By-Laws. Section 169 - Exit route No exit route may reduce in width along its pathway of travel from the storey exit to the final exit. Section 172 - Emergency Exit Signs 1. Every exit signs shall have the word ‘’KELUAR’’ in a plainly legible not less than 15mm height with the principal strokes of letters not less 18mm wide. 2. The exit and access to such exits shall be marked by readily visible signs and shall not be obscured by and decorations , furnishing or other equipments. 3. The sign with reading of ‘’KELUAR’’ should indicating the direction shall be placed in every location. 4. All exit signs shall be illuminated continuously during period of occupancy. 5. The design and installation of every emergency exit sign shall be in compliance with MS 983 and MS 619.
5.0 AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM (VRV) 5.1 Literature Review Air-conditioning system is a system which includes total control of room temperature, relative humidity, heat gain and also the air movement in an enclosed space. It is also the process of altering the properties of air in order to achieve thermal comfort and good indoor air quality. Malaysia is considered as a tropical rainforest climate with high temperature range and humidity. Thus, in order to determine the usage of airconditioning, the design for a building should considers the orientation, material usage, site context and also the activity present within the space. In common use, air conditioner is a device that helps to lower the air temperature by removing the air inside room and also releasing heat to outdoor. The capacity of air conditioner, cooling system, air distribution will influence the cooling effect of space. Besides, the cooling process is typically achieved through a refrigeration cycle. However, the air cycle is sometimes used as treated air distribution into the indoor room. The refrigerant cycle is used to transfer the heat from one area, to another, cooling the space efficiently. While they expel the heat by using compressor. During the air cycle, the latent heat inside the room is removed when returned air was absorbed by the evaporator. The medium used to absorb heat are air and water. Therefore, air distributed through duct surrounded by insulator or chilled water pipes. Heat inside the room is removed and slowly the internal air will eventually become cooler. 5.2 Introduction and Justification The word-for-word definition of the Variable Refrigerant System goes as: • Variable – System output depending on required load • Refrigerant – Direct Expansion system • Volume – Refrigerant flow regulated by electronic expansion valve varying compressor capacity. VRV means Variable Refrigerant Volume System, where Cooling is controlled & monitored by Refrigerant Flow Volume to the Indoor Units. VRF is the general term used in the market, whereas VRV is a copyright by Daikin. Variable refrigerant flow (VRF) and variable refrigerant volume (VRV) comfort systems combine one or more centralized, variable speed, air-cooled compressors and condensers connected to fan coil units throughout a building. Each fan coil unit provides heating and cooling on a zone-by-zone basis. Electric resistance coils are also available to provide additional heating, but are only required during the coldest weather (less than 0F).
5.3.1 Principle of VRV VRV can easily be related to as the “Rolls Royce” of Air Conditioning Systems. It’s a very sophisticated technological air conditioning system, based on several principles: 1. Refrigerant only – where refrigerant is the only coolant material in the system (in contrary to the chilled water systems, where refrigerant is used for cooling/heating the water that is circulated throughout the whole system). 2. Inverter compressors that allow lowering power consumption with partial cooling/heating loads. 3. Several air handlers (indoor units) on the same refrigerant loop / circuit. 4. Ability of modular expansion. 5.3.2 System structure of VRV A typical system consists of an outdoor unit (comprising one or multiple compressors), several indoor units, refrigerant piping, running from the outdoor to indoors, using Refnet Joints and communication wiring. Communication wiring consists of a 2 wired cable, chained from the outdoor to indoors in the activity centre compound, creating an internal closed loop network that is an essential part of any VRV installation. As for the Control, each indoor is controlled by its own wired control panel, while there are some possibilities for wireless remotes (IR) and centralized controllers, enabling controlling indoors from one location in the activity centre.
Figure 5.3.2 (a)System structure of VRV
5.3.3 Operation System of VRV The system gets inputs from the user in all rooms of the activity centre (e.g. desired comfort temperature) and from the surroundings (outside ambient temperature), and according to that data it implements its logic in order to get to the desired comfort conditions, utilizing optimal power consumptions. This makes it more convenient for all elderly and visitors in the centre. The ability to adjust itself to the outdoor conditions is one of the main factors that make VRV systems efficient, compared to the traditional water cooled systems, based on chillers and fan coils. At the beginning, the system is in standstill condition (everything is turned off). Once a user turns one of the indoors “ON” by its local remote, the outdoor “gets noted” regarding it, and starts working. At this point, it will examine the outdoor conditions (temperature), the operating indoor requirements (operation mode, set point temperature), and will operate the compressor at the exact level, required to comply with the indoor requirements. When another indoor unit is turned on, the outdoor recalculates the requirements from all the indoors, and will increase the compressor’s output, according to the required level of demand. This process is constantly occurring with any change, performed in the HVAC system. As described, the VRV system is fully automatic, and regulates its power consumption based on the demand arriving from the indoor units and outside prevailing conditions. User can have influence on the desired indoor comfort conditions, modifying: Operation mode (on/off), Operation state (Cool/Heat/ Fan/Dry/Auto), set point temperature, fan speed (high/medium/low/auto). Controlling those parameters is the only thing required for proper operation, and the only thing that is required for proper integration with the VRV system.
5.3.4 Outdoor unit 1. The outdoor unit is located in the rear end of the activity center on the flat roof; it is where the heat from inside of Taylor’s University. 2. It contains the compressor, condenser coil and a fan. The heat absorbed from the center’s air is transferred to the refrigerant and then pumped to the outdoor unit. As this heat is absorbed and moved by the refrigerant to the outdoor coil, it passes through the compressor. 3. The compressor in your air conditioning system has the primary job of moving the refrigerant throughout the system. This is important as we can then keep reusing the refrigerant to cool our house. As the refrigerant passes through the condenser, a fan delivers ambient air across the condenser coil causing it to cool. 4. As the process completes, the heat from inside the center is dispersed to the air outside. The refrigerant is then pumped back indoors and the whole process repeats. 5. Often there will be a separate ‘outdoor unit’ for each floor or pair of floors sized to match the load. 6. Compact design hence less space required on the roof: • 2.9sqm footprint area. • Dimensions (1.6mx1.25mx0.75m) 7. For VRV, it is flexible in system where any additional indoor units can be connected in future to the same outdoor units provided there is spare capacity present; 5.3.5 Refrigerant Circle in the outdoor unit 1. The compressor pumps vapor refrigerants through the condenser. 2. The condenser changes vapor refrigerants to liquid refrigerants. As the gas/vapor works its way through the condenser it begins to cool. The cooling process is because the air that is blown over the outside of lines. 3. The expansion valve controls the amount of refrigerants going through the systems.
Figure 5.3.5 (a) Refrigerant Circle in the outdoor
4. The evaporator turns liquid refrigerants into gas. This is where the process of cooling the indoor room happens. The air blown through the evaporator comes in contact with the refrigerants, thus, creating cool air.
5. Taylor’s using the bigger type of VRV so this system will help save more energy & electricity: 1 of this outdoor unit can control 15 indoor units. 5.3.6 Points of Refrigerant Control of VRV System The cooling operation Influenced by the number of operating (thermostat-on) units, capacity, airflow rate, return-air temperature, and humidity of indoor units: • Load on total system changes. • Loads on every indoor unit are different.
Figure 5.3.6 (a) Points of Refrigerant Control of VRV System Compressor Capacity Control In order to maintain the cooling capacity corresponding to the capacity of evaporator and load fluctuation, based on the pressure detected by low pressure sensor of the outdoor unit, the compressor capacity is controlled so as to put the low pressure equivalent saturation temperatures close to target value. In order to maintain the superheated degree in the evaporator and to distribute proper refrigerant flow rate regardless of different loads on every indoor unit, based on the temperature detected by thermistors on the liquid pipes and gas pipes, the indoor electronic expansion valve is regulated so as to put superheated degree at the evaporator outlet close to target value.
5.3.7 Indoor Unit
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Cassette Type :
Cassette type air-conditioners are one of the most modern designs of internal units. Discreet yet efficient, these airconditioners work just as effectively with the VRV system. Below are some properties of cassette type airconditioners.
Figure 5.3.7 Indoor Unit
1. The cassette units are extremely discreet with only the grille showing in the ceiling. 2. Air can be delivered in up to four directions, giving the room an even temperature distribution. 3. Weekly timer allows you to plan your usage, helping you save on your power bills. 4. Cassette units are easy to clean and maintain.
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Wall Mounted Type :
A wall-mounted air conditioner is one of the best air conditioning units there is. Aside from its wide variety of designs and choices, it is affordable compared to other units. It is also very useful in offices as well as homes especially the summer. People do not want any of the hassle of having to pack and unpack something as big as air conditioners and aside from Figure 5.3.7 Wall Mounted Type that, they also want something that could meet their cooling needs and at the same time save some valuable space, especially if their place is small and needs some cool air. Compared to other types of air conditioning units, there are a lot of advantages that you can enjoy when buying a wall mounted air conditioner. 1. Wall-mounted type of air conditioner, is it is strategically placed (up high on your home’s wall), bad elements would have a hard time disassembling it. 2. Compared to a cabinet-type air conditioner, the wall-mount air conditioner saves you a lot of space because it is installed up high on walls, and not on the ground. 3. Wall-mounted air conditioning unit is that because it is stationary up your wall, you do not need to remove it from its place.
Figure 5.3.8 AC placement at 2nd Floor, Block D
Figure 5.3.8 Location of outdoor VRV unit at rooftop, Block D
5.4 Lift Air Conditioners The main benefit of installing an elevator airconditioner is the clean air that it provides. If air is sucked from the elevator’s shaft straight into the car using a fan, the air sucked into the car may be filled with dust mites, germs and bacteria. With an elevator air-conditioner, air provided is much cleaner, because the cold air is the same air that comes from the car itself. Not only that, the cold air that is produced from the air-conditioner also goes through a layer of filter. This filtration removes particles that are harmful to the human body. 5.5 MS1525 MS 1525:2007 Room comfort condition is dependent on various factors including air temperature, mean radiant temperature, humidity, clothing, metabolic rate and air movement preference of the occupant. For the purpose of engineering design, room comfort condition should consider the following three (3) main factors: • Dry bulb temperature; • Relative humidity; and • Air movement (air velocity) In general, an individual feel comfortable when metabolic heat is dissipated at the rate of which it is produced. The human body temperature needs to be maintained at a constant 37 +_0.5 oc regardless of the prevailing ambient condition. The higher the space relative humidity, the lower the amount of heat the human body will be able to transfer by means of perspiration
MS 1525:2007 code 8.4.4: Off-hour control ACMV system should be equipped with automatic controls capable of accomplishing a reduction of energy use for example through equipment shutdown during periods of non-use or alternative use of the spaces served by the system. Exceptions: • Systems serving areas which are expected to operate continuously; and • Equipment with a connected load of 2kWe or less may be controlled by readily accessible manual off-hour controls.
MS 1525:2007 code 8.4.1: Temperature control Each system should be provided with at least one thermostat for the regulation of temperature.
MS 1525:8.5: Piping insulation All piping installed to serve buildings and within buildings should be adequately insulated to prevent excessive energy losses. Additional insulation with vapour barriers may be required to prevent condensation under some conditions.
5.6 Summary Taylor’s University has used the appropriate air-conditioning system for whole building. By using VRV system the cooling mechanism within space in the building will be better utilized. Other than that, the components of air conditioning system are also appropriately placed. For example, the outdoor units were placed on top of the roof where it is less reachable by users in order to reduce noise production and also ensure the system function smoothly. Besides that, the larger the space, the air conditioner used will be ceiling mounted as they help cool the room more efficiently. The smaller the space, the air conditioner used will be wall mounted by the size of conditioner is smaller, and it is sufficient to utilize and produce cooling effect to the smaller room. Last but not least, a building with Malaysian Standard 1525 with well management of energy consumption. The air-conditioning system had maintained thermal comfort throughout the building while achieving other consideration
6.0 Air-conditioning System (Chiller) 6.1 Literature Review Air-conditioning is to maintain the thermal comfort in the the space regardless of the outdoor temperature. Thermal comfort refers to a specific range of temperature, relative humidity, cleanliness and distribution of air to meet the comfort requirements. A country like Malaysia poses tropical rainforest climate, which is generally sunny throughout a year with high precipitation, outdoor temperature is normally higher than the comfort temperature of conditioned spaces. Therefore, air-conditioning systems are required to operate throughout the year to maintain the thermal comfort, normally people would use chilled water system in the larger building such as commercial buildings, hotels, hospitals, industrial buildings, campus and etc. Air-conditioning is largely used in Taylor’s University Lakeside Campus. For chilled water air-conditioning system, they used in: ● ● ● ● ● ●
Administration Block Lecture Theater Library Design Studio Architecture Studio Grand Hall
6.2 Chilled Water Air-conditioning System 6.2.1 Introduction and Justification Chilled-water air-conditioning systems, the system that employs water chillers. This system makes use of water as its secondary refrigerant. Chiller is used to remove heat from water which is then circulated through other components to absorb heat from the other spaces. Chilled water air-conditioning system are commonly used in applications that need large cooling capacity but nowadays many houses started to use chilled water system to air conditioned their entire refrigerant piped all over the house. In a chilled water system, the entire air conditioner is installed on the roof or behind the building. A water chiller cools water between 4.4°C and 7.2°C. The chilled water is then piped throughout the building and connected to air handlers. This can be a versatile system where the water pipes work like the evaporator coils in a standard air conditioner. If it’s well-insulated, there’s no practical distance limitation to the length of a chilled-water pipe.
The advantages of chilled water system are: I. -
Easier for maintenance If the chilled water piping having leakages in the building, only water is lost and only plumbing work is required for reparation. In comparison, with standard airconditioning, it might cost more for checking and repairing the leakage in refrigerant line inside the building, because it require leak testing with nitrogen, evacuation of the system and recharging with a refrigerant.
II. -
Cost effective A chilled water air-conditioning system can cut energy costs up to one-half if it utilizes the latest in high-efficiency equipment. Water is better at absorbing heat than air and it is undoubted that water is cheaper than the costly refrigerants.
III. -
Safer Chilled water air-conditioning system are safer due to the refrigerant are nontoxic and chemically-stable water. Chillers do not require potentially-hazardous refrigerants to be circulated throughout a building close to users.
IV. -
Longer lifespan The operational machinery for chilled water cooling systems, except for cooling towers, is installed in a mechanical room which normally located at basement or other enclosed space. When the machine components are less exposed to the rain and heat, it can extend the lifespan of these components by several years.
V. -
Quiet operation Chillers produce less sound than air cooling systems. The flow of water through the system is less susceptible to the expansion and contraction that causes air to affect mechanical components such as ducts and vents. Quietness is important for building occupants, particularly in sensitive environments such as hospitals and schools where noise would be unhealthy or distracting.
The disadvantage of chilled water system is: I. -
II. -
Costly to build Chillers utilize external cooling towers to transfer heat to atmosphere and these structures can be costly to build. They do not need to be located immediately adjacent to the building that holds the operational machinery, but they do utilize valuable real estate which adds to the cost. Enhanced maintenance needs Since chilled water systems use water for transferring heat, this exposes the water to variety of conditions that can create scaling. Scaling is an accumulation of deposits on metal and this can cause corrosion as well as decrease system efficiency. To control the problems associated with scale, the water used in chillers must be treated to remove
impurities that can lead to scaling. In addition, periodic inspection and cleaning of the chiller’s internal machinery and components will be necessary. This necessitates downtime for scheduled maintenance and added maintenance costs. III. -
Less effective Chilled water cooling systems do not work well in climates with high prevailing humidity. Higher levels of humidity raise the wet-bulb temperature, which is an indicator of how efficiently water absorbs heat. An increase in wet-bulb temperature corresponds with increased operating costs as well as lower comfort levels due to the higher ambient humidity. Chillers can create a cold, clammy feeling for occupants if the humidity is too high. In this scenario, air cooled systems are much better at extracting moisture from the air.
6.2.2 Principles of Chiller Refrigeration is a process of reduce the temperature of a substance lower than its surroundings. This process is used to produce chilled water for air conditioning and process applications. The basic mechanical components of an air conditioning system are: -
Air distribution systems Water distribution systems A refrigeration machine A heat rejection system
Air distribution system consists of the controls, air ducts and heat exchangers between the chilled water and the air. Water distribution systems consists chilled water system and recirculating water system. Refrigeration machine are used to transfer heat from the chilled water to the recirculating water. The machine can operate in either a centrifugal cycle or absorption cycle, depending upon the design. The centrifugal cycle machine uses a fluorocarbon refrigerant to transfer heat from the chilled water into freon and then into the recirculating water. An absorption machine uses water as the refrigerant to transfer heat from the chilled water into recirculating water. In Taylor’s University, they used centrifugal cycle machine. In industrial and commercial refrigeration systems, the heat is usually rejected to water. Once-through cooling may be used, but water costs and environmental restrictions dictate recirculating system utilizing cooling towers to reject the heat into the atmosphere.
Figure 6.2.2 Flow Diagram of Centralized System
6.2.3 System Structure
Figure 6.2.3 (a) Components of Chilled Water System
The chilled water pumps circulated chilled water from chiller side to every Air Handling Unit (AHU) and Fan Coil Units (FCU). However, condenser water pumps circulated condenser water from chillers to cooling towers in order to reject the heat released from chiller. In this primary-secondary system, each chiller in the primary loop starts/ stops with its dedicated pump. Flow for each chiller in the primary loop is maintained by water circulating through the chiller and back through the bypass which acts as a hydraulic decoupled line, or “bridge”. Water can flow in either direction within the bridge depending on which flow is greater at any one point in time, the primary flow or the secondary flow. Variable speed drives are used on the secondary pumps to match secondary pump flow to coil load flow demand. The chilled water pumps supply chilled water to air conditioning equipment in the building. The circuit is connected to all the AHUs, FCUs,chilled water pumps and chillers. The chilled water is pumped from the chiller, by the chilled water and circulated to all the AHUs and FCUs in the building via one set of pre-insulated black steel class “B” chilled water piping system. The chilled water after passing through cooling coil is then flowed back to chillers again, forming a chilled water circulation.
Figure 6.2.3 (b) Schematic diagram of CWS in Taylor’s University
6.2.3.1 Refrigerant Cycle Water Tanks
Figure 6.2.3.1 (a) Block B First Floor Plan (Water Tanks) An air-conditioning make up tank is located at ground floor which is beside the cooling tower. This is to make up condenser water system if there any water loss due to cooling tower operation and maintenance or other reasons. The water from make-up tank is being supplied to the cooling tower basin by a centrifugal pump set. Although chilled water piping system is a closed loop, an expansion tank has been incorporated into the system as well to allow water expansion and contraction due to the changes in temperature. The expansion tank is made of Fiberglass Reinforced Polyester (FRP), insulated with 25mm thick external PE insulation with transparent PVC tubing hose for level indication and outlet pipe (insulated) is connected to chilled water return line. It has an overflow pipe that lead to drain.
Figure 6.2.3.1 (b) Water Tank
Figure 6.2.3.1 (c) Water Tank 2
Cooling Tower
Figure 6.2.3.1 (d) Block B First Floor Plan (Cooling Towers) Upon entering the condenser, the temperature of water will rise because of heat absorption from the condenser refrigerant. From the cooling tower, hot water is then directed to rise beyond the top then exits through existing holes in the sprinkler. The sprinkler will then rotate while moving water and distribute it evenly to the top of the cooling tower. Water that is sprinkling out from the sprinkler is then going down to the bottom of the cooling tower, while the air enters from the bottom to the next exit which is the top. When water and air contacts, heat will be released from the water hence lowering its temperature. Cold water is then accommodated in the bottom of the cooling tower’s basin and circulated again to the condenser so it can absorb heat again.
Figure 6.2.3.1 (e) Cooling Tower
Figure 6.2.3.1 (f) Interior of Cooling Tower
Chiller Plants Room
Figure 6.2.3.1 (g) Block B Ground Floor Plan (Chiller Plant Room) The chiller plant room can be found in ground level in Taylor’s University. The chiller plant room is a designated area for water to be chilled and distributed to AHU through ductworks. The chiller plant room consist of chillers, switchboard units. Chilled water ducts, ductworks, refrigerants and a FCU.
Figure 6.2.3.1 (h) Chiller Plant Room
Figure 6.2.3.1 (I) Chiller Plant Room 2
Figure 6.2.3.1 (d) Block B Ground Floor Plan (Chillers) The chiller plant room in Taylor’s University consists of large and small chiller units. The large chiller unit mostly functions in morning while the smaller units are switched on during the night to reduce energy consumption. This is because at night, the heat flow of human traffic and heat from the sun is reduced. The chillers and pumps are located at ground level. The chilled water pumps circulated chilled water from chiller side to every AHU and FCU. However, condenser water pumps circulated condenser water from chiller to cooling towers in order to reject heat released from chiller.
Figure 6.2.3.1 (k) Chiller
Figure 6.2.3.1 (l) Chiller 2
Control Unit
Figure 6.2.3.1 (e) Block B Ground Floor Plan (Control Unit) The chilled water flow rate of the system is determined by a series of sensors and control. First, modulating motorized control valve is to control chilled water to flow into the AHU coil, which determined by temperature sensors located inside conditioned space or return air temperature sensors mounted on duct. ON/OFF motorized control valve control chilled water to flow through the FCU coil, which determined by room thermostat located inside the conditioned space. HVAC BAS system is the system that control the whole chilled water system. Chiller is built-in with ISM (Integrated Started Module) controller which will monitor the operation status of condenser water pump, chilled water pump and cooling tower.
Water Pump Set
Figure 6.2.3.1 (g) Block B Ground Floor Plan (Water Pump) The water pump sets are located on ground floor of Taylor’s University. It functions as a pump to return warm water to the chiller and also pumps water to AHU room.
Figure 6.2.3.1 (q) Water Pump Set
Figure 6.2.3.1 (r) Water Pump Set 2
6.2.3.2 Air Cycle Air Handling Unit (AHU)
Figure 6.2.3.1 (f) Block B Ground Floor Plan (AHU) An Air Handling Unit is a central air conditioner station that handles the air that usually will be supplied into the buildings by the ventilation ductwork. It is usually have a casing constructed by a framing system and double skin insulated panels. Framing materials are commonly galvanized steel or Aluminium.
Figure 6.2.3.2 (a) AHU
Air Filter An air filter is used to clean the incoming air by filtering out the pollen particles, dust and air pollutants before it released into the room. The filters should be replaced regularly to ensure proper function and maximize the system operation. Keeping the filters and coils clean can dramatically improve the efficiency of the entire HVAC system.
Figure 6.2.3.2 (b) Air Filter
Figure 6.2.3.3 (c) Air Filter
Blower Fan The aim of the blower fan inside the SHU is to propel air from one place to another place, directing the air from one ductwork to another ductworks to ensure the system works effectively. The size of blower fan depends on the usage like in large commercial AHU, multiple fans may be present, typically placed at the end of the AHU and the beginning of the supply ductwork.
Figure 6.2.3.2 (d) Blower Fan Locate in AHU
Figure 6.2.3.2 (e) Blower Fan
Ductwork and Diffusers The job of a ductwork is to distribute supply air, return air and exhaust air to various part of the building, normally medium to large scale industrial or commercial building, it used when a forced air system is implied. Ducts are a series of sectioned conduits, or tubes, manufactured from tin, or sheet metal, fiberglass or flexible plastics. They are ordinarily thought of as the building’s HVAC system. Hard pipe, used to transfer water or gas, is not considered as ductwork.
Figure 6.2.3.2 (f) Ductwork
Figure 6.2.3.3 (c) Air Filter
Again, size matters. Different sizes and shapes of the diffusers serve various performance rather than just aesthetic values. Some diffusers are big enough to service a couple rooms simultaneously. Others like circular diffusers are designed to service large areas and rectangular diffuser are the most common one installed around the perimeter of a room because of its slender shape.
Fan Coil Unit (FCU) Conditioned from FCU is supplied to the space via the ductwork system. The supply air after flowing through the ductwork is distributed and discharged to the space by air diffusers. Return air from conditioned area is returned to FCU via return air grille.
Figure 6.2.3.2 (h) Fan Coil Unit
6.2.5 Unit Operation Compressor Compressing the refrigerant vapor from evaporator and pumps the refrigerant throughout the whole system. Thermostatic expansion valve The thermostatic expansion valve fitted on each machine has been selected for a given operating range. Condenser Rejects heat absorbed by the evaporators. Refrigerant changes from vapor from liquid state in the condenser and a large amount heat will be rejected. Evaporator Provide heat into refrigeration system. The refrigerant is let into and measured by a flow control device, and eventually released to the compressor. Consists of finned tubes, which absorbs heat from the air blown through a coil by a fan. Filter-drier This is designed to remove all traces of humidity from within the refrigeration circuit, since this can impair operation of the unit, by acidification of the oil, which causes slow disintegration of the varnish protecting the compressor motor windings. High and low pressure gauges Enables visual verification of the state of the liquid refrigerant in the liquid line, upstream of the thermostatic expansion valve.Enables detection of humidity in the circuit.
Crankcase heater Every compressor is fitted with a single phase crankcase heater that is activated when the compressor stops to ensure separation of the refrigerant and the compressor oil. It is there for power up when the compressor is not running. High pressure switch This pressure switch initiates unconditional stoppage of the unit if compressor discharge pressure exceeds the operating limits. Reset is automatic.
UBBL / MS 1525 UBBL Section 41 - Mechanical Ventilation and Air-conditioning The provisions of the Third Schedule to these By-laws shall apply to buildings which are mechanically ventilated or air-conditioned. Section 123 - Pipes and Service Ducts 1. Where the ducts or enclosures are provided in any building to accommodate pipes, cables or conduits the dimensions of such ducts or enclosures shall be: (a) Adequate for the accommodation of the pipes, cables or conduits and for crossings of branches and mains together with supports and fixing; and (b) Sufficiently large to permit access to cleaning eyes, stop cocks and other controls there to enable repairs, extensions and modifications to be made to each or all of the services accommodated. 2. The access openings to ducts or enclosures shall be long enough and suitably placed to enable lengths of pipe to be installed and remove. Section 247 - Water Storage 1. Water storage capacity and water flow rate for fire fighting systems and installations shall be provided in accordance with the scale as set out in the Tenth Schedule to these By-laws. 2. Main water storage tanks within the building, other than for hose reel systems, shall be located at ground, first or second basement levels, with fire brigade pumping inlet connections accessible to fire appliances. 3. Storage tanks for automatic sprinkler installations where full capacity is provided without need for replenishment shall be exempted from the restriction in their location.
MS 1525:2007 8.2.2 Where chillers are used and when the design load is greater than 1000 kWr, a minimum of two chillers or a single multi-compressor chiller should be provided to meet the require load. 8.3.1 Zones which are expected to operate non-simultaneously for more than 750 hours per years should be served by separate air distribution system. As an alternative offhour controls should be provided in accordance with 8.4.4. 8.4.4.1 ACMV system should be equipped with automatic controls capable of accomplishing a reduction of energy use for example through equipment shutdown during periods of non-use or alternative use of the spaces served by the system. 6.4 Summary Taylor’s University had chosen the right air-conditioning system, which is chilled water system. By using this system, it has high efficiency and use a lower amount of power to operate this system. Based on observation, the system seems well maintained with no signs of leakage or rust. Overall, the system implemented is highly effective due to its high storage capacity which is large enough to store and cater to the needs of its occupants.
7.0 MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM 7.1 Literature Review Definition of ventilation refers to “changing air in an enclosed space” which is when indoor air is withdrawn and replaced by fresh air continuously from a clean external source. Natural Ventilation is driven by pressure differences between one part of building and another, or pressure differences between inside and outside. While mechanical ventilation system can be defined as using certain equipments in cycling the air through the building, siphoning stale and pungent air out of the compound and bringing fresh air in which then can be simplified as the process of supplying and removing air by means of mechanical devices. Natural ventilation is generally preferable to mechanical ventilation as it will typically have lower capital, operational and maintenance costs. However there are a range of circumstances in which natural ventilation may not be possible in every corner of Taylor’s Uni : ● The
building is too deep to ventilate from the perimeter, such as the basement carpark ● Poor air quality in the kitchen and laboratory ● Urban structure is very dense and shelters the building from the wind, Taylor’s Uni is surrounding by few tall buildings which are few blocks of DK Senza. ● Internal partitions block air paths. ● The density in kitchen and laboratory use equipment’s, lighting and so on creates very high heat loads or high levels of contaminants. Advantages of mechanical ventilation are: 1. Good control of the ventilation capacity; no dependence of the outdoor weather conditions and despite possible noisy environment 2. The possibility of extracting heat from the exhaust air and use it to preheat the fresh air supply (heat recovery) 3. The possibility of preheating and precooling of the air supply 4. The possibility of humidify and dehumidify of the air supply 5. The possibility of cleaning the air by an air filter or supplying the air from a relative clean site of the building There are 3 types of mechanical ventilation system which commonly being used in Taylor’s University Lakeside Campus are supply system, extract system and combination of both systems.
7.2 Supply Ventilation System Natural supply is not always possible due to high levels of ambient noise, rooms without windows, or because the space to be ventilated is enclosed. Hence, supply ventilation system is a solution for it. It can be defined as uses mechanical equipment as intake of air and extracting air with natural ways. The main aspect of this system use mechanical
means to supply air from outside to inside in order to maintain positive pressure throughout the building.
Figure 7.2(a) Supply Ventilation Diagrams
Supply Ventilation system work by pressurizing the building. The system starts off by using a fan to draw fresh air through an air “intake” vent into a building and distribute to many rooms by fan and duct system. The air diffuses within the building through holes in the shell, bath- and range-fan ducts, and intentional vents. Advantages Supply ventilation systems allow better control of the air that enters the building than exhaust ventilation systems; more exactly, the outdoor air is being filtered and dehumidified before entering the building, which is very important in high humidity climates area like Subang Jaya. The location of the air supply can be chosen as well as a good solution for noisy environments. Disadvantages However, supply ventilation system have its pros and cons. It has their own disadvantages, especially if they aren’t properly designed. Since they create positive pressures in the building, if the system does not remove moisture from the air before it enters the house. Thus, they may contribute to higher heating and cooling costs compared with energy recovery ventilation systems. On the other hand, indoor moist air will move across the building envelope, through cracks and holes in the walls and ceiling, may cause mold, mildew and other damage. From our observation, Taylor’s University applied this system only during on fire which is the smoke extraction system. To channel the smokes from the building.
7.3 Extract Ventilation System Extract ventilation system can be defined as natural air intake and extraction of air by mechanical equipment. Extract ventilation system works by depressurizing the building. By reducing the inside air pressure, indoor air is extracted from a house and it is being displaced by fresh air outside the room. Figure 7.3(a) Extract Ventilation System Diagram
The system work by creating an under pressure in the building, the differences in pressure over the ventilation openings, will forced the outside air to draw in. The mechanical equipment used such as fans are function to extract the less dense, hot air inside the room and cause a negative pressure in the space which cause the outlet air pressure to be higher than the inside. Allowing the freshen air to enter to the interior spaces. Mechanical extract fans installed in windows, roofs and ducted system where the sir is to be discharged away from the occupied space removing heats, fumes, smoke, water vapor and odour. Extract ventilation system has various advantages over the other ventilation system. One of them include extract ventilation system is much more efficient than extracting air with natural ways in removing moisture, odors, and pollutants that penetrate the building or are generated internally by human activity. Location of the air extract can be chosen particularly is one of the benefit of having this system. In this case, a constant supply of fresh, outdoor air can provide greater assurance of good indoor air quality and improved comfort. However, extract ventilation system contributes to higher heating and cooling, so it uses higher energy consumption for the mechanical equipment to work perfectly. Therefore, this system will be more costly compared with energy recovery ventilation systems. Another concern with extract ventilation system is that they may draw pollutants, along with fresh air, into the house. For example, in addition to drawing in fresh outdoor air,
they may draw fumes from an attached garage, dust from an attic, radon and molds from a crawlspace and flue gases from a fireplace and furnace. In summary, Taylor’s University Lakeside Campus applied this system mostly in washrooms, kitchen, engineering workshops and chemical laboratories.
7.4 Balanced /Combined Ventilation System In a combined ventilation system (also known as balanced ventilation system), both the supply air and the exhausted air is done mechanically. The air pressure of the room is in neutral state. As the pressure created by the supply air is then depressurized by the exhaustion of air. This system is known as the most efficient way in ventilating the air as it is independence of outdoor weather despite of noisy environment and high installation cost. The combination of system requires two ducts and fan system. This system usually applied in the area where neutral ventilation hardly access or hard to control such as basement. The level of ventilation can also be controlled with this system using sensors (humidity, CO2)
Figure 7.4(a) Combined Ventilation System Diagram Several advantages can be achieved by using this system. By controlling the ventilators One of them is the location of air supply and air exhaust can be chosen and selective from multiple points. Since the supplied air was also intake by mechanical means, therefore air will be clean as it filtered from pollutants and pollen. Another possibility is recover heat from exhaust air by using a heat exchanger. A balanced ventilation system usually has two fans and two duct systems. Therefore, this system is usually more expensive to install and operate than supply or extract systems. Balanced system does not remove moisture remove it is taken or drawn into the building, so it may contribute to higher cooling cost. Few aspects need to be considered such as energy consumption of the mechanical equipment as well as regular maintenance. Old mechanical devices may cause noise pollution as well.
7.5 Components of Ventilation System Mechanical equipment is one of the important structures in mechanical ventilation services. It is responsible for the comfort of the users when circulating through the structure. It is an instrumental in cycling the air through the building, siphoning stale and pungent air out of the compound and bringing fresh air in. There are many types of devices ranging from small to big, each of them serving different purposes but all vital in the role of keeping the air in the compound fresh. Below diagram showing the flow of air through every component in ventilation system.
Figure 7.5(a) Components diagram of mechanical ventilation
7.5.1 Fan Fan can be defined as a device for impelling air through inlet point or ducts, forming part of the distribution system. Purpose of fan is to remove hot, humid and polluted air. Besides that, it also serve to bring in outdoor air either cool the people (comfort ventilation) or cool the building at night (convection building).
To minimise energy use, fan should be sized and controlled to move only the amount of air required for the time required. For example, air should be extracted while pollutants or moisture is being produced. 7.5.1.1 Propeller Fan Propeller fan is fan that that uses airfoil shaped blade in converting rotational motion into thrust. Pressure is produced between the forward and rear surface of the blade, and fluid is accelerated behind the blade. Propeller fans of Taylor’s University Lakeside campus are located at various location such as the architectural studio, engineering workshops, toilets, kitchen, and every machinery rooms to remove heat produced by the machine, and remove odors and moisture in the air. There are three types of propeller fans used in the campus ranging from light duty to heavy duty.
Figure 7.5.1.1(a) light duty
Figure 7.5.1.1(b)
Figure 7.5.1.1(b) heavy
propeller fan
medium duty propeller
duty propeller fan
fan
7.5.1.2 Axial Fan Axial fan is a type of compressor that increases the pressure of the air flowing through it. The blades of the axial fan forces air to flow parallel to the shaft about which the blade rotate. The flow is axially, linearly, and hence their name. Axial fan is used for relatively high flow rate.
They are generally selected for simple extraction or cooling applications with very low system resistance, such as moving air from one large space to another, desk fan and condenser cooling in refrigeration. The axial fan installed is at roof top level, in correspondence with smoke spill system. Product Details :
Figure 7.5.1.2 (a) Axial Fan( Smoke Spill)
Brand : Kruger Series : TDA-FV Axial Flow Fan Capacities : Up to 300,000 m3/h Pressure : Up to 1300 Pa
Figure7.5.1.2 (b) Plan and Sectional Drawings of Axial Fan
Product Details :
TDA
Double flanged casing is produced in mild steel or galvanized steel. The blades are made of aluminium. Pitch angle can be adjusted manually. Air flow from impeller to motor is fitted as standard. Air flow from motor to impeller can be supplied upon request. 7.5.1.3 Centrifugal Fan Used in buildings to cycle the air to keep it from stagnating. It is efficiently to move large or small quantities of air over wide range of pressure. It consists of impeller which revolve inside a casing shaped like a scroll. The direction of air moving through the inlet is 90 degree. With a dual input centrifugal fan, the air is siphoned from both sides which allows more air to be ventilated and it will have a higher power depends on condition.
Product specification : The wheel is made of cold rolled sheet steel airfoil profile blades with polyester powder coating finish. Welded frame also manufactured with sections of steel with polyester powder finish coating giving increased stiffness and rigidity for higher operating performance. The shafts are made from carbon steel are coated with an anti-corrosion varnish. Brand : Kruger Model : Double Inlet Centrifugal Fans Series : ADA - Airfoil wheels Fan Size : 315-1400mm Capacities : Up to 190,000 m3/h Pressure : Up to 2500 Pa
7.5.1.4 In-line Fan The heat resistant In-line fan is to resist high temperature up to 150°c and remove heat in air from the ductwork. Inline fans are engineered to work with ducting. They will retain a greater percentage of their advertised capacity compare to normal extraction fans. It is useful that in large building such as Taylor’s University Lakeside Campus that span a great distance from the extraction point to the outlet
Brand : Kruger Name : In-line Direct Driven Fan Series : CCD Capacities : 12,000 m3/h Pressure : Up to 1600 Pa
7.5.2 Ductwork Ductwork is used in mechanical ventilation in delivering and removes air. The needed airflow includes supply air, return air and exhaust air. As such, air ducts are one method of ensuring acceptable indoor air quality as well as thermal comfort. The ductwork used in galvanized ductwork. Galvanized steel is the most common material used in fabricating ductwork. To provide insulation purpose, fiberglass is inserted in the ductwork. Poor designed ductwork may result in conditioned air being forced outside or outdoor air drawn being into the house. This increase energy consumption by the machine and can result in air quality and building pressure. Ductwork can be differentiating to two main categories which is rigid and flexible. Rigid Air Ducts : Sheet metal ducts : Galvanized steel and aluminum are the most common materials for sheet metal ducts. Aluminum in particular is relatively light and easy to install. They are also the least likely to harbor dangerous molds or growths because they have nonporous surfaces. Fiberglass lined ducts : These are sheet metal ducts that have internal or external fiberglass lining. This type of duct is common in office and commercial buildings, as it dampens the sound. However, the fiberglass in these ducts can deteriorate and eventually release fiberglass particles into the air. This is a major health concern, especially with long term exposure. Fiberglass lined ducts are also difficult to clean for this same reason: the cleaning process can damage the lining and release fibers. These ducts can also become contaminated with molds and bacteria. Fiberboard ducts : Fiberboard is made from fiberglass strands that have been compressed and bonded with a resin, and then covered with a sheet of foil laminate to protect them from moisture. This type of duct is good for cooling and heating systems because it is well insulated by itself. However, it’s not recommended for ventilation because, like fiberglass-lined ducts, they can become a breeding ground for mold and mildew in humid climates. Also, because the surface is rough, they can also affect airflow and efficiency. PVC duct : Resistant to micro bacterial and cheap. Less noise but doesn’t stand very high and low temperatures. Flexible : Flexible ducts are typically tube-shaped, made of a wire coil covered with a bendable, durable plastic. The advantages of flexible ducts are that they are fairly quick and easy to install, and often cost less than rigid ductwork and often resistant to micro bacterial.
Figure 7.5.2 Ductwork in Pump Room
Figure 7.5.2 (b) Ductwork in Kitchen
7.5.3 Filter FIlter is needed which normally located inside the ductwork to filter the inlet air from outdoor or filter the outlet air before it goes to the atmosphere. To sift the external air before releasing into the room. To trap and prevent dust, smoke, bacteria, and others from entering the room. Different filter for different application / use. Usually installed at the inlet grille. Fiberglass Filter Typically manufactured using medium to heavy cardboard frame with layered fiberglass reinforced with a metal mesh for support from collapse. Polyester Filter Media Pad Polyester offers higher resistance and dust holding capabilities than most fiberglass filters. Frequently used to replace fiberglass filters, which can fragment and send fibers into the air stream. Electrostatic Filter This filter create a self-generated charge helping to collect dust particles. Typically manufactured using multiple layers of polypropylene media or similar within a galvanized frame or cardboard frame. HEPA Single-use, disposable filters. This filter has pleated arrangement of blankets and mats whose have tiny pores that can remove very small particulates. It able to removed fine particles including some bacteria and other chemical environment. According to Mr.Azri, fiberglass filter is being used for Taylor’s. It is chosen because of its sound insulation function and considered as environmentally friendly. While for toilets and bathroom, activated charcoal filter is being applied due to its nature of filtering odors. It can absorbs numerous odors and heavy gases.
Figure 7.5.3 (a) Fiberglass filter
Figure 7.5.3 (b) Activated Carbon filter
7.5.4 Grille and Diffuser Diffuser is a mechanical ventilation device located at the end of duct system, it serve to control and manage the air velocity before entering the occupy space. Diffuser can be found in various shape, either round or rectangle or as linear slot diffusers. The diffusers (inlets) need to avoid the location of extract air and dampers, and located up far the stream. Functions of diffusers are as below : - To deliver both conditioning and ventilating air - Evenly distribute the flow of air, in the desired directions - To enhance mixing of room air into the primary air being discharged - To create low-velocity air movement in the occupied portion of room - Accomplish the above while producing the minimum amount of noise.
Types of diffusers used in Taylor’s 4-way Louvre Bladed Diffuser Used to supply air at ceiling level. The curved blades deflect air in four directions.
Figure 7.5.4(c) Diffuser at maintenance office
Egg Crate Grille Simplest and cheapest grille. Apply Air to be removed by an extract ventilation system
Figure 7.5.4(a) Diffuser at electrical room
Fire Rated Transfer Grille Often used in doors and walls to provide ventilation but also stop the spread of smoke and fire.
Figure 7.5.4 (d) Fire rated door transfer grille 7.8 Smoke Spill System When fire occurs in a building, ventilation is needed to prevent the accumulation of smoke in tripping the people from escape. Combined ventilation is used where air inlet is driven in and smoke is exhaust out from the building. Controlling the smoke by extracting and supply air in order to ensure safe evacuation of people in case of a fire in any of the spaces inside the building. The smoke spill system of a building or structure must ensure protection of people along the evacuation paths from the fire hazards during the time required for the personnel evacuation procedure or the entire period of fire development and control by means of extracting the combustion and thermal decomposition products and/or preventing their spreading.
Figure 7.8(a) Fire in a Building without a Smoke Spill System
Figure 7.8(b) Fire in a Building Equipped with a Smoke Spill System Smoke Spill System function : - Prevention of smoke spreading from the ignition source. - Prevention of smoke transfer to the evacuation paths (maintaining acceptable conditions for the people being evacuated from the building). - Maintaining a microclimate beyond the ignition source area to enable normal operation of fire-fighting teams. - Protecting the life of people in the building. - Protecting the property against damage.
Figure 7.8 (c) Smoke flow when fire occurs and smoke curtain
Inlet air supply can cause troubles with mechanical extraction when the building is on fire. This is due to the warmed air taken out will have a greater volume than inlet air. As the fire grows and declines, the mismatch in volume between the extracted fire warmed air and inlet air will also change. This can cause pressure difference appearing across any doors on the escape route. Hence, to prevent this “push and pull� effect, replacement of fresh air shall be drawn by natural means.
Figure 7.8 (d) Inlet Air Flow Direction
The smoke, which is in stationary state, has higher pressure than a moving fresh air. Hence, moving air stream will then attract stationary smoke towards itself to prevent smoke accumulation and aid in smoke attraction, so called as Venturi effect.
Figure 7.8 (e) Block D Lower Ground Floor (Fan Room)
7.10 Summary Mechanical ventilation in Taylor’s University Lakeside campus is considered moderate and done in a traditional way. All the system is arranged in an organized way for example all the ductwork is neatly hidden inside the ceiling. In additional with well designated and planned of Taylor’s on natural ventilation, the basement car park and the most of the walkway of every levels does not need mechanical devices as it already cool by natural breeze which is a smart solution as it uses less energy consumption and save cost.
MS 1525:2007 Where appropriate the EMS should start and stop mechanical ventilation equipment such as supply or exhaust fan. Some applications may require a number of fans to be grouped together as a column zone for start and stop control by the EMS. Control should be based on, but not limited to: 1. Time Schedules 2. Carbon monoxide level in parking garages or carbon dioxide level in large rooms in highly variable occupancy 3. Duty cycling algorithm (Malaysian standard, 2007) UBBL Section 41. Mechanical ventilation and air conditioning 1. Where permanent mechanical ventilation or air conditioning is intended, the relevant building bylaws relating to natural ventilation, natural lighting, and heights of rooms may be waived at the discretion of the local authority. 2. Any application for the waiver of the relevant by-laws shall only be considered if in addition to the permanent air-conditioning system, there is provided alternative approved means of ventilating the air-conditioned enclosure, such that within half an hour of the air-conditioning system failing, not less than the stipulated volume of fresh air specified hereinafter shall be introduced into the enclosure during the period when the airconditioning system is not functioning. 3. The provisions of the Third Schedule to these By-laws shall apply to buildings which are mechanically ventilated or air-conditioned. 4. Where permanent mechanical ventilation in respect of lavatories, water-closets, bathrooms or corridors is provided for and maintained in accordance with the requirements of the Third Schedule to these By-laws, the provisions of these By-laws relating to natural ventilation and natural lighting shall not apply to such lavatories, water-closets,bathrooms or corridors.
8.0 MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM 8.1 Literature Review Mechanical Transportation System is a platform or cabin to transport loads or passengers up and down from one level of a building to another. These transportation systems are designed to transport their loads in the quickest and most efficient manner without the burden of human figure.For a building to be high, mechanical transportation should be provided in the building not only for efficient circulation, but also allow the disable to ascend higher levels without extensive use of ramps. There are several types of mechanical transportation system which includes elevators and escalators. These systems are generally powered by electric motors that either drive traction cables or counterweight systems such as hoist, or pump hydraulic fluid to raise a cylindrical piston like a jack. Mechanical Transportation System is a system where it is needed in most modern buildings for users to travel vertically from one floor to another. It is also a huge help to the disabled and elderlies. According to Uniform Building By-Law (UBBL) 1984 – Clause 124 [ ACT 133 ], any building that exceeds 4 storeys and above or below the main access must provide a elevator, or less when wheelchair movement. The minimum standard of service for one lift is each four storeys, with a maximum walking distance of 45m to the lift lobby. For all buildings, elevators should be placed at the source of traffic flow, which means providing easy means of access to all building users. Elevator performance are classified according to several factors examples: ❏ Acceleration ❏ Retardation ❏ Stability of speed and performance with variations of car loads There are two different drive systems for lifts , differentiated by the drive system uses to pulled the lifts. 8.1.1 Hydraulics Elevator Hydraulics elevators uses a push cylinder, either pushing directly or indirectly, to move the car upwards or downwards, An electric motor pumps hydraulic oil into the cylinder to move the piston. The piston smoothly lifts the elevator cab. Electrical valves control the release of the oil for a gentle descent. Such low mechanical complexity of hydraulic elevators make it suitable for low rise installation complexity of hydraulic elevators make it suitable for low rise installations, provided the shaft should be regularly checked for any fluid leakage.
Figure 8.1.1(a) Components of a hydraulic elevator
8.1.2. Traction Elevator Traction elevators are elevators that use worm gears to control mechanical movement of elevator cars by “rolling� steel hoist ropes over a drive sheave which is attached to a gearbox driven by a high-speed motor. These machines are generally the best option for basement or overhead traction use for speeds up to 3 m/s. A counterweight is usually added to balance the empty weight of the car and the live load. The machinery and the control system can be accommodated in a separate machine room, or in the case of lifts without machine rooms, can be placed in the shaft.
Figure 6.1.2(a) Components of a traction elevator
8.2 Machine- Room Less Elevator 8.2.1 Introduction & Justification The elevator that installed in our chosen building is Motor-Room-Less ( MRL Elevator ). MRL is considered as a new product which were introduced by the elevator industry. Application of MRL in construction compared to normal standard elevator is important as it will affect the design of elevator hoist-way and equipment room. Motor-Room-Less (MRL) elevator is a result of the new technology that allows huge reduction in the size of the electric motors used in traction elevators. The newly designed permanent magnet motors, known as PMM, allows the manufacturers to locate to identify the machines, thus abolishing the need for a machine room, which was the main component for normal traction elevator. Several advantages as stated below: • Save an estimated amount of 70% - 80% energy, compared to hydraulic elevators. The power feeders are reduced due to the more efficient design and counterbalancing which were provided with the traction elevators. • Environmental-friendly. MRL elevators decreases cost and environmental concerns, as compared to buried hydraulic elevator that will cause groundwater
pollution. By using MRL elevator, all these issues will be prevented as MRL elevator is a traction elevator with all its components above ground. • Superior performance. MRL elevator uses a gearless traction type machine, which affects the superior performance and ride quality compared to hydraulic elevators. It can also operate in a faster speed, while increasing the perception of quality over a conventional hydraulic elevator. • Quiet. MRL elevator contains minimal noise pollution as compared to normal elevators, which is very suitable to be places . • MRL elevators uses less space as compared to normal traction elevator as no machine roomless is required. • MRL elevator have higher standby power requirements compared to other elevator systems as the other elevators uses more power when not in use.
After the literature review, which explains the general types, functions and operation of the mechanical transportation, the report will then further research on the mechanical transportation found in the choice of our building for case study which is the Taylor Lakeside Campus (Block D) by identifying the components and the operation of the system along with supporting information such as UBBL requirement or related regulations as well as images and diagrams by the system to further elaborate the explanation. The research will then conclude with an analysis and comments based on observations on the mechanical transportation of Taylor Lakeside Campus building (Block D).
Figure 8.2.1(a) Image of Taylor Lakeside Campus Building (BLOCK D) The Mechanical transportation system in Taylor Lakeside Building is provided by KONE Elevator (M) SDN BHD. Kone Elevator SDN BHD is an authorized distributor and service provider for Kone elevators for the whole Malaysia and worldwide. KONE has been involved in the design, supply, installation, modernization and maintenance of KONE elevators and escalators found in many buildings for both the public and private sectors. KONE solutions are currently operating in hospital, government building, offices, condominiums and many other areas throughout Malaysia. After the site visit conducted, it can be seen the KONE provides a kinds of mechanical transportation system to the Taylor Lakeside Campus .
Figure 8.2.2(b) KONE Logo
Brand : Kone Type : Motor-Room-Less (MRL) Capacity : 1360 kg (20 person max) Technology : The machine Roomless elevator is a result of our technological such as slim-form gearless traction machine with permanent magnet ( PM ) motor or a significant reduction in the size of the devices ; installing all traction equipment in the hoistway. Thus, overhead machine was eliminated and required space for elevator installation was minimized. It gives more freedom of layout in Taylor Lakeside Campus to Architects. 8.2.2 Components of System
Figure 8.2.2 (a) Schematic Diagram of Motor-Room-Less (MRL) Elevator
Hoist-way The hoist-way is the vertical passageway for the car and counterweights. On the sidewalls, there are car guide rails and certain mechanical and electrical auxiliaries of the control machine. At the bottom of the hoist-way are the car and counterweight buffer, while on top of the platform is where the machine compact machine, or known as traction machine, where MRL elevators uses permanent motor rests. The permanent motor supplies energy to the elevator.
Figure 8.2.2 (b) Example Of Hoistway
Car The car is fundamental machine that conveys the passengers and loading. It is made of fire resistance material and is supported on a structural frame to which the lifting cables are attached to a top member . The car is guided in its vertical direction on the hoistway. The car is equipped function like safety doors, operating-control equipment, floor- level indicators, lighting, emergency exits, smoke detector and ventilation.
Figure 8.2.2(c) Example of car
Figure 8.2.2 (d) Components of Car Cabin Car Sling Car Sling is load carrier elements in the elevator car together with its function of isolating vibrations due to running. It can be tied in with braking or without braking system. Car Sling has three component called Upper Transom, Lower Transom and Side Frame. Upper Transom is the suspension element of the car by using some 360mm diameter polyamide pulleys, it is designed to base sliding or roller guide shoes. Other than that, it also mounts the braking system catch clamps. The Lower Transom is the carrier of car flooring through an exactly arranged pressure springs mounted in the lower isolation subassembly. Besides, Safety gear catch clamps are fixed in the lower transom and their actuation is done by a shearing linkage system. Lastly, The two adjustable height side frames are bolted together and attached to both upper and lower transom.
Figure 6.2.2e Component Of Car Sling
Elevator Cabinet The cabinet has two components, car floor and car ceiling. For the car floor have the sufficient mechanical strength to sustain forces, which are useful during standard operation, safety gear operation and the impact of the car to its bumpers. The floor size which is the same size of the car width and depth. The floor extension defines door opening, side portal depth and location. The car ceiling is considered to be able to support two person during maintenance operation without permanent deformation. Beside, it is prepared also to mount emergency trap door, blower fan and balustrade
Figure 6.2.2 (f) Components Of Elevator Cabinet
Figure 6.2.2 (e) Elevator Of Switch Bank
Switch Bank The switch bank is located in the highest floor that can be seen in the lobby area.The Motor- Room-Less (MRL) elevator is the result of technological advancements that often allow a significant reduction in the size of the electric motors used with traction equipment.
Permanent Magnet
Figure 6.2.2 (f) the lift Shaft &
Section View of Example of Permanent Magnet
Counterweight are made up of cut steel plates, which were stacked in a frame that is attached to the opposite side of cables, where the car were attached. It is guided in its travel up and down the hoistway by two guide rails, that were normally installed on the back wall of the hoistway. Its weight equals that of the empty car plus 40% of the rated live load. It is used to provide sufficient traction to the sheave for car-lifting.
COUNTERWEIGHT
Figure 6.2.2 (g) Example of Counterweight Of The Hoist-way Counterweight is a tracked weight that is suspended from cables and moves within its own suspended from cables and moves within its own set of guide rails along the hoistway walls. Counterweight is used for balancing the mass of the complete car and a portion of rated load, so that it will be equal to the dead weight of the car plus about 40% of the rated load. Reducing the necessary consumed power for moving the elevator.
6.3 Elevator
According to By - Law 124 of UBBL 1984, it started that for all non residential buildings exceeding 4 storeys above or below the main access level at least one lift shall be provided. With the total of 9 floor along a block , there are 3 units of elevator, 2 passenger lifts and 1 emergency lift . This can be clearly proven that Taylor Lakeside Campus successfully accomplish the requirement. The type of elevator used for elevator is called the Motor-Room-Less .
Figure 6.3 (a) Diagram Briefly How Elevator System Work
Figure 6.3 (b) Diagram About Operation Arrangement The control system receives signal, the motor will drive the traction sheave, which then transmits the force to the car by suspension ropes. The car is balanced by the counterweight. The safety components is where the safety gear is tripped by the speed
governor. The traction sheave brake on the motor brakes the car, if it travels upwards at excessive speed. The traction sheave brake is triggered by the speed governor. The buffer brakes the car in the event of overtravel into the hoist way pit. The door interlock on the other hand will prevents the landing doors and car door from opening during travel and when outside the interlock zone. The elevator operation can be describe as operation button arrangement . Up Hall and Down hall button are provided in each hall whereas the highest floor only have down hall call button only and the lowest floor have up hall call button only. In the car elevator, car button are also provided on a Car Operating Panel inside the car . 1. Pressing a button registers a Call. Car responds to Calls made in the direction the car is travelling, one Call after another. 2. After responding to all Calls in one direction, car will automatically reverse direction and start responding to calls made for opposite direction. 3. If there are no more Calls after response to all Calls, then car will park at the last served floor with doors closed. 6.3.1 Passenger Elevator The 2 units of passenger lifts used in Taylor Lakeside Campus are the Motor-RoomLess (MRL) Traction elevators, also known as Kone (MRL) elevator. The elevator is a new innovative system structure designed by Kone that contains a bundle of three guide rails. On top of this triple bundle the hoisting motor installed without any additional fixings in the hoistway. The additional required for the counterweight and the car are fixed to the well in a conventional way. Each units is able to carry a load of 1360 for approximately 20 capacity with a travel height 35m and speed of 1.75m/s. The elevators tops at a total of 9 levels including lower ground (LG) and ground (G). The reason this type of elevator is chosen by the contractor and architects is because of the space constraint of the building. Since there are a total of 3 elevator in each block, the architects decided to group together and positioned in the middle of the building to make it easily accessible and reduce waiting time . According to our inspection , 2 elevator including the emergency lift will be switched off by 11.00 pm leaving the only one to operate for saving energy purpose.
Figure 8.3.1 (a)Positioned Of The Elevator In Drawing Plan in Block D
Figure 8.3.1 (b) Front View of The Passenger Elevator Indicating The Components & Dimension
Figure 8.3.1(c) Schematic Diagram Indicating the Dimension Position Of The Elevator The openings on every floor are protected with suitable amount of ceiling height and area of landings which follow By-Law 152(1) of UBBL 1984.
UBBL SECTION CLAUSE 1 - OPENINGS IN LIFT SHAFTS Every opening in a lift shaft or lift entrance shall open into a protected lobby unless other suitable means of protection lobby unless other suitable means of protection to the opening t the satisfaction of the local authority is provided. These requirements shall not apply to open type industrial and other special buildings as may be provided D.G.F.S
Figure 8.3.1 (d )Image Of The Front View Figure 8.3.1(e)Image Of The Operating Of Passenger Elevator On 9 Level Panel With Car Position Indicator, An Indication Of Lift Number, Brief Regulations To Be Followed By Users 6.3.3 Firefighter Elevator (BOMBA LIFT) In each block in Taylor Lakeside Campus, there are a firefighter elevators at every group of lifts. These elevator are accessible by the public during day time but will not operate during night time as there will be more students access the lift during day time and to avoid congested. The firefighter elevator has a front and back entrance door for easily access to the emergency staircase. Although it looks the same as the standard elevator from the exterior, but the performance wise is different from the normal passenger elevator. The feature of a firefighter elevator are the following ● The Platform area are contract load should be at least 1.45m2 and 500 KG ● It is able to reach the top of the building within one minute ● It has an overriding “Fire Control” switch at the fire control floor level to bring the lift under manual control of the fire officer.
Figure 8.3.3(a) Firefighter elevator located at level 3 (block D) 6.4 Emergency 6.4.1 Cut-off in Electricity If there is a cut-off in electricity, the lift will automatically stops at the nearest landing. Genset will be generated immediately as a backup power supply, the car will then land at the ground floor and door is opened to allow user to leave the car immediately. This follows the By-Law 154 of UBBL 1984, stating the emergency mode of operation in the event of mains power failure. UBBL SECTION 154 - EMERGENCY MODE OF OPERATION IN THE EVENT OF MAINS POWER FAILURE. ● On failure of mains power of lifts shall return in sequence directly to the designated floor,commencing with the fire lifts, without answering any car or landing calls and park with open door ● After all lifts are parked the lifts on emergency power shall resume normal operation. Provided that where sufficient emergency power is available for operation of all lifts, this mode of operation need not apply 6.4.2 Fire emergency If fire happens, fire service indicator will illuminate, a buzzer will ring. The elevator will home to the ground floor, where the 24/7 control room at the back entrance of the building located, to allow users to leave the building immediately. There are also smoke detectors outside the elevator in every level.
UBBL SECTION 153 - SMOKE DETECTORS FOR LIFT LOBBIES. ● All lift lobbies shall be provided with smoke detectors
6.4.3 Emergency Procedure Emergency Situation If for any reason the car stops and it is possible to leave the car in the normal way, there is no danger to users in the car. The car is secured against uncontrolled descent. Ventilation slits allow air into the car. If the power supply fails, emergency lighting will provide light in the car immediately. UBBL SECTION 151 - VENTILATION TO LIFT SHAFTS Where openings to Lift Shafts are not connected to protected lobbies such elevator shafts shall be provided with vents of not less than 0.09 square metre per lift located at the top of the shaft. Where the vent does not discharge directly to the open air into the lift shafts shall be vented to the exterior through a duct of the required FRP as for the lift shafts
Figure 8.4.3(a) Ventilation Slit In Lift
Function Of Alarm The alarm button in the car should be pressed in an emergency. When the alarm button is pressed the alarm call is acknowledge and passed on automatically. After a short time, the person on duty at the responsible control room replies. The person are given instructions to the passenger and organizes whatever action is necessary.
Figure 8.4.3(b) Lift Supervisory Panel
Figure 8.4.3(c) Alarm Button And Intercom Rescue Of Trapped Passengers Only competent of trained person are allowed to rescue rapped passengers. When rescuing trapped passengers, the procedure displayed in the control room must be followed. According to the facilities management, if for any reason the instruction notice in the machine room or in the control cabinet is missing, the maintenance company must be contacted immediately to allow them to rescue the passengers. Missing instruction notice must be replace as soon as on request of the management of the installation by the maintenance company. There is also an emergency unlocking key for opening the landing and car door. However it is strictly limited to competent or trained person UBBL SECTION 239 - VOICE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM There shall be two separate approved continuously electrically supervised voice communications system, open a fire brigade communications system and the other public address system between the central control station and the following area. Lift, lift lobbies, corridors and staircase
6.5 Summary I think that the both engineer and architect had worked well to create a great experience for the users by providing transportation system to the users in order to allow users to move from one floor to another safely. The elevators in Taylor Lakeside Campus have met all the requirement stated in UBBL.
Figure 8.5(a) Indication of Passenger and Firefighter Elevator In Block D Drawing Plan
Figure 8.5(b) Indication Of Lift Motor Room Floor Plan in Block D
Figure 6.5(c) Section Drawing Plan of Block D Advantages Each position of the mechanical transportation are located very strategically and easily to access , allowing users to be able to use it comfortably and conveniently. As the Plan of the plan is longitudinal, the elevator is allocated right at the centre of the building block, therefore preventing the users to have to walk far away to move from one floor to another floor. All the elevator will stop at ground floor and passengers can exit the building conveniently to the gathering location. This is to ensure the elevators go according to the requirement of UBBL Section 154. There are fire lifts in every block that are all located nearby each other with the passenger lift. Besides, all the fire lifts fulfilled the requirement of having smoke detectors at the lift lobbies. The firefighter elevator, which are set every group of elevators have fulfilled the requirement of UBBL Section 243. Disadvantages However, Through my own observation as will as through some question and answer session with the staff in management facilities, i found out that the elevator often experience malfunction and the elevator performance are slow when it travel. This problem affects the users who are using the elevator will cause them to wait more than 5 minutes before the elevator reach. Due to this matter, some users in Taylor Lakeside Campus would rather take the stairs to their destination area. In my opinion, the maintenance staff from KONE SDN BHD and the staff from management facilities department should meet up in order to have better communication and discuss on to solve the problem.
9.0 CONCLUSION Throughout this project, we had studied the services system which are necessary in a building program for the safety and comfort of users, which is the ultimate goal of building. The study outcome classified the availability, necessity, and importance of building services. We learnt how each system play its role in the building, and each component of the system serves its function. Going further, we could identify and and understand the relevant information related to mechanical ventilation, air-conditioning system, mechanical transportation system as well as fire protection systems. Building services system has to be strategically plan in every building and each system has its own strength and weakness, it serves particular functions which may not be relevant to another project. The building has followed the rules and regulations set by the Department of Standards Malaysia such as MS1525 for most of the HVAC ( Heating, Ventilation, and AirConditioning System) and UBBL which stands for Uniform Building By Law. One of the suggestions will be the system can be implied in a more creative and innovative way rather than the conservative and traditional way.
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