Government Food Safety - SIQ1 Contents
1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4
Introduction Project Introduction Site and Masterplan Precedents Performance Specification
2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5
Structure Structure of Concrete Shell Timber Stud Structure Cladding Secondary Structure Crane Structure Chimney Structure
3 3.1 3.2 3.3
Construction Order of Consruction Calculations Details
4 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7
Environment Site Analysis Heating and Cooling Ventilation Accoustics Lighting and Shading Materiality and Colour Drainage
5
Critical Assessment
2 Project Introduction This brief combines rice distribution and a government department, to oversee the standardisation and quality control of food in Suzhou, China. The government department, Suzhou Institute of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine is currently located outwith the distribution centres and has little involvement in produce needed to supply the masses quickly. The concept for this industrial building is a main canopy covering other activity below and a chimney to deal with waste and heating. The canopy consists of multiple concrete parabolic hyperbolic shells. This canopy covers timber boxes with controled environments for laboratories and kitchens. However there are shells that continue out beyond the main building so a cross process of rice distribution can take place. One million people in the Suzhou Masterplan will be fed by the produce that is processed through the SIQ. Rice harvesting is seasonal occurring March to April and again in September to October. During these periods five 30 meter long cargo boats will arrive each day with rice to be threshed, dried and packaged. Due to the distribution element the cross process of this building is key and has lead the design process. Exploration into structure and construction led me as the designer to chose a parabolic hyperbolic concrete shell construction to allow for large uninterrupted spans where cranes could be integrated to unload and load the cargo boats.
Manifesto Points this project aims to address: Integrating Industry – ‘Industrial growth in China has given rise to very large industrial estates set apart from other urban activities.’ Regaining Agricultural Land - ‘China aims to feed its population without having to rely on imports.’ Future Energy Production - ‘Renewable energy forms a small percentage of the total energy production and low carbon strategies are very limited.’ This Building is located along the central canal of the vehicle free settlement allowing it to become integrated with surrounding building types and light industry. The chimney element allows waste products from the threshing process to be burnt and generate energy that can be fed back into the building.
3 Project Introduction
4 Site and Masterplan
Grand Canal
Tai Hu Lake
Masterplan
Government Food Safety
5 Site and Masterplan
6 Precedents
Shigeru Ban - Naked House
Minoru Yamasaki - Lambert St. Louis Airport
Minoru Yamasaki – Lambert St. Louis Airport
Eladio Dieste The Tower
The quality of light and use of materials in Shugeru Bans work in very interesting. China didnt have glass many years ago and used paper instead of glass in their windows therefore the quality of light experienced in the Naked House is very well considered and effective. The Large Spans and maximesied openings in the St Louis Airport allow for the large uninterrupted plan by using a concrete shell structure. However the design is unsuccessful where the shells join in Minoru Yamasakis work and this solution doesnt provide enough light for the building. The shading element is effective but it is aesthetically dissapointing that the stifening rib is on the edge of the shell it would be more sucessful if this was stepped back. The use of material on curved surfaces in Eladio Dietes work is facinating. The material used in Diestes work isnt bricks as you might first think ,they are tiles that have the same prportions as bricks but are much easier to attach to a curved surface, but still add to thermal mass. There are also a lot of shading soluions that are very sucessful in Diestes work.
7 Performance Specification
Carbon Emissions This building sets out to reduce carbon emmisions by setting a target hight from the outset, the building would aim to have an Energy Performance reading in band A. This is extreemly important to consider especially for projects in China as at the moment the systems in place are not successful, therefore using the british standards will ensure that correct measures are taken to produce a building that performs well. The consideration needs to extend thoughout the construction of the build, into its use and until the end of its life cycle. The Carbon Emision target set out in the FEE (Fabric Energy Efficiency) is 5kg /m2.
Furnace Energy This building will minimise energy uses by producing its own energy from waste products (none plastics), this will be achieved by using the furnace chimney as a source of energy to power the flat bed dryers. This energy can also be used to heat the building in the colder months.The target set from carbon emissions means that heating, cooling, ventilation and lighting is targeted at 10kg co2/m2/y.
Water Runoff Water will be conserved as much as possible by reusing run off from the roof in monsoon seasons to irrigate the courtyard and pass water thru the building for use in none drinkable cycles.
Thermal Performance This building sets out to be breathable and thermal requirements are not so much of an issue in Suzhou, China. Therefore cooling this large building will be the main focus in this report. The air tightness is at 10 m3/h/m2 as this building is largely breathable to allow for effective ventilation through the breathable walls.
8 Performance Specification
Fabric Energy Efficiency (FEE)
A.8.2.2: A minimum ventilation rate for unoccupied laboratories (e.g., nights and weekends) is four room air changes per hour. Occupied laboratories typically operate at rates of greater than eight room air changes per hour, consistent with the conditions of use for the laboratory. It is not the intent of the standard to require emergency or standby power for laboratory ventilation systems.
INSTRUCTIONS Input the data required in the cells indicated by the red boxes :The cursor is moved by using the arrow keys or by clicking on the desired cell with the mouse. Follow the instructions on the worksheets carefully. To edit an entry simply click on the desired box with the mouse, and re-enter the data. (It is not essential to delete data before editing it.)
Building Type
Distribution Centre and Laboratories
Building Location
Suzhou, China
5.0
Target carbon emissions for space heating OR Target annual space heating per sq m floor area
kg CO2/ m2 y kWh/m2 y
FEE WORKSHEET
Therefore the target air changes in my building are follows: Laboratories 8 air changes / hour Circulation spaces 4 air changes / hour Cafetteria 4 air changes / hour Kitchens 15 air changes / hour Administration 4 air changes / hour Offices 4 air changes / hour Toilets 6 air changes / hour
Input Data
1. OVERALL BUILDING DIMENSIONS
Ground floor area Ground floor perimeter
6300.00
m2
480.00
m
15.00
m
Building height Number of storeys
15m X 60m
2
Total floor area
12600.00
m2
Building volume
94500.00
m3
7200.00
m2
Wall & glazing area
2. VENTILATION RATE 10
Envelope permeability & 50 Pa
m3/m2h 9900
Air infiltration rate at ambiant pressure
=
Air infiltration rate at ambiant pressure
0.10
m3/h ach
1500
No of people in the building
43200
Ventilation requirement
m3/h
0.457143 ach
Air changes per hour
Material Choice The material choice for this building should be as sustainable as possile by sorcing local materials that have a long life cycle and can stand as long as the building is intended for or can be unassembled and reused.
If Mech + heat recovery, efficiency in % 90 Enter 0 for nat vent or supply/extract vent
3. HEAT LOSSES AND HEAT LOSS PARAMETER (HLP) Glazing ratio of walls (%)
20
Glazing ratio of roof (%)
5
Element
Area (m2)
Windows
1440.00
x
0.80
315.00
x
0.80
Ground floor
6300.00
x
Walls
5760.00
x
Roof
5985.00
x
Total
19800.00
Rooflights
U-value (W / m2K)
AxU (W / K)
Heat Loss (%)
=
1036.80
12.0
=
226.80
2.6
0.08
=
522.56
6.1
0.11
=
633.60
7.4
0.25
=
1496.25
17.4
3916.01
45.5
Ventilation heat loss (W/K)
=
4692.60
54.5
Specific Heat Loss (W/K)
=
8608.61
97.4
Heat loss parameter (HLP) (W/m2K)
=
0.68
Summary of heat losses
Ventilation Transparent Walls Roof Floor total
%
54.5 14.7 7.4 17.4 6.1 100.0
Heat Losses
Ventilation Transparent Walls Roof Floor
ANNUAL SPACE HEATING REQUIREMENT Internal Heat Gains (W/m2) Annual Degree Days to base 16 C Annual Space heating (kWh/y) Annual Space heating per sq m floor area (kWh/m2 y) Does this meet chosen performance standard?
(Table A.2 CIBSE TM37:2006, Design for improved solar shading control)
40
1291
DD
262575 20.8
24/01/2014
Not specified
CARBON EMMISSIONS FOR SPACE HEATING Carbon emissions factor for fuel (kg CO2/ kWh) Carbon emissions for space heating (kg CO2/ m2 y) Does this meet chosen performance standard?
0.198
Natural gas, CEF = 0.198 kg CO2/kWh
4.1 Yes, U-values and area of glazing are OK
SIZE OF SPACE HEATING PLANT Heat output from "boiler" (kW)
Construction Process The construction process must be chosen so that the transportation of materials is kept to a minimum and the labour intensity of the project is achievable by the workforce. The design should then be able to display that it has met the A rating for both Energy Efficiency Rating and CO2 Rating
309.9
(Includes 20% margin but not internal heat gain
(See Table 12 of SAP 2009, for the CEF for different fuels)
FEE These Fabric Energy Efficiency calculations show us that with the current design the major heat losses are through the roof and windows, with most heat loss occuring through the roof. Where the ventilation contributes to heat losses the most as there is a high percentage of natural ventilation through the breathable walls.
9 Structure of Concrete Shell
30m x 30m Grid to allow for cross process and proportion of parabolic curve
Pre-cast element added to the edge of the shells to ensure a smooth eaves finish
Loads are transfered to the foundations
Stiffening Ribs
Shell works in compression as a whole, where each sector holds the others up and vise versa
10 Timber Stud Structure 6000 mm
600 cc
10000 mm
The Timber Stud walls making up the structure of the laboratories are at 600 centres and are designed to standard sizes so that they are effcient and can be pre-fabricated quickly. This diagram shows the exterior walls of the boxes that sit upderneath the concrete shell cannopy.
11 Cladding Secondary Structure
Diagonal timber to join the cladding to the shell
2000 mm
1000 mm
Cross Laminated Bamboo makes up the secondary structure for the cladding system used. The process of obtaining cross laminated bamboo is illistrated here. This system is made up of columns and beams to frame out the space, then cross bracing is added for support against racking. There are collums running vertically attatching back to the shell at the top of the secondary structure via angled pieces of timber to provide support against wind loads. The size of these spans are 1000 mm for beams and 2000 mm for collumns. The sizes of these elements are 75 mm x 300 mm so they act like timber fins and provide further support against wind loads. this secondary structure is then infilled with transparent insulation and covered over with fabric to allow the light to penetrate through the cladding.
Diagonal Bracing
12 Crane Structure
Steel Truss walls 18 meters long 1 meter wide and 9 meters tall. These walls are braced with the cranes that run horizontally in between the walls. the steel members that take the compressive loads at the top of the walls meed to be extreemly large as the loads are very heavy from the cargo containers.
13 Furnace Size Calculation Carbon Emisions
Diaphragm Wall Properties
Tower Design
Diaphragm Wall make up
Chimney Structure
14 Order of Construction
ucJon Methods
1. Spray Concrete - applied over formwork of horizontal and vertical elements. 200mm thick concrete at the top of the shells and 600mm thick at the bottom of the shells for structural stability where the loads are transfered to the foundations and thermal mass properties.
2
2. Pre-case Concrete Edge Element - to ensure a smooth finish at the edge of the shell. 1
3. Reinforcement Mesh - for structural stability and to support the concrete on the curved plane. 4. Spray Insulation - 150 mm 5. Cladding - fabric finish and translucent insulation to allow light to difuse through a large opening because dirrect light harms rice.
2
6. Spray Render - After a key is applied to the insulation spray render is added to fgive an interior finish. 3
7. Concrete Plinth - shell sits on and the reinforcement bars join together to transfer loads to the founConstrucJon Methods dations. 8. Pad Foundations - 1000mm x 2000mm block to take the forces from two dirrections. 9. Cross Laminated Bamboo Secondary Structure - columns and beams arrangement to reach the 14m height at the apex, cross bracing for racking stability, sizes of members (75mm x 300mm) act like a timber fin for wind loading stability, columns at 1000mm cc and beams are positioned at every 2000mm. This facade system creates a box which is infilled with insulation. Construction process for formwork is illistrated below. The formwork is set out by the engineer using horizontal and vertical timber elements. Timber sheets are added to the scalfholding like formwork to create the curve. The concrete is applied to the curved surface created. This process is low tech and is easy to achieve for a large workforce, like those available in China.
4
5
9
6
7
8
15 Rice Process Calculations
16 1:10 Lab Foundation Detail
17 1:!0 Lab Roof Detail
18 Details
19 1:10 Cladding Foundation Detail
20 Site Analysis
21 Degree Days above and below 16 degree for heating and cooling.
Laboratories in relation to Plant Room
Radient Heating and Cooling
The two spread sheets illistrate the degree days in Suzhou China for heating and cooling implying the FEE calculation , althought usefull in a lot of aspects, in not catered for building in a alternate climate to the UK. This is because the amount of degree days in Suzhou, China above 16 degrees is a lot more than below 16 degrees. This shows us that cooling the building is more of a problem than heating the building, althought something should still be considered for heating. The heating strategy for the building is simple. The circulation spaces will work without heating and cooling systems as the cross ventilation will be enough to cool these spaces down for their intended uses. Simularly the rice distribution aspect of the building will simply have a concrete shell canopy shading the activity happening below. The only controlled environments are the laboratory boxes useing a ground source pump to cool and heat the rooms via radient heat. The layout of the boxes for the laboratories is repetative and very effective for radients ground source heat pumps that can connect back to a plant room located in the middle of all the boxes.
Heating and Cooling
22 Ventilation
The prevailing winds travelling over huge bodies of water will be cooled down. These air flows will hit the sides of the canopy structure and clading and will pass thru the breathable facade to provide enough ventilation and cooling in the circulation areas. The shape of the shells will allow for wind to be guided up and over them, almost acting as a channel for the wind to flow into the courtyard.This together with the heating and cooling stratedgy for the laboratories will provide a comfortable environment. Thermal mass will occur in this building due to the ammount of concrete. At the bottoms of the shells there is a large amount of concrete, 600mm for structural integrity where the loads are being passed to the foundations, therefore thermal mass will be more effective here. Thermal mass works by absorbing the heat from the air and cooling it down. This heat is stored within the mass and released gradually when the temperature drops within the building. Concrete has excellent thermal mass properties because it is able to retain a great amount of heat while its own tempoerature is not hugely effected.
23 Accoustics
Controlled Environments
24 Lighting
Daylight Factor
Flat Bed Dryers. March/September. 8am - 12pm
Flat Bed Dryers. March/September. 1pm - 5pm
DFav = 0.86 W θ A
W = net area of window A = total are of interior θ = angle of visable sky from the centre of the window W = 516m ² A = 1700m ² θ = 21 degrees = 0.86 516 x 21 1700
= 0.86
16836 1700
= 5.48 % Courtyard Space. June. 8am - 4pm
Roof lights are 3 times as effective These figures show us that the light achieved underneath the shells is adequit as long as electrical light is added to the interiors of the boxes for the working within the laboratories.
25
Cross ventilation through breathable wall. The height allows for the warm air to rise and move out of the building
Courtyard cooling winds and water ponds help to ventilate the internal volumes.
Sun light is able to penetrate into the deep plan due to large openings.
Details  Â
Ground source heat pump is used to provide radient heat to the labs
Shading by 2 meter overhang at apex
The over hang of pre-cast concrete at the edges of the shells is a maximum of 2 meters at the apex and 0 meters at the point at which the shell touches the ground. This overhang provides shading to the cladding system and blocks out direct sunlight.
Shading
26 Material and Colour Concrete with brick agrigate
Cross Laminated Bamboo
Transportation costs kept low because there is a brick factory to the north of the site. Labour and materials are a lot cheaper in China, a large workforce that is needed for this building will be easy to achieve. The brick with concrete infill allows the chimney to reach the heights and withstand the high temperatures while keeping an industrial feel.
Bamboo is strong and is quick growing therefore after cross lamination the timber is extreemly strong and can span great heights with metal connections. Steel performs well when used to form truses as well as adding to the industrial feel. The steel and brick elements can be reused.
Red Brick
Steel Truss
27 Drainage
During the monsoon season there is an increase in amount of rainfall, reaching 156 mm in some months. Surface runnoff is reused in the toilets and irrigation systems in the courtyard. There is a layered stepping water feature surrounding the whole courtyard for this water to circulate. Excess water is channeled back into the canals, esspecially during monsoon periods Due to the structures curved nature the water will easily runn off all surfaces and skylights.
28 Critical Assesment - Structure
Exploration into other alternatives to a structural shell could be Arches or by using a tenstile structure.
Arch Exploration
Toyo Ito - Meiso no Mori Crematorium
Rafael Moneo - Museum of Roman Art
Toyo Ito - Tama Art University Library
29 Critical Assessment - Structure
Other types of construction and structure have been explored to test the suitability of a concrete parabolic hyperbolic shell, Althought providing thermal mass like the concrete shells, In comparison the brick/ concrete arches have a much smaller spaced structural grid and touch the ground far to often for the building use. The climate in Suzhou; hot summers, strong sun, high winds and wet seasons, would damage a tenstile structure to often, where the concrete could withstand the climate. In addition the concrete shells are very low tech and are easy to construct once the formwork is calculated whereas the tenstile structure would require further experties. The construction process is well suited to the large workforces available in China. The Concrete shells are far more successful in terms of creating thermal mass than a tenstile structure would be. This is a huge positive in the extreemly hot climate of Suzhou, China. Aesthetically the mass of the shell is far more effective for this project and this brief when compaired to arches and tenstil structures. The concrete shell construction and structure is perfect for this building type because of the cross process for the rice distribution. The concrete parabolic hyper bolic shells allow for an uninterrupted floor plan of 30meters x 30meters. The process of rice distribution of this scale (for 1 million people) Takes up 30 meters in length and 15 meters in width, therefore two production lines can take place under one shell.
Reasons for choosing the concrete shell:
Can Withstand The Climatic Extremes Provides Effective Thermal Mass Spans Great Distances Aesthetically Appropriate Construction Process Achievable
Fabric Energy Efficiency (FEE)
30
INSTRUCTIONS Input the data required in the cells indicated by the red boxes :-
The cursor is moved by using Critical Assesment - Cladding the arrow keys or by clicking on the desired cell with the mouse.
Rice is harmed if exposed to too much direct sunlight meaning translucent cladding is the correct solution for this building type as it provides adequit light over a large area without too much glare or not enough light. This cladding also provides thermal properties while allowing light in and it is breathable for natural ventilation.
Follow the instructions on the worksheets carefully. To edit an entry simply click on the desired box with the mouse, and re-enter the data. (It is not essential to delete data before editing it.)
Building Type
Distribution Centre and Laboratories
Building Location
Suzhou, China
5.0
Target carbon emissions for space heating OR Target annual space heating per sq m floor area
kg CO2/ m2 y
If other cladding solutions were chosen such as glazing or solid cortens steel panels the light level would either be too big or none existant.
kWh/m2 y
FEE WORKSHEET Input Data
The daylight factor dervied in the previous pages of this report didnt take into consideration the amount of light that one panel lets in. The rooflights contibute to the most amount of lighting in the building as they supply three times as much = 16.44%.
1. OVERALL BUILDING DIMENSIONS
Ground floor area
6300.00
m2
Ground floor perimeter
480.00
m
Building height
15.00
m
Number of storeys
15m X 60m
2
Total floor area
12600.00
m2
Building volume
94500.00
m3
Wall & glazing area
7200.00
m2
Full Cladding
However the daylight factor average obtained of 5.48% was incorrect because the area calculated was for the transparent insulation and not the windows the corrected equation can be seen below:
2. VENTILATION RATE 10
Envelope permeability & 50 Pa
m3/m2h 9900
Air infiltration rate at ambiant pressure
=
Air infiltration rate at ambiant pressure
0.10
m3/h ach
1500
No of people in the building
43200
Ventilation requirement
m3/h
W = 240m ² A = 1700m ² θ = 21 degrees
0.457143 ach
Air changes per hour If Mech + heat recovery, efficiency in % 90 Enter 0 for nat vent or supply/extract vent
3. HEAT LOSSES AND HEAT LOSS PARAMETER (HLP) Glazing ratio of walls (%) Glazing ratio of roof (%)
20 5
Element
Area (m2)
Windows
1440.00
U-value (W / m2K)
x
0.80
= 0.86 240 x 21 1700
A x U Heat Loss (W / K) (%)
=
1036.80
12.0
Rooflights
315.00
x
0.80
=
226.80
2.6
Ground floor
6300.00
x
0.08
=
522.56
6.1
Walls
5760.00
x
0.11
=
633.60
7.4
Roof
5985.00
x
0.25
=
Total
19800.00
1496.25
17.4
3916.01
45.5
Ventilation heat loss (W/K)
=
4692.60
54.5
Specific Heat Loss (W/K)
=
8608.61
97.4
Heat loss parameter (HLP) (W/m2K)
=
0.68
Summary of heat losses
Ventilation Transparent Walls Roof Floor total
%
54.5 14.7 7.4 17.4 6.1 100.0
Internal Heat Gains (W/m2) Annual Degree Days to base 16 C Annual Space heating (kWh/y) Annual Space heating per sq m floor area (kWh/m2 y) Does this meet chosen performance standard?
Ventilation Transparent Walls Roof Floor
DD
262575 20.8
24/01/2014
Not specified
CARBON EMMISSIONS FOR SPACE HEATING Carbon emissions factor for fuel (kg CO2/ kWh) Carbon emissions for space heating (kg CO2/ m2 y) Does this meet chosen performance standard?
0.198
Natural gas, CEF = 0.198 kg CO2/kWh
4.1 Yes, U-values and area of glazing are OK
5040 1700
Heat Losses
(Table A.2 CIBSE TM37:2006, Design for improved solar shading control)
40
1291
= 0.86
= 2.96 %
ANNUAL SPACE HEATING REQUIREMENT
SIZE OF SPACE HEATING PLANT
DFav = 0.86 W θ A
(See Table 12 of SAP 2009, for the CEF for different fuels)
As artificial lighting is not aesthetically desired in the shells and only can be incorporated into the laboratories other solutions need to be discussed. Further investigation into the cladding shows the FEE only gives a realistic result for the concrete shell alone and doesnt take into account the double skin provided by the exterior cladding and the boxes sitting under the canopy. Once in the laboratories the environmental conditions will be much better as there will be double the insulation and a buffer zone of air trapped under the shells and arround the boxes acting like a blanket.
31 Critical Assessment - Cladding
Some Doors to Bottom Strip
One Line of Glazing
Possible solutions to increase the daylight factor in the circulation spaces explored through model making:
Two Lines of Glazing
Add in more glazed doors to the bottom strip
Add one line of glazing panels to the bottom of the cladding
Add two lines of glazing panels at the bottom of the cladding
Add glazing alternatively into the cladding
112
32 Critical Assesment - Heating and Cooling
54
2
This Psychrometric Chart is used by plotting the maximum and minimum temperature and relative humidty of the city, in this case Suzhou. The desired temperature and humidty for the interor condition of the building is then plotted. By subtracting the maximum outside specific enthalpy from the desired interior sp, the energy required to cool down the air is obtained. By subtracting the minimum outside specific enthalpy from the desired interior sp, the energy required to heat the air is obtained. The total of these two figures tell us how much energy is needed to achieve the desired interior air temperature and humidty. If this figure is high then a heating and cooling system needs to be intergrated into design.
Cooling = 112 - 54 Heating = 2 - 54 Energy
= 58 = 52
= 58 + 52 = 110 KJ / KG of air
Therefore the energy needed to cool/heat the existing air temperature in Suzhou is too high and air conditioning need to be used in the laboratories to achieve the desired air quality and temperature.
33 Critical Assessment - Heating and Cooling
Extraction Ventilation
The alternative chosen to combat the need for a heating a cooling system is air conditioning, this is instead of a ground source pump and radient transfer as mentioned previously. This system will work using trenches and ductwork from the main plant room into each individual box. The partition walls in the boxes for the Laboratories will be 300mm thick to include duct work for ventilation and extraction with a vent in the floor and an extract fan in the ceilin. The idea is that energy will be produced from burning none toxic and none plastics (waste rice production products such as rice husks) in the furnace. The rice husks will be stored and burnt constantly providing energy to heat the building throughout the year.
34